XXIII CONFERENCE OF THE

REPUBLIC HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL 

SERVICE OF SERBIA 

WORLD METEOROLOGICAL 

ORGANIZATION 

NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF SERBIA 

FOR THE INTERNATIONAL HYDROLOGICAL 

PROGRAMME OF UNESCO 

INTERNATIONAL HYDROLOGICAL 

PROGRAMME OF UNESCO 

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF 

HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES 

INSTITUTE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT 

OF WATER RESOURCES 

"JAROSLAV ÈERNI" 

XXIII CONFERENCE OF THE DANUBIAN COUNTRIES 

ON THE HYDROLOGICAL FORECASTING AND HYDROLOGICAL 

BASES OF WATER MANAGEMENT 

MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND 

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 

OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA 

28 - 31 AUGUST 2006 

BELGRADE - REPUBLIC OF SERBIA 

CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS 

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, 

FORESTRY AND WATER MANAGEMENT 


UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSITY 

INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENT 

AND HUMAN SECURITY, BONN 

MINISTRY OF CAPITAL INVESTMENT 


SRBIJAVODE HE DJERDAP VODE VOJVODINE


ON THE HYDROLOGICAL FORECASTING AND 

HYDROLOGICAL BASES OF WATER MANAGEMENT 

28 - 31 August 2006 

BELGRADE – REPUBLIC OF SERBIA 


Editors: 

STEVAN BRUK & TIOSLAV PETKOVIC 

Belgrade, 2006

XXIII CONFERENCE OF THE 

DANUBIAN COUNTRIES 

ON THE HYDROLOGICAL FORECASTING AND HYDROLOGICAL BASES OF 

WATER MANAGEMENT 

28 - 31 August 2006 

Belgrade - Republic of Serbia 

Organised by: 

National Committee of Serbia 

for the International Hydrological Programme of UNESCO 

in co - operation with 

Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia 

Institute for the Development of Water Resources 

"Jaroslav Cerni" 

Under the auspices of 

Ministry of Science and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Serbia 

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of 

Serbia, Directorate of Water 

Ministry of Capital Investment of Republic Serbia 

and 

Public Water Authority ″SRBIJAVODE″ 

Public Water Management Company (PWMC) "VODE VOJVODINE" 

Navigation And Hydropower System “DJERDAP” 

Jointly with: 

International Hydrological Programme of UNESCO 

World Meteorological Organization 

International Association of Hydrological Sciences 

United Nations University 

Institute for Environment and Human Security, Bonn 

Conference venue 

SAVA CONGRESS CENTRE

R. F. Schmidtke - Bayerisches 

Landesamt für Wasserwirtschalf, 

Munich, 

D. Gutknecht - Institut für Hydraulik, 

Vienna, Austria 

J. Kubat - Czech Hydrometeorological 

Institute, Prague, Czech Republic 

J. Szolgay - Faculty of Civil Engineering, 

Bratislava, Slovak Republic 

M. Domokos - VITUKI, Budapest, 

Hungary. 

M. Brilly - University of Ljubljana, 

Ljubljana, Slovenia 

O. Bonnacci - Split University, Split, 

Croatia 

S. Prohaska - Institute «Jaroslav Cerni» 

Belgrade 

M. Miloradov - President of NC IHP, 

Belgrade, Republic of Serbia 

Tioslav Petkovic - Republic 

Hydrometorological Service of 

Serbia 

Zoran Radic - Faculty of Civil 

Engineering, University of 

Belgrade 

Stevan Prohaska - Institute «Jaroslav 

Cerni» Belgrade 

Vojislav Vukmirovic - Faculty of Civil 


Belgrade 

Marina Babic - Mladenovic - Institute 

«Jaroslav Cerni» Belgrade 

International Scientific Committee 

Local Scientific Committee 

S. Bruk – Emeritus University Professor, 

Republic of Serbia 

P. Stanciu - National Institute of 

Meteorology and Hydrology, 

Bucharest, 

K. Tzankov - Institute of Meteorology and 

Hydrology, Sofia, Bulgaria 

O. Lukyanetz - State 

Hydrometeorological Institute, 

Kiev, Ukraina 

P. Pypaert - UVO - ROSTE 

J.Bogardi - Institute for Environment and 

Human Security, Bonn 

I. Liska - ICPDR 

A. de Roo - Institute for Environment and 

Sustainability, Ispra, Italy. 

Mihailo Andjelic – Consultant (former 

FAO expert) 

Miodrag Spasojevic - Faculty of Civil 

Engineering, University of Novi 

Sad 

Borislava Blagojevic - Faculty of Civil 

Engineering and Architecture, Nis 

Jasna Plavsic – Faculty of Civil 


Belgrade 

Vesna Ristic - Faculty of Mining and 

Geology, University of Belgrade 

Stevan Bruk – Emeritus University 

Professor, Belgrade

Aleksandar Popovic – Ministry of 

Sciences and Environmental 

Protection 

Milorad Miloradov – Academy for 

Sciences and Arts of Vojvodina 

N. Sad 

Nikola Marjanovic – Directorate of Water 

Belgrade 

Milan Dimkic – Institute «Jaroslav Cerni» 

Belgrade 

Jovanka Andrejevic – Republic 

Hydromet. Service of Serbia 

Veljko Dimitrijevic – Public Water Man. 

Comp. «Srbijavode» Belgrade 

Branislav Radanovic - Public Water Man. 

Comp. «Vode Vojvodine» N. Sad 

Dragan Povrenovic - Ministry for 

Sciences and Environmental 

protection 

Mico Skoric – Agriculture Faculty N. Sad 

Dragan Stankovic – HPS «Djerdap» 

(Iron Gate) 

Vladimir Tausanovic – Belgrade Water 

Work and Sewerage Company 

Marina Babic - Mladenovic - Institute 

«Jaroslav Cerni» Belgrade 

Dragan Jankovic - Republic Hydromet. 

Service of Serbia 


Cerni» Beograd 

Tioslav Petkovic - Republic Hydromet. 


Mira Dedic –Public Water 

Man.Comp.«Vode Vojvodine» 

N.Sad 

Dragana Ninkovic - Institute «Jaroslav 

Cerni», Beograd 

Organizing Committee 

Executive Committee 

Dragan Aranđelovic - Faculty of Civil 



Cerni» Belgrade 

Tioslav Petkovic – Republic Hydromet. 


Zoran Radic - Faculty of Civil 

Engineering Belgrade 

Slobodan Milenkovic - Faculty of Civil 


Mihailo Andjelic - Consultant (former 

FAO expert) 

Vojislav Vukmirovic - Faculty of Civil 

Engineering Belgrade 

Ratomir Yivaljevic - Faculty of Civil 

Engineering Podgorica 

Darko Novakovic - Hydrometeorological 

Service of Montenegro 

Dragan Jankovic – Republic Hydromet. 

Service of Serbia, Belgrade 

Arpad Varga - Public Water Man. Comp. 

«Srbijavode» Belgrade 

Srđan Kolakovic - Faculty for Technical 

Sciences N. Sad 

Zoran Simic - Institute «Jaroslav Cerni», 

Beograd 

Miomir Arsic - Institute «Jaroslav Cerni», 

Beograd 

Nena Kovacevic - Republic Hydromet. 

Service of Serbia, 

Branislava Kapor - Republic Hydromet. 


Milica Jeremic - Republic Hydromet. 

Service of Serbia




Conference Topics: 

1. Hydrological forecasting 

• Real - time informational forecasting systems 

• Short - term forecasts 

• Long - term forecasts 

• Rainfall - runoff processes modelling 

• River flow propagation modelling 

• Hydrological forecasts of other phenomena (sediment transport, ice phenomena, etc.) 

2. Meteorological inputs for hydrological forecast 

• Meteorological models 

• Quantitative precipitation forecasts 

• Satellite and radar data information 

• Probabilistic hydro - meteorological forecast systems 

3. Hydrological processes 

• Hydrological balance models 

• Soil - vegetation - atmosphere transfer models 

• Ecological aspects of hydrological processes 

• Groundwater and river interactions 

• Ice and thermal regime processes 

• Soil - vegetation - atmosphere transfer models 

• Groundwater and river flow interactions 

4. Erosion, sediment transport and sedimentation 

• Monitoring of catchment and river bed/reservoir erosion and sedimentation processes 

• Modelling of erosion and sediment transport 

• Morphology and river bed deformation 

5. Water quality and eco - hydrological processes 

• Water quality monitoring (surface and ground water) 

• Water quality modelling 

• Transport and transformations of pollutants 

• Water quality and sediments 

• Interactions between hydrology and fluvial ecosystems 

6. Water resources management 

• Quantitative and qualitative water resources assessment 

• Regionalization of hydrological characteristics 

• Strategies of water resources in the context of land use and climate changes 

• Decision support systems for water management and water resource conservation 

and protection 

• Ecological and socio - economic vulnerability as regards to hydrological extremes 

• Flood processes and control 

Special edition 

• National Committee of Serbia for the International Hydrological Programme of 

UNESCO, Belgrade, Kneza Viseslava 66, Serbia, 

• Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia, Belgrade, Kneza Viseslava 

66,Serbia; 

• Institute for the Development of Water Resources "Jaroslav Cerni", Jarslav Cernog 

80, Belgrade, Serbia

Editors: 





STEVAN BRUK 

TIOSLAV PETKOVIC 

Editorial board 

28 - 31 August 2006 

Belgrade - Republic of Serbia 

Tioslav Petkovic - Republic Hydrometorological Service of Serbia 

Zoran Radic - Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade 

Stevan Prohaska - Institute «Jaroslav Cerni» Belgrade 

Vojislav Vukmirovic - Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade 

Marina Babic - Mladenovic - Institute «Jaroslav Cerni» Belgrade 

Mihailo Andjelic – Consultant (former FAO expert) 

Miodrag Spasojevic - Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Novi Sad 

Borislava Blagojevic - Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nis 

Jasna Plavsic – Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade 

Vesna Ristic - Faculty of Mining and Geology, University of Belgrade 

Stevan Bruk – Emeritus University Professor, Belgrade 

Technical preparation 

Borivoje Djordjevic - Republic Hydrometorological Service of Serbia 

Printed in 2006 by

23 nd CONFERENCE OF THE DANUBE COUNTRIES ON THE HYDROLOGICAL FORECASTING AND HYDROLOGICAL 


28- 31. August 2006 Belgrade – Republic of Serbia 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

23 nd CONFERENCE OF THE DANUBE COUNTRIES ON THE HYDROLOGICAL FORECASTING AND HYDROLOGICAL BASES OF 



FOREWORD 

Miloradov Milorad 

20-YEARS OF EDITINIG THE HZDROLOGICAL MONOGRAPH “THE DANUBE RIVER 

AND ITS BASIN” 

Andrey Stancik, Stevan Prohaska ................................................................................................................I 

HYDROLOGICAL FORECASTING 

USE ENSEMBLE PRECIPITATION FORECASTS FOR HYDROLOGICAL PURPOSES 

Bonta Imre..................................................................................................................................................3 

FLOODS FORECASTING IN TRANSCARPATHIANS REGION WITH USE OF RAINFALL-RUNOFF 

MODELS 

Boyko Viktoria, Boyko Oleksiy, Platonova N.,............................................................................................3 

OPERATIVE HYDROLOGICAL FORECAST IN WINTER SEASON – FLOODS CAUSED BY SNOW 

MELTING 

Brezkova Lucie, Soukalova Eva.................................................................................................................4 

SYSTEM FOR SEVEN-DAY LOW FLOW FORECAST DEVELOPED BY THE RECESSION 

LIMB OF THE HYDROGRAPH 

Brilly Mitja, Stravs L., Rusjan Simon, Petan Saso., Padeznik Matej, Vidmar Andrej.................................4 

FLOODS IN BULGARIA AND BULGARIAN HYDROLOGY IN 2005 

George Gergov,..........................................................................................................................................5 

INOVATION OF FLOOD WARNING AND FORECASTING SYSTEM IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC 

Hajtasova Katarína, Kyselova Daniela, Martinka Karol, Poprendova Katarína .........................................5 

HYDROLOGICAL SCENARIOS OF CHANGES IN THE MEAN ANNUAL AND MONTHLY 

RUNOFF IN SLOVAKIA 

Hlavcova Kamila, Szolgay Jan, Kohnova Silvia, Parajka Juraj..................................................................6 

FLOOD FORECASTING & FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE BAVARIAN DANUBE 

BASIN – FIRST RESULTS OF EC FP6 INTEGRATED PROJECT “PREVIEW” 

Krahe Peter, Rachimow Claudia, Tinz Marek Holzhauer Vera, Assmann Andre, Bliefernicht Jan, 

Ebert Christian, Daamen Karlheinz, Kunz Michael, Schipper Janus Willem, Meinel Gotthard, 

Hennersdorf Joerg......................................................................................................................................7 

REAL-TIME HYDROLOGICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM IN SLOVAKIA – PRESENT 

DAY AND FUTURE IMPROVING 

Leskova D., Babiakova G., Wendlova V., Holla M.....................................................................................8 

STOCHASTIC MODELLING OF TIME-SPACE FLUCTUATIONS UNDER MODERN 

CLIMATE CHANGE 

Lobanov Vladimir, Lobanova Helen, ..........................................................................................................9 

EXPANSION OF VOLUME OF THE FORECASTING PRODUCTION IN THE RIVER BASIN BY 

APPLICATION OF THE LOCAL MATHEMATICAL MODELS 

Olga Luk'yanets..........................................................................................................................................9




DEPENDENCE OF THE OPTIMAL WATERSHED MODEL COMPLEXITY ON 

TEMPORAL RESOLUTION 

Micovic Zoran .............................................................................................................................................10 

THE SIMULATION OF THE FLOODS PROPAGATION ON THE DANUBE RIVER BETWEEN 

376 KM AND 863 KM IN 1999, 2000, 2005 AND 2006 

Neicu Serban.............................................................................................................................................11 

SYSTEM OF WARNING AND PROTECTION IN REAL TIME AGAINST FLOODINGS 

Nitescu Eftimie, Popescu Stefan, Chiorescu Esmeralda, Dascalita Dan, Toma Daniel ............................11 

DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODEL FOR SHORT-RANGE WATER FORECAST ON THE RIVER 

KOLUBARA 

Petkovic T. Dejan, Radic M. Zoran ............................................................................................................12 

THE ADDITIONAL VALUE OF ENSEMBLE WEATHER FORECASTS TO FLOOD FORECASTING: 

FIRST RESULTS ON EFAS FORECASTS FOR THE DANUBE RIVER BASIN 

Ramos Maria-Helena, Bartholmes Jens, Thielen Jutta, Kalas Milan, de Roo Ad......................................13 

TRANS - BOUNDARY FORECASTING SYSTEM ON MUR RIVER 

Ruch Christophe, Jørgensen Gregers, Polajnar Janez, Susnik Mojca, Hornich Rudolf, 

Schatzl Robert, Pogacnik Nejc ..................................................................................................................14 

THE RUNOFF FORECAST SYSTEM OF VERBUND OPERATIONAL FORECASTING IN 

HYDROPOWER INDUSTRY 

Spolwind Robert, Hebenstreit Klaus, Froschl Felix, Bachhiesl Martin, Precht Johann..............................15 

FLOODS PREVENTION IN UPPER TISA RIVER BASIN 

Stoica Florin Stefan ....................................................................................................................................16 

ESTIMATION OF FLOOD PEAK TRAVEL-TIME ON THE MORAVA RIVER 

Szolgay Jan, Danacova Michaela ..............................................................................................................17 

FLASH FLOOD REAL TIME FORECAST MODEL. CASE STUDY 

Tecuci Ion...................................................................................................................................................17 

THE HIGH FLOOD OF THE MONTH OF APRIL 2005 IN THE HYDROGRAPHIC BASINS OF 

THE RIVERS TIMIS AND BEGA 

Teodorescu Niculae Iulian..........................................................................................................................19 

THE HIGH FLOODS OF THE MONTH OF APRIL 2004 IN THE HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN OF THE 

BARZAVA RIVER 

Teodorescu Niculae Iulian..........................................................................................................................19 

HYDROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE FLOOD IN AUGUST 2005 IN THE BAVARIAN DANUBE 

CATCHMENT 

Vogelbacher Alfons, Daamen Karlheinz, Holle Franz-Klemens, Meyer Inke,Roser Stefan ......................20




METEOROLOGICAL INPUTS FOR HIDROLOGICAL FORECAST 

FORMATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF SNOW AVALANCHES IN THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS 

Oleksandr Aksyuk, Vladimir Grishchenko, A. Obrizan, Y. Tavrov .............................................................23 

EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS IN EUROPE AND INFUENCE ON BULGARIAN SECTION OF 

DANUBE RIVER 

Andreeva Teodossia ..................................................................................................................................24 

CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON FLOOD AND DROUGHT RISKS IN THE DANUBE BASIN: 

AN INTEGRATED MODELING STUDY 

Dankers Rutger, Feyen Luc, Kalas Milan, Christensen Ole B., de Roo Ad ...............................................25 

THE FACTORS THAT GENERATED THE FLOODS IN APRIL 2005 IN BANAT 

Hauer Elza, Nichita Cristian, Teodorescu Niculae Iulian ...........................................................................26 

SEMI-DISTRIBUTED CALIBRATION OF A RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODEL FOR THE MORAVA 

CATCHMENT USING GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION 

Kalas Milan, Feyen Luc, Vrugt Jasper ......................................................................................................27 

UNCERTAINTY OF PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENTS AND PREDICTIONS AS AN INPUT 

TO FLASH FLOOD MODELLING 

Kobold Mira, Suselj Kay, Susnik Mojca, Zgonc Anton ...............................................................................28 

COMPARISON OF DESIGN k-DAY MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION TOTALS IN THE UPPER 

HRON REGION 

Kohnova Silvia, Szolgay Jan, Hlavcova Kamila.........................................................................................28 

CLIMATE CHANGE AND RIVER RUNOFF IN UKRAINE 

Kuprikov Ivan, Snizhko Sergiy....................................................................................................................29 

DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTI-SITE DAILY PRECIPITATION MODEL FOR BULGARIA USING 

HIDDEN MARKOV MODELS 

Neytchev Plamen, Zucchini Walter, Hristov Hristo and Neykov Neyko .....................................................30 

CORRELATIONS BETWEEN MONTHLY VALUES OF PRECIPITATION AND RUNOFF IN THE 

TRANSYLVANIAN BASIN 

Pandi G., Mika Janos. ...............................................................................................................................31 

RAINFALL INTENSITY-DURATION-FREQUENCY FORMULA FOR SPAIN INCORPORATING 

REGIONAL ANALYSIS 

Leticia de Salas Regalado, Jose Anastasio Fernandez Yuste ..................................................................32 

USING GIS TECHNIQUES AND RAINFALL WSR-98D RADAR ESTIMATIONS FROM FAST 

PRECIPITATIONS MONITORING IN SMALL CATCHMENTS 

Roman Petru Ioan, Streng Octavian ..........................................................................................................33 

POLARIMETRIC WEATHER RADAR OPPORTUNITIES FOR HYDROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 

Saltikoff Elena ............................................................................................................................................33 

CHANGES OF REGIONAL CLIMATE MEANS AND OF VARIABILITY ALONG THE 45-50° N 

LATITUDES ACCORDING TO THE IPCC TAR CLIMATE MODELS 

Schlanger Vera, Mathe Csongor, Mika Janos............................................................................................34




SNOW MEASUREMENTS IN NORWAY USING SNOW PILLOWS 

Seierstad Jorun Karoline...............................................................................................................................34 

TEMPORARY DYNAMICS OF THE SNOW COVER CHARACTERISTICS IN UKRAINE AS A 

CONSEQUENCE OF CLIMATIC CHANGES 

Snizhko Sergiy, Scherban’ Iryna, Kovalenko Andriy..................................................................................35 

OROGRAPHICAL AREAS OF MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM OF PRECIPITATIONS ON THE 

TERRITORY OF THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS. THE ACCOUNT OF THESE FEATURES IN A 

HYDROLOGICAL PRACTICE 

Sosyedko Mykhaylo ...................................................................................................................................36 

THE INFLUENCE OF THE CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS ON THE RIVER BASIN RUNOFF 

USING MONTHLY DATA FOR THE HBV MODEL 

Stanev Krassimir ........................................................................................................................................37 

REPETITIVENESS OF COLD WINTERS AND ICE COVER ON THE DANUBE IN BELGRADE 

REGION AND SOLAR ACTIVITY 

Todorovic Nedeljko, Vujovic Dragana. .......................................................................................................37 

RAINWATER MANAGEMENT TO ALLEVIATE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON 

WATER RESOURCES 

Van Leeuwen Nico .....................................................................................................................................38 

CLIMATE INDICES OF PRECIPITATION IN BELGRADE 

Zivlak Branko, Popovic Tihomir, Palmar Bojan..........................................................................................39




HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES 

MODELING OF THE HIGH FLOW IN MARITZA RIVER BASIN IN AUGUST 2005, ANALYSIS OF 

THE INFLUENCE OF THE TOPOLNITZA RESERVOIR 

Artinian Eram..............................................................................................................................................43 

LOW FLOW OF THE SAVA RIVER IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA 

Barbalic Marina, Kratofil Lidija....................................................................................................................44 

CHANGES OF RIVER CROSS-SECTIONS ON SLOVAK PART OF DANUBE IN THE PERIOD 

1986-2005 

Blaskovicova Lotta, Martinka Michal, Poorova Jana..................................................................................44 

ANALYSIS OF DISCHARGES ALONG THE DANUBE RIVER WATERCOURSE 

Bonacci Ognjen, Trninic Dusan..................................................................................................................45 

FLOODS IN UKRAINE 

Boyeva Helena ...........................................................................................................................................45 

HYSTERESIS IN THE WATER STAGE – WATER VELOCITY RELATION AT THE OCCURRENCE 

OF FLOOD EVENT 

Brilly Mitja, Stravs L., Rusjan Simon, Petan Saso, Padeznik Matej, Vidmar Andrej..................................45 

ESTIMATING TIME OF FLOOD WAVE PROPAGATION AND STAGE - DISCHARGE CURVE 

FITTING BY DOPPLER VELOCITY METER 

Brilly Mitja, Stravs L., Vidmar Andrej..........................................................................................................46 

THE INTERACTION BETWEEN CHANNEL NETWORK AND GROUNDWATER AT RYE ISLAND 

Dulovicova Renata .....................................................................................................................................46 

CONCEPTUAL MODELLING AT RIVER TISZA 

Zsuzsanna Flachner, Zsuzsanna Nagy......................................................................................................47 

MODEL OF POSITIVE SURGE MOVING UPSTREAM FROM THE HYDRO-POWER PLANT 

VARAZDIN 

Gjetvaj Goran, Sustic Diana.......................................................................................................................48 

IMPACT OF EXPECTED CLIMATE CHANGE ON STORAGE VOLUME UTILISATION OF 

IMPORTANT WATER RESERVOIR OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC 

Halmova Dana............................................................................................................................................49 

A SIMPLE METHOD FOR EFFECTIVE MULTI-SITE GENERATION OF STOCHASTIC 

HYDROLOGIC TIME SERIES 

Ilich Nesa, Despotovic Dejan .....................................................................................................................49 

MODERN PROCESSES OF WATER RUNOFF REDISTRIBUTION IN CHILIA DELTA OF 

DANUBE RIVER 

Kornilov Mikhail ..........................................................................................................................................50 

THE APPLICATION OF GIS AT THE KARST TORRENT HYDROLOGY MODEL 

Kunstek Duska, Carevic Dalibor Carevic, Ocvirk Eva................................................................................50 

STATISTICAL METHODS FOR CLASSIFICATION OF RIVER CHANNEL DEFORMATIONS 

Lobanov Vladimir, Kondratjev Alexander...................................................................................................51




ASSESSMENT OF POSSIBLE TRANSFORMATIONS IN HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL AND 

CHANNEL PATTERNS UNDER MODERN CLIMATE CHANGE 

Lobanov Vladimir, Lobanova Helen, Anisimov Oleg, Kondratjev Alexsander ...........................................51 

HUMAN INFLUENCES ON THE HYDROMORPHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN THE SLOVAK 

PART OF DANUBE CATCHMENT 

Renata Magulova, Lea Mrafkova ...............................................................................................................51 

A FEW HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSES OF HIGH WATERS OF KOPACKI RIT 

Maricic Sinisa, Petras Josip .......................................................................................................................52 

EVALUATION OF THE MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT’S MOISTURE BY MATHEMATICAL 

MODELING OF THE RAIN FLOODS 

Maslova Tetyana, Sosyedko Mykhaylo......................................................................................................53 

ALTERNATIVES TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FLOOD MONITORING SUB-SYSTEMS 

TO THE END-USERS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE NATO SfP PROJECT 

Mic Rodica, Corbus Ciprian, Stancalie Gheorghe, Craciunescu Vasile ....................................................54 

BASIC METHODOLOGY CONCEPT FOR CREATION OF WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 

BALANCE OF VOJVODINA 

Miloradov Milorad, Prohaska Stevan .........................................................................................................55 

ANALYSIS OF THE COINCIDENCE OF THE DISCHARGE WAVES OF DANUBE AND MORAVA 

RIVERS 

Mitkova Veronika........................................................................................................................................56 

APPLICATION OF MIKE MODELS FOR HYDROMORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT IN HUNGARY 

Nagy Zsuzsanna, Dannisøe Jesper ...........................................................................................................56 

REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF LOW FLOWS IN HILLY AND MOUNTAINOUS AREAS OF THE 

REPUBLIC OF SERBIA 

Nikic Zoran, Nikolic Jugoslav .....................................................................................................................57 

CONTRIBUTION TO THE ANALYSIS OF THE WATER BALANCE FACTORS ON THE CASE 

EXAMPLE OF THE JABLANICA RIVER BASIN 

Nikolic Jugoslav, Ducic Vladan, Smailagic Jasminka ................................................................................58 

HYDROLOGICAL CALIBRATION SCENARIOS OF THE HSPF MODEL FOR THE UPPER ISKAR 

BASIN 

Ninov Plamen, Ribarova Irina, Nikolaidis Nikos, Tsoraki Rania, Kalinkov Peter, Kukurin Krasimir 

Topalova Jana............................................................................................................................................59 

STATISTIC MOLDING OF DEPENDENCE OF DRAIN DISCHARGE AND RAINFALLS 

Pivic Radmila, Josic Dragana, Đurovic Nevenka, Rudic Dragan ..............................................................59 

HYDRODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE COMPLEX WELLS TESTING ON GROUNDWATER 

SOURCE PALANACKI KISELJAK , (SMEDEREVSKA PALANKA, SERBIA) 

Polomcic Dusan .........................................................................................................................................60 

THE INFLUENCE OF THE CLIMATICAL, PSYHICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS 

GENERATING FLOODS IN THE SMALL HIDROLOGICAL BASINS LOCATED IN THE WESTERN 

PART OF THE CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS 

Popovici Felicia ..........................................................................................................................................60




SYSTEMS APPROACH TO THE ASSESSMENT OF CLIMATIC CHANGE IN A SMALL 

RIVER BASIN 

Prodanovic Predrag, Simonovic Slobodan ................................................................................................61 

THE ANALYSIS OF THE SENSITIVITY OF A RAIN RUNOFF FORMATION PROCESSES ON THE 

MOUNTAIN CATCHMENTS 

Pryimachenko Nataliia................................................................................................................................61 

THE FLOOD OF THE OPEN CUT COAL MINING OF DANUBE CATCHMENT AREA 

Riti Adrian...................................................................................................................................................62 

ALGORITHMS FOR OPERATIVE CONTROL OF THE FLOOD PASSAGE 

Stary M., Dolezal P., Jaros L......................................................................................................................63 

