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Another important level of analysis is to parse just what sort of doctrine the netwar actor is employing. Most networks—of both the civil and uncivil variety—will have a great capacity for swarming. This does not mean that all will swarm all the time, or even that all will swarm well. Moreover, few netwar actors have an explicit doctrine for swarming. But most are moving in that direction. Swarming is the key doctrinal approach for which to prepare. The most potent netwarriors will not only be highly networked and have a capacity to swarm, they will also be held together by strong social ties, have secure communications technologies, and project a common “story” about why they are together and what they need to do. These will be the most serious adversaries. But even those networks that are weak on some levels (e.g., technological) may pose stiff challenges to their nation-state adversaries. With this in mind, it is necessary to go beyond just diagnosing the nature of the networked nonstate opponent in a given conflict. It will become crucial for governments and their military and law enforcement establishments to begin networking themselves. Perhaps this will become the greatest challenge posed by the rise of netwar.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are deeply grateful for the thoughtful, generous participation of all the authors of the case studies in this volume: in order of their appearance, Michele Zanini, Sean Edwards, Phil Williams, John Sullivan, Tiffany Danitz, Warren Strobel, Paul de Armond, Dorothy Denning, and Luther Gerlach. We are also thankful for the RAND managers who showed interest in this project, Jeff Isaacson and Stuart Johnson, and for the constructive comments and criticisms provided by the two formal reviewers of the draft version of this volume, Robert Anderson and Greg Treverton. We also appreciate the efforts of people who occasionally send us comments or items of information pertaining to netwar: at RAND, Robert Anderson, Kevin McCarthy, James Mulvenon, William O’Malley, and Willis Ware; outside RAND, Stephen Borgatti, Robert Bunker, Steve Cisler, Harry Cleaver, Peter Monge, Joel Simon, Steven Strogatz, and especially Margarita Studemeister. A number of individuals in the activist communities also deserve our thanks, but they would undoubtedly be discomfited by our explicitly acknowledging them. Furthermore, we are indebted to Richard O’Neill and other members of the Highlands Forum (including David Brin, Robert Scott, and Bruce Sterling) for discussions about netwar that we have had with them over the past several years. We are also profoundly thankful for the continuing support and guidance provided to us in the Pentagon by former Assistant Secretary of Defense (C3I) Art Money and his principal deputy, Lin Wells, as well as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense William Leonard and Lieutenant Colonel Robert Walter, U.S. Army (ret.). Finally, our heartfelt thanks extend to Christina Pitcher for the splendid effort she put into editing our manuscript.
Page 3 and 4: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Mi
Page 5 and 6: To Dick O’Neill, for his stalwart
Page 7 and 8: Defense, the Joint Staff, the unifi
Page 9 and 10: Chapter Eight ACTIVISM, HACKTIVISM,
Page 11: must continue to keep an eye on the
Page 15 and 16: as a looming mode of military confl
Page 17 and 18: With respect to Serbia, then, a bet
Page 19 and 20: of any node included in it, may be
Page 21 and 22: more about technology than organiza
Page 23 and 24: charged with taking care of specifi
Page 25 and 26: The limits on some successes and th
Page 27 and 28: the rise of netwar should prompt a
Page 29 and 30: Brin, David, The Transparent Societ
Page 31 and 32: 9 This is just a short exemplary st
Page 33 and 34: Chapter Two THE NETWORKING OF TERRO
Page 35 and 36: The Emergence of Networked Terroris
Page 37 and 38: integration of communication and co
Page 39 and 40: technologies such as encryption all
Page 41 and 42: (Hoffman, 1998, p. 131). Terrorists
Page 43 and 44: terrorists who rely on the Internet
Page 45 and 46: Future Developments in Information-
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.1—Possible Shifts in the
Page 49 and 50: hire,” and the availability of ef
Page 51 and 52: www.fas.org/irp/threat/commission.h
Page 53 and 54: Nohria, Nitin, and Robert Eccles, e
Page 55 and 56: Department of the Army, 1997. 19 Fo
Page 57 and 58: Chapter Three TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINA
Page 59 and 60: policymakers concerned with develop
Page 61 and 62: there are relatively strong, direct
Page 63 and 64:
Other networks will have a more end
Page 65 and 66:
network a capacity to operate with
Page 67 and 68:
deals. The importance of these netw
Page 69 and 70:
The specific connections that facil
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superiority—the equivalent of an
Page 73 and 74:
was a fascinating mix. It included
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elationships between the Christian
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organizations have hierarchical str
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example, in identifying some of the
Page 81 and 82:
provide an important value-added ap
Page 83 and 84:
Transformations,” in Stark and Gr
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changes benefit from these new tech
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outside of the realm of true terror
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hardcore Category C nucleus. Catego
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millennialist cults and such transn
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For the most part, these gangs are
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attling gangs in Cape Town and the
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Colombian cartels, and the imprison
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unknown actors in Seattle and elsew
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esponse. Finally, TEW utilizes an
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23 Consider Japan’s intelligence
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Part II SOCIAL NETWARS
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Burma (a small, and to many, obscur
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Whereas McLuhan declared “the med
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years and fines of up to $5,000 for
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Massachusetts. The “selective pur
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central in using electronic communi
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THE FREE BURMA COALITION AND THE PE