THE ASSESSMENT OF THE SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF THE PHREATIC LEVELS BY A 

COMFORT INDEX AND THE EOF METHOD (EMPIRICAL ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS), 

A CASE STUDY FOR THE NW PART OF ROMANIA 

Tanase Elena, Bretotean Mihai..................................................................................................................64 

MONITORING OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN SLOVENIAN RIVERS 

Ulaga Florjana. ...........................................................................................................................................65 

FLOODS AND CLIMATE CHANGE, STUDY ABOUT 1000 YEARS OF DANUBE FLOODS 

IN AUSTRIA 

Wachter Karl...............................................................................................................................................66 

LISFLOOD MODELLING IN THE DANUBE BASIN 

Wachter Karl, Kalas Milan, Szabo Janos, de Roo Ad ...............................................................................66 

HYDROLOGY OF PLITVICE LAKES AND THE UPPER KORANA – CORRELATION AND TRENDS 

Zwicker Gordana, Rubinic Josip, Kompar Dario ........................................................................................67




EROSION, SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND SEDIMENTATION 

ASSESSMENT OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN THE DANUBE RIVER 

Babic Mladenovic Marina, Knezevic Zoran, Tutulic Marija. .......................................................................71 

DISPERSION MODEL IN ANALYSIS OF TRANSPORT THROUGH STRATIFIED MEDIA 

Dimkic, Milan, Pusic, Milenko.....................................................................................................................71 

ESTIMATE OF RESERVOIR SILTING USING “EROSION POTENTIAL METHOD” 

Gavrilovic Zoran, Stefanovic Milutin, Milojevic Mileta, Cotric Jelena .........................................................72 

ASPECTS ON ELECTROMECHANICAL SENSORS OF SLIDING LAND AND RIVER EROSION 

Ignat Mircea, Zarnescu George, Nedelcu Lucia, Telipan Gabriela............................................................73 

THE ROLE OF THE SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS IN TRANSPORTATION OF 137Cs BY THE 

DANUBE RIVER 

Kanivets Volodymyr ...................................................................................................................................73 

MONITORING SEDIMENT TRANSPORT REGIME IN THE TORRENTS OF SERBIA 

Kostadinov Stanimir ...................................................................................................................................74 

COMPREHENSIVE MONITORING CONCEPT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INTEGRATED 

DANUBE RIVER ENGINEERING PROJECT BETWEEN VIENNA AND BRATISLAVA 

Liedermann Marcel, Tritthart Michael, Habersack Helmut.........................................................................75 

HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ALLUVIUM TRANSPORT BETWEEN BAZIAS AND CALAFAT 

BEFORE AND AFTER HYDRO-ENERGETIC SYSTEM IRON GATES BUILDING 

Lupescu Daniel, Dumitrascu Marcela Florentina .......................................................................................76 

ASSESSMENT OF SEDIMENT SUPPLIED TO A SMALL WATER RESERVOIR AT KREMPNA 

Michalec Bogusław, Tarnawski Marek .......................................................................................................76 

DYNAMICS OF THE DELTA COASTLINE AS AN INDICATOR OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE 

CHILIA DELTA AT THE DANUBE MOUTH 

Mikhailova M.V., Cheroy A.I., Mikhailov V.N..............................................................................................77 

THE SAVA RIVER IMPOUNDMENT AT MAVCICE AND GROUNDWATER REGIME OF 

KRANJSKO – SORSKO POLJE ALLUVIAL AQUIFERS 

Mikulic Zlatko, Savic Vlado, Gale Ursa, Andjelov Miso..............................................................................78 

ONE-DIMENSIONAL MULTI-STRIP TRANSPORT MODEL FOR LONG DISTANCE SEDIMENT 

TRANSPORT IN NAVIGATION CHANNELS, CASE STUDY THE RIVER ELBE 

Prohaska Sandra, Westrich Bernhard........................................................................................................78 

FIELD INVESTIGATION OF GRAVEL RIVERBEDS BY FREEZE-PANEL SAMPLER 

Rakoczi Laszlo ...........................................................................................................................................79 

SOIL EROSION IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA 

Summer Wolfgang......................................................................................................................................80 

HYDROLOGICAL AND INSTRUMENTED ASPECTS ON MONITORING AND ANALYSING 

SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CROSSING INTERNATIONAL BORDERS 

Summer Wolfgang, Schindl Georg, Studnicka Markus, Eckelhart Alexandra ...........................................80




PROTECTION OF RIVER DANUBE FROM RIVER BED DEFORMATION 

Tadic Zdenko, Radeljak Ivan, Kuspilic Neven, Tadic Lidija, Đurokovic Zoran, Hanicar Davor, 

Istuk Miroslav .............................................................................................................................................81 

THE DYNAMICS OF SEDIMENT DISCHARGE IN THE ROMANIAN SECTOR OF THE 

DANUBE RIVER 

Teodor Sorin, Radulescu Carmen, Ciuca Radu.........................................................................................82 

MONITORING OF RIVER BEDS RESEVOUR AND SEDIMENTATION PROCESS ON CATACMENT 

OF SATESKA RIVER 

Trendafilov.Aleksandar, Georgieski Slave, Milosevski Vangel ..................................................................82 


Ulaga Florjana ............................................................................................................................................83 

WATERSHED EROSION AND SEDIMENT YIELD DURING CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES 

Vouk Drazen, Professor Malus Davor, Bekic Damir ..................................................................................84




WATER QUALITY AND ECOHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES 

STRATIFICATION FEATURES OF A SNOW COVER OF THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS AND 

ITS PHYSICOMECHANICAL QUALITIES 

Aksyuk O., Grishchenko V., .......................................................................................................................87 

CYANIDE POLLUTION WAVE EMISSION ON THE DANUBE RIVER IN GIURGIU – RUSE SECTOR 

PRODUCED BY THE ECOLOGIC ACCIDENT FROM “S.C. AURUL BAIA MARE” IN JANUARY – 

FEBRUARY 2000 

Arges – Vedea Water Department .............................................................................................................87 

THE WATER MINERAL COMPOSITION CHARACTERISTICS ALONG THE BULGARIAN PART 

OF THE DANUBE 

Blaskova Stefka..........................................................................................................................................88 

RECENT PHYTOPLANKTON CONTENTS AND WATER QUALITY OF BAJA-BEZDAN CHANNEL 

ON THE BORDER LOCALITY OF BACKI BREG 

Snezana Cadjo, Aleksandar Miletic, Radojka Bugarski .............................................................................89 

THE BIOACCUMULATION OF PRIORITY POLLUTANTS IN SEDIMENTS OF THREE MAJOR 

EUROPEAN RIVERS 

Claus Evelyn, Blübaum-Gronau Elke, Heininger Peter..............................................................................89 

METHODOLOGY OF MONITORING DEVELOPMENT AS PART OF WATER QUALITY 

MANAGEMENT 

Cosic-Flajsig Gorana, Petricec Mladen......................................................................................................90 

THE IMPACT OF FLOODS ON THE ECOSYSTEMS OF BEGA – TIMIS CATCHMENT AREA 

Cretu Gh, Mocanu F.C, Badaluta-Minda I.C ..............................................................................................91 

REHABILITATION OF THE WATERCOURSES IN THE ECONOMICALLY DEPRESSED AREAS – 

ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES – THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF THE 

TOWN ANINA 

Cristescu Diana, Cristescu Stefan, Mihailescu Irina ..................................................................................92 

FOSSIL FLUVIAL FORMS IN THE KOLUBARA BASIN 

Slavoljub Dragicevic, Jugoslav Nikoic, Nenad Zivkovic .............................................................................92 

THE POLLUTION WITH PATHOGENS – A PERMANENTLY POLLUTION OF DANUBE 

PRODUCED BY WASTEWATER DISCHARGING FROM URBANE ARIAS IN JIU WATER 

DIRECTORATES 

Dumitrascu Oliver Cristian, Dumitrascu Marcela Florentina ......................................................................93 

ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HUMAN IMPACTS ON GROUNDWATER - SURFACE WATER 

INTERACTION. CASE STUDY FROM BULGARIA 

Gergov Georgi, Orehova Tatiana...............................................................................................................93 

PRECIPITATION WATER QUALITY THROUGHOUT THE BULGARIAN PART OF THE DANUBE 

CATCHMENT AREA 

Iordanova L. ...............................................................................................................................................94 

ORGANIC MICROPOLLUTANTS IN ASSESSMENT OF THE WATER QUALITY 

Ivancev-Tumbas Ivana, Gimbel Rolf, Hobby Ralph ...................................................................................95




ESTIMATION OF THE DANUBE NUTRIENTS FLUX IN THE MODERN PERIOD 

Klebanov D.O., Osadcha N.M....................................................................................................................96 

SPATIAL-TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF THE BIOTIC COMMUNITIES IN THE AQUATIC 

ECOSYSTEMS FROM DANUBE DELTA BIOSPHERE 

Stanescu Elena, Lucaciu Irina, Ivan Stefania, Nicolau Margareta, Vosniakos F.......................................97 

NATURAL AND HUMAN COMPOUNDS IN HYDROGEOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF 

GROUNDWATER FROM SPRINGS IN NEOVOLCANIC ROCKS OF SLOVAKIA 

Makisova Zuzana, Fendekova Miriam, Stojkovova Michaela ....................................................................98 

WATER QUALITY OF THE LOWER DRAVA RIVER 

Mijuskovic-Svetinovic Tatjana, Brezak Silvio, Mijosevic Gordana .............................................................99 

APPLICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES IN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 

OF THE VELIKA MORAVA CATCHMENT 

Miljevic Nada, Golobocanin Dusan, Maksic Aleksandar, Nadezdic Milica, Kapor Branislava, 

Holko Ladislav ............................................................................................................................................99 

MODELING OF A CONDITION OF HYDROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS IN CONDITIONS OF THERMAL 

LOADING 

Mostova Nina .............................................................................................................................................100 

WATER QUALITY AND QUANTITY IN THE SLOVAK MONITORING STATIONS ON THE 

DANUBE RIVER 

Mrafkova Lea, Magulova Renata ...............................................................................................................101 

THE TROPHIC CONDITION OF THE RIVER TAMIS IN THE SUMMER SEASON 

Nemes Karolina, Simeunovicy Jelica, Bugarski Radojka, Voros Lajos, Matavuly Milan ...........................102 

HYDROMORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF TISZA RIVER QUALITY WITHIN UKRAINE 

Obodovsky Olexandr, Iarochevitch Alexei .................................................................................................103 

HYDROLOGICAL ACCESSION TO THE IMPROVE OF WASTE DISPOSAL 

Patrcevic Vladimir, Maricic Sinisa, Sibalic Luka.........................................................................................103 

BASIN-WIDE WATER BALANCE IN THE DANUBE RIVER BASIN 

Petrovic Pavel, Mravcova Katarina, Miklanek Pavol, Holko Ladislav,Kostka Zdeno ...............................103 

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE POLLUTION RISK DURING THE BREAKDOWN OF A 

THERMIC FURROW 

Popescu Stefan, Chiorescu Esmeralda, Nitescu Catalina, Prepelita Dan, Moruz Ilie ...............................104 

PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PERIODS CRITICAL TO THE CONSERVATION OF 

QUALITY OF NATURAL WATERCOURSES 

Prohaska Stevan, Majkic Brankica.............................................................................................................105 

PROCEDURE FOR GEO-INFORMATIVE MODELING OF DESIGNED ECOLOGICAL NETWORK 

IN RIVER BASINS 

Samoylenko Victor ....................................................................................................................................105 

THE DEVELOPMENT OF NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS IN SURFACE RUNOFF AND DRAINAGE 

RUNOFF IN THE AGRICULTURAL MICROBASIN RYBARIK (SLOVAKIA) 

Sebin M., Pekarova P., Miklanek P............................................................................................................106




ARSENIC IN CORRELATION WITH THE QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER OF WATERWORKS 

FROM MIDDLE BANAT AND WELLS OF ZRENJANIN 

Sevaljevic Mirjana, Petkovic Sasa .............................................................................................................107 

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EU WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IN BAVARIA: WATER QUALITY 

MONITORING, RISK ASSESSMENT & RIVER BASIN MANGEMENT PLANS 

Simon Simone, Bittersohl Jochen, Sprenger Wolfgang, Wolf Birgit, Rothmeier Franz..............................108 

NUMERICAL MODELLING OF ACCIDENTAL POLLUTION SPREADING AT UPPER PART OF HRON 

RIVER 

Velískova Yvetta, Pekarova Pavla .............................................................................................................109 

DETERMINATION OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND NITRATE POLLUTANT OF THE 

LESNOVSKA RIVER IN THE SECTION BETWEEN VILLAGES DOLNI BOGROV AND CHEPINCI 

Velkovski Grigor, Bozhinova Svetlana .......................................................................................................110 

THE COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO THE COMPLEX WATER QUALITY 

ASSESSMENT IN THE SMALL RIVERS OF CITIES 

Veres Katerina............................................................................................................................................110 

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS DANUBE IN FRUSKA GORA`S REGION 

Vidic I. Nada ...............................................................................................................................................111 

GROUND-WATER TEMPERATURE IN MUNICH - THE TWO OLDEST TIME SERIES 

(1874-1935 AND 1886-1935) 

Wirth S. Daniel ...........................................................................................................................................112




WATER RESOURCES MANAGMENT 

DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM (DSS) FOR WATER MANAGEMENT, ASSISTING WFD 

IMPLEMENTATION IN ROMANIA 

Adler Mary - Jeanne, Mckinney Daene, Drobot Radu, Nicolau Codrin .....................................................117 

PACK OF INFORMATICS APPLICATIONS FOR REALIZING ANNUAL STUDIES AT THE 

HYDROMETRICAL STATIONS AND ON RIVER BASINS 

Purdel Adrian, Pasoi Ion.............................................................................................................................118 

THE HISTORICAL FLOODS THAT AFFECTED ROMANIA IN 2005 

Anghel Elena, Frimescu Lavinia.................................................................................................................118 

WATER SUPPLY OF NOVI SAD THROUGH HORIZONTAL DRAIN WELLS 

Babac Dusan, Pavle Babac........................................................................................................................119 

NAVIGABLE WATERWAY BETWEEN THE DANUBE AND THE AEGEAN SEA - POSIBILITIES 

Babac Pavle, Janicijevic Zoran ..................................................................................................................120 

OSAM RIVER FLOW MODELLING 

Bojilova Elena.............................................................................................................................................121 

SURFACE WATERS OF MONTENEGRO 

Boskovic Milan, Bajkovic Ivana ..................................................................................................................121 

APPLICABILITY OF GIS TECHNIQUES IN EXCESS WATER HAZARD MAPPING ON THE SOUTH 

GREAT HUNGARIAN PLAIN 

Bozan Csaba, Korosparti Janos, Pasztor Laszlo, Kozak Peter, Herceg Arpad, Kuti Istvan and 

Palfai Imre ..................................................................................................................................................122 

FORMATION OF ECOHYDROGRAPHICAL REGIONS IN SLOVENIA 

Brilly Mitja, Globevnik Lidija, Bizjak A., Vidmar Andrej. .............................................................................123 

HOW TO TAKE ACTION FOR RIVER RESTORATION 

Brilly Mitja, Rusjan Simon...........................................................................................................................123 

WATERCOURSE REHABILITATION – MANAGEMENT SCHEME 

Cristescu Diana, Vlaicu Ionel .....................................................................................................................125 

EFFECT OF WATER USE ON HYDROLOGICAL REGIME IN THE PERIOD 1994 – 2004 

Danacova Z., Poorova J, Liova S., Kullman E, Blaskovicova Lotta...........................................................126 

REGIONALIZATION OF EXTREME FLOODS IN ROMANIA 

Dinu Rodica, Dr. Stanciu Petre ..................................................................................................................126 

FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN – RELEVANCE OF THE HYDROLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR 

OF A CATCHMENT 

Dorner Wolfgang, Schrenk Christian, Spachinger Karl, Metzka Rudolf.....................................................127 

RISK MAPPING IN PUTNA RIVER BASIN (ROMANIA) A CASE STUDY FOR FLOOD CONTROL 

Drobot Radu, Stanescu Viorel Al., Amaftiesei Romeo, Cheveresan Bogdan............................................128 

HYDROTECHNICAL CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE CRISUL REPEDE RIVER BASIN INFLUENCE 

OF THE HYDROTECHICAL CONSTRUCTION IN FLOODS MITIGATION AND THEIR EFFECTS IN 

ROMANIA AND HUNGARY 

Dume Dorel, Gale Marinela, Roman Petru Ioan ........................................................................................128




IMPACT OF HEPP “DJERDAP I” BACKWATER ON FORELAND FORESTS 

Gavrilovic Zoran, Stefanovic Milutin, Milojevic Mileta, Puzovic Renata, Cotric Jelena..............................129 

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF WATER MANAGEMENT IN CROATIA 

Geres Dragutin ...........................................................................................................................................130 

BUILDING DATA BASE AND TOOLS FOR THE SAVA RIVER BASIN SUSTAINABLE USE, 

MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION 

Globevnik Lidija, Vidmar Andrej, Brilly Mitja, Sraj Mojca ...........................................................................131 

THE HYDROLOGICAL METADATABASE OF THE COUNTRIES SHARING THE DANUBE 

CATCHMENT 

Goda Laszlo, Hils Michael, Belz Jorg Uwe ................................................................................................131 



Halmova Dana............................................................................................................................................132 

ASSESSMENT OF LAND USE CHANGE IMPACT ON RUNOFF IN THE RIMAVA BASIN 

Hlavcova Kamila, Szolgay Jan, Kohnova Silvia, Horvat Oliver, Tegelhoffova Martina..............................132 

UPGRADING ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECTS BY CFD MODELLING 

Jovanovic Miodrag, Kapor Radomir, Prodanovic Dusan, Zindovic Budo. .................................................133 

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE RUNOFF REGIME AND ITS STABILITY IN THE DANUBE 

CATCHMENT 

Kovacs Peter ..............................................................................................................................................134 

METHODOLOGY AND STRUCTURE OF REGIONAL SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR HYDROLOGICAL 

COMPUTATIONS 

Lobanov Vladimir Lobanova Valery ..........................................................................................................134 

ASSESSMENT OF DESIGN FLOODS AT UNGAUGED BASINS BY REGIONAL MODELS 

Lobanova Helen. ........................................................................................................................................135 

APPLICATION OF HISTORICAL MAXIMUM FOR FLOOD ESTIMATION 

(THEORY AND CASE STUDIES) 

Lobanova Helen, Lobanov Vladimir ...........................................................................................................135 

PRECIPITATION AND CLOUD COVERAGE TENDENCIES IN THE UPPER DANUBE 

CATCHMENT WITH RESPECT TO GLOBAL WARMING 

Mika Janos, Balint Gabor Csík A., Gulyas M., Bartok B., Borsos E, Schlanger V.....................................136 

THE LOCAL COMMUNITY TORRENT DEFENSE ACTION PLAN AS AN IMPORTANT 

SUPPORT FOR STATE FLOOD DEFENSE SYSTEM 

Milojevic Mileta, Gavrilovic Zoran, Stefanovic Milutin, Ristic Ratko, Cotric Jelena....................................136 

THE ORGANIZING OF THE MONITORING OF THE EVOLUTION OF HYDRO MORPHOLOGY 

OF A RIVER AND ITS NEIGHBOURING AREA. CASE STUDY IN BARLAD RIVER BASIN 

Moraru Catalina, Purdel Adrijan. ................................................................................................................137 

HYDROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE NAVIGABLE CHANNEL RESTORATION PROBLEM IN THE 

UKRAINIAN DANUBE DELTA 

Morozov Victor ...........................................................................................................................................138




DETERMINATION OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND WATER BALANCE ON THE CASE 

EXAMPLE OF THE ZAPADNA MORAVA RIVER UPPER BASIN 

Nikolic Jugoslav, Nikic Zoran, Dragicevic Slavoljub...................................................................................139 

ADAPTATION STRATEGIES REGARDING WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE 

CONTEXT OF CLIMATIC CHANGES. CASE STUDIES 

Oprisan Elisabeta, .....................................................................................................................................140 

ROMANIAN - HUNGARIAN HYDROTECHNICAL CONVENTION FOR REGULATIONS PROBLEMS 

TOWARDS TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS 

Oros Claudiu, Streng Octavian, Gale Marinela..........................................................................................141 

E-LEARNING SYSTEM FOR SUSTAINABLE FLOOD MANAGEMENT 

Pasche Erik, Radic M. Zoran......................................................................................................................141 

CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE MONITORING OF THE EXTRAORDINARY FLOODS FROM 

SIRET RIVER BASIN IN JULY AND AUGUST 2005 

Pasoi Ion, Purdel Adrian.............................................................................................................................142 

PRESSURE IDENTIFICATION AND THE IMPACT ON THE WATER RESOURCES IN BEGA 


Pepa C.A. ...................................................................................................................................................143 

A DECISION SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR WETLAND REHABILITATION AND MANAGEMENT – 

A CASE STUDY OF BARDACA WETLAND 

Pistrika A., Makropoulos C, Maksimovic C. ...............................................................................................144 

MULTIPURPOSE USE OF THE GACKA RIVER WATER 

Ivica Plisic, Danko Holjevic, Josip Petras...................................................................................................144 

CONCEPTS OF SYSTEM BASED ON OGC WEB SERVICES FOR MANAGEMENT AND DECISION 

SUPPORT AND MONITORING FLOODS 

Popov Srđan, Sakulski Dusan, Mirjana Vojinovic Miloradov, Jelena Jaksic, Maja Turk, 

Milorad Miloradov .......................................................................................................................................145 

TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS FOR THE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF AN 

UNDERGROUND WATER STORAGE 

Prepelita Dan, Nitescu Eftimie, Craciun Vasile, Chiorescu Esmeralda, ....................................................146 

A NEW METHOD FOR STUDING THE RELATIONS BETWEEN HYDROLOGICAL 

GEOMORPHOLOGICAL AND GEOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF A RIVER 

Purdel Adrian..............................................................................................................................................147 

THE BASIC MEASURES AGAINST DIFFUSE POLLUTION IN WATER QUALITY OF THE GROUND 

WATER BODIES AND SURFACES WATER BODIES 

Rosu Alina Letitia; Damian Gabriela; Persa Diana ....................................................................................148 

THE UNDINE INFORMATION SYSTEM – INTEGRATED DOCUMENTATION OF HYDROLOGICAL 

EXTREMES 

Schwandt Daniel, Claus Evelyn, Keller Martin, Krahe Peter, Wilke Klaus, Heininger Peter .....................148 

INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGES ON IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS IN NORTHERN 

CROATIA 

Simunic Ivan, Tomic Franjo........................................................................................................................150 

A NEURAL NETWORKS IN INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT 

Sperac Marija .............................................................................................................................................151




WEB-BASED SYSTEM FOR TRANSBOUNDARY FLOOD RELATED GEO-SPATIAL INFORMATION 

MANAGEMENT 

Stancalie Gheorghe, Craciunescu Vasile, Constantinescu Stefan, Ovejanu Ionut, Corbus Ciprian, 

Mic Rodica..................................................................................................................................................152 

HIGH FLOODS IN ROMANIA IN 2005- SIRET RIVER BASIN CASE STUDY LESSONS ON 

PREPAREDNESS AND PREVENTION ROLE IN FLOOD CONTROL 

Stanescu Viorel Alexandru, Drobot Radu ..................................................................................................153 

USING THE DANUBIA DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM TO IDENTIFY CLIMATE CHANGE 

EFFECTS ON GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES 

Trifkovic Aleksandar., Barthel R., Nickel D., W. Mauser , Strasser U., Ludwig R., Willems W., Frueh B..153 

SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE FLOOD - an Example of Jasa Tomic- 

Vuksanovic Gordana, Radivojevic Rados ..................................................................................................154 

OVERVIEW OF WATER RESOURCES UTILIZATION AND MANAGEMENT IN BULGARIA 

Yancheva StIiliana, Temelkova Maria........................................................................................................155



28- 31. August 2006 Belgrade – Republic of Serbia




FOREWORD 

Following the decision at the 22nd Conference in Brno, Czech Republic in 2004, the 

23rd Conference of Danube countries on hydrological forecasting and hydrological bases of 

water management took place in Belgrade, 28 - 30 August, 2006. 

In their over forty years of history, the IHP conferences of the Danube countries have 

shown a remarkable consistence, bringing together and building up steady working 

relationships between interested experts in hydrology and water resources management of 

the entire Danube basin. The scope of the meetings gradually expanded from cooperation in 

hydrological forecasting to a more general discourse on the role of hydrology in water 

management. 

The IHP Conferences of the Danube countries have become an important event in 

implementing the strategic plans of the International Hydrological Programme. The current 

Sixth Phase of the IHP (2002 - 2007) has the general title “Water Interactions: Systems at 

Risk and Social Challenges”. Yet, the discussions within the IHP member states have 

already begun to formulate the strategy for the Seventh Phase (2008 - 2013), with the 

proposed title “Water dependencies: Systems under Stress and Societal Responses”. Both 

titles underline the raising awareness of the global community about the increasing 

importance of water for sustainable existence of humankind, and more particularly, the 

significance of hydrology as the scientific and professional background for a sage and 

balanced management of that invaluable resource of the Planet Earth. The Conference of 

Danube countries on hydrological forecasting and hydrological bases of water management 

effectively contributes to the global awareness of these processes, as shown in the topics 

and themes of the numerous papers contributed by authors from the region. 

One of the important achievements of the cooperation of Danube countries in the 

fields of hydrology and water resources has been the publication “The Danube and its Basin 

– A Hydrological Monograph”, published in four languages (English, German, French and 

Russian). The first volume of that monograph was published in 1986. This event has duly 

been celebrated at the 23rd Conference, in the presence of authors of the monograph. 

As regards to the subjects, the 23rd Conference has essentially maintained the 

traditional topics of the preceding conferences. It should be noted, however, that a rather 

important modification has been made by expanding the traditional topic on Water Quality 

into a more comprehensive topic of Water Quality and Ecohydrological Processes. This title 

underlines the increasing importance attached to environmental considerations, reflected 

also in the Water Framework Directive of the European Union, which is in actual fact adopted 

by all countries of the Danube basin, including also those that formally are not yet members 

of the EU. The full list of Conference topics is given below. 

A total of 189 contributions have been submitted by participants from all Danube 

countries, with a few authors from countries outside the region, but active in Danube - related 

subjects. The contributions are attributed to the conference topics as indicated below. The 

abstracts of all papers have been printed in the present Proceedings, and the full papers are 

reproduced in the attached CD. 

President 

National IHP Committee of Serbia 

Prof. Dr. Milorad Miloradov







20 – YEARS OF EDITING THE HYDROLOGICAL 

MONOGRAPH „THE DANUBE RIVER AND ITS BASIN“ 

I




20 – YEARS OF EDITING THE HYDROLOGICAL 

MONOGRAPH „THE DANUBE RIVER AND ITS BASIN“ 

Andrey Stancik 

Prof. Dr Stevan Prohaska 

Water Research Indtitute, Nab. Gen. Svobodu 5, 812 49 Bratislava, Slovakia, 

alzbeta.stancik@stonline.sk 

Jaroslav Černi Institute for the Development of Water Resources, Belgrade, 

sada@sezampro.yu, brankica.majkic@jcerni.co.yu 

Abstract 

The 2006-th year is the 20-th anniversary of the editing the Hydrological Monograph 

of „The Danube River Basin and its Tributaries“. The Monograph was a joint work of the 

experts from, at that time, eight Danube countries. The publication consists of textual part, 

graphs, tables, charts and maps. The main topics are the physical, geographical and water 

management characteristics; hydrological regime of Danube and its main tributaries; as well 

as hydrological balance in the Danube river basin. This paper indicates the most important 

results pertaining the complete catchment and countries that share it. The Hydrological 

monograph „The Danube River Basin and its Tributaries“was printed in German and Russian 

languages in 1986. 

Key words: Monograph, Danube, tributaries, water balance, hydrological regime, physical 

characteristics, maps. 

Within the activities of the International Hydrological Decade (IHD) UNESCO (1965- 

1975) supported regional international cooperation in the field of hydrology. The Yugoslav 

National Committee in 1970/1971 gave first suggestion for preparation of a comprehensive 

hydrological monograph of the Danube river basin. At the same time, the Working group for 

Scientific Hydrology at the Danube Commission was created. 

The fist joint meeting of the representatives of eight Danube countries was held in 

Budapest 1971. where it was decided to start with preparation and publishing of the 

hydrological Monograph of Danube river basin. The following countries and institutions 

participated in the activity: 

• Federal Republic of Germany – Bavarian Territorial (Regional) Bureau for Water 

Management, Munich, 

• Austria – Institute for Hydraulics, Water Science and Management, Vienna, 

• Czechoslovakia – Water Research Institute, Bratislava, 

• Hungary – Research Centre for Water Resources Development, Budapest, 

• Yugoslavia – „Jaroslav Černi“ Institute for Development of Water Resources and 

Federal hydro meteorological Service, Belgrade, 

• Rumania – Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Bucharest, 

• Bulgaria – Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Sofia, 

• Soviet Union - Ukrainian Regional Scientific Research Institute, Kiev. 

II




The Yugoslav IHP - Technical Secretariat from Belgrade directed the international 

cooperation between the four countries: Federal Republic of Germany, Austria, Yugoslavia 

and Romania, was by 

Hungary, Bulgaria, the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia, which were working within 

the working group for scientific hydrology of the Danube basin at the Danube Commission, 

jointly with the national committees for International Hydrological program UNESCO, were 

coordinated by Czechoslovakia – VUVH Bratislava. 

Many experts from the Danube countries have taken part in preparing the first version 

of the Monograph. Table 1 shows the names of the main authors from each country. 

Table 1. List of involved experts from THE danubE countries 

Country Coordinators Experts 

GER 

Germany 

H. Schiller 

H. Schiller 

J. Vedral 

R. Fromm 

AUS 

Austria 

O. Behr 

J. Reitinger 

O. Behr 

F. Neuwirth 

W. Pruzsinszky 

A. Stancik 

P. Petrovic 

CHS 

A. Sikora 

A. Hullova 

Czechoslovakia 

A. Stancik 

L. Orge 

O. Banacka 

S. Krizikova 

B. Csermak 

M. Domokos 

HUN 

Hungary 

M. Domokos 

B. Kardos 

D. Karpati-Rado 

Gy. Kovacs 

J. Sass 

S. Prohaska 

YUG 

S. Jovanovic 

M. Andjelic 

Yugoslavia 

G. Bozic 

V. Miloradov 

B. Vukicevic 

C. Bondar 

ROM 

C. Bondar 

D. Lazarescu 

Romania 

M. Podani 

E. Harbagiu 

V. Popovici 

T. Panajotov 

BUL 

T. Panajotov 

D. Petschinov 

Bulgaria 

D. Petschinov 

M. Kutschukova 

W. Boshinova 

L. G. Onufrijenko 

A. V. Sherbak 

USSR 

Soviet Union 

A. V. Sherbak 

I. I. Volosin 

N. G. Galuscenko 

N. I. Kononenko 

N. W. Litvin 

III




During the years 1972 – 1973 the coordinators from Bratislava and Belgrade 

prepared the common methodology for Hydrological Monograph „The Danube River and its 

Basin“. After reviewing and discussing, all eight participating countries adopted this 

Methodology. Realization of the methodology began in the year 1974, as a first phase of 

cooperation (1974 - 1978) within the framework of IHP Program of UNESCO. 

Numerous meeting and work sessions took place during this period. Coordinators 

were meeting repeatedly every year. Experts of working group from participated countries 

held meetings every two years for consultancy and acceptance of the contributions. 

Thus, it is evident that the Hydrological Monograph of Danube River Basin is an 

achievement of the joint work of eight Danube countries. For purpose of dissemination of 

information, the results have been summarized and issued in the publication „The Danube 

and its Basin“. The German and Russian version of the hydrological monograph has been 

already printed in 1986. 

The Bavarian Territorial (Regional) Bureau for Water Management in Munich printed 

monograph in German language (see Fig. 1), while the Ukrainian Regional Scientific 

Research Institute in Kiev issued Russian language version (see Fig. 2). 

Fig 1 

IV




Fig 2 

The publication consists of textual part, graphs, tables, chart format and maps. The 

text was given in the three chapters. 

I. First Chapter – Physical, Geographical and Water Management Characteristics of 

the River basin contains: 

1. Geological structure and geo morphological conditions in the Danube Basin 

(Upper, Middle and Lower Danube Basin), 

2. Soil conditions and vegetation cover, 

3. Climate conditions (radiation, air temperature, precipitation, evaporation and 

wind), 

4. Hydrographic properties (river system) 

i. The Danube River 

- From Source of Danube to Regensburg 

- From Regensburg to Bratislava 

- From Bratislava to Budapest 

V




- From Budapest to Iron Gate 

- From Iron Gate to Silistra 

- From Silistra to the Black Sea Estuary. 

ii. The right bank and left bank tributaries 

iii. The natural and artificial lakes 

5. Historical Development of the River construction works and water engineering 

i. Navigation 

ii. Regulation of Danube Channel 

iii. Construction of flood control dams 

iv. Retention reservoirs 

II. Second Chapter – Hydrological Regime of Danube and its main Tributaries 

1. History of hydrological observation on the Danube and its tributaries 

2. Water stage regime 

3. Flow regime 

a) Annual flows characteristics - mean annual flow, variation and 

skewness of flow; discharge duration curves; probability of annual 

flows) 

b) Maximum flow ( peak discharges, probability of maximum annual flow) 

c) Low flow (minimum annual flow, probability of minimum flows) 

III. Third Chapter – Hydrological Balance in Danube River Basin 

1. Basic Principles 

a) Isoline maps of elements of water balance 

b) Equation of water balance (balance components) 

2. Definition of the balance units in Danube River basin 

3. Evaluation of the balance components for each balance units 

4. The runoff coefficient calculation 

5. Comparison of the results of runoff calculation (balance equation and isolines 

maps) 

6. Spatial distribution of precipitation, evaporation and runoff within the Danube 

Basin. 

7. Water Balance in the Danube Countries 

Basic properties of the hydrologic regime (water stage, discharge) were defined at 50 

gauging stations in the Danube basin for a continuous period (1931-1970): 

• On the Danube River 25 gauging stations; 

• On main tributaries 25 gauging stations. 

The results of calculations were presented in tabular and graphical form, the number 

of which in specific chapters of the Monograph is: 

VI




Table 2. Numbers of tables and graphs in the Monograph 

Chapter Tables Graphs 

1 7 3 

2 12 185 

3 6 0 

Total 25 188 

Part II of the Hydrologic Monograph contains the most important results that are 

related to the gauging stations as follows: 

II/0 - List of the considered gauging stations (in alphabetic order); 

II/1 - Characteristic data on water stage and discharge in the Danube basin; 

II/2 - The maximum and minimum seasonal discharge; 

II/3 - Mean monthly and annual flow; 

II/4 - Probability of mean monthly and annual flow; 

II/5 - Maximum discharge; 

II/6 - Minimum mean daily discharge; 

II/7 - Maximum mean daily discharge. 

The Monograph’s appendix contains important maps that are related to all three 

chapters for the complete catchment as follows: 

I/1 - Topographic map (scale 1:2.000.000); 

I/2 - Geological map (scale 1:2.000.000); 

I/3 - Map of vegetation cover (scale 1:2.000.000); 

I/4 - Map of annual mean air temperature (scale 1:2.000.000); 

III/1 - Map of mean annual sums of precipitation (scale 1:2.000.000); 

III/2 - Map of mean annual evaporation (scale 1:2.000.000); 

III/3 - Map of mean annual depth of runoff (scale 1:2.000.000). 

The summary assessment of the water balance in the Danube catchment is as 

follows: 

Drainage area 817.000 km 2 

Average annual sum of precipitation 816 mm/year 

Average annual sum of evapotranspiration 552 mm/year 

Average annual depth of runoff 264 mm/year 

Average annual discharge 6841 m 3 /s 

Average annual unit-area runoff 8, 37 l/s/km 2 

During the period when the Monograph was realized, there were eight countries with 

a significant share of the Danube basin (GER, AUS, CHS, HUN, YUG, ROM BUL, USSR) 

and four countries that participate less than 1% in the Danube catchment (POL, ITA, SWI, 

ALB).. 

VII




Table 3. Available water in the Danube countries 

Area Relative part "Own" surface water 

N 

Country 

total* 

Percent 

Country Runoff 

In the Danube 

of the Unit- 

in the from the 

Danube in the 

total area 

Danube Danube 

basin country 

Danube runoff 

basin catchment 

flow 

o 

Symbol Country 

km 2 

km 2 

% % m 3 /s % l/s/km² 

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

1 GER Germany 248.687 59.634 23,98 7,30 785 11,48 13,16 

2 AUS Austria 83.855 80.731 86,27 9,88 1536 22,45 19,03 

3 CHS Czechoslovakia 127.896 73.040 57,11 8,94 498 7,28 6,82 

4 HUN Hungary 93.030 93.030 100,00 11,39 176 2,57 1,89 

5 YUG Yugoslavia 255.904 183.210 71,62 22,42 2039 29,81 11,13 

6 ROM Romania 237.500 232.240 97,79 28,43 1177 17,21 5,07 

7 BUL Bulgaria 110.912 48.178 43,44 5,90 232 3,39 4,82 

8 USSR Soviet Union 22.402.200 44.267 0,20 5,42 330 4,82 7,45 

9 SWI Switzerland 41.293 1.819 4,41 0,22 44 0,64 24,19 

10 ITA Italy 301.278 471 0,16 0,06 17 0,25 36,09 

11 POL Poland 312.683 270 0,09 0,03 3 0,04 11,11 

12 ALB Albania 28.748 101 0,35 0,01 4 0,06 39,60 

1- 

12 

The Danube basin 817.000 100.00 6841 100,00 8,37 

Table 4. Components of the water balance 

Balance components 

Symbol 

Precipitation 

P 

Evapotranspiration 

E 

Runoff 

Depth 

R 

Balance 

error 

Runoff 

coefficient 

mm mm mm % αj 

GER 962 528 415 +1.98 0.43 

AUS 1.098 508 600 -0.91 0.55 

CHS 719 513 215 -1.25 0.30 

HUN 609 539 60 +1.64 0.10 

YUG 928 606 351 -3.12 0.38 

ROM 752 557 160 +4.65 0.21 

BUL 661 487 152 +3.33 0.23 

USSR 748 509 235 +0.53 0.31 

SWI 1.136 358 768 +0.88 0.68 

ITA 1.425 391 1139 -7.37 0.80 

POL 959 525 372 +6.46 0.39 

ALB 1.875 494 1292 +4.75 0.69 

Average in the 

Danube basin 

816 547 264 +0.60 0.32 

VIII




From the presented results, it can be concluded that in 1986: 

• The largest parts of the Danube drainage belonged to Romania (28,43%), 

Yugoslavia (22,42%), Hungary (11,39%) and Austria (8,88%); 

• The largest part of the Danube flow originated from Yugoslavia (29,81%), Austria 

(22,25%), Romania (17,21%) and Germany (11,48%); 

• The largest rainfall was observed in the upper part of the catchment: Albania 

1.875 mm, Italy 1.425 mm, Switzerland 1.136 mm and Austria 1.098 mm; 

• As a consequence of large rainfall, the biggest unit-area runoff occurs in the 

mountainous regions i.e. at the upper parts of the catchment: Albania (39,60 

l/s/km 2 ), Italy (36,09 l/s/km 2 ), Switzerland (24.19 l/s/km 2 ) and Austria (19.03 

l/s/km 2 ).; 

• The regions that experience very low unit-area runoff can be found in the flat parts 

of the catchment: Hungary (1,89 l/s/km 2 ), Bulgaria (4,82 l/s/km 2 ), Romania (5.07 

l/s/km 2 ) and Czechoslovakia (6,82 l/s/km 2 ); 

• The greatest evapotranspiration takes place in Yugoslavia 606 mm, Romania 557 

mm, Hungary 539 mm and Germany 528 mm. 

• In a long-term average, from the complete catchment towards the Black Sea runs 

about 32 % of the rainfall; 

• The highest coefficient of runoff within the Danube basin takes place in Italy 

(0,80), Albania (0,69), Switzerland (0,68) and Austria (0,55); 

• Region with the lowest coefficient of runoff is Hungary, from which only 10 % of 

total rainfall is converted into the river flow. Romania and Bulgaria can also be 

characterized as low-flow regions with runoff coefficients 0,21 and 0,23 

respectively.. 

The Danube drainage is today shared among 19 countries, which is the consequence 

of the “democratic” changes that took place in the region at the end of the last and beginning 

of this century. The picture of the water balance in the catchment has completely changed as 

well. We sincerely believe that the new water balance will be produced in a new Monograph 

of the Danube Drainage. Let us hope that the younger hydrologists will realize this task, and 

that we are not going to wait 20 years for completion of this work. 

IX







HYDROLOGICAL FORECASTING 

1




2




_________________ 

USE ENSEMBLE PRECIPITATION FORECASTS FOR HYDROLOGICAL PURPOSES 

Bonta I. 

Hungarian Meteorological Service H1518 Budapest, P. O. Box 32, Hungary 

bonta.i@met.hu 

Almost a quarter (23 %) of the total area of Hungary can be influenced by floods. Hungary’s 

endangerment in terms of floods can be compared only to the Netherlands’ in Europe. Therefore, the 

precipitation forecast for hydrological purposes plays important role in Hungary. The available 

meteorological analysis and forecasting tools and results at HMS are linked to the flood forecasting 

system. In this study we investigated the performance of the ensemble forecasts and the deterministic 

version of ECMWF model during heavy precipitation. Taking all cases into account our verifications 

show, that the ensemble mean of precipitation forecasts generally produces better results, than the 

deterministic model. Taking those cases into account when heavy precipitation occurred, the results 

are not so clear. The first case shows, that in mountainous regions the deterministic model, due to its 

higher resolution provided better results not only for the first 1-3 days, but up to 6-7 days as well, 

because this version is more able to capture the orographic effect. In the second case in contrast to 

the deterministic ECMWF forecast 48-hour before the start of the event, which predicted the large 

amount of precipitation too far east, the EPS was more successful in predicting the area of the event. 

Keywords: large amount of precipitation, performance of the deterministic and the EPS forecasts, big 

uncertainty regarding precipitation amount 

_________________ 

FLOODS FORECASTING IN TRANSCARPATHIANS REGION WITH USE OF RAINFALL-RUNOFF 

MODELS 

Boyko V. 1 , Boyko O. 2 , Platonova N. 3 , 

1 Ukrainian Hydrometeorogical Center, 6, Zolotovoritska str. , Kyiv-34, Ukraine, 

e-mal: vicbojko@ukrweather.kiev.ua or bojko@ukrweather.kiev.ua 

2 Institute of Mathematical Machines and System problems, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 

42, prospect Glushkova, 03187, Kyiv-187, Ukraine, 

e-mal: alexb@env.com.ua 

3 Transcarpathians Center of Hydrometeorogy, 5, Slovjanska naberegna, Uzhgorod, Ukraine, e-mal: 

office@gmc.uzhgorod.ua 

Hydrometeorological conditions of two high and catastrophic floods formation on the 

Transcarpathian rivers in November 1998 and March 2001are considered, the information on methods 

of floods forecast in Ukraine and their use for the forecast of the chosen floods in operative conditions 

is given. Also the basic results of the international projects on flood management in Transcarpathian 

and applications of model Mike11 are stated. 

Keywords: flood, forecast, rainfall-runoff model, Mike11, advance time. 

3




_________________ 

OPERATIVE HYDROLOGICAL FORECAST IN WINTER SEASON – FLOODS CAUSED BY SNOW 

MELTING 

Březková Lucie, Soukalová Eva 

Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Kroftova 43, 616 67 Brno, Czech Republic 

lucie.brezkova@chmi.cz, eva.soukalova@chmi.cz 

Since 1999 the forecasting hydrological model HYDROG have been daily operated on the 

regional office Brno of the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. The rainfall-runoff model HYDROG is 

designed for the simulation, the operational hydrological forecast and the operational control of water 

runoff from the river basins with reservoirs. HYDROG was for the first time applied to operational 

hydrological forecasting during the outstanding runoff situation in March 2005 but especially in March 

and April 2006, when the strong rising discharges occured due to the precipitation and the snow cover 

melting. In the Dyje and Morava catchments the third flood protection degrees were exceeded and the 

peak discharges reached up the values with return period of 100 years. The hydrological forecasts 

were calculated on the basis of the precipitation and temperature forecasts of the ALADIN and 

ECMWF numerical models. By means of HYDROG was recommended the convenient water 

management on the Vranov reservoir on the Dyje river. 

Keywords: hydrological forecasting model, winter flood event, snow cover, precipitation 

_________________ 

SYSTEM FOR SEVEN-DAY LOW FLOW FORECAST DEVELOPED BY THE RECESSION LIMB OF 

THE HYDROGRAPH 

Brilly M., Štravs L., Rusjan S., Petan S., Padežnik M. & Vidmar A. 

University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 

Jamova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, mbrilly@fgg.uni-lj.si 

At the University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, a hydrological model 

was derived by using the decision trees machine learning method and analysis of the recorded 

recession streamflow data. The recession 'constant' k was modelled as being a function of the flow 

rate at which the 7-day low flow forecast is made and the decrease of the flow rate from the previous 

day. Low flow forecasting models for most of the Sava River's tributaries in Slovenia were developed 

and the verification of the results yields really good results and improved accuracy in comparison to 

low flow forecasting models in which a single numerical value is used as the recession 'constant'. The 

system consists of nine water-gauging stations connected by way of cellular phones with a computer 

situated in the Hydropower Company. The water gauging stations are equipped also by solar panels 

for power supply. Data transmission is provided automatically, daily or on request. The system was 

established in autumn 2005 and has suggested useful results. 

Keywords: low water forecast, Sava River 

4




_________________ 

FLOODS IN BULGARIA AND BULGARIAN HYDROLOGY IN 2005 

Prof. DSc. George Gergov, 

National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Sofia, Bulgaria 

Email: georgi.gergov@meteo.bg 

A long sequence of large flood waves hit Bulgaria in 2005 with lots of damages and even 

victims. They call the hydrological interest on the reasons and periodicity of the events, but not much, 

because the scientific activities on that subject have been cut long time ago. Due to this the main flood 

characteristics haven’t been determined properly and they are still not reliable. 

As a basic knowledge we distinguish two main reasons for the flood formation. The first being 

the natural interaction of the former reasons have their origin in Earth-Space interrelationships, 

characterized by randomness and periodicity of a high degree. Very new studies on the 

meteorological abnormalities all over the Northern hemisphere in 2005 already tell us that they are not 

separate, local phenomena, but they are linked in between, being a part of a Global warming 

tendency. 

A part of the natural reasons we consider the hydrological features of the watersheds in the 

flash flood formation. They are very dynamical and thus they affect the way of transformation “rainrunoff”. 

Its efficiency depends on the preliminary watershed saturation and coefficient of runoff. 

The other reason of flood formation are the variable and diverse human activities. 

The paper deals with the unsatisfactory level of scientific works on that topic, though it is of a 

great significance for the state economy. Most of them are ceased since many years. Some practical 

suggestions to overcome them are being discussed, e.g. time of flood propagation along the river 

network; watershed saturation index, rainfall measurements and forecasts etc. 

_________________ 

INOVATION OF FLOOD WARNING AND FORECASTING SYSTEM IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC 

Hajtášová Katarína, Kyselová Daniela, Martinka Karol, Poprendová Katarína 

Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Jeséniova 17, 833 15 Bratislava, Slovakia 

e-mail: katarina.hajtasova@SHMÚ.sk, daniela.kyselova@SHMÚ.sk, karol.martinka@SHMÚ.sk, 

katarina.poprendova@SHMÚ.sk 

The disastrous floods in central Europe during the late 1990´s, which also affected Slovakia 

and caused serious material and even human loses, brought the need to innovate also existing flood 

forecasting and warning system. In January 2000, Slovak Government adopted “Flood Protection 

Program in the Slovak Republic by the Year 2010“, which consists of several projects. „Flood Warning 

and Forecasting System of the Slovak Republic“ otherwise POVAPSYS, which is the abbreviation of 

the Slovak name of the project, has been delegated to the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute 

(SHMÚ). The aim of the project is to improve the level of meteorological and hydrological service 

outputs in case of floods affecting larger territorial units and for local flood events (flash floods). 

The objectives of POVAPSYS are: 

• Substantial increase of the quality of life of the population in flood prone areas in Slovakia. 

• Protection of property and health of the local population in flood prone areas in Slovakia. 

• Well-being by granting to the population more safety against flooding. 

• Contribution to the sustainable development of the flood-prone regions. 

• Compliance with the Water Framework Directive of the European Commission (WFD), 

and forecasting systems of WMO (World Meteorological Organization) and ICPDR 

(International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River). 

5




The implementation of the measure includes: 

• Completion and upgrading of the existing data acquisition system, terrestrial 

meteorological and hydrological stations, satellite data receiver, weather radars, lightning 

system, telemetry system, all with associated software. 

• Integrated Information System. Software and hardware to run the flood forecasting shell 

which manages the data flow between all components (data acquisition, database, remote 

telemetry system, forecasting models, web servers etc, etc.). 

• Database Systems. 

• Internet portal to deliver data and information to the relevant stakeholders. 

• Meteorological, hydrologic and hydraulic forecasting models. The emphasis will be on the 

development and integration of local models where possible. 

• Upgrading of GIS, as necessary. 

• Staff training: necessary in all above measures components. 

The objectives of the measure will be achieved by: 

• Increasing the lead-time of forecasts and warnings, this will give more time to the relevant 

agencies, authorities, and people in general to prepare for evacuation and other 

measures, such as (temporary) flood defences. 

• Providing more accurate and more reliable forecasts and warnings. 

• Providing for more forecasts per time period and for more locations. 

• Providing results and data on the internet or directly to users; such, that more agencies, 

authorities and people can be reached and warned. 

The expected outputs of the POVAPSYS project are: 

• Nation-wide warning and forecasting system. 

• A new method for communication and information flow. 

• A model structure coherent with Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland 

and Ukraine. 

• Local warning systems. 

In reality, the POVAPSYS project was launched in summer 2003, when the SHMÚ received 

a portion of the requisite financial means from the state budget and this paper presents the up-to-date 

state of the POVAPSYS project. 

Keywords: Flood warning and forecasting system, POVAPSYS, Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, 

hydrological modelling 

_________________ 

HYDROLOGICAL SCENARIOS OF CHANGES IN THE MEAN ANNUAL AND MONTHLY RUNOFF 

IN SLOVAKIA 

Hlavčová Kamila 1 , Szolgay Ján 1 , Kohnová Silvia 1 , Parajka Juraj 2 

1 Department of Land and Water Resources Management, Slovak University of Technology, 

Radlinského 11, 813 68 Bratislava, Slovak Republic, 

kamila.hlavcova@stuba.sk, jan.szolgay@stuba.sk, silvia.kohnova@stuba.sk, 

2 Institute for Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 

13/223, A-1040 Vienna, Austria, parajka@hydro.tuwien.ac.at, {on leave from: Institute of Hydrology, 

Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia} 

The potential impact of climate change on the long-term mean annual and the mean monthly 

runoff in Slovakia was evaluated. Pilot basins were chosen as representative regions for various types 

of annual and seasonal runoff distribution and existing or future water use. They are located along two 

transects from north to south and west to east across Slovakia. An empirical grid-based and a 

conceptual hydrological balance model were used for modelling changes in runoff with annual and 

monthly time steps. Both models were calibrated using data from a standard period 1951-1980, which 

6




is considered to be representative of the distribution of runoff in unchanged conditions. Two different 

climate change scenarios were used in the study. One scenario was downscaled from the outputs of 

the GISS Global Circulation Model (GCM); the other represents analogies to warmer climatic periods 

in the past. The runoff change scenarios for selected basins in the future time horizons of 2010, 2030 

and 2075 show a decrease in the long-term mean annual runoff and changes in the seasonal runoff 

distribution. 

Keywords: hydrological balance model, climate change scenarios, changes in runoff. 

_________________ 

FLOOD FORECASTING & FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE BAVARIAN DANUBE BASIN – 

FIRST RESULTS OF EC FP6 INTEGRATED PROJECT “PREVIEW” 

Krahe Peter 1 , Rachimow Claudia 1 

1 Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde, Postfach 20 02 53, D-56002 Koblenz, 

krahe@bafg.de 

Tinz Marek 2 , Holzhauer Vera 2 

2 Infoterra GmbH, Claude-Dornier-Strasse, D-88090 Immenstaad, 

Marek.Tinz@infoterra-global.com 

Assmann André 3 

3 geomer GmbH, Im Breitspiel 11B, D-69126 Heidelberg, 

aassm@geomer.de 

Bliefernicht Jan 4 , Ebert Christian 4 

4 Institut für Wasserbau der Universität Stuttgart, Lehrstuhl für Hydrologie und 

Geohydrologie,Pfaffenwaldring 61, D-70550 Stuttgart, Jan. 

Bliefernicht@iws.uni-stuttgart.de 

Daamen Karlheinz 5 

5 Landesamt für Umwelt, Lazarettstr. 67, D-80636 München, 

karl-heinz.daamen@lfu.bayern.de 

Kunz Michael 6 , Schipper Janus Willem 6 

6 Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung ,Arbeitsgruppe "Wettergefahren" 

Uni Karlsruhe / Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Kaiserstr. 12, D-76128 Karlsruhe, 

michael.kunz@imk.fzk.de 

Meinel Gotthard 7 , Hennersdorf Joerg 7 

7 Leibniz-Institut für ökologische Raumentwicklung, e.V., Weberplatz 1, D-01217 Dresden, 

G.Meinel@ioer.de 

The Global Monitoring of Environment and Security (GMES) initiative aims at designing and 

implementing an European capacity for the provision and use of operational information. In 2005 the 

Integrated Project “PREVIEW” has started. Its objective is to develop, at the European scale, 

operational GMES information services for risk management in support of European Civil Protection 

Units and local/regional authorities. PREVIEW covers "risk areas" spanning from fire, flood, storms 

and earthquakes to industrial risks. The consortium consists of 58 European partners gathering 

required technical skills from scientific community, operators and industry as well as relevant expertise 

of end-users bodies. All phases of risk management cycle – prevention, preparedness, response and 

recovery – are covered in a consistent and harmonized approach, allowing the exchange of 

information between the different operators and actors involved. PREVIEW GMES services are 

supposed to build on integrating Earth Observation data, in-situ measurements, ancillary data, new 

modelling and, last but not least, recent research and technologies results. Services will be designed, 

7




developed, demonstrated and validated under pre-operational conditions. Seven German partners 

work on improving "Short Range plain flood forecasting & flood risk management" in the Bavarian part 

of the Danube catchment. The main objective is to develop, demonstrate and validate a prototype of 

an integrated Flood Risk Management Service, supporting flood prevention, forecast and alert as well 

as crisis/post-crisis management. The proposed service portfolio comprises flood risk mapping, prewarning 

and flood forecast, flood event analysis and damage assessment. Key aspects are the 

integration and operational provision of information for better support of decision makers, and the 

development and application of meteorological as well as hydrological ensemble flood forecasting 

approaches, and their appropriate use in flood management. The benefits of addressing the 

uncertainties which are inherently present in the operational flood forecasting chain by this 

methodology are studied in close cooperation with end-users ranging from operational flood warning 

centres, water resources managers as well as rescue services. The natural hazard floods are covered 

by four tasks subdivided in forecasting of flash floods, short term flood forecasting and managing of 

plain floods, medium range forecasting (early warning), and Scandinavian floods as well. A prototyp 

consisting of the main components of a local up to regional integrated flood risk management system 

will be developed on he basis of the requirements and organisational structures of the Bavarian part 

of the Upper Danube. 