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Students at Harvard tapped into the
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eleased a list of their suppliers f
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Simons was in his high school Amnes
Page 125 and 126:
Case studies and an Internet activi
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when a campaign scores successes. T
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transmit, almost in real-time, debr
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warning was made virtually unanimou
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7 See, for example, Marshall McLuha
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investment, the standard of living
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Chapter Six EMERGENCE AND INFLUENCE
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hierarchical layer—at least initi
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Chiapas and Mexico City in “swarm
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Transnational NGO Mobilization—A
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Acting in tandem with these organiz
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only to the conflict in Chiapas but
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comment outside as well as inside M
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and political ideals and similar co
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Cleaver, Harry, “The Zapatista Ef
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Thomas, Hugh, Conquest: Montezuma,
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The success of that networking was
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outlining their strategies and tact
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conference, rather than the success
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vandalism and nearly all of the loo
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direct transmissions from roving in
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Network planned to shut down the WT
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gas was an attempt to expand and re
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Assistant Chief Joiner was turning
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The Black Bloc engaged in vandalism
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of the AFL-CIO retreat from downtow
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for the four hours that President C
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Around midnight, the disorder had d
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vandalism by anarchists, or a divid
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summer of 2001 in Genoa indicate th
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Chapter Eight ACTIVISM, HACKTIVISM,
Page 187 and 188:
The following sections discuss and
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including Western news sites. In Ap
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devastation, the latter caused not
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Privacy Information Center (EPIC),
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open.” On the downside, some post
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independence, sustained air strikes
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about an esoteric bank regulation,
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generate so much traffic against th
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actions to defend against an attack
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on three continents. Chris Ellison,
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purpose is, NATO led by U.S.A. must
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eported intrusions from outsiders.
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In the 1980s, Barry Collin, a senio
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Cyberdefense The main effect of cyb
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policymakers. It supports both open
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37 Andrew Brown, “Editors Wanted,
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89 Amy Harmon, “‘Hacktivists’
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Chapter Nine THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIA
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enough expert agreement to support
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While the press often picks out an
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It is not only those famed as evang
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and united counteraction by the “
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ADAPTIVE FUNCTIONS The type of orga
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pass a bill to establish the Bounda
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Gerlach, Luther P. 1978. “The Gre
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Chapter Ten WHAT NEXT FOR NETWORKS
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and “have-nots” portends a new
Page 241 and 242:
Classic studies concern topics like
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still do) as to precisely what is a
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also characterize some sprawling te
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speed. It shows that such a partner
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and social scenes of Medellin and C
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depend on the existence of shared p
Page 253 and 254:
gas and clubs, another would move i
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from other interesting cases of net
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THE PRACTICE OF NETWAR (AND COUNTER
Page 259 and 260:
But today’s concept of globalizat
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Figure 10.1—The Two Axes of Strat
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world today, we see little sustaine
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Carr, Edward Hallett, The Twenty Ye
Page 267 and 268:
Kumar, Kuldeep, and Han G. van Diss
Page 269 and 270:
Shaw, Marvin, Group Dynamics: The P
Page 271 and 272:
22 From Dan Barry and Al Baker, “
Page 273 and 274:
02, Central Intelligence Agency, De
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AFTERWORD (SEPTEMBER 2001): THE SHA
Page 277 and 278:
was no doubt the bombing of the Kho
Page 279 and 280:
Harper & Row, 1951. Johnson, Steven
Page 281 and 282:
CONTRIBUTORS Paul de Armond is dire
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