Keywords: GMES, integrated flood risk management, ensemble flood forecasting, flood risk maps, 

flood information system 

_________________ 

REAL-TIME HYDROLOGICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM IN SLOVAKIA – PRESENT DAY AND 

FUTURE IMPROVING 

Lešková D., Babiaková G., Wendlová V., Hollá M. 

Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Jeséniova 17, 833 15 Bratislava, Slovakia 

e-mail: Danica.Leskova@shmu.sk, Gabriela.Babiakova@shmu.sk; Valeria.Wendlova@shmu.sk, 

Michaela.Holla@shmu.sk 

The contribution contains description state and production process of information and hydroforecasting 

system in the Slovak Republic. Coordination of service is concerned in Bratislava 

(Department of Integrated forecasting and warning office). Branches of office in selected place 

corresponding to geographical region are responsible for control of hydrological situation in its area. 

Monitoring of hydrological data is determining by physical-geographical condition of Slovakia, 

which respects the mentioned regional units. Monitoring is provided by 386408 water gauge stations 

of which174 are equipped with automatic devices with data and voices output. The connection is 

safeguarded by mobile and unified telecommunication system. Collecting and evaluated data there 

are processed four specialized offices, every 6 hours per day providing evaluation of hydrological 

situation at 79 hydro-prognostic stations. The other ones with remote data transfer are particularly 

observed during floods. Every automatic water gauge station and precipitation station has self-alert 

system. In the case of reaching or overloading define water stage, intensity of rain respectively; there 

is transmitted alert via SMS to hydrologist on duty. Hydrologist solves the situation and processes it in 

the legal framework. During the floods, the operation hydrologists almost continuously monitor the 

development of flood situation, prepares regularly reports about it, and forecasts for near future 

according to demands of users – state bodies responsible for flood protection, Water Management 

Enterprise, hydro energetic sector, mass media, public. During the winter season Department 

processed and issued once week information on accumulation of water in the snow cover for 13 water 

reservoirs and 14 measurement profiles. To the activity of department belongs also the exchange of 

operational hydrological information on transboundary rivers. 

Keywords: automatic station, export data, import data, flood, forecasting, warning 

8




_________________ 

STOCHASTIC MODELLING OF TIME-SPACE FLUCTUATIONS UNDER MODERN CLIMATE 

CHANGE 

Lobanov Vladimir A., Lobanova Helen V., 

State Hydrological Institute, St.Petersburg, Russia, 

lobanov@EL6309.spb.edu 

The most positions of the existing stochastic hydrology are based on a principle of stationarity 

and homogeneity under realization of frequency analysis and computation of design hydrological 

characteristics. Modern changing conditions lead to non-stationarity of hydrological characteristics 

caused by modern climate change and direct man’s impact in river basins. From other side 

discoveries of complex natural fluctuations became more important for understanding of inter 

influences of “natural” and “anthropogenic” dynamics. Stochastic structure of time-space fluctuations 

of hydrometeorological characteristics is very complex because of a superposition of the processes of 

different time scales: intra-daily, intraannual, interannual, decadal, centural, etc., which form an 

inhomogeneity of observed records. For decision of this problem the basic grounds of the theory of 

dynamic-stochastic hydrology have been developed, as well as a general model for joint description of 

time-space fluctuations. This model includes three main kinds of simulation: intra-annual model, model 

of long-term fluctuations and spatial model. The particular methods have been elaborated for 

realization of each model. In the case of stochastic model new parameters of dynamics have been 

suggested for a determination of design values. Principle of monitoring and re-computation of design 

characteristics was introduced. Some examples illustrate the application of developed methodology 

and methods. 

Keywords: stochastic hydrology, stationarity, homogeneity, long-term fluctuations, model. 

_________________ 

EXPANSION OF VOLUME OF THE FORECASTING PRODUCTION IN THE RIVER BASIN BY 

APPLICATION OF THE LOCAL MATHEMATICAL MODELS 

Dг. О. O. Luk'yanets 

Ukrainian Research Hydrometeorological Institute 

Pr. Nauky, 37, Kyiv 02028 Ukraine 

Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University 

e-mail: luko15_06@ukr.net 

Considering constant threat from floods, the Carpathian region requires attention concerning 

increase of a level of informative ability of the hydrological notification service. The decision of this 

problem can be provided through creation of the basin forecasting systems based on mathematical 

modeling of processes of the runoff formation. 

On an example of the Tisza basin are considered scientifically-methodical bases of creation of 

the basin forecasting systems - applications of mathematical models of the runoff formation as bases 

of methodical base of the system and its functional components. Heterogeneity of landscape and 

hydrometeorological conditions is considered in the system through spatial structure, which consists of 

objects of three levels. The important part of the forecasting system is local models, which are created 

on the basis of mathematical modeling of the floods. Owing to the application of such system arises an 

opportunity to capture with this forecasting production all territory of the basin and to detail it in 

temporal and spatial aspects, including for the catchments, which have been not studied in the 

hydrological attitude. 

Thus, the methodical base of the forecasting system consists of universal models of the rain 

and rainfall and snowmelt runoff formation and also derivative of them - local models. In the basic 

models are considered features of the runoff formation from the mountain catchments. By means of 

9




four local models it was possible to detail discharge variation forecasting, having captured also small 

catchments in the head of the right tributaries of the Tisza. 

I. With use of the local model is carried out short-term forecasting of the runoff course for the Tisza 

tributaries with earliness 8-24 h. in case of absence of the detailed hydrometeorological information. 

In a basis of the scheme is taken the account of two factors - dumping of water from the channel 

network and its increment owing to a rain or snowmelt. In the model are used parameters of the 

influence functions, which are outstanding for universal model of the runoff formation. 

II. Local model for short-term forecasting of the course of discharges/water levels for the Ukrainian 

stretch of the Tisza (earliness 24-88 h.) is based on the account of the distribution of water masses 

on length of the river and intensity of inflow of water from its right tributaries with earliness 10-12 h. 

III. The local model is used also for the forecasting of the maximal discharges/water levels for the small 

rivers of the Tisza basin from the catchments 150-400 km 2 in 21 ranges. Parameters of the model 

are certain by modeling of floods on universal model of the runoff formation. Forecasting is carried 

out gradually for 2-3 steps in process of receipt of the information about precipitations. 

IV. In a basis of local model for long-term forecasting of the spring runoff characteristics (depth/volumes 

of the runoff, maximal discharges and water levels) with earliness of 20-50 days for four possible 

weather situations is taken parameters of universal model of the rainfall and snowmelt runoff, 

generalized on 10-days for 5 high-altitude zones. There is the opportunity to specify preliminary given 

out forecasts. 

The mathematical models involved in the system allow providing processes of the runoff 

formation with the purpose of increase in earliness of forecasts and expansion of the forecasting 

production volume in the river basin. 

Keywords: mathematical model, local model, forecasting system, flood, catchment 

_________________ 

DEPENDENCE OF THE OPTIMAL WATERSHED MODEL COMPLEXITY ON TEMPORAL 

RESOLUTION 

Mićović Zoran 

BC Hydro, 6911 Southpoint Drive (B02), Burnaby, BC, Canada, V3N 4X8, 

zoran.micovic@bchydro.com 

The “optimal” model complexity is defined as the minimum watershed model structure required 

for realistic representation of runoff processes. This paper examines the effects of model complexity at 

different time scales, daily and hourly. Two watershed models with structures of different complexity 

were constructed and their capability to simulate runoff from a watershed was evaluated. Both models 

were tested on the same watershed using identical meteorological input, thereby assuring that any 

difference between model outputs is due only to their model structure. It is demonstrated that at a daily 

time scale, both models performed equally well, implying that optimal complexity was achieved by the 

simpler model structure. The model produced good results over a period of 28 years of continuous 

simulation. However, this simpler model was inadequate when tested on an hourly time scale due to 

greater non-linear effects, especially when modelling high intensity rainfall events. Therefore the 

hourly simulation benefited from the more complex model structure. The presented results show that 

optimal watershed model complexity depends on temporal resolution, namely the simulation period 

and the computational time step. It was shown that certain process representations and model 

parameters that appeared unimportant during the long-term simulation had significant effects on the 

short-term extreme event model simulation. 

Keywords: watershed model; model complexity; runoff simulation; temporal resolution. 

10




_________________ 

THE SIMULATION OF THE FLOODS PROPAGATION ON THE DANUBE RIVER BETWEEN 376 

KM AND 863 KM IN 1999, 2000, 2005 AND 2006 

Eng. NEICU Serban 

NIHWM Bucuresti-Ploiesti road no. 97 

e-mail: serban.neicu@hidro.ro 

This paper shortly presents: mathematical calculation models used for the simulation of water 

propagation in steady and unsteady regime on the Danube River, the topobathimetric base used, 

issues raised by the existence of certain different topographical reference systems (the Baltic Sea, the 

Adriatic Sea, the Black Sea Sulina and the Black Sea 75), as well as the effects of the morphological 

changes of the Danube River flood plain on the levels recorded at the stage gauges. 

The calibration of the runoff model regime is made based on the simulation of propagation and 

composing of daily mean discharges from 1999 and 2000. The verification is made on the floods from 

April 2005 and April-May 2006. 

The results of this paper are: rating curves, level and mean daily discharges hydrographs 

calculated and recorded at Romanian and Bulgarian hydrometric stations, as well as mean daily 

discharges hydrographs recorded on left-bank tributaries, upstream the confluence with the Danube 

River, in 1999, 2000 and April 2006. 

Keywords: flow, hydraulics, dikes, damages, rating curve, scenarios, software pakage, 

calibration 

_________________ 

SYSTEM OF WARNING AND PROTECTION IN REAL TIME AGAINST FLOODINGS 

Niţescu Eftimie 1 , Popescu Ştefan 1 , Chiorescu Esmeralda 1 , Dăscăliţa Dan 1 , 

Toma Daniel 1 

1 “Technical University Gh.Asachi” of Iasi, Department of Hydroamelioration and 

Environment , Blvd. D. Mangeron 67 Iasi , 700050, Romania, 

eftimienitescu@yahoo.com 

As a result of the climate changes recorded within the last decade, occurrences of 

meteorological phenomena such as flooding have considerably increased. These floods have become 

more and more frequent in Romania as well as in other European countries but also in the other 

continents, in spite of the hydrotechnical works of defense made for preventing them ( correction of 

channels for rivers, darning accumulation). 

In these conditions, the opportunity to introduce some new technologies of defence and quick 

intervention against floods, which should diminish or avoid their consequences (social –economic 

losses or fauna and flora losses) is obvious. 

Analysing the actual technologies of defense and quick intervention in case of floods we can 

observe the lack of technical progress both on national scale as well as in other more economically 

developed countries. 

Studies and analysis made concerning the flood phenomena in the country and especially in 

the hydrographic pool of Siret have revealed the necessity to elaborate a coherent system of defence 

and quick intervention, which should be applied in the most frequent cases of floods ( in 55% of them 

the excess is less than 0.50 m). 

To find reliable and efficency measures of protection for a given situation so that the costs of 

this intervention be paid back completely it is necessary to make an informatical sub-system which 

should answer in real time to the following functions: 

11




• the forecast of the flash flood hydrographer on the basis of recorded precipitations; 

• the forecast of the charge curve of water in interesting sections for protection; 

• the forecast of distribution in time of flash flood at the sections to protect; 

• comparison for marks of water level (allocated by help of a charge curve of water ) with 

marks of shore and dike for protection; 

• definition of red lines (their length and position in plan ) on which flood of water is 

expected; 

• definition of height of water layer. 

• Evidently the speed of execution of protective works plays an essential role. The present 

technologies for over-raising banks and dikes in the red area are grieved by shortcomings 

as: the insufficient degree of mechanization, the necessity of a numerous working force, 

often including weakly qualified personnel. 

A new technology has been developed which uses the flexible screen that is embedded into 

soil by means of a special machine. It is considered that the efficiency of this machine will be about 2 

km of length of the screen per hour. The flexible screen is embedded into soil up to about 0.5 m in 

depth, with its air side of maximum 1 m height. 

Details of this technology will be presented in a forthcoming paper. 

Keywords: floodings ,protection, new technology 

_________________ 

DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODEL FOR SHORT-RANGE WATER FORECAST ON THE RIVER 

KOLUBARA 

Petkovic T. Dejan 1) , Dr Radic M. Zoran 2) 

1) Republic Hydrometerological Service, Kneza Viseslava 66, Belgrade, Serbia 

dpetkovic@hidmet.sr.gov.yu 

2) University of Belgrade, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73, Belgrade, Serbia 

zradic@grf.bg.ac.yu 

Processes of the precipitation formation and their transformation into discharge are non-linear, 

non-stationary and of stochastic nature. The formation of discharge in the basin depends on: 

• Precipitation characteristics (intensity, duration, spatial distribution and storm movement 

dynamics) 

• Basin characteristics (topography and morphology, pedology, hydrogeology, vegetation 

and the type of soil exploitation) 

• Meteorological conditions (insolation, temperature, air pressure and humidity, wind 

characteristics and other elements influencing the formation of precipitation and 

evapotranspiration) significant in the exchange of humidity between Atmosphere and 

Litosphere. 

• The condition of water reserves in the basin in the moment of the beginning of a new rain 

(present discharge in river network, the level of ground waters and soil moisture 

conditions), as well as retaining capacity of mentioned sub-systems. 

A model that would contain all the above-mentioned factors and characteristics would be too 

complicated, unrational, inefficient and non-economical. For the purpose of operative hydrological 

warnings and forecasts, the model must be: 

• adjusted to the fund of available data 

• as simple as possible 

• adaptable 

• efficient and 

12




• sufficiently correct 

That means that consideration must include the real conditions existing on the studied basin 

and main processes with most influence on the discharge. 

Starting from these principles, the paper contains the results of the development of operative 

hydrolgoical model on the river Kolubara, (the right tributary of the river Sava, upstream from 

Belgrade), until the water-gauging profile Slovac (around 1.000 km2). Identification of the type and 

parameters of the main model component was made on the data base from the period 1996-2003, 

verification of the model on the daily data base from 1996, and the application of prognostic model 

was demonstrated on the data from 2004. 

For production function of the model (transformation of total in effective precipitation), oneparameter 

exponential function was adopted based on the assessment of maximum loss (Pmax), 

where Pmax is assessed on the basis of non-linear regional dependence with 4 values: rain intensity 

and duration, index of previous pecipitation, number of weeks in a year (seasons) and present 

discharge in the river. 

For transformational function two-parameter gamma function was adopted. 

For the purpose of improving prognostic model (as adaptible component), the value of 

present river discharge was also included in the model as well as the basic property of so-called “cut 

in” tranformational functions. 

With listed regional dependencies, the model has the total of 4 parameters whose values are 

defined by the process of optimization. Obtained results show sastifactory accuracy. 

The research presented within this paper is the result of the university diploma project of the 

first author and partly the result of scientific project NPV 21-A, of the National Programme for Water, 

whose leader is the second author. The scientific project is financed by the Ministry for Science and 

Environment of the Republic of Serbia. 

Keywords: hydrological forecast model, production function of the model, tranformational function. 

_________________ 

THE ADDITIONAL VALUE OF ENSEMBLE WEATHER FORECASTS TO FLOOD FORECASTING: 

FIRST RESULTS ON EFAS FORECASTS FOR THE DANUBE RIVER BASIN 

Ramos Maria-Helena 1 , Bartholmes Jens 1 , Thielen Jutta 1 , Kalas Milan 1,2 , de Roo Ad 1 

1 European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, 

TP261, 21020 Ispra (Va), Italy. 

E-mails: helena.ramos@jrc.it; jens.bartholmes@jrc.it; jutta.thielen@jrc.it; milan.kalas@jrc.it; ad.deroo@jrc.it 

2 Department of Land and Water Resources Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Slovak 

University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia. 

Over the past decades, severe floods in major transnational river basins have taken place in 

Europe, including the Rhine/Meuse floods in 1993 and 1995, the Oder flood in 1997, the Po floods in 

1994 and 2000, as well as the Elbe and Danube floods in 2002 and, more recently, in spring 2006. 

Following the disastrous floods in the Elbe and Danube river basins in August 2002, the European 

Commission launched an activity to support the development of a European Flood Alert System 

(EFAS) to increase preparedness for large flood events. EFAS has been in development and testing 

phase since 2003 at the Joint Research Centre in close collaboration with the hydrological services in 

the Member States. The system is designed to provide additional information on potential flood 

situations by means of early flood warnings between 3 to 10 days in advance (http://efas.jrc.it/). 

This paper focuses on the additional value of weather ensemble prediction systems (EPS) to 

EFAS flood forecasts in the Danube river basin. Meteorological ensemble predictions from the 

European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) have been recently introduced preoperationally 

in EFAS. The ECMWF-EPS consists of 51 10-day weather forecasts issued twice a day 

at 00:00 and 12:00 with a resolution TL255L40 (~80 km, 40 levels) - www.ecmwf.int. Contrary to single 

13




deterministic flood forecasts, flood forecasts based on EPS allow to take into account the uncertainty 

on reaching flood alert levels due to the different 51 possible weather developments. The 

incorporation of ECMWF-EPS in the EFAS platform and the statistical investigation of the probabilistic 

results raise a new challenge: how to quantify uncertainty and how to visualize the results in terms of 

probabilities of exceeding alert levels in a simple and concise way for a useful and correct statistical 

interpretation of the forecasted situation? 

EFAS EPS-based forecasts are expected to take into account the uncertainty of weather 

developments along the forecast range and therefore to provide additional and useful information on 

possible flood situations when increasing the lead-time. The first results obtained from the 

incorporation of ECMWF-EPS into EFAS during 2005 are presented and the tools implemented to 

quantify the uncertainty in exceeding EFAS alert levels in EPS-based forecasts are introduced. Maps 

and diagrams were developed allowing a concise and useful visualization of probabilistic results. 

The additional value of EPS to flood forecasting is illustrated from the investigation of casestudies 

related to observed flood events in the Danube river basin. The results show that EPS-based 

forecasts can contribute to an earlier detection of the possibility of flooding and therefore to increase 

preparedness for future flood events. In individual case-studies, a gain in lead-time, comparatively to 

the use of deterministic forecasts only, is usually observed, more or less important according to the 

forecasted flood event. The investigation of individual case-studies provide useful insights into the 

behavior of EPS-based forecasts, as well as essential information to the analysis of long-term 

reforecasts and the assessment of the average quality and skill of EFAS EPS-based ensemble 

forecasts. 

Keywords: flood forecasting, ensemble prediction, alert levels, uncertainty. 

_________________ 

TRANS - BOUNDARY FORECASTING SYSTEM ON MUR RIVER 

Ruch Christophe 1 , Jørgensen Gregers 2 , Polajnar Janez 3 , Susnik Mojca 3 , 

Hornich Rudolf 4 , Schatzl Robert 4 , Pogačnik Nejc 5 

1 Institute of Water Resources Managment - Hydrogeology and Geophysics, JOANNEUM 

RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Elisabethstrasse 16/II, A 8010 Graz. 

christophe.ruch@joanneum.at 

2 DHI Water & Environment, Agern Allé 5, 2970 Hørsholm. Denmark. 

ghj@dhi.dk 

3 Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, Vojkova 1b, Sl 1000 Ljubljana. 

janez.polajnar@gov.si, mojca.susnik@gov.si 

4 Amt der Steiermärkischen Landesregierung - FA19B, Stemfergasse 7, A 8010 Graz. 

rudolf.hornich@stmk.gv.at, robert.schatzl@stmk.gv.at 

5 University of Ljubljana, Faculty for Civil and Geodetic Engineering, Chair of fluid mechanics, 

Hajdrihova 28, 1000 Ljubljana. 

nejc.pogacnik@fgg.uni-lj.si 

A trans-boundary real time flood forecasting system on the Mur river has been implemented 

within the EU INTERREG IIIB CADSES program - Project „Flussraumagenda Alpenraum“. The Mur 

watershed extend over Austria (10000 km²), Slovenia (1400 km²), Hungary (1900 km²) and Croatia 

(500 km²). Although only Austria and Slovenia have participated to this project, an extended solution 

including all 4 countries has been discussed and approved within the Mur commission, i.e., the system 

has been developed so that Hungary and Croatia can easily join the structure in the future. 

The challenge of the project was to have one common flood forecasting system working for all 

2 (4) countries, where exchange of real time information, modeling and dissemination can be 

performed rapidly and accurate working in a robust system, required in a real time forecasting system. 

Initially a flood forecasting decision support system has being prepared for Mur and its most important 

tributaries. The modeling system includes extended snow modeling in the Alps and flood plain 

modeling in south Austria with many hydroelectric structures on the rivers. 

14




The structure that has been established build out of one International Flood Forecasting 

Centre and two national centres illustrates how a trans-boundary flood forecasting system can 

operate. The main element is the International Flood Forecasting Centre installed in Graz (Austria) 

where all the necessary online data and meteorological forecasts are automatically collected and 

formatted for the simulations. Furthermore, each hour starts a simulation with a forecasted time of two 

days whereas the main results are published on the internet and the complete model setup and result 

are transferred to the two national centres. Therefore, on both national centres it is possible to analyse 

detailed results and to develop local scenarios using for example modified meteorological forecasts or 

other initial conditions. 

This technical solution allows a perfect synchronisation for online data, pre and posts 

processing files, information and results from the simulations between all three Flood Forecasting 

Centres. It contributes therefore to a noticeable improvement for information organisation between 

Austria and Slovenia and should be considered as a new method for Flood and Risk management. 

This new communication strategy coupled with the automatic and continuous modeling as well as the 

result publication on internet delivers a concrete example for Flood prevention and resources 

management that can be transferred to other trans-boundary watersheds. 

Keywords: automatic forecasting system, international forecasting centre, flood watch, NAM, MIKE 

11, Mur 

_________________ 

THE RUNOFF FORECAST SYSTEM OF VERBUND OPERATIONAL FORECASTING in 

HYDROPOWER INDUSTRY 

Spolwind Robert, Hebenstreit Klaus, Fröschl Felix, Bachhiesl Martin & Precht Johann 

Resource Optimization Hydro Power 

VERBUND / Österreichische Elektrizitätswirtschafts-AG 

Am Hof 6A, 1010 Vienna 

Robert.Spolwind@VERBUND.at 

VERBUND is Austria’s leading electricity company in generation and wholesale, operating 

more than 100 hydro power plants all over the country. The company also manages the large run-ofriver 

hydro power plants at the Austrian Danube. These power plants are characterized by the 

absence of relevant possibility of water storage in times of short term runoff variability. So variance in 

runoff correlates significantly with variance in energy production, accurate forecasting of runoff is 

crucial for economic success. Correspondingly due to the high economic value and the permanent 

application of forecast models in energy dispatching the runoff forecasting tools of VERBUND are 

operating 24 hours a day with permanent maintenance. The accuracy of the runoff forecast models 

has to be constantly high within different runoff situations. In times of floods production of river power 

plants decreases significantly, therefore in hydropower industry effective flood forecast is of significant 

importance. Also or especially in times of mean or low water situations the forecast of runoff and 

resulting disposable energy operates as an important, integrated part of our strategic Energy 

Economic Decision Support System (EEDSS) and contributes to optimal utilisation of the asset 

hydropower energy. 

This paper reflects on experiences of a runoff and power forecast system at the Austrian 

Danube. A model called HYSIM (Hydrological Simulation) uses different runoff gauges, area 

precipitation and temperature of several regions and meteorological forecasts. This model provides 

forecasts up to 36 hours in different modules representing rainfall-runoff forecast, runoff-routing and 

flood routing considering inundation. HYSIM provides results in hourly discretisation. Snowmelt / Soil 

moisture models and rainfall-runoff models are input models for HYSIM and offer individually 

interpretable results. A combined regression model provides daily mean values with a forecast horizon 

of 96 hours and increases lead time remarkably. Diverse equations are defined for different seasons 

and runoff situations using ridge regression. A self learning optimisation model called SAMBA 

provides one single, optimized forecast and its respective uncertainty by weighting the accuracy of the 

different models in the past. Our 5-years experience in operational use shows that most accurate 

15




results are approached by combining detailed, hourly incremented models (HYSIM) and daily mean 

models provided by regression. 

The year 2002 presented a flood event of extreme intensity. In beginning of August heavily 

rainfalls led to severe floods, a similar situation of precipitation few days later resulted in an 

approximately 100-years flood event for the Austrian Danube. The event was excellently predicted in 

operational process. Especially the middle-term regression forecasts allowed timely preparation and 

helped to ensure power supply of Austria during the significant decrease of Run-of-river production. 

Another flood event presented in this paper occurred in August 2005 and caused severe floods in 

Alpine Danube tributaries. For the displayed gauge Ybbs the event can be classifies as an 

approximately 5-years event. In this case the results of our forecast tools indicated the timely 

substitution of decreasing Danube hydropower-energy by spot-market energy buying and 

consequently contributed to maximisation of revenue. Additionally the results of a mean water level 

situation display the role and the response of the forecast modules in a common planning situation. 

Permanent evaluation and improvements in the forecasting tools of VERBUND, which asset is 

significantly hydropower dominated, do not only contribute to the economical profit of the company but 

also ensure the sustainable utilisation of hydro power in Austria. 

Keywords: Danube, Hydropower, Forecast, Energy Optimisation, HYSIM, Ridge Regression 

_________________ 

FLOODS PREVENTION IN UPPER TISA RIVER BASIN 

Dr.eng. Stoica Florin Stefan 

Somes-Tisa Waters Directorate – Cluj-Napoca, Vanatorului str., no 17, ROMANIA 

sthidro@dast.rowater.ro 

The Tisa River Basin (TRB) is located in the geographical centre of Europe and crosses the 

new boundaries of the European Union. The streams and rivers feeding into the Tisa originate in the 

Carpathian Mountains in the territories of Romania, Slovakia and Ukraine. It flows through the 

Pannonian flood plain of eastern Hungary and then south into Serbia and Montenegro where it joins 

the Danube. 

The Tisa catchment area is characterized by high diversity of landscapes, fauna and flora, 

with a significant number of nature protected areas and national parks. The region has outstanding 

natural ecological values such as regionally (and perhaps globally) unique freshwater wetland 

ecosystems of 167 larger oxbow-lakes and the total of more than 300 riparian wetlands. 

The largest part of the TRB lies in Romania (72,636 km 2 ). The basin area is located in the western, 

central and north-western parts of the country. It has 6,095,024 inhabitants and represents about a 

third of both the total land surface and population of Romania. 

Historically, the main structural changes of the Tisa River happened in the 19th and early 20th 

centuries. During this period, the former huge floodplain was drained and dikes were constructed, with 

about 84 per cent loss of the floodplain. The Tisa was also strongly regulated (32 per cent of the river 

length). 

Flooding is a natural disaster crucial for riverine ecosystems, but it is also a significant threat 

to communities settled in the floodplain. 

The rainfall in the Carpathian Mountains is substantial and sudden rains, combined with extensive 

drainage, floodplain deforestation and river canalization reduce the ability of the catchment to 

attenuate the flood wave. 

The paper present the most important floods, occurred in Somes-Tisa hydrographical basin 

during November 1998 and march 2001 in Upper Tisa River Basin ( Figure 1 ). In 2001, trought 

National Administration ,,Romanian Waters “ was started an important project, with title Floods 

Prevention in Upper Tisa River Basin , wich consisting in 38 hydrometric station, 23 alarming stations, 

Doppler radar and a software package for simulatin flows ( Mike 11 ). Also in the paper will be 

presented the most important results of this project, during 2001 – 2005, e specially the Mike 11 

simulations flows on Tisa river , and his important tributaries from Romanian area of Tisa river basin. 

Trought the accomplishment of this project we will get the following advantages : 

16




• The increasing of the flood wave anticipation degree on the territory of Romania from 1-2 

hours as it is at present, to 24-36 hours. At the same time, the flood’s anticipation time on 

the territory of Hungary will also be increased from 24 – 36 hours, as it is at present, to 60 

– 72 hours ( trought radar surveillance ). 

• The increasing of the actual knowing frequency of level variation of the Tisa River and its 

tributaries from once in 2 – 4 hours, as it is at present, to pnce in 15 – 30 minutes, wich 

means an 8 – 16 times increasing 15 – 30 minutes, wich means an 8 – 16 times 

increasing ( trought the automatic hydro – meteorological stations network ) ; 

• The increasing of the available time for interventions and protection actions with about 24 

– 36 hours, for the population living in the areas wich might be affected by the floods or 

dangerous meteorological phenomena ( the alarming stations network ). 

Establishing the flood risk zones for different degrees of probability of the flood waves ( GIS ), 

practically non – existent at the moment. 

Keywords : hydrometric stations, Doppler radar, software package for simulatin flows ( Mike 11 ). 

_________________ 

ESTIMATION OF FLOOD PEAK TRAVEL-TIME ON THE MORAVA RIVER 

Szolgay Ján, Danáčová Michaela 

Department of Land and Water Resources Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 

Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 11, 813 68 Bratislava, Slovak Republic 

jan.szolgay@stuba.sk, danacova@svf.stuba.sk 

The discrete state space representation of the Kalinin-Miljukov model was used as the basis 

for a multilinear discrete cascade flood routing model. The time distribution scheme of model inputs 

was employed in the setup of the multilinear model and the travel-time parameter of the model was 

allowed to vary with discharge. The relationship between travel-time of flood peaks and peak 

discharge was studied on a reach of the Morava River. A piecewise linear model of that relation has 

been considered. The shape and parameters of that model were fitted by optimisation of the 

multilinear model performance on a large flood wave with the help of a genetic algorithm. The resulting 

relationship fitted empirical data on travel times and was consistent with the physical interpretation of 

the factors determining the relation. The fitted empirical piecewise linear model was used to model the 

variability of the time parameter in the discrete state space representation of the Kalinin and Miljukov 

model on three verification floods. The modelling results showed that the inclusion of empirical 

information on the variability of the travel-time with discharge even from one flood enables satisfactory 

accuracy for the prediction of the flood propagation process. 

Keywords: multilinear model, flood routing, genetic algorithm, travel time. 

_________________ 

FLASH FLOOD REAL TIME FORECAST MODEL. CASE STUDY 

TECUCI Ion Ph.D. 

National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management, Sos. Bucuresti – Ploiesti 97, sector 1, 013686 

Bucharest, Romania, ion.tecuci@hidro.ro 

Elisabeta OPRISAN, Ph.Dc. 


Bucharest, Romania, elisabeta.oprisan@hidro.ro 

Flash floods occur more and more often on Romanian territory. In 2005 a single flash flood 

caused in a few hours 14 victims, that is, 20% from the total of casualties caused by floods in 2005 on 

Romanian territory. 

17




In order to insert some local flash flood warning systems it is very important that the relations 

that exist within a small river basin are known, namely the relation between the transport capacity of 

the river bed which causes floods and the precipitation quantity fallen in the river basins. In certain 

countries a series of regional relations were established from which the size of limit precipitation from 

which flooding begins. For small river basins in Romania, the authors of the communication elaborated 

a calculation methodology of the river bed bankfull discharge and the discharge caused by 

precipitation. From the equalization of the two discharges it was determined the limit precipitation that 

can produce the flood plain bankfull discharge, discharge from which the flooding phenomenon starts. 

For this purpose, the authors used the dimensional analysis theory and the morphological 

relations that express the link between the slope of the river and the dimension of the particles in the 

river bed, in order to determine the bankfull discharge. For a rectangular river bed, the authors 

obtained for the filling discharge the following relation: 

1 2 / 3 4 / 3 1/ 

2 

Q u = K Q L . A . i 

(1) 

n 

Where: 

Qu – the bankfull discharge in m 3 /s 

KQ - regional coefficient 

n – the Manning coefficient 

L – the length of the main water course in km 

A – the surface of the river basin in km 2 

i – slope of the river 

In order to determine the discharge produced by precipitations, the following regional relation 

was obtained through dimensional analysis: 

2 

P ⋅ A 

Q p = . ϕ . (2) 

D 

Where: 

Qp – discharge from precipitations in m 3 /s; 

P – precipitation quantity in mm/m 2 

D – precipitation duration in hours; 

ϕ - regional function that expresses the discharge produced by a precipitation of 1 mm/m 2 

with the duration of 1 hour and that falls in a river basin with the surface of 1 km 2 . 

From the equalization of the bankfull discharge of the flood plain with the discharge produced 

by precipitations, the threshold precipitation value (plim) is deduced, from which the flooding 

phenomenon starts. 

p 

lim = 

Qu 

D 

2 

A ϕ 

The ϕ function is determined by dragging the model, because it depends on the length of the 

water course and the flow coefficient. Based on the deducted relations, regional relations that give the 

limit precipitation value are being developed. They are an input parameter for the flash flood local 

warning systems. This communication is a regional case study for certain tributaries of the Cris River, 

tributary of the Tisa River. 

18 

(3)




_________________ 

THE HIGH FLOOD OF THE MONTH OF APRIL 2005 IN THE HYDROGRAPHIC BASINS OF THE 

RIVERS TIMIS AND BEGA 

Teodorescu Niculae Iulian 

National Administration “Apele Romane”- Banat Water Branch 

niculae.teodorescu@gmail.com 

The month of April of the year 2005 remained in the memory of a significant part of population 

in the Banat County because of the biggest damages produced by the floods caused by the rivers 

Timis, Bega and their tributaries as a result of floods from their streambeds over the defence dams or 

the accidents caused at some hydrotechnic works. 

The Timis and Bega river are waterflows that have district hydrographic basins , even if at 

their midflow the interfluve has in certain places a width of only 12 km. Because the hydrotechnic 

works started in the first half of the 17 century, and also because of a double connection at Costei and 

Topolovat, substantial changes were produced in the waterflow, changes that caused that the 

analysis should be done as if the two were part of a single hydrographic basin. 

April 2005 had as main features precipitations that were 1,24-3,01 times higher than the 

normal values. These appeared especially in two intervals of 24- 36 hours on the 15 th and 

respectively 18 th of April. 

It must be mentioned that the precipitations occurred during a period of excessive warmth 

which resulted in the melting of the existing snow layer which cover about 160 km 2 . 

The fact that prior to the first period of precipitations there were other precipitations caused the 

saturation of the soil with water so that the discharge coefficient had high values. As a consequence, 

at the majority of the hydrometric stations in the two hydrographic basins floods with a rare apparition 

probability ( from 2% to 3% ) occurred. 

The paper deals with the evolution of the discharges during the two main highs and their main 

characteristics. 

Keywords: Timis-Bwega river basin, high flood, April 2005 

_________________ 

THE HIGH FLOODS OF THE MONTH OF APRIL 2004 IN THE HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN OF THE 

BARZAVA RIVER 

Teodorescu Niculae Iulian 

National Administration “Romanian Wataers” – Waters Department Banat Timisoara 

niculae.teodorescu@gmail.com 

Among the hydrographic basins that were most affected by the floods in April 2005, the 

Berzava basin was characterized by the apparition of some discharge values that attained at most 

gauging stations the apparition probability of 1%. 

It must be pointed out that the degree of amelioration of the hydrographic basin of the Berzava 

river is very high – about 70% including here the three permanent accumulations in the superior basin, 

the supplementary channels of the debits of the Berzava river with water from the neighbouring 

hydrographic basins – Timis and Nera in the Semenic mountains as well as the dams and the 

attenuation lake Ghertenis in the mid and lower flow of the river. 

There were overfalls of the dams along the river Barzava, in the mid and inferior river as well 

as a break in the contour dam between the I and II compartment of the attenuation lake Ghertenis. 

As a result were flooded 10 towns and villages. 

19




The meteorological circumstances that led to the recording of such high values were the 

extreme values of precipitations that exceeded about 2,5 times the normal values. These had a higher 

incidence during two intervals of 24- 36 hours on the 15 th, respectively 18 th April. 

The fact that the first period of precipitations was preceded by other precipitations determined 

a saturation of the soil with water and this resulted in a global discharge coefficient which had high 

values. 

Keywords: Barzava, floop, April 2005 

_________________ 

HYDROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE FLOOD IN AUGUST 2005 IN THE BAVARIAN DANUBE 

CATCHMENT 

Vogelbacher Alfons, Daamen Karlheinz, Holle Franz-Klemens, Meyer Inke, 

Roser Stefan 

Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt, Dienststelle München, Lazarettstr. 67, D-80636 München, 

email:alfons.vogelbacher@lfu.bayern.de 

After the great floods in May 1999 and in August 2002 a further event in August 2005 led to 

large-scale flooding in Bavaria. Heavy rainfall of locally 220 mm in the 72 hours from August, 21. to 

24. caused a great flood in the catchments of the alpine tributaries of the Danube - Iller, Lech, Isar, Inn 

- and in the Danube itself. The observed return periods partly reached far over 100 years. Particularly 

in the upper reaches of the rivers, earlier measured maximum flows have been exceeded. Because of 

the retention of dams the situation downstream at Lech and Isar could be mitigated obviously. 

The extreme event caused specific problems in the operational flood forecast: Beside the 

uncertainties in forecasted and measured precipitation, water level- and discharge measurements 

were problematic and uncertain, too. Furthermore the forecast models often did not take into account 

the different process behaviour at extreme floods. 

In the last part of this paper we show some conclusions from the experiences of the flood in 

August 2005 concerning flood warning and flood forecast. Enhancements of the models, optimisation 

of the internet service and enhancement in communication of the uncertainties in flood forecast are 

planned and partly done. 

Keywords: Flood August 2005, Danube, flood forecast, flood warning 

20




METEOROLOGICAL INPUTS FOR 

HIDROLOGICAL FORECAST 

21




22




_________________ 

FORMATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF SNOW AVALANCHES IN THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS 

O. Aksyuk 1 , V. Grishchenko 1 , A. Obrizan 1 , Y. Tavrov 2 

1 Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Research Institute (UHRI), 

Kiev, Ukraine, Nauki ave. 37, 03028, 

e-mail:snowgvf@ukr.net 

2 Kiev Slavonic University (KSU), 

Kiev, Ukraine, A.Barbius street, 9-a; 

e-mail:tavrov@ukr.net 

The formation of snow avalanches in the Ukrainian Carpathians is caused by complex factors, 

which closely cooperate among themselves: a relief, climatic and hydrometeorological conditions, 

vegetation and economic activity of the man. 

By the most important characteristics of a relief, which determine an opportunity of shift of 

snow and further moving it, there is a steepness of slopes and dismember of a surface. 

The steepness of slopes of the Ukrainian Carpathians in a zone of formation of avalanches as 

against the majority "«classical" of avalanche-hazardous mountain regions (Alpes, Caucasus etc.), 

makes more often 20-40 о , that assists accumulation of significant weights of snow on slopes. 

The most abrupt slopes are dated for mountain files Poloninsky Crest, Chernogory and 

Gorgany, that have overthurusted with asymmetric of their cross structure (northeast slopes abrupt, 

southwest - more flat), in this connection first more avalanche-hazardous. 

The important factor, which determines length of slopes and length of run-off of avalanches, is 

the depth of a partition of a relief, which reaches in separate areas of 800-1000 meters. It assists 

formation of avalanches with length of run-off about 3000 meters. 

Alongside with a relief the large importance at formation of avalanches has a climate and 

meteorological conditions of researched area. Cyclone type of weather with intensive snow fall, often 

blizzards and numerous thaws during the cold period determines features avalanches of a mode of 

the Ukrainian Carpathians: loss of significant quantity of deposits as snows (30-40 % annual), with an 

intensive daily gain of its height, significant wind redistribution of snow, that results in formation of 

fresh snow, thaw avalanches and sleet of significant volumes. 

Significant role in formation of avalanches the morphology of avalanche-hazardous zones of 

Carpathians will play also, where such genetic groups of the forms of avalanche-hazardous relief are 

allocated: glacial, erosive-nival and erosive. Glacial group is represented by glacial-denudial forms 

(kars, circuses, through valley), which are most brightly traced in mountain groups Svidovets, 

Chernogory and Gorgany. 

The economic activity last years affects avalanche formation process inerasably. The 

development of woods, especially continuous cabins along all slopes, formation of glades, artificial 

expansion of pastures for the account "polonines" - results all this to intensification of avalanche 

activity. 

By results of long-term researches of conditions of formation and distribution avalanches the 

map of the Ukrainian Carpathians is made 

For researches of features of avalanche mode of the Ukrainian Carpathians the materials of 

supervision behind avalanches on specialized avalanche stations Pozhezhevskaya, located on height 

1440 м abs. were used. And avalanche stations Plai, which is located at height 1330 м abs. In the 

tables the given data on quantity of the fixed avalanches in areas of activity AS Pozhezhevskaya and 

AS Plai. 

The prevailing quantity of avalanches descends in March and February, and the majority of 

them are caused by action of snowfall and snow-storms. The avalanches, which are accompanied by 

23




catastrophic consequences, arise at favorable for formation of avalanches a combination of 

meteorological conditions (temperature mode, humidifying of a spreading surface, character of loss of 

deposits, strong thaws at significant capacity of snow etc.). 

_________________ 

EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS IN EUROPE AND INFUENCE ON BULGARIAN SECTION OF 

DANUBE RIVER 

Andreeva Teodossia 

National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (NIMH) 

Department for Weather Forecasts 

Blvd. Tzarigradsko shousse, 66, Sofia, 1784, Bulgaria 

E-mail: teodosia.andreeva@meteo.bg 

In this paper we analyzed the extreme weather events and relation with the atmospheric 

circulation over Europe in 2005. Seasonal fluctuations in water levels as well as the flooding of riparian 

areas are natural features of running waters. Extreme weather events with the resulting large volume 

water flows can, however, cause enormous damage to lives and property, especially where flood 

plains are occupied and flooding interferes with human land-use activities. 

The 2005 floods were driven by extreme meteorological events in parts of the Danube River 

Basin in Bulgaria. 

Two more flood waves occurred in Bulgaria in spring and in summer of 2005. 

Climate change has warmed Europe by almost 1 °С over the last century. The global average 

temperature has increased by about 0,6 °С and the European average temperature by 0,95 °С in the 

last hundred years (EEA, 2004).The eight warmest years in Europe’s history have been during last 14 

years. Similar to the global trend, European winters (Beniston M, 2004) and particularly Bulgarian 

winters( Andreeva et al., 2003, 2002) have warmed more than summers resulting in milder winters 

and a decreased seasonal variation (Jones and Moberg 2003). 

The changes in the precipitation patterns over the year can lead to more flooding in some 

regions or seasons and more droughts in other, more frequent land slides and soil erosion. Annual 

precipitation trends in Europe are much more varied than temperature trends. However, patterns exist 

for example northern Europe has become wetter over the last century (10 - 40% wetter), where is 

southern Europe has become up to 20% drier (Klein Tank et 2002). Weather extremes are becoming 

more frequent in Europe: e.g. the summer of 2005. The attention was paid to the atmosphere 

circulation during the wintertime of 2004/05 and the beginning of the spring 2005 over Atlantic Ocean 

and Europe. The North Atlantic Oscillation NAO has strong impacts on weather and climate in the 

North Atlantic region and surrounding continents and is a dominant exogenous factor in many 

biological systems. One of the simplest definitions of the NAO is that it is the winter difference in 

pressure at sea level between the Azores and Iceland (Jones PD et al., 1997). A useful winter season 

is the December to March average of these values (see Osborn et al., 1999), which is shown in the 

time series recent values of the DJFM NAO index are shown on Figures. We analyzed (NAO) and 

relationship to regional temperature and precipitation over Bulgaria. The NAO is a phenomenon 

associated with winter fluctuations in temperatures, rainfall and storminess over much of Europe. 

When the NAO is 'positive', westerly winds are stronger or more persistent, northern Europe tends to 

be warmer and wetter than average and southern Europe colder and drier. When the NAO is 

'negative', westerly winds are weaker or less persistent, northern Europe is colder and drier and 

southern Europe warmer and wetter than average 

Keywords: flood, North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), precipitation, extreme and events. 

24




_________________ 

CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON FLOOD AND DROUGHT RISKS IN THE DANUBE BASIN: AN 

INTEGRATED MODELING STUDY 

Dankers Rutger 1 , Feyen Luc 1 , Kalas Milan 1 , Christensen Ole B. 2 , de Roo Ad 1 

1 European Commission – DG Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy 

TP261, 21020, Ispra, Italy, email: rutger.dankers@jrc.it 

2 Danish Climate Center / Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark 

During the last 100 years the global climate has warmed on average by about 0.6ºC, which 

can at least partly be attributed to human induced greenhouse gas emissions. Based on different 

scenarios of future greenhouse gas concentrations, climate models predict a further rise in 

temperature of 1.4 to 5.8 ºC over the next century. This global warming will likely have a major 

influence on the hydrological cycle. A warmer climate will increase evaporation fluxes and the 

atmospheric moisture content, resulting in a higher intensity of water cycling. It is expected that 

extreme precipitation events will become more frequent and more intense, while droughts may 

become longer and more severe. 

Due to their coarse horizontal resolution, global climate models are usually not able to capture 

the extreme weather events that are relevant to stakeholders and policy makers at local or regional 

scale. Therefore, hydrological impact studies commonly rely on statistical downscaling techniques or 

sensitivity studies of hydrological models. The major theoretical weakness of these techniques is that 

their basic assumption is not verifiable, i.e., that the statistical relationships developed for the presentday 

climate also hold under the different forcing conditions of possible future climates. Empiricallybased 

techniques cannot account for possible systematic changes in regional forcing conditions or 

feedback processes. What is more, the data with which to develop the relationships may not be readily 

available in remote regions or areas with complex topography. These disadvantages can be overcome 

by dynamical downscaling. In recent years, the spatial resolution of regional climate model 

experiments has increased considerably and now approaches a level that allows a realistic simulation 

of the amount and intensity of precipitation at the scale of river basins and small catchments. 

In the present study we employ the results of a recent, very high resolution experiment with 

the regional climate model HIRHAM together with the physically-based hydrological model LISFLOOD 

to study the effects of climate change on river discharge and the risk of flooding and droughts in the 

Upper Danube basin. The first results indicate that the regional climate model reproduces the amount 

and spatial distribution of precipitation in the area fairly well, but nevertheless results in an 

overestimation of the river discharge in summer when being used in LISFLOOD. In contrast, the 

extreme river discharge levels seem to be underestimated. Under a scenario of climate change by the 

end of the 21 st century, the simulations suggest a change in the seasonal pattern of the discharge of 

the Upper Danube, with more runoff in winter and spring and lower water levels in summer and 

autumn. The results also indicate a significant increase in extreme discharge levels, due to more 

frequent and more intense heavy rainfall events. Further research is however necessary to assess the 

reliability of the model predictions and to take uncertainties into account. 

25




_________________ 

THE FACTORS THAT GENERATED THE FLOODS IN APRIL 2005 IN BANAT 

Hauer Elza 1 , Nichita Cristian 1 , Teodorescu Niculae Iulian 2 

1 National Meteorological Administration, Regional Meteorological CenterBanat-Crisana 

2 National Administration “Romanian Wataers” –Waters Department Banat 

Floods are phenomena placed at the intersection between Meteorology and Hydrology. The 

chances of a rain event to bring about floods are significantly influenced by such factors as: previous 

precipitation, drainage basin size, basin topography, size of the urban use of the basin and inside the 

basin, etc. Therefore a flood event is actually the concatenation of a meteorological event with a 

particular hydrological situation. 

We should point out that the flows recorded during April 2005 have high values in comparison 

with the multi-annual monthly means. Excepting January and partly also February – when mostly in 

the high area these values were below 1, in the other areas and months the monthly modulus 

coefficient had values between 1.09 and 5.83 – which shows the pluviometric condition of this period 

of the current year. 

April was characterized by very high humidity due to the recorded precipitation amounts. Thus, 

in April were recorded flow values of up to 5 times higher, which were caused mainly by the high 

floods of this month. 

On April 15, 2005 most of Europe was under the influence of a vast low-pressure field; a well 

outlined field both at soil level and at altitude (N. Topor, C. Stoica, 1965). Two centers of low pressure 

were more active: 

- one centered over northern France and central and southern Great Britain; 

- another centered above Romania. 

In the upper troposphere both the anticyclone and depression structures had well outlined 

correspondents (especially the last). 

The floods on 18 April 2005 occurred in “benign synoptic conditions” on the surface. These 

floods occurred (Charles A. Doswell III et al., 1995) near by the axis of a 500 mb synoptic ridge, a 

region which is not regularly identified as place of occurrence for significant events. This activity, 

abnormal to all appearances, is a direct consequence of the anticyclone suppression effect. 

Obviously, in the case of the floods of 18 April 2005, there were added the effects produced 

by several intense convective cells successively crossing the same area, the so-called “train effect”; 

this being the situation which may cause the largest accumulated precipitation amounts. 

The paper analyses the evolution of the synoptic situation that led to the apparition of the 

floods as well as the effects of the quantities of precipitations recorded in that period 

26




_________________ 

SEMI-DISTRIBUTED CALIBRATION OF A RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODEL FOR THE MORAVA 

CATCHMENT USING GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION 

Kalas Milan 1,2 , Feyen Luc 3 , Vrugt Jasper A. 4 

1 Land Management Unit, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, DG Joint Research Centre, 

European Commission, Italy, Milan.kalas@jrc.it 

2 Detached from Department of Land and Water Resources Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 

Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia 

3 Land Management Unit, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, DG Joint Research Centre, 

European Commission, Italy, luc.feyen@jrc.it 

4 Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, US, vrugt@lanl.gov 

In this paper we address the problem of parameter identification and parameter uncertainty 

estimation for the rainfall-runoff model LISFLOOD. The model is driven by meteorological input data 

and simulates river discharges in large drainage basins as a function of spatial information on 

topography, soils and land cover. Even though LISFLOOD is physically-based to a certain extent, 

some processes are only represented in a lumped conceptual way. As a result, some parameters lack 

physical basis and cannot be directly inferred from quantities that can be measured. In the current 

LISFLOOD version five parameters need to be determined by calibration. We employ the Shuffled 

Complex Evolution Metropolis (SCEM-UA) global optimization algorithm [Vrugt et al., 2003] to 

automatically calibrate the model against discharge observations. The resulting posterior parameter 

distribution reflects the residual uncertainty about the model parameters and forms the basis for 

making probabilistic flow predictions. We assess the value of semi-distributing the calibration 

parameters by comparing three different calibration strategies. In the first calibration strategy uniform 

values over the entire area of interest are adopted for the unknown parameters, which are calibrated 

against discharge observations at the downstream outlet of the catchment. In the second calibration 

strategy the parameters are also uniformly distributed, but they are calibrated against the discharge at 

the catchment outlet and at internal discharge stations. In the third strategy a semi-distributed 

approach is adopted. Starting from upstream, parameters in each subcatchment are calibrated against 

the observed discharges at the outlet of the subcatchment. In order not to propagate upstream errors 

in the calibration process, observed discharges at upstream catchment outlets are used as inflow 

when calibrating downstream subcatchments. As an illustrative example, we demonstrate the 

methodology for a part of the Morava catchment, covering an area of approximately 10.000 km 2 . The 

calibration results reveal that the additional value of the internal discharge stations is limited when 

applying a lumped parameter approach. Moving from a lumped to a semi-distributed parameter 

approach (i) improves the flow predictions, especially in the upstream subcatchments; and (ii) reduces 

parameter uncertainty, and consequently flow prediction uncertainty. The results show the clear need 

to spatially vary the calibration parameters, especially in large catchments characterized by spatially 

varying hydrological processes and responses. 

Keywords: rainfall-runoff modelling, automatic calibration, parameter uncertainty, (semi-) 

distributed modelling 

27




_________________ 

UNCERTAINTY OF PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENTS AND PREDICTIONS AS AN INPUT TO 

FLASH FLOOD MODELLING 

Kobold Mira, Sušelj Kay, Sušnik Mojca, Zgonc Anton 

Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, Vojkova 1b, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 

e-mail: mira.kobold@gov.si 

Although the processes which generate river floods are well understood, even within small 

river basins, it is normally possible to incorporate them into flood forecasting procedures only in a 

generalized and largely empirical manner because of their spatial and temporal complexity. Many 

models have been developed for river catchments throughout the world with various degree of 

complexity, from simple empirical formulae or correlations to the complex mathematical models. The 

selection of the model is not crucial to the success of the forecast. The applicability of models 

decreases especially in flash flood forecasting. The lack of data needed for model calibration and later 

for operational use is the main obstacle in modelling with short time step even today. 

Flash floods are characteristic for most of Slovenian rivers as a result of intense frontal 

precipitation combined with orographic enhancement. Peak discharges are maintained only for hours 

or even minutes. The conceptual HBV-96 model was applied on the catchment with complex 

topography as a tool for runoff simulation and flood forecasting. The results of performed analyses 

show that it is very important to assure the accurate precipitation input, whether from raingauges or 

other sources such as radar measurements, meteorological forecast, etc. The number of raingauges, 

especially recording raingauges, which measure the precipitation data on a high temporal resolution, 

in the catchment is usually not dense enough to properly represent the areal amount and distribution 

of precipitation. The influence of number of raingauges on areal estimation of precipitation for the 

Savinja catchment was investigated. Further, radar provides coverage over a large area with high 

spatial and temporal resolution. The applicability of radar precipitation was performed for two high 

water events on the Savinja catchment. Results show great uncertainty of these data as input in 

rainfall-runoff models. 

The results of half-yearly runs of HBV-96 model are demonstrated using the mesoscale 

meteorological forecasts of ALADIN/SI model as input into the model. The uncertainty of simulated 

runoff is mainly the result of precipitation uncertainty associated with the basin average precipitation 

and is higher for mountainous part of the catchment. The comparison of computed and observed 

discharges has been done separately for the first day and for the second day of the forecast. The 

regression coefficient r is 0.93 for the first day and 0.82 for the second day of the forecast for the 

Savinja catchment at Veliko Širje. For mountainous part of the catchment, at Nazarje water station, the 

deviation of simulated discharge from measured one can be very large. The regression coefficient r is 

0.73 for the first day and below 0.50 for the second day of forecast. 

_________________ 

COMPARISON OF DESIGN k-DAY MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION TOTALS IN THE UPPER HRON 

REGION 

Kohnová Silvia 1 , Szolgay Ján 1 , Hlavčová Kamila 1 

1 Slovak University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Dept. of Land and Water Resources 

Management, Radlinského 11, 813 68 Bratislava, Slovak Republic, 

e-mail: silvia.kohnova@stuba.sk, jan.szolgay@stuba.sk, kamila.hlavcova@stuba.sk 

The N-year maximum k-day precipitation totals (or design rainfalls) for engineering hydrology 

are usually estimated in order to provide a broader hydrometeorological ground for design flood 

28




estimation in environmental studies or water resource management, or for engineering construction 

work. Because in the past, only the daily maximum precipitation totals were usually evaluated in 

Slovakia, it was necessary to deal also with rainfalls of various durations. In Slovakia the k-day 

precipitation totals were analysed in the upper Hron region in e.g. in Kohnová, et al. (2005), Gaál and 

Lapin (2002) analyzed k-day precipitation totals in the 100-year series from Hurbanovo. Issues 

involving testing new methodologies used for rainfall frequency analysis and acquiring experience 

concerning their applicability under various physical/geographic conditions of Slovakia were also of 

interest. 

In the paper, the 5- and 10-day maximum rainfall totals from 18 rain gauges in the Upper Hron 

River basin in Slovakia from the period 1951 to 2000 were analysed. Special methodology was 

developed for selecting the 5- and 10-day maximum rainfall totals. The N-year values of the maximum 

precipitation totals were estimated by means of at-site frequency analyses. The German methodology 

and L-moment method was applied, by using several distribution functions and parameter estimation 

methods. The distribution functions involved the Gumbel, the Generalised extreme value, the Pearson 

III, the logPearson III, the General logistic, the Rossi, the Pareto, the Weibull and the Lognormal 

distribution functions. The parameters of the distribution functions were estimated by the method of 

moments, the maximum likelihood method, probability-weighted moments and L-moments. The 

number of statistically acceptable distribution functions was rather high, but a comparison of the Nyear 

rainfall estimated from these distribution functions showed that they did not exhibit significant 

differences from a practical point of view. Finally, the consistency of design values was tested, in 

which at the example of the Polomka station the values of 1-, 2-, 5-, and 10-day N-year maximum 

precipitation totals in the warm season were compared. The derived design values can be used for 

engineering studies in the analysed region. 

References: 

Gaál, L., Lapin, M., (2002): Extreme several day precipitation totals at the Hurbanovo observatory 

(Slovakia) during the 20th century. Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy, Vol. 32, No. 3, 

p.197-213. 

Kohnová, S., Gaál, L., Szolgay, J., Hlavčová, K. (2005): Analysis of maximum precipitation totals in 

the upper Hron region (in Slovak). STU Bratislava, 162 pp., ISBN 80-227-2339-8. 

_________________ 

CLIMATE CHANGE AND RIVER RUNOFF IN UKRAINE 

Kuprikov Ivan, Snizhko Sergiy 

Kyiv Shevchenko National University, 

Prosp. Glushkova 2, Kyiv, GSP-680, Ukraine 

vanya_ku@ukr.net 

It is known, that in the twentieth century the global changes of a climate have resulted in 

increase of Earth temperature approximately on 0,6+0.2°С. It has called infringement of water balance 

of separate regions of our planet. So, a precipitation rate in northern hemisphere have increased on 

5-10%, the quantity of rainstorms and catastrophic floods on the rivers has increased. 

In Ukraine, one of the largest countries of East Europe (the area of territory makes 603,7 

thousand км 2 ) are marked changes of the climatic and hydrological characteristics during last century 

too. 

The analysis of average annual temperature within the limits of three natural zones, in which 

Ukraine is placed, has shown, that in north of the country the increase of temperature has made 0,7- 

0,9°С, in the south 0,2 - 0,3°С (Climate of Ukraine, 2003). It is observed the stable tendency to climate 

warming. 

29




The change of average annual precipitation rate occured non-uniformly. In separate areas of 

Ukraine their quantity has increased on 33-35 %, and in other territories it has decreased on 6-8 %. In 

some territories precipitation change remained within the limits of climatic norms. 

The climatic changes promoted formation of the stable positive tendencies of river runoff 

change. Results of the statistical analysis of the data for the period of observation shows that change 

of the mean annual discharge of the largest rivers of Ukraine is characterized linear trends with 

positive factors. The average sizes of increase (account concerning a trends line) of a runoff make: 

Dnieper – 9,8 % (from 1881 up to 2002), Desna - 4,7 % (from 1877 up to 2002), Upper Siwerski 

Donez – 29,2 % (from 1953 up to 2002), Southern Bug – 18,1 % (from 1914 up to 2004), Upper Bug – 

125,8 % (from 1946 up to 2002). 

The opposite tendency of change of a runoff is observed in Transkarpatian region. On the data 

of a state border hydrological post Vilok from 1880 up to 2004 mean annual discharge of the river Tisa 

has decreased on 20 %, the Upper Prut discharge has decreased on 28,8 % (from 1895 up to 2002). 

Both tendencies of water runoff formation are observed on a background of significant cyclic 

fluctuations of a runoff. 

_________________ 

DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTI-SITE DAILY PRECIPITATION MODEL FOR BULGARIA USING 

HIDDEN MARKOV MODELS 

Neytchev Plamen 1 , Zucchini Walter 2 , Hristov Hristo 1 and Neykov Neyko 1 

Nat. Inst. of Meteorology and Hydrology 1 , Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 

66 Tsarigradsko chaussee, Sofia 1784, Bulgaria, 

e-mail: neyko.neykov@meteo.bg, plamen.neytchev@meteo.bg, hristov_awc@abv.bg 

Inst. of Statistics and Econometrics 2 , University of Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073 

Göttingen, Germany, e-mail: wzucchi@uni-goettingen.de 

The non-homogenous hidden Markov Models (NHMM) have found widespread application in 

meteorology and hydrology because are adequate tools in cases the observations appear sequentially 

in time and tent to cluster or to alternate between different possible states. The NHMM links largescale 

atmospheric patterns to daily precipitation data at a network of rain gauge stations, via several 

hidden (unobserved) states called the "weather states". Details can be found in Zucchini and Guttorp 

(1991), Hughes and Guttorp (1994), Hughes et al. (1999), Charles et al. (1999a), Charles et al. 

(1999b), Bellone et al., (2000), Charles et al. (2003) and Charles et al. (2004) to name a few. The 

evolution of these states is modeled as a first-order Markov process with state-to-state transition 

probabilities conditioned on some indices of the atmospheric measurements. Due to these weather 

states the spatial precipitation dependence can be partially or completely captured, see Hughes et al. 

(1999). In the present study various NHMMs are used to relate daily precipitation at 31 rain gauge 

stations covering broadly the territory of Bulgaria to synoptic atmospheric data. A 15-year record 

(1972-1987) of daily winters (October through March) precipitation totals is used at each station. The 

atmospheric data consists of daily sea-level pressure, geopotential height at 500 hPa, air temperature 

at 850 hPa and relative humidity at 700 and 850 hPa on a 2.5° x 2.5° longitude-latitude grid based on 

NCEP-NCAR reanalysis dataset covering the Europe-Atlantic sector 30°W–60°E, 20°N–70°N for the 

same period. The first 10 years data are used for model fitting purposes while the remaining 5 years 

are used for model evaluation. A detailed validation is carried out on various aspects of the model. 

The identified weather states are found to be physically interpretable whilst the fitted models 

reproduce well the rainfall statistics for the historical and reserved periods. 

Keywords: Daily Precipitation, Hidden Markov model, Precipitation amounts model, Climate 

models, Hydrological model, Statistical downscaling. 

References 

Bellone, E., Hughes, J. P., Guttorp, P. (2000): A hidden Markov model for relating synoptic scale 

patterns to precipitation amounts. Climate Research, 15, 1-12. 

30




Hughes,J. P., Guttorp, P. (1994): A class of stochastic models for relating atmospheric patterns to 

regional hydrologic phenomena. Water Resour. Res. 30, 1535-1546. 

Hughes, J. P., Guttorp P., Charles,S. (1999): A nonhomogeneous hidden Markov model for 

precipitation occurrence. J R. Stat. Soc. Ser C, 48, 15-30. 

Charles,S., Bates,B., Whetton,P. and Hughes,P. (1999a). Validation of downscaling model for 

changed climate conditions: case study of southern Australia. Clim. Res, 12, 1-14. 

Charles, S., Bates, B., Hughes, P. (1999b): A spatio-temporal model for downscaling precipitation 

occurrence and amounts. J. Geoph. Res., 104, 31657-31669. 

Charles, S., Bates, B., Vilney, N. (2003): Linking atmospheric circulation to daily rainfall patterns 

across the Murrumbidgee River Basin, Water Science and Technology, 48, 223-240. 

Charles, S., Bates, B., Smith, I., Hughes, P. (2004): Statistical downscaling of daily precipitation from 

observed and modeled atmospheric fields. Hydrological Process, 18, 1373-1394. 

Zucchini, W., Guttorp,P. (1991). A hidden Markov model for space-time precipitation. Water Resour. 

Res., 27,1917-1923. 

MacDonald, I., Zucchini, W. (1997): Hidden Markov and other models for discrete-valued time series 

mod 

_________________ 

CORRELATIONS BETWEEN MONTHLY VALUES OF PRECIPITATION AND RUNOFF 

IN THE TRANSYLVANIAN BASIN 

Pándi G. 1 and Mika J. 2 

1 Faculty of Geography, Babes-Bolyai University, Clinicilor 5-7, 3400, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; 

pandi@geografie.ubbcluj.ro 

2 Hungarian Meteorological Service, P. O. Box 38, 1525 Budapest, Hungary; mika@met.hu 

River runoff data are analysed at different sub-catchments in the Transylvanian Basin of the 

Carpathian Mountains. Spatial and temporal variability, as a source of hydrological risk, are first 

quantified for the 19 gauging stations. Temporal variability of decadal time-scales are statistically 

related to the hemispherical warning trend (0.26 K/decade) observed in the 1974-1998 period. Method 

of instrumental variables is used to estimate linear regression coefficients between regional rainfall 

and hemispherical mean temperature for this period. The sequence of consecutive years is defined for 

instrumental variable, that fulfil the main criterion i.e. the non-zero correlation to the independent 

variable (r=0.825). Regression analysis is also performed for parallel 9 precipitation stations for 

independent validation, and for the monthly absolute extremes of the 25 years. Another validation of 

the results applies independent hydrological parameters in Hungary. Both spatial and temporal 

variability are about one decimal magnitude, that makes existence of continuous observations rather 

important. Trends of the runoff are mainly decreasing parallel to the global warming-up tendency of 

the investigated 25 years. For 0.5 K hemispherical warming the local order of runoff changes spreads 

from several percents to tens of percents. The largest area-mean decrease of runoff is analysed for 

the July-August period, with average decrease of 75 %. Although there are two further independent 

estimations in the study, that support the discovered relation between drying-out of the Basin and the 

warming tendency of the Hemisphere, this relation of the robust part of the runoff sample may not be 

extended to the tails of the distribution. 

Keywords: Climate Change, Empirical Downscaling, Temperature, Precipitation, Danube 

31




_________________ 

RAINFALL INTENSITY-DURATION-FREQUENCY FORMULA FOR SPAIN INCORPORATING 

REGIONAL ANALYSIS 

Leticia de Salas Regalado and José Anastasio Fernández Yuste 

E.U.I.T.Forestal. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. c/Avda de Ramiro de Maeztu s.n. 28040 Madrid 

(Spain). e-mail: leticia.salas.regalado@upm.es; tasio.fyuste@upm.es 

Flood predictions are frequently the basis for engineering works and land use planning. When 

no gauged stations are available, hidrometheorological models become an essential tool. These 

models require annual maximum rainfall intensity estimations - of given duration and a return period - 

I(d, T)- an IDF law. IDF actually used in Spain was developed in seventies. It is based on an “at-site” 

analysis on the 21 gauged stations, using Gumbel distribution for adjustment. A potential expression, 

relating average intensity for a particular duration, to the one for 24 hours was used to extend results 

where no gauged station was available, and an iso-parameter map was provided. 

From this short actual situation summary one may conclude it is necessary to up-date data 

and methodology. Classical regional approach couldn’t be applied due to scarce stations –actually 63 

available - and great climate variability prevents forming homogeneous regions. Authors propose an 

“intra-station” regionalization, joining series in the same station. Hosking and Wallis (1997) 

methodology was applied, obtaining two homogeneous regions in every gauged station, short 

durations series (≤ 1 hour), and large duration series (> 1 hour). Different authors point out different 

rainfall intensity behaviour depending on considered temporal window (≤/> 1 hour) (Ferreri and Ferro, 

1990). Once dimensionless series were joined into one sample, SQRT-ET máx was used for 

adjustment as it is more robust and conservative than Gumbel (Ferrer and Ardiles ,1994). Finally I(d,T) 

can be obtained using equation (1), 

I ( d , T 

) 

station 

− 

= CA( 

T ) shortl arg e . durations * I d station 

(1) 

Where, CA(T)short/large duration, is dimensionless quantile for a T-year return period in short/large 

duration region and Īd station , (mm/h) is d-duration mean annual maximum rainfall intensity. Authors 

analyzed a relationship between I(d,T), and I(24,T), latter available from 24-hour precipitation in 

pluviometers and available everywhere in Spanish territory, equation (2). Two functions were studied 

in gauged stations, one relating dimensionless quantiles to return period- h(T)- and another one 

relating mean annual maximum rainfall intensities to duration -g(d)- 

⎡ I( 

d ; T ) ⎤ 

⎢ 

I( 

; T ) 

⎥ 

⎣ 24 ⎦ 

GS 

GS 

CA ( T ) 

= 

GS 

CA ( T ) 

short 

l arg e 

32 

/ l arg 

⋅ I 

GS 

e ⋅ I d 

GS 

24 

Where GS, refers to gauged stations. 

A bi-parametric potential expression was chosen for g(d) and a logarithmic expression for 

h(T). Finally, iso-line maps were drawn in order to extend results everywhere in the Spanish 

peninsular area. So, I(d,T) can be obtained in every site using equation (3), 

P( 

24, 

T ) site 

I( 

d , T ) = I( 

24 , T ) site ⋅ h( 

T ) ⋅ g( 

d ) = 

⋅ h( 

T ) ⋅ g( 

d ) 

(3) 

site 

24 

According to practical character of the study, a GIS (geographical information system) 

application was developed – MAXIN - and it is available in: 

http://www.forestales.upm.es/hidraulica/paginas/programas/programas.htm 

References 

Ferrer, F. J. and Ardiles, L. (1994): Análisis estadístico de las series anuales de máximas lluvias 

diarias en España”, Ingeniería Civil, Vol 95, CEDEX, pp 87-100. España. 

≅ 

h( 

T 

) ⋅ 

g( 

d 

) 

(2)




Ferreri, G.B. and Ferro, V. (1990): Short duration rainfalls in Sicily”. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 

ASCE, Vol 116, No 3, pp 430-435. USA 

Hosking, J.R.M. and Wallis,J.R. (1997) Regional Frequency Analysis, Cambridge University Press, 

U.K 

_________________ 

USING GIS TECHNIQUES AND RAINFALL WSR-98D RADAR ESTIMATIONS FROM FAST 

PRECIPITATIONS MONITORING IN SMALL CATCHMENTS 

ROMAN Petru Ioan 1 , ŞTRENG Octavian 2 

1 Crisuri Rivers Authority, Oradea, 35 Ion Bogdan str., 410125, Romania petru.roman@dac.rowater.ro 

2 Crisuri Rivers Authority, Oradea, 35 Ion Bogdan str., 410125, Romania 

octavian.streng@dac.rowater.ro 

The demand for rainfall diagnosis / prognosis with spatial and temporal high resolution is 

increasing, concerning flash floods in small catchments. The main objective of this paper is 

represented by precipitations amount fast monitoring and small catchments impact, with no available 

precipitations measurements data. Using rainfall WSR-98D radar products and Crisuri watershed 

layers, a diagnosis rainfall GIS project was done. The precipitations case study causing flash floods in 

middle course Bistra’s small catchments and the calculus of medium precipitations amounts was 

realized in Barcau basin. The precipitations falling between August 23 rd – 24 th 2005, were produced by 

severe convective storms across western Romania, presented there. The question of the diagnose 

utility and the limitations of the operational Weather Surveillance Radar 1998 Doppler (WSR-98D) was 

posed. Built-in strategies (GIS, hydrology and radar) were also presented. The application results 

could be useful for rainfall monitoring and floods decision making in small catchments with no 

available precipitations measurements data. 

Keywords: GIS, georeference, vectorization, flash floods, rainfall radar estimations. 

_________________ 

POLARIMETRIC WEATHER RADAR OPPORTUNITIES FOR HYDROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 

Saltikoff Elena 

Vaisala, P.O.Box 26,FI-00421 Helsinki, Finland elena.saltikoff@vaisala.com 

Weather radars are widely used to measure precipitation, as their resolution in time and space 

is outstanding. Using Doppler measurement for clutter cancellation has improved the data quality, but 

there are still remaining challenges. The new generation dual polarization radars can be used to solve 

some of these. 

Use of dual polarimetric radars can improve data quality of radar-based QPE by decreasing or 

avoiding attenuation problems, recovering from interference, improving clutter cancellation with targets 

which escape traditional Doppler filtering (birds, sea), and offering a possibility to treat liquid water 

precipitation separately from snow and hail. 

Quantitative data quality: Stable attenuation correction methods 

Classical gate-to-gate algorithms for attenuation correction are based on integrated reflectivity 

between the antenna and the gate in question.For such algorithms, an overestimation of the 

attenuation in a nearer range gate produces an even worse overestimation in a further range gate thus 

making the entire scheme unstable. Instead, dual polarisation algorithms based on the use of the 

differential phase shift give an independent measure of attenuation, because they use the phase of 

the signal, not the reflected power. 

33




Quantitative data quality using hydrometeor classification 

Knowing the difference of liquid rain, snow and hail, allows the application to use different Z-R 

relation to different water phases. It also helps to avoid overestimation of precipitation caused by 

presence of hail or melting snow in the measurement bin. Separation of snow improves accuracy of a 

hydrological model in cases when it is snowing in part of catchment area but raining in other parts. 

Qualitative data quality: Improved clutter cancellation 

Microwaves are scattered by, in addition to precipitation, also by buildings, birds, insects, sea 

surface etc. Doppler filtering removes stationary objects, but other clutter sources still remain. Also 

interference caused by other microwave sources such as WLAN transmitters can be a problem. Many 

of these echoes have a distinct signal in one or several of the dual polarization parameters, and can 

thus be cleaned from the radar image resulting in an improved areal precipitation estimate. 

_________________ 

CHANGES OF REGIONAL CLIMATE MEANS AND OF VARIABILITY ALONG THE 45-50° N 

LATITUDES ACCORDING TO THE IPCC TAR CLIMATE MODELS 

Schlanger Vera 1 , Máthé Csongor 2 and Mika János 1 

1 Hungarian Meteorological Service, 1525 Budapest, P. O. Box 38 

schlanger.v@met.hu, mika@met.hu 

2 Faculty of Geography, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Clinicilor 5-7, Romania 

Statistical elaboration of a large number of GCM outputs may reduce the uncertainty of climate 

prediction for a selected region. Hence, temperature and precipitation results of 17 GCMs are used to 

outline the longitudinal differences in simulated regional changes along a temperate latitude belt. The 

45-50 o N belt is selected, exhibiting wide variety of lowlands and mountains, warm and cold sectors of 

oceans. The MAGICC/SCENGEN version 4.1 software (Wigley et al., 2003) is used to obtain and 

synchronise the model outputs. The aim of the study is to assess the quality and divergence of 

regional simulations, and to see the geographical differences within the geographical belt, with special 

regard to the Danube catchment. Results related to years 2025 and 2100 are mainly demonstrated, 

expecting a moderate IPCC greenhouse-warming scenario. 

Keywords: GCMs, Climate Change, Temperature, Precipitation, Changes in Variability. 

_________________ 

SNOW MEASUREMENTS IN NORWAY USING SNOW PILLOWS 

Seierstad Jorun Karoline 

Hydrological Department 

Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate 

e-mail jks@mve.no 

For nearly 40 years, Norwegian hydrologists have been using snow pillows to measure the 

snow water equivalent (SWE). At present this is the best method we have for this purpose. Data from 

the snow pillow is giving a good indication of the amount of water stored in certain catchments - 

generally correlating well with models of the SWE. Combined with other instruments such as snow 

depth- and air temperature-sensors, it is possible to detect the time of melting and runoff. 

34




_________________ 

TEMPORARY DYNAMICS OF THE SNOW COVER CHARACTERISTICS IN UKRAINE AS A 

CONSEQUENCE OF CLIMATIC CHANGES 

Snizhko Sergiy, Scherban’ Iryna, Kovalenko Andriy 

Kiev Shevchenko National University, 

2, Prosp.Glushkova, Kiev, GSP-680, Ukraine 

snizhko@univ.kiev.ua 

The processes of global warming are observed and to territory of Ukraine located in East 

Europe. The regional changes of a climate are characterized usually in the basic parameters 

describing distribution of heat and a moisture in territory of the country. 

The increase of temperature in north of the country has made 0,7-0,9°С, in the south 0,2 - 

0,3°С (Climate of Ukraine,2003). The precipitation rate in some areas of Ukraine has increased on 7- 

10 %, and in some have remained without change (Climate of Ukraine, 2003). 

The snow cover can serve too as the indicator of global and regional climate changes. 

Therefore in the given article is analysed temporary dynamics of change of the basic characteristics of 

a snow cover in Ukraine. 

Snow cover is one of the most important variables affecting agriculture, transport, municipal 

economy, recreation, hydrology and climate, but detailed measurements are not widely available. 

Using long-term snow cover data from the North-East regions of Ukraine (research region 

145,9 thousand км 2 ) this paper focuses on the validation, spatial and temporal changing of the snow 

characteristics using 35 years of data (1966–2001) at 21 stations. The snow cover is in this region 

steady and observed annually. In the central and southern parts of the country a snow cover is 

observed only in 50 % of winters. 

Seasonal snow cover information was reconstructed from the main characteristics of snow 

cover: its depth and density, water reserves in snow cover, annual snow cover duration. 

For data processing were used the classical methods of mathematical statistics. The statistical 

parameters and trends of temporary changes of seasonal series of the various snow cover 

characteristics were calculated. 

On the basis of these accounts was analysed the most prominent regional features and 

magnitude of spatial and temporal variations of snow cover characteristic. 

Research of dynamics of a snow cover parameters as indicators of regional climate change 

has shown that the processes of change differ over this small region. 

In southern and western part of this region were found out the negative tendencies of change 

of a snow cover parameters, which are characterize a climate warming. 

On the contrary in northern and east part of this region were found out the positive tendencies 

of snow cover change. 

Such tendencies of change of a snow cover are explained first of all by transformation of 

atmospheric circulating processes. The winter сlimate of southern and western part of researched 

territory is formed under influence of cyclonal processes moving to Ukraine from Atlantic and 

Mediterranean. In this part of Ukraine are observed the same processes of climate change as well as 

in Central Europe. The IPCC’s Third Assessment Report noted, that winters warm is more in 

continental eastern Europe (Climate Change,2001). 

Here is formed a moderate climate with warm winters, which duration is slowly reduced. It is 

reflected and in a snow cover parameters. 

East part of region has more continental climate, which is formed under the large influence of 

the Asian anticyclone promoting formation of cold weather. In this territory are kept the tendencies to 

stabilization of duration of the winter period and even to its increase. 

35




The results of researches can be very valuable not only for study of regional processes of 

climate change, but also for strategic planning water management in Ukraine. 

_________________ 

OROGRAPHICAL AREAS OF MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM OF PRECIPITATIONS ON THE 

TERRITORY OF THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS. 

THE ACCOUNT OF THESE FEATURES IN A HYDROLOGICAL PRACTICE 

Sosyedko Mykhaylo 

Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Research Institute, 

Pr. Nauky, 37, Kyiv 02028 Ukraine 

e-mail: sosedko_m@ukr.net 

A variety of orographical conditions, distinction of an exposition of mountain ridges concerning 

damp air streams and speeds of moving of air masses and their interaction complicate the general 

representation about spatial distribution of precipitations in the Carpathians. Not looking at all these 

circumstances, on the highland of the Carpathians by the detailed analysis of the given observations 

from 95 items are determined orographical areas of maximum and minimum of precipitations. Their 

stability is kept in time and space and shown both in annual quantities of precipitations and for the 

periods of the outstanding floods. 

In the Tisza basin are determined two areas of maximum of precipitations and one area of 

their minimum. Along northwest slopes of the Carpathians are well outlined orographical areas with 

maximum and minimum of precipitations. 

Tisza 

Orographical areas of maximum and minimum of precipitations in highland of the Carpathian 

region 

River basin 

Dnister 

Prut 

Areas of 

maximum and 

minimum of 

precipitations 

Averageannual 

36 

Quantity of precipitations, mm 

For abounding in 

water years 

Maximal for 24 h. 

(probability 

by1-2 %) 

maximum 1200-1600 1600-2200 130-170 

maximum 1000-1200 1400-1600 80-110 

minimum 900-1000 1100-1300 60-80 

maximum 950-1100 1300-1800 180-250 

minimum 850-950 1100-1300 90-100 

maximum 900-1270 1300-1600 140-180 

minimum 650-750 950-1100 80-100 

Stability of orographical areas with maximum and minimum of precipitations is displayed in the 

characteristics of a river runoff estimated on long-term data. Values of specific rates of the maximal 

water discharges by probability 1%, led to the area 200 km 2 , increase from 0,2-0,5 in foothills up to 2-3 

m 3 /(s . km 2 ) in areas of maximum of precipitations. And in areas with minimum of precipitations they do 

not exceed 1,0-1,5 m 3 /(s . km 2 ). 

Interdependence of characteristics of the river runoff and distribution of precipitations is used 

for hydrological calculations concerning acknowledgement of stability of the runoff characteristics. 

Means, that the last change both on the area and with height of the terrain. 

Knowledge of an arrangement of orographical maximum and minimum of precipitations on the 

territory of the Carpathian region have got great value at creation of the basin forecasting systems –




estimation of parameters of mathematical models (including areal) for the particular basins and 

particular areas, as their compound. 

Thus, there is an opportunity to receive the generalized parameters of models depending on 

landscape conditions and to apply them to modeling of floods from the catchments, which have been 

not studied in the hydrological attitude. 

_________________ 

THE INFLUENCE OF THE CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS ON THE RIVER BASIN RUNOFF 

USING MONTHLY DATA FOR THE HBV MODEL 

Stanev Krassimir 

National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, 

66 Tzarigradsko chaussee, Sofia, Bulgaria, 

e-mail: Krassimir.Stanev@meteo.bg 

The issue of the climate variation, fluctuations and change has always been in the focus of 

meteorological and climatological researchers working in various domains. The complexity of the 

climate makes it impossible to study it globally. Only components of the climate may be monitored, of 

which air temperature and the water from precipitation are most studied. The studies published during 

the latest decades point out that the global warming of the Earth is about to become one of the most 

acute troubles humanity faces, mostly because of its on the whole social-economic activity. 

This report presents an application of a HBV model version developed for the project “Climate 

Change and Energy Production”, a Nordic project aimed at evaluating the impacts of climate change 

on the water resources for the North Bulgarian River Osam. The model has a simple vegetation 

parametrization including interception, temperature based evapotranspiration calculations, lake 

evaporation, lake routing, glacier mass balance simulation, special functions for climate change 

simulations etc. The HBV model can be classified as a semi-distributed conceptual model. The main 

input variables used in this report are the average monthly temperature, monthly totals of the 

precipitation, the potential evapotranspiration and the monthly discharges. 

The HBV model was applied for assessment of climate change impacts on the elements of 

hydrological cycle for the Bulgarian part of the Osam River basin (cross sections Troyan – 458,1 km 2 

and cross-section Izgrev – 2154,0 km 2 ), using two scenarios. The River Osam flows from South to 

North up to the Danube River. The obtained results are promising and they show the potential 

possibility for the HBV model use to assess the climate change impacts for different scenarios on the 

elements of the hydrological cycle for the Bulgarian Northern river basins using monthly data. 

Keywords: hydrology, forecasting, modelling, climate change scenarios 

_________________ 

REPETITIVENESS OF COLD WINTERS AND ICE COVER ON THE DANUBE IN BELGRADE 

REGION AND SOLAR ACTIVITY 

Todorović N.* and Vujović D.** 

*Hydrometeorological service of Serbia, Kneza Višeslava 66, Belgrade, Serbia, todor52@yahoo.com 

**Institute of Meteorology, University of Belgrade, Dobračina 16, Belgrade, Serbia, 

dvujovic@ff.bg.ac.yu 

The aim of this paper is establishing of the lawfulness of the cold winters and ice cover on the 

Danube repetitiveness in Belgrade region (Serbia) and their predictability. Minimum, maximum and 

mean daily air winter temperatures for the period 1887 to 2006 for Belgrade-Observatory and ice 

cover data for hydrological station Belgrade-Zemun were analyzed. Trends and percentiles of average 

minimum, maximum and mean air temperatures, average absolute monthly minimum and maximum 

37




temperatures, absolute extremes, ice day number, ice run and freeze-up day number for three winter 

months (December, January, February) were calculated and showed by graphics. 

An increasing trend of all temperature parameters was discerned: the minimum increase in the 

seasonal absolute maximum (1.6°C/100 years), the maximum increase in the seasonal absolute 

minimum (4.6°C/100 years). An increasing trend of seasonal: mean temperature is 2°C/100 years, 

maximum temperature is 1.7°C/100 years and minimum temperature is 3,2°C/100 years. The one part 

of this increase can be explained by microclimatic changes because of urban development of 

meteorological station environment and heat island formation on million city area, the second part by 

global temperature increase. On the global level, except an influence of geophysical and 

anthropogenic factors, important part can be solar activity, because of conformity of global 

temperature and solar activity curves. A decreasing trend of seasonal ice day number was discerned 

(6 days/100 years). 

From 119 analyzed winters, 29 were cold (24th percentile), from which 13 were very cold (9th 

percentile) and 2 extremely cold (1st percentile). Cold winters were appeared more frequently in the 

period 1887 to 1964 (25 cases), but considerably less frequently in the period 1965 to 2006 (4 cases). 

Temperature parameters trends, especially characteristic increasing trend of mean minimum 

temperature (3.2° C/100 years) point that there is a cold winters decreasing trend in the past 40 years. 

Besides, the comparative analysis of winter temperatures and solar cycle’s duration graphics 

was showed that cold winters were occurred, with a few exceptions, about minimum solar activity, or 

on the decreasing part of solar activity curve. There were only a few cold winters on the increasing 

part of solar activity curve. 

A decreasing trend of ice cover day number on the Danube was discerned: for freeze-up 12.1 

day/100 years, for ice run 13.7 day/100 years, and for the sum of freeze-up and ice run days 25.8 

day/100 years. 

According to above exposed the relationship between cold winters and ice cover 

repetitiveness and solar cycles, maybe is possible on the basis outstanding solar activity provide the 

forecast of occurrence of cold winter with ice cover on the Danube. According this, there is little 

probability for very cold and extremely cold winter occurrence with great number of days with ice cover 

on the Danube on Belgrade area in the next decade, for 24th solar cycle duration. The occurrence of 

the usually cold winters with ice cover is possible in the next 2-3 years (until 2008), and their 

occurrence possibility increases in the last years of the 24th solar cycle period (2013-2017). 

Keywords: cold winters, ice cover on the Danube, solar activity 

_________________ 

RAINWATER MANAGEMENT TO ALLEVIATE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON 

WATER RESOURCES 

van Leeuwen Nico H., Civil Engineer 

(former FAO expert in irrigation and water resources management) 

3 Avenue du Four d’Eyglun 

13090 Aix en Provence, France 

nico.vanleeuwen@free.fr 

The potential impact of appropriate management of rainwater, being the original supply of 

freshwater resources, is generally underestimated. Large-scale urbanization and highly mechanized 

agriculture in the industrialized countries are “water-proofing” the surface of the land. In arid and semiarid 

areas, soil erosion and desertification are reducing the water retention of the soil as well as the 

recharge of groundwater. Precious water resources are lost and flood damage is becoming more 

frequent. Climate change, as acknowledged at present, will exacerbate this trend in the near future. 

Simultaneously, the agricultural sector is faced with the challenge to produce more food for the 

increasing world population and at the same time to reduce the number of undernourished. Major 

38




efforts are directed towards growing more food with less water but surprisingly little attention is given 

to improved management of rainwater. 

Conservation Agriculture and rainwater harvesting, techniques that were used since many 

centuries and now being re-discovered, have shown to be adaptable to all sort of situations, to 

immediately increase agricultural production and to have a major impact on the global availability of 

water resources for industry, domestic purposes and for irrigation. 

_________________ 

CLIMATE INDICES OF PRECIPITATION IN BELGRADE 

Zivlak Branko 1) , Popovic Tihomir 2) , Palmar Bojan 1) 

1) Republic Hydrometerological Service, Belgrade, Kneza Viseslava 66, 

zivlak@hidmet.sr.gov.yu, bpalmar@hidmet.sr.gov.yu 

2) Serbian Environmental Protection Agency, Beograd, Ruže Jovanovića 27a, 

tihomir.popovic@sepa.sr.gov.yu 

In this paper climate indices that characterize precipitation regime recorded at the 

Meteorological Observatory Beograd are presented. The extensive analysis and quality control of the 

precipitation records are carried out using different types of software including software recommended 

by WMO. For the long precipitation records the Sozanov index that indicates the relation between 

warm years and precipitation deficit is calculated. 

The changes and assessment of annual precipitation sums for several decades in Belgrade 

are made through the standardized deviations. Deviations are defined in relation to the normal 1961- 

1990. 

S_rr 

3 

2 

1 

0 

-1 

-2 

-3 

-4 

-5 

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 

Figure Standardized deviations of annual precipitation quantities in Belgrade 

Trends in climate indices and hydrological records are compared in order to analyze human 

impact on the hydrological cycle and to detect relationships between the extreme events and the 

changes in the use of natural resources in the basin. 

First restriction we face is that the lengths of flow record are more or less inadequate for 

detection and distinction of trend that is a result of climate variability or climate change. Even 

climatological records are short for this type of analyses. Maybe as a result of this fact the three 

indices that are found to be most influencing have failed homogeneity test. For two of these three 

indices 646 SDII and 005 Prcp significant positive trends are detected. 

39




For the majority of the flow records negative trend is detected in the respective period. For the 

different profiles the significance of the detected trend in mean, minimum or maximum flow records is 

determined. The significant relation measured by correlation coefficient is found only between mean 

flow series for Sava river and index 606 R10, but the similar pattern in correlation structure is detected 

for all profiles. On the basis of that structure one can conclude that the indices 606 R10, 646 SDII and 

005 Prcp can provide the most of the information on flow regime change. 

All this calculations are performed with assumption that impact in terms of anthropogenic 

activities: urbanization, deforestation or changes in agricultural practice in the river basin, is moderate. 

Taking all this activities into account will in turn make things more difficult in detecting and 

distinguishing different sources of human impact on water recourses. 

40




HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES 

41




42




_________________ 

MODELING OF THE HIGH FLOW IN MARITZA RIVER BASIN IN AUGUST 2005 

ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE TOPOLNITZA RESERVOIR 

Artinian Eram 

National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology of Bulgaria – regional centre Plovdiv 

eram.artinian@meteo.bg 

High waters that streamed down the beds of nearly all rivers of Maritza river basin and 

especially down the bed of Topolnitza river from the fourth till the seventh day of August 2005 were an 

event of major influence upon all aspects of life in this region of Bulgaria. They were caused by the 

extreme amount of rainfall in the areas of Ihtiman, Kostenets, Dolna Banya etc., in the North-West part 

of the river basin on the fourth and the fifth day of August and in the Rhodopy and the Gornotrakiyska 

valley regions on the following days. The high water stream itself caused overflow of the rivers Mativir, 

Topolnitza and Maritza in a number of areas downstream of their river beds and caused substantial 

material damages and even took away a human life. In the Rhodopi region, the waters of Chepinska, 

Cherna, Shirokolashka and Chepelarska rivers also caused substantial disruption of their river banks. 

Supporting walls and other items of infrastructure were pulled down at many places. Large areas of 

road covering sank down. Considerable material damages were caused in the towns of Smolyan, 

Velingrad and Chepelare. 

To find the numerical expression of the approximate flow in the river network near the city of 

Plovdiv for the purposes of this research, the physical processes in the ground layer of the 

atmosphere, in the ground – under ground combination and in the river network for the period from the 

first till the tenth of August were simulated. Streamflow is calculated for profiles with monitored river 

flow and in separate, additional profiles like outlets of rivers to Maritza (Ochushnitza, Yadenitza, Luda 

Yana, Vacha). The purpose of this analysis is to explain the genesis of the high wave rather than to 

give a precise numerical expression of its existence. Therefore, the numerical results achieved during 

the modeling shall be considered as tentative. 

Due to the decisive influence of the artificial lake of Topolnitza over the hydrological processes 

in the river beds of the rivers Topolnitza and Maritza, an evaluation was made in this research of the 

influence of the Topolnitza reservoir over the maximum water quantities that flew down through the 

cities of Pazardzhik and Plovdiv. The natural water feed at the wall of the artificial lake of Topolnitza 

was simulated. The daily average flow of the Maritza river at the city of Pazardzhik and at the city of 

Plovdiv was simulated on the following three conditional hypothesis: A) natural flow down the whole 

basin with the exclusion of the Vacha cascade; B) Evaluation of the regulative influence of the artificial 

lake of Topolnitza by data given by “Irrigation systems” PLC; C) option with closed valves of the 

artificial lake. 

Numerical models adapted for the basin of Maritza were used for the simulation. These 

models have been developed by CNRM Météo-France and “Ecole de Mines de Paris” (France). The 

first organization is a research center at the National Institute of Meteorology of France and there the 

ISBA (Interface Soil Biosphere Atmosphere) scheme has been developed. The second one is the 

Higher Institute of Mining – Paris, where the hydrological and hydro geological method Modcou has 

been developed. The scheme and the model are consecutively connected and are usually used jointly 

for hydrological modeling and prognosis on national scale in France, Canada and other countries. 

43




_________________ 

LOW FLOW OF THE SAVA RIVER IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA 

Barbalić Marina 1 and Kratofil Lidija 2 

1 Hrvatske vode, Ulica grada Vukovara 220, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, rmarina@voda.hr 

2 Hrvatske vode, Ulica grada Vukovara 220, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, lidija.kratofil@voda.hr 

Understanding of the hydrological features and genesis of low flow is exceptionally important 

for all aspects of water management. 

Constant growing needs for water during the low flow period (irrigation, navigation, water 

supply, cooling, pollution emission, etc) are frequently coming into conflict with ecosystem 

requirements (achieving of environmental objectives). This issue is exceptionally complex in 

international river basins, such as the Sava River basin, which covers four countries. 

For this reason, there is a constant need for up-to-date hydrological studies as basis for river 

basin management plans and water management decision making. 

To improve the understanding of the hydrological features of the Sava River basin low flows in 

the Republic of Croatia, the project ″Study of low flows in the Sava River basin″ was initiated by 

Hrvatske vode. This paper summarizes the results of the study for the Sava River in the Republic of 

Croatia. 

Keywords: low flow, the Sava River, hydrological analyses, Croatia 

_________________ 

CHANGES OF RIVER CROSS-SECTIONS ON SLOVAK PART OF DANUBE IN THE PERIOD 1986- 

2005 

Blaškovičová Lotta 1 , Martinka Michal 2 , Poórová Jana 3 

1 Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Jeséniova 17, 833 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic, e-mail: 

lotta.blaskovicova@shmu.sk 


michal.martinka@shmu.sk 

3 Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Jeséniova 17, 833 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic, email:jana.poorova@shmu.sk 

The article is focused on presentation of changes of river cross section and level of the river 

bed in the water-gauging station Danube – Bratislava during the period of last 20 years. The basis of 

the work is the data from the regular discharge measurements performed from the bridge with using 

the rotating current meter. The article also covers the changes in development of the river bed, 

changes in stage-discharge relation and flow velocities caused by building the waterwork Gabčíkovo 

in October 1992. 

Keywords: water stage, river cross-section, stage-discharge relation 

44




_________________ 

ANALYSIS OF DISCHARGES ALONG THE DANUBE RIVER WATERCOURSE 

Bonacci Ognjen 1 & Trninić Dušan 2 

1 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Split University, 21000 Split, 

Matice hrvatske 15, Croatia, E-mail: obonacci@gradst.hr 

2 State Hydrometeorological Institute, 10000 Zagreb, 

Grič 3, Croatia, E-mail : trninic@cirus.hr 

In this paper changes of discharge regime along the Danube River during last sixty to hundred 

years are investigated. Minimum, mean and maximum annual and monthly discharges measured at 

next eleven discharge gauging stations are analysed: Regensburg (Germany), Bratislava (Slovakia), 

Nagymaros (Hungary), Bezdan, Pančevo (Serbia and Montenegro), Novo Selo, Lom, Svishtov, Russe, 

Silistra (Bulgaria) and Ceatal Izmail (Rumania). Massive construction in the Danube basin and the 

river itself during last few centuries caused many different and possibly dangerous changes of flow 

regime along the Danube River watercourse. Accent in investigation is put on changes occurred 

during last thirty-odd years, probably caused by climate change and/or variability. 

Keywords: discharge, anthropogenic influence, climate change, Danube River 

_________________ 

FLOODS IN UKRAINE 

Boyeva Helena 

State Committee for water management of Ukraine 

8, Chervonoarmiyska Str. 

01601, Kiev-4, Ukraine 

Tel/Fax +38(044) 235-48-99 

e-mail: dpdwr@ukr.net 

The problem of flood protections is becoming one of the most important for many countries 

nowadays. The last decade temps and scales of natural resources use increase and this in its turn 

leads to increasing anthropogenic pressure on environment. Protection of territories with minimization 

harmful water impact is one of the tasks of state policy. Working out methods on minimizing negative 

anthropogenic influences on environment as a result of racial system of economic development is the 

priority directions for the areas with great frequency of these phenomena. 

Keywords floods, floods forming factors, surface run-off, negative impact of flood water. 

_________________ 

HYSTERESIS IN THE WATER STAGE – WATER VELOCITY RELATION AT THE OCCURRENCE 

OF FLOOD EVENT 

Brilly M., Štravs L., Rusjan S., Petan S., Padežnik M. & Vidmar A. 



Accurate discharge estimation is crucial for an efficient river basin management and especially 

for flood forecasting and issuing warnings related to possible extreme flood events. By using 1D 

ultrasonic Doppler instrument we recorded the actual relation between the water stage and the flow 

velocity at the occurrence of flood waves. Unsteadiness in the water stage – water velocity relation 

45




causes the trajectory of the flood event to appear as a loop on the stage–velocity diagram. Results of 

the 6-year time measurements at different water stations on Slovenian rivers (Sava, Dragonja, 

Gradascica, Reka, etc.) show non-negligible differences in water velocities on the rising and falling 

limbs of the flood waves at the same water stage. 

Keywords: hydrology, velocity of water, Doppler instrument, flood 

_________________ 

ESTIMATING TIME OF FLOOD WAVE PROPAGATION AND STAGE - DISCHARGE CURVE 

FITTING BY DOPPLER VELOCITY METER 

Brilly M., Štravs L. & Vidmar A. 



Water velocity, depth and temperature measurements were performed simultaneously at two 

water stations (Medno and Hrastnik) on the Sava River in Slovenia. The stations are at a distance of 

66.5 kilometers. The Unidata Starflow ultrasonic Doppler instruments were used for measurements. 

Data are registered at a five-minute time step. The aim of the study was to continue testing the 

performance and applicability of up-to-date equipment for water velocity and depth measurements 

when in natural conditions with regard to regular hydrological measurement. The data were analyzed 

for several months so that the stage velocity curve and stage travel time curve were formed. The 

stage velocity curves were compared with discharge velocity measurements made by current meters. 

The velocity curves were smoothed by the moving average method and simple mathematical methods 

used for curve fitting. The measurements of velocity made by the Doppler instruments and current 

meter fit very well. As established, the Doppler instrument provided additional data that have proven 

useful in discharge estimation. 

Keywords: hydrology, velocity of water, Doppler instrument, flood wave, channel routing velocity 

_________________ 

THE INTERACTION BETWEEN CHANNEL NETWORK AND GROUNDWATER AT RYE 

ISLAND 

Dulovičová Renáta 

Institute of Hydrology, Račianska 75, 811 02 Bratislava, Slovak Republic, dulovicova@uh.savba.sk 

The region of Rye Island is part of the Danube Lowland. Rye Island is the area between two 

branches of the Danube river, on which this river is devided just below Slovak capital Bratislava: the 

Danube and the Small Danube. These two branches join each other near the town Komárno. The area 

of Rye Island is approximately 2000 km 2 and represents about 4 % of the Slovak territory. It forms a 

flat plain with only small differences in altitude. Its average slope is about 2,5.10 -4 and there was one 

of the reasons for building up channel network at this area. 

This channel network had to supply by water some parts of Rye Island area and on the other 

hand it had to regulate the groundwater resources at Rye Island. The channel SVI, SVII and 

Komarnansky channel are three the most important channels at this channel network and channel 

SVII is the biggest channel from them. The interaction between channel network and groundwater was 

simulated and calculated by two forms. The first way is the computation of infiltration from channel to 

saturated groundwater collector (or reversal) by the hydrodynamic model SKOKY and the second way 

is the computation by “interaction formulas”, with full acceptation of the influence of mutual interaction 

between surface and groundwater. 

Inlet (or outlet) from groundwater to open channel is key hydraulic characteristic in this 

process. This characteristic is given as inlet (outlet) q (m 3 .s -1 ) over the channel bottom area which is 

46




fallen to one meter of length channel – it is so called „specific discharge“ q (m 2 .s -1 ). Intensity of this 

characteristic determines the degree of open channel impact to groundwater and reversal, 

groundwater impact to open channel. Discharge q constitutes as input characteristic (for surface 

water) or as boundary condition (for groundwater). 

The aim was to find the exchangeable instrument between surface water flow and ground 

water flow hydrodynamic models, because their outputs are influenced just by the specific discharge. 

It means to built up the “interaction formulas” for each selected cross-section profile and verify them. 

Their task consists of simplification of computation of recharge to open channels bed with full 

acceptation of the influence their mutual interaction with ground water. It means to reduce the 

computations by hydrodynamic models so that they could be used separately, without their mutual 

dependency, but wit full acceptation of interaction influence. Interaction formulas are able to find the 

discharge value q without repeated application of hydrodynamic models. If they are once built up for 

one open channel, they substitute the groundwater hydrodynamic model at flow simulation in this 

channel and reversal. 

This contribution deals with self building-up of interaction formulas for 9 singular cross-section 

profiles of SVII channel and verification its parameters. There were selected 4 variants of groundwater 

level in channel surroundings and 4 variants of water depth in channel for all 9 cross-sections of 

channel SVII. Consequently velocity field files, global recharges and “verifying recharges” were 

calculated for these 4 alternatives of groundwater level and channel depth conditions, for every 

selected cross-section profile of SVII channel. Then the parameters of these searched interaction 

formulas were calculated from the establishing system of linear equations by matrix method. The 

verification of found interaction formulas validity and their reliability was made by comparison of 

calculated recharges (by interaction formulas) and “verifying recharges”. 

Keywords: channel network, surface and ground water interaction, channel surroundings, interaction 

formulas, verifying discharges (recharges) 

_________________ 

CONCEPTUAL MODELLING AT RIVER TISZA 

Zsuzsanna Flachner – Zsuzsanna Nagy 

Reasearch Institute for Soil and Agrochemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 

15 Herman Otto Street, 1022 Budapest 

e-mail: flachner@rissac.hu 

Corvinus University of Budapest, 29-43.Villanyi u.29-43., H-1118 Budapest, 

e-mail: zsuzsanna.nagy14@uni-corvinus.hu 

The Tisza river is one of the most investigated river in Hungary, especially after the cianid spill 

in 2000. The Tisza river project just concluded that even if all known point sources will be eliminated 

the pollution load will still remain at high level (90%, www.Tisza.org, Jolankai et all 2005.) Beside of 

the pollution extreme events such as flood (2001, 2006) and inland water stagnation (water logging), 

draught occur nearly in each year (maximum water logging area was in 1999, 430.000 ha). 

To have solution for these problems we need to have integrated approach where all 

stakeholders, different ministries who are in charge to finance these programmes are debuting on the 

issues and the possible solutions. These processes have started in the frame of the New Vasarhelyi 

Plan (VTT) (1 st phase of planning : 2000-2002, 2 nd phase: 2003-2005, re-planning: 2006-…) and lead 

to a special situation of accepting a civic (bottom up ) proposal to modify the state financed plan. The 

incorporation of the shallow flooding concept for floodplain retention (Bokatisz, 2002) was a large 

improvement for the project from integrated measures, solutions perspective in which the flood 

retention areas were planned to serve multifunctional purposes: contribute to the reduction of flood 

risk, provide water for floodplain revitalization in each year, implement land use change for area with 

high risk of water logging and also to integrated rural development. 

47




The process however had another dimension – need to generate public debate, create 

understanding of the cross-cutting issues, the interrelation of the long term degradation of the Tisza 

valley in all means (social, economic and ecologic) and to present cost effective solutions. The 

concept developed by local stakeholders, civic organisations (Bokartisz planning team) in 

collaboration with national research and planning institutes (VATI, Technical University of Budapest, 

RISSAC) were discussed and improved along the participatory planning with the involvement of areas 

with long term interest in revitalizing of floodplains along the Tisza river (e.g. Nagykörű, Dél-Borsod, 

Bereg, Szamos – Kraszna köz). Several trainings, meetings, conferences were organized during the 

last 3 years, providing the opportunity to harmonize the ideas, discuss the alternatives. In this process 

several debuting techniques were applied with different success. Problem with understanding the 

cause- effect relations and the role of different actors in implementation remains as a issue to solve 

with different ways. 

Among several techniques the EU funded NeWater project (www.newater.org) has created the 

work environment to help to summarize these discussions and all related research work with a 

computer aided tool (Vensim). There were several stakeholders both at national and local levels from 

all types (research, municipality, NGO, planning, policy) participating at meetings organized by 

RISSAC and elements of the already drawn model were elaborated and specific process explained 

(such as the operation of `FOK (notch)- system, the soil characteristics of the area, etc.) to the 

international partners (UFZ, Leipzig; IIASA, Austria) who were responsible for putting these structures 

into flowcharts (in Vensim). 

In the paper the original main elements of the model concept of floodplain retention in the VTT 

will be presented, its development process together with the first attempts of the Hungarian modelling 

team exercise in the NeWater project. Further results on these activities will be available after applying 

the method developed in local meetings, stakeholder discussions planned to be hold during next year. 

Keywords: Tisza, shallow flooding concept, landuse, public debute, conceptualization, multi-purpuse 

solutions 

_________________ 

MODEL OF POSITIVE SURGE MOVING UPSTREAM FROM THE HYDRO-POWER PLANT 

VARAŽDIN 

Gjetvaj Goran 1 , Šustić Diana 2 

1 Faculty of Civil Engineering, Zagreb, Kačićeva 26, E-mal: goran@grad.hr 

2 VPB, L.c., Zagreb, Ul. Grada Vukovara 220: E-mail: diana.sustic@zg.t-com.hr 

Increasing demand for electric power motivates engineers to reconstruct the existing hydropower 

plants (HPP) in the way to produce more electricity, especially in the periods when the demand 

for energy is the largest. The existing refurbishment of HPP Varaždin, located on the Drava river, 

anticipates the increase of the existing maximum installed discharge of 450 m 3 /s to the new maximum 

discharge of 550 m 3 /s. Engineers are interested in the determination of the maximum water level 

developed by positive surge moving upstream as a result of a sudden rejection of load in a power 

canal. This information is required in the design of the canal for establishing the height of 

embankments necessary to prevent overflow. 

In this paper the simulation of advancing wave front moving upstream from HPP in the case of 

instantaneous decrease of discharge has been simulated. The simulation has been performed by use 

of HEC-RAS program. HEC-RAS supports one-dimensional steady and unsteady flow water surface 

profile calculations, as well as rapidly varied unsteady flow in open channel. The first goal was to test 

the new version (Version 3.1.3) of developed model in a case for which they are no a lot of examples. 

The developed model was calibrated on the existing measurement performed when a sudden 

decrease of discharge from 450 m 3 /s to 0 m 3 /s occurred. The accuracy of the model is very good. 

By the calibrated model the increase of the water level in the channel was calculated in the 

case of the power plant standstill and by closing flow regulator in the period of 12 minutes if the flow 

48




was diminished from 500, 550 and 600 m 3 /s to 0 m 3 /s. The model showed that the water level would 

be increased if compared to the present state by 40 cm. 

It can be concluded that in the case the installed discharge is increased to 550 m 3 /s it is not 

necessary to reconstruct the existing embankment or change the existing plant regulations. If the 

installed discharge is to be increased to 600 m 3 /s embankments should be enhanced or it is necessary 

to anticipate by plant regulations much longer time for the flow regulator closing in the condition of 

maximum water level in the storage reservoir 

_________________ 



Halmova Dana 

Institute of hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences (IH SAS), Racianska 75, Bratislava, SR, 

halmova@uh.savba.sk 

The aim of the paper is to answer the questions: how the expected climate conditions would 

influence the inflow into a multipurpose water reservoir Orava (one of the biggest water reservoirs of 

the Slovak Republic) and will be the reservoir able to supply a specific water demand during changed 

climate conditions? 

The rainfall-runoff balance model WBMOD, which works in monthly time step, was used to 

express the expected changes of the total runoff and the required reservoir capacity at different 

climate conditions. Failures in the required water supply for climate change scenario were then 

compared with those observed during the real life reservoir operation. 

Time series of precipitation, air temperature and the observed reservoir outflows were used as 

the input data. Precipitation and air temperature were modified in each month according to the last 

climate scenarios, which were calculated by models CCCM2000 and GISS1998 and estimated for the 

Orava reservoir catchment, for two time horizons 2030 and 2075. 

The conclusions, of course, pertain only the same water supply realised during the so far 

historical operation (1951─1980) of the structure. However, in relation to the changed climatic 

conditions, one would expect a rather significant change in water management. The climate change 

impacts as presented, are not the exact forecasts, because of uncertainties of the General Circulation 

Models (GCMs), as well as of the rainfall – runoff models outputs. 

Keywords: rainfall-runoff balance model WBMOD, water reservoir Orava and climate change 

scenarios. 

_________________ 

A SIMPLE METHOD FOR EFFECTIVE MULTI-SITE GENERATION OF STOCHASTIC 

HYDROLOGIC TIME SERIES 

Ilich Nesa 1 , Despotovic Dejan 2 

1 Adj. Prof., University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 

e-mail: nilich@optimal-solutions-ltd.com 

2 Asoc. Professor, Dep. of Civil Eng, University of Belgrade, Serbia, 

e-mail: edespoto@hikom.grf.bg.ac.yu 

This paper presents an algorithm for generating stationary stochastic hydrologic time series at 

multiple sites. The ideas in this paper constitute a radical departure from commonly accepted 

methodologies. Instead of first generating the annual series and then subjecting them to some form of 

disaggregation, the approach presented here builds the stochastic series from the bottom up. A 

49




weekly or monthly time series is first generated independently for each site and each week using 

suitable distribution functions, with a focus on the empirically-based kernel distributions. A desired 

auto-regressive lag and cross-site correlation structure is then induced by systematically re-ordering 

the sequence of data in the generated series in each time step (week or month), thus preserving the 

statistical properties of the initially generated series. In the final stage the algorithm permutes the 

entire sub-sets of generated data corresponding to a generated annual sequence such that the annual 

auto-correlation of desired lag is maintained, along with the lag correlation between the data and the 

end of the preceding year and the beginning of the current year. The main features of the proposed 

algorithm are simplicity, ease of implementation and ability to handle non-linear dependence if 

necessary. A numerical test is presented containing the generation of 1000 years of weekly stochastic 

series for four sites based on the 84-year historic natural weekly flows from Southern Alberta in 

Canada. The algorithm holds out a promise to provide a daily stochastic time series generation, as 

well as to handle partial hydrologic series found in dry regions. The paper also includes additional 

discussion on how the stochastically generated series can be used effectively in river basin planning 

studies. 

_________________ 

MODERN PROCESSES OF WATER RUNOFF REDISTRIBUTION IN CHILIA DELTA OF DANUBE 

RIVER 

Kornilov Mikhail 

Danube Hydrometeorological Observatory, 36 Geroyev stalingrada, 

68600, Izmail, Ukraine. 

dhmo@izm.odessa.ukrtel.net 

Water runoff redistribution within the delta network is the main feature mostly determining the 

processes of delta formation. Runoff distribution is not constant, it changes in dependence from phase 

of water regime as well as during multi-year period. The calculation and analysis of water runoff in the 

Chilia delta of Danube river had been done in this work. 

_________________ 

THE APPLICATION OF GIS AT THE KARST TORRENT HYDROLOGY MODEL 

Assist. Ms. sc. Kunštek Duška, C. E 1 ; Assist. B.Sc. Carević Dalibor Carević, C. E 1 ; 

Assist. B.Sc. Ocvirk Eva, C. E 1 

1 University of Zagreb - Faculty of Civil Engineering, Kačićeva 26, 10000 Zagreb, CROATIA tel: 

+385::1: 4639 101, fax +385::1:4639 260, 

E-mail: kduska@ grad.hr; car@grad.hr 

In the engineering practice there is often the need to evaluate as safely as possible the 

catchment runoffs that do not dispose of water metering records or those that are not reliable enough. 

A special problem represent irregularly shaped torrents from which the runoff can not be reliably 

calculated on the basis of frequently applicable simple parametric methods. From this aspect the 

evaluation of torrential runoffs in the karst area, represents a specific problem. The application of 

complex models, on the other side, gives more reliable results, but requires mostly unavailable data. 

The example of spatial watershed definition, hydrographical network, sink spots and corresponding 

subcatchment surfaces in the torrential karst catchment represents only one, but important detail in 

each hydrological procedure of catchment runoff defining, and points at the need for a careful 

approach in the sense of evaluation and selection of input parameters in the parametric runoff 

calculation. One of the specific features of the karst areas as the basic elements of the karst 

geomorphology is the sink as a recipient. In solving the runoff from the karst fields the significant input 

datum in the calculation model and the limiting feature of the operation of the whole system is the 

50




absorption capacity of such recipients. The paper takes an example from the practice explaining the 

application of the GIS - technology (Geographic Information System) in defining several basic 

hydrometric parameters and a unique mathematical approach for the karst sink capacity definition. 

Keywords: karst field, sink capacity 

_________________ 

STATISTICAL METHODS FOR CLASSIFICATION OF RIVER CHANNEL DEFORMATIONS 

Lobanov Vladimir A., Kondratjev Alexander N. 

State Hydrological Institute, St.Petersburg, Russia, 


Statistical method has been suggested for a calculation of optimal lines for separation of a 

priory obtained classes. This method is based on minimization of errors of values which are outside of 

their own class. The method has been applied for data of V.V. Romashin and Van den Berg and as a 

result new lines have been calculated which divide the classes by the optimal way. Some statistical 

methods have been developed for an assessment of efficiency of classifications. On the basis of these 

methods it has been obtained that it is not statistically effective to pick out a class of incomplete 

meandering in the Romashin’s classification and it is necessary to combine it with a class of free 

meandering. For Van den Berg’s classification it has been established that an additional use of D50 is 

not statistical effective too for a separation of single and multi-thread channels. 

Keywords: classification, river channels, Romashin and Van den Berg method. 

_________________ 

ASSESSMENT OF POSSIBLE TRANSFORMATIONS IN HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL AND 

CHANNEL PATTERNS UNDER MODERN CLIMATE CHANGE 

Lobanov Vladimir, Lobanova Helen, Anisimov Oleg, Kondratjev Alexsander 

State Hydrological Institute, St.Petersburg, 

Russia, lobanov@EL6309.spb.edu 

Fluvial geomorphological model by V. Romashin has been used to assess the potential 

impacts of climatic changes on river channel pattern in the North-European Russia. Romashin’s model 

is based on the stream power approach characterized by the product of the river discharge and valley 

slope. Century-scale observational time series have been analyzed and used to develop a 

regionalization of the North-European Russia with respect to changes of the runoff, precipitation and 

air temperature. The sensitivity of the fluvial processes and river channel types to climatic changes 

has been assessed using the predictive climatic scenarios derived from GCMs and modern empirical 

trends. 

Keywords: modern climate change, impact, hydrometeorological time series, channel patterns, 

trnsformation. 

_________________ 

HUMAN INFLUENCES ON THE HYDROMORPHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN THE SLOVAK 

PART OF DANUBE CATCHMENT 

Renáta Magulová, Lea Mrafková 

Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Jeséniova 17, 833 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic 

www.shmu.sk , renata.magulova@shmu.sk, lea.mrafkova@shmu.sk 

In the article the results of hydromorphological assessment in the catchment of Danube are 

presented. The hydromorphological assessment in Slovakia has been started in year 2003, when has 

51




been created the methodology. The methodology has been created in cooperation of SHMI with 

Danish colleagues in the frame of Twinning-Light project supported by the European Commision. 

Methodology is also in accordance with European Standard EN 14614:2004 Water quality – Guidance 

standard for accessing the hydromorphological features of rivers and with Water Framework Directive. 

Aims of Water Framework Directive include the monitoring of ecological status of surface 

water. Annex V of the Water Framework Directive include the description of assessment of ecological 

status of surface water. We divide in generality surface water bodies on: rivers, lakes, transitional 

waters, coastal waters, artificial and heavily modified surface water bodies. Slovak republic have not of 

course transitional and coastal waters. Water bodies are than divided according type. Different 

attributes assess type of water bodies, for example altitude typology, size typology based on surface 

area, geology... Basic definition of types in Water Framework Directive according to two systems: 

„system A“ and „system B“. The system is chosen according to segmentation on relevant ekoregions, 

geology, altitude and catchment area. 

The ecological status is defined according to: biological quality elements, hydromorphological 

quality elemtns and physico-chemical quality elements. For the statement of hydromorphological 

quality of Slovak rivers has been protocol of field survey and assessment created. Slovak republic 

have very various rivers and this protocol mus be suitable for evaluating for all of slovak rivers. 

According to this protocol of monitoring of hydromorphological conditions the following 

features of rivers are evaluated: chanel form (sinuosity, chanel type, chanel shortening), bank and bed 

characteristics (bed elements, river bed substrate, variation in width, bank stabilization, flow types), 

bank and riparian zone and floodplain area (lateral connectivity, vegetation) and hydrological regime. 

In the site protocol are recorded others additionaly parameters (geology of catchment, variation in 

depth, river valley form, river use affecting conditions at the site and others...) 

The hydromorphological assessment in Slovakia has been started at the sampling sites for 

water quality and at reference localities. Reference localities sould correspond with undisturbed 

natural status or are affected just minimally. The sampling sites for water quality has been excluded to 

enable the analysis of relations between hydromorphological and biological elements of river quality, 

needed for development of scheme of classification for water assessment. Hydromorphology of river is 

meaningly influenced of using of surface water and ground water (waste water discharges, 

surface/ground water abstraction). 

The river Danube is heavy influenced with human activities what can we see from the results 

of hydromorphological assessment. All of places of hydromorphological assessment on the river 

Danube are from monitoring of water quality. In the catchment Danube (SR) are one reference locality 

– River Vydrica and begin in 8 river kilometer. From the results is clear, that it is going about at least 

influenced locality, what is reflected by good final score. 

Keywords: hydromorphology, channel planform, in-stream parameters, bank and riparian zone, 

floodplain, hydrology 

_________________ 

A FEW HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSES OF HIGH WATERS OF KOPAČKI RIT 

Maričić Siniša * 1 , Petraš Josip * 2 

* Faculty of Civil Engineering, Croatia, 

1 University J. J. Strossmayer of Osijek, Drinska 16a, 31 000 Osijek, smaricic@most.gfos.hr 

2 University of Zagreb, Kačićeva 26, 10 000 Zagreb, jpetras@grad.hr 

Kopački rit Nature Park is one of the largest natural marshlands in Europe, situated in the 

north-eastern part of Croatia between the Danube and the river of Drava, upstream from the mouth of 

Drava. The area is protected by the Ramsar Convention (1993) as an internationally important flood 

area and nominated by UNESCO as the World Natural Heritage. The basic ecological feature of 

Kopacki rit is given by the flood-dynamics so that the landscape of the whole region depends on the 

flood intensity. The parts of the swamp land and water are arranged in the form of a mosaic that 

52




changes the size, shape and function. The changes depend on the quantity of the raised water 

entering for the major part from the Danube River and for the minor part from the Drava River. Both 

the impact of floods on the ecological features of Kopački rit and the flood regime have been 

insufficiently examined so far. Only recently the significance and the need for the research of Kopački 

Rit’s hydrological regime has been pointed out, which would serve as a comprehensive foundation for 

establishing ecological features and rule book that would enable the management of the whole 

protected area. 

The paper presents a preliminary hydrological analysis stretching over three year period from 

2001 to 2003 in which the data on water levels and discharges were collected. The data were taken 

over from various sources, and measurements were carried out at different locations and collected 

from different monitors. Therefore, the paper points at the procedures of integration and matching of 

the acquired data, and extending the needed information by correlative analysis. 

The records of Danube’s twenty major water waves (high water levels and corresponding 

discharges) were taken from the three year research and focused on to explain the impact of Danube 

on the Kopački rit’s waters. The analysis enabled determining the features of filling and emptying of 

Kopački rit and establishing the high correlative connection between Kopački lake’s water level and 

Danube’s water level at Vukovar. 

To determine the interrelation between the water condition at Kopački rit and riverbeds’ waters 

of Danube and Drava seven important water waves (the highest water levels and discharges) were 

separated and analysed from the monitored three year period. Therefore, correlative analyses of 

Kopački lake water level and the water levels of the surrounding water gauging stations on the 

Danube and Drava were conducted. The analysis showed a firm correlative connection between 

Kopački rit’s water levels and Danube’s water levels, whereas the correlative connection at Drava’s 

water levels is hardly marked. Eventually, the paper points at some water balance indicators. 

Keywords: hydrological analyse, Kopački rit, corresponding water levels, correlative relationship, 

water waves 

_________________ 

EVALUATION OF THE MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT’S MOISTURE BY MATHEMATICAL MODELING 

OF THE RAIN FLOODS 

Maslova Tetyana, Sosyedko Mykhaylo 

Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Research Institute 

Pr. Nauky 37, Kyiv 03028 Ukraine 

e-mail: tetjana_maslowa@ukr.net, sosedko_m@ukr.net 

Procedure of the evaluation of the catchment’s moisture is developed, which excludes 

necessity of long modeling in the operative conditions. Catchment’s moisture is expressed through its 

deficiency. Their values are oscillated usually within the limits of 10-50 mm. They are put in 

dependence on the specific rates of the runoff before floods and heights of terrain. 

Keywords: catchment’s moisture, mathematical modeling, deficiency, floods, specific rate. 

53




_________________ 

ALTERNATIVES TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FLOOD MONITORING SUB-SYSTEMS TO 

THE END-USERS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE NATO SfP PROJECT 

Mic Rodica 1 , Corbus Ciprian 1 , Stancalie Gheorghe 2 , Craciunescu Vasile 2 

1 National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management 

Sos. Bucuresti-Ploiesti 97 – 013686 Bucuresti – ROMANIA 

2 National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology 

Sos. Bucuresti-Ploiesti 97 – 013686 Bucuresti – ROMANIA 

rodica.mic@hidro.ro, gheorghe.stancalie@meteo.inmh.ro 

For the flood waves forecasting in the Crişul Alb and Crişul Negru River Basins, the VIDRA 

model is used. The implementation of the model within the hydrological forecasting operative activity 

required, firstly, the coupling of the VIDRA model with a meteorological forecasting model. 

In the last years, a series of high performance meteorological models was developed in our 

country. They could contribute both to the increase in precision of the hydrological forecasts, by 

quantifying the meteorological forecasts (passing from the qualitative information to the quantitative 

one) and to the increase of the warning anticipation time in case of flooding. Thus, in the frame of the 

National Administration of Meteorology (ANM) the models at fine scale are available, with three hours 

step, such as ALADIN model (with 48 hours anticipation) and HRM model (with 78 hours anticipation). 

By coupling the VIDRA continuous model for hydrological forecasting with the HRM model for 

meteorological forecasting, a flooding forecasting system was aimed to be created, which will be 

useful for the warning of national authorities that are responsible for water management, both of those 

that have at present a forecasting system but do not use the facilities regarding the automatic 

elaboration of the meteorological forecasts, and also of those that do not have at present any flooding 

forecasting system. 

An important objective of the NATO SfP project “Monitoring of extreme flood events in 

Romania and Hungary using EO data” is the implementation of the flood management sub-system at 

the end-users. This objective is achieved by means of the Internet technology. Thus, the end-user 

receives by Internet the information about the hydrological diagnoses and forecast, either by GIS 

interface (Web server and a mapserver software programme), case in witch the data comes after the 

run of the HRM-VIDRA-UNDA package), or directly, like an alternative, by ProgressView software. 

ProgressView software allows a quick and efficient numerical and graphical visualization of 

both levels and discharges hydrological diagnose and forecast at the end-users, in the considered 

cross-sections along the Crisul Alb and Crisul Negru Rivers. 

The main advantages of the ProgressView software are: 

- Easy to use because of the Windows interface; 

- Possibility of the dialog user - computer; 

- Possibility to obtain the input data either by Internet or FTP protocol; 

- A suggestive graphical presentation, witch allows a fast decision. 

The practical testing of the ProgressView software gives good results. The version developed 

under Windows is easy to use and the graphical presentation is very suggestive. Additionally, the 

taking of input data either by Intranet or by Internet (by means of the FTP protocol) makes this 

software to be functional on every computer with Windows operating system. 

54




N 

∑ 

n= 

1 

N 

∑ 

n= 

1 

− 

( ΔV 

) 

s 

E 

n 

e 

I 

∑ 

i = 1 

E 

− 

x 

u 

x 

e 

( V 

∑ 

e= 

1 

[ ( ΔV 

) xC ] = 

∑ 

( V ) 

xC 

− 

ins 

( V 

I 

∑ 

i= 

1 

K 

∑ 

k = 1 

) 

i 

) 

( V 

( V 

− 

ins 

ws 

j 

∑ 

j = 1 

K 

− 

) 

) 

k 

V 

∑ 

k = 1 

i 

_________________ 

BASIC METHODOLOGY CONCEPT FOR CREATION OF WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 

BALANCE OF VOJVODINA 

Miloradov Milorad 1 , Prohaska Stevan 2 

1 Academy of sciences and arts of Vojvodina (VANU), Dunavska 37, Novi Sad 

2 Faculty of mining and geology, Đušina 7, Beograd 

This work presents the basic methodology concept for creation of water resource 

management balance in Vojvodina. We presented basic balance equation where components of 

balance of available water, discharged water from different types of usage and the need for water by 

amount and quality are defined in predetermined time interval on considered terrestrial (balance) unit. 

Balance equation by amount: 

s 

n 

= 

Balance equation of quality of water: 

E 

e 

xC 

xC 

outs 

( V 

x 

i 

x 

k 

) 

ws 

− 

− 

j 

) 

+ 

k 

J 

∑ 

i= 

1 

L 

∑ 

l= 

1 

55 

∑ 

c = 1 

L 

− 

C 

( V 

∑ 

( V 

( V 

l = 1 

outs 

dis 

( V 

) 

) 

j 

inf s l 

) 

c 

xC 

− 

) 

inf s l 

xC 

x 

j 

+ 

+ 

+ 

M 

∑ 

m = 1 

C 

∑ 

c= 

1 

M 

∑ 

m= 

1 

( V ) 

We shortly described the methods of determining and calculating the components of water 

resource balance, and the data necessary for realization of those calculations. Balance equations are 

divided in two parts: one for surface waters and the other for groundwater’s, and in both equations 

component has been added which relates to interaction of these two parts of balance. Input/output 

variables are specified for all balance units and required math models are defined for realization of 

calculation. Terrestrial balance units are defined for entire territory of Vojvodina starting from very 

complex conditions, because many important European river flows run through Vojvodina (Danube, 

Tisa, Sava), then along the border of rugged river flows of Banat, which arrive from Romania. All these 

river flows, except Sava’s, are rugged with primary and secondary hydro system channels of Danube 

– Tisa – Danube, where hydro technical object have been build (gats, navigation locks, pump stations, 

etc.) which makes the runoff even more complex. Basic data sources have been determined starting 

from available data about hydrographic network of river flow; aquifer of groundwater’s, water resource 

objects and plants, data on hydro meteorological measurements and observations, data of withdrawal 

waters for all purpose, and discharged water from all sources of usage. Space and time discrimination 

of input/output variables is included on the basis of available time series, for other variables values 

can be given directly on basis of available data or calculations based on defined math models. The 

periods of discreet time can be changeable, but the same for all balance units. It has been suggested 

that discreet time should be a decade or a month, and based on that seasonal, annual and multiyear 

variations can be calculated, and they can be used for processing estimation of changes in water 

resource management balance and detailed work in plans for optimal sustainable water resources 

management. 

Keywords: water resource management balance, balance unit, balance equation, surface waters, 

groundwater’s, water management, Vojvodina. 

x 

l 

S 

( V 

dis 

( V ) 

s 

m 

m 

) 

c 

xC 

xC 

x 

m 

x 

c 

−




_________________ 

ANALYSIS OF THE COINCIDENCE OF THE DISCHARGE WAVES OF DANUBE AND MORAVA 

RIVERS 

Mitková Veronika 

Institute of Hydrology SAS, Račianska 75, 818 11 Bratislava, 

Slovak Republic 

mitkova@uh.savba.sk 

There, in this study, analysis of assessment of the discharge waves coincidence on the 

Danube and its tributary the Morava River was done. The calculations based on analyses of 

simultaneous occurrence of two random variables. These variables – mean daily discharges – 

represent the magnitudes of the flood waves observed on the main river (g. s. Bratislava – Danube) 

and its tributary (g. s. Moravsky Ján – Morava). For the purpose of calculations of the coincidence, the 

typical combinations of the variables was defined. The best results were obtained for the waves with 

higher peak discharges occurred in summer seasons. 

Keywords: The Danube River, the Morava River, coincidence of the waves. 

_________________ 

APPLICATION OF MIKE MODELS FOR HYDROMORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT IN HUNGARY 

Nagy Zsuzsanna 1 , Dannisøe Jesper 2 

1 Corvinus University of Budapest, Department of Soil Science and Water Management, H- 

1118, Budapest, Villányi u. 29-43. 

e-mail: zsuzsanna.nagy@gmail.com, zsuzsanna.nagy14@uni-corvinus.hu 

2 DHI Water and Environment, Dept. Ecology & Environment, Agern Allé 5, DK-2970 

Hørsholm, Denmark. 

e-mail: jda@dhigroup.com 

In 2000, the Water Framework Directive was published in the Official Journal of the European 

Commission and has introduced new tasks into the European Water Policy. Hungary, with joining to 

the European Union, in the AA2003/ACT has accepted the obligation of transposition the Directives of 

the European Community and therefore implementation work of the Water Framework Directive has 

begun the implementation in order to achieve the good ecological status or potential of surface waters. 

In the Water Management Plans required by the Directive, all human impacts on the aquatic 

environment shall be quantified and evaluated, and according to the Water Directors’ meeting in Dec, 

2005 effects coursed by climatic changes should be considered as well. For this purpose watershed 

related assessment methods are needed. The aim of the study is to present watershed conditions in 

small sub-basins, through their ecological, chemical and water management conditions in the light of 

60/2000/EC Directive. The paper presents the methodological aspects of the work, in test the effects 

of the present and planned regulations on the catchment. Therefore the following issues were carried 

out by the use of Mike SHE and Mike Basin softwares: (1) investigation and modelling the result of 

historical, present and planned land-use at sub-basin level (runoff, infiltration, etc.) and its visualization 

in both space and time, (2) modelling the effect of climate change on small and meso-scale level (3) 

assessment of the functionality of the ecological fluvial corridor on case study areas (4) classification 

of the investigated stretches of the stream by physical quality, by vegetation characteristic of the 

channel and riverbank and by materials in order to make a decision support tool for rehabilitation 

measures (5) testing the UK and Italian hydromorphological assessment methods in Hungarian pilot 

stream sites. 

56




Keywords: modelling, Mike Basin, Mike SHE, stream, ecological status, hydromorphological 

assessment, small and meso-scale catchment, Water Framework Directive 

Aknowledgements: the study was supported by the Hungarian Eötvös Grant 

_________________ 

REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF LOW FLOWS IN HILLY AND MOUNTAINOUS AREAS OF THE 

REPUBLIC OF SERBIA 

Nikić Zoran 1 and Nikolić Jugoslav 2 

1 Forestry Faculty University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 

11030 Belgrade, Serbia, e-mail: znikic@yubc.net 

2 Republic Hydro-meteorological Institute of Serbia, Kneza Višeslava 66, 

11030 Belgrade, Serbia, e-mail: jugnik@EUnet.yu 

For planning, maintenance and management of water control systems and structures, with the 

purposes of maintaining the self-purification capacity of water streams and planning water quality 

control activities, the controlling flows, or the minimum average thirty-day discharge if 0.95 probability, 

must be determined. The controlling discharge of a stream, according to the current regulations in the 

Republic of Serbia, for determining the maximum allowed toxic concentration in water and the 

wastewater treatment degree is the maximum average monthly flow of 0.95 probability. 

In streams under systematic observation and hydrological measurement the controlling low 

flows are determined by the regional analysis method. It has been inferred from empirical knowledge 

and logical reasoning that natural low flows in medium and small streams during dry seasons depend 

on hydrogeology, not vice versa. Minimum average thirty-day flows of 0.95 probability are taken for 

dependent variables, and the quantified hydrogeological parameters for independent variables. The 

analysis covers streams that drain small or medium-size areas, because their low flows are more 

frequent and more affected by the local geology and hydrogeology. Drainage areas observed at sixtyone 

hydrological stations south of the Sava and the Danube in Serbia are taken as a sample. 

The territory of Serbia is characterized by complex geology, highly heterogeneous lithology, 

diverse and active tectonics and numerous erosion processes. The approach was made from the 

simplest variant of a multiple model by introducing two independent aggregated variables. The 

following step was models each with two disaggregated hydrogeological elements, i.e. combinations 

of groups, each of ten independent variables. Finally, a model was constructed that included all 

disaggregated independent variables, or a model of a total of fifteen independent variables. All 

together, there were three models, each with two independent variables, one model with three 

independent variables, three models with ten independent variables each, and a model with fifteen 

independent variables. These made a total of eight models. The obtained regional relationship for the 

minimum average thirty-day flows of 0.95 probability is considered in this paper. 

The quality of the established relationship is checked in respective statistical tests. Developed 

from the initial sample, models Q 30 95% =f(F; ΣQ) and Q 30 95% =f(I; ΣQ) were valid by all the criteria (Ftest, 

t-test at significance level α=0.05), which encourage their use in interpolations within the limits for 

each quantified hydrogeological element. The overall analytical result of the model and the established 

functional relations lead to valid conclusions. The main purpose of this contribution is a quick and 

sufficiently accurate estimate of the controlling low flows in hydrologically unexplored basins using a 

regional analysis of thirty-day flows to develop programmes of the water quality control. 

Keywords: low flow, regional analysis, controlling low flow, hydrogeological elements, stream basin, 

hydrologically unexplored basin, hilly and mountainous country, minimum average thirty-day flow of 

0.95 probability. 

57




_________________ 

CONTRIBUTION TO THE ANALYSIS OF THE WATER BALANCE FACTORS ON THE CASE 

EXAMPLE OF THE JABLANICA RIVER BASIN 

Nikolić Jugoslav 1 , Ducić Vladan 2 , Smailagić Jasminka 1 

1 Republic Hydro-meteorological Institute of Serbia, Kneza Višeslava 66, 11030 Belgrade, 

e-mail: jugnik@Eunet.yu; j.smailagic@hidmet.sr.gov.yu 

2 Faculty of Geography , University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 3/3, 11000 Belgrade, 

e-mail: vladan@gef.bg.ac.yu 

Water budget accounting is important in the hidrological theory and practice, where various 

problems are faced and addressed at different general levels. The study emphasizes the significance 

of a methodological approach to the analysis of the water balance elements. On the case example of 

a characteristic river basin some of the most important meteorological, geological, hydrological and 

hydro-geological factors that determine the water balance were analyzed. 

An account of the water balance depends on the estimate of the basic elements: precipitation 

and evapotranspiration as meteorological/climatological elements and run-off as a hydrological 

element. Each of these elements is influenced by many different factors: climatological, geological, 

hydro-geological, morphological, vegetational and other. The more accurate determination of any of 

the basic elements will improve the accuracy of the water accounting for the given area. 

The research shows that when analyzing precipitation the orographic effects should be taken 

into consideration that increase precipitation with height, but also dynamic effects that condition the 

size of this increase, as well as the decrease of precipitation with the further increase in height, above 

some critical value. It appears that the problem is not simple and that the use of simplified relations for 

precipitation interpolation can lead to substantial mistakes in the estimate. The outcome is justification 

for the application of stated three-dimensional non-hydrostatic numerical model as a better tool in the 

precipitation analysis in relation to classical interpolation methods. 

Evapotranspiration proved to be the element of the water balance, which is the most difficult to 

determine in quantitative terms. The described numerical model for determination of 

evapotranspiration in heterogeneous geological conditions represents physically based tool for 

successful solution of numerous practical problems in different scientific disciplines. The primary 

advantage of the mentioned model is good physical foundation and simplicity in practical application, 

that is to say implementation, along with the use of common, available data, without excessive 

investments. 

The research has shown that in addition to the primary meteorological and hydrological 

factors, the geology and hydrogeological conditions can substantially modify the water balance of an 

area. The high percentage of the total water evaporation in the Jablanica basin, upstream of the 

Lebane section, is a consequence of the geological factors, foremostly of the rock permeability. The 

upper drainage area of the Jablanica was selected as the representative of water-repellent, 

conditionally arid terrain in natural conditions. The terrain is not permeable enough in relation to rapid 

and substantial percolation of water, thus the discharged precipitation is exposed to the action of 

energetic and aerodynamic factors that primarily affect the evapotranspiration process. The 

consequence of these influences is high percentage of total evaporation (evapotranspiration) in 

relation to discharged precipitation. The terrain with higher water permeability and deeper water 

percolation, such as karst, substantially affects decrease of evapotranspiration and an increase in the 

water run-off. 

Keywords: precipitation, evapotranspiration, run-off, water balance, climatological conditions, 

geological conditions, hydrological conditions, hydro-geological conditions. 

58




_________________ 

HYDROLOGICAL CALIBRATION SCENARIOS OF THE HSPF MODEL FOR THE UPPER ISKAR 

BASIN 

Ninov Plamen 1 , Ribarova Irina 2 , Nikolaidis Nikos 3 , Tsoraki Rania 3 , Kalinkov Peter 2 , Kukurin 

Krasimir 2 , Topalova Jana 4 

1 National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, 66 Tzarigradsko shoossee, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria, 

(E-mail: plamen.ninov@meteo.bg) 

2 University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodezy, 1 Chr. Smirnensky blvd, 1046 Sofia, 

Bulgaria, (E-mail: ribarova_fhe@uacg.bg) 

3 Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece, (E-mail: 

nnikolai@mred.tuc.gr) 

4 University “Kliment Ohridski”-Biological Faculty, Dragan Tzankov blvd 8, Sofia, Bulgaria 

(E-mail: topalova@biofac.uni-sofia.bg) 

Research on the Upper Iskar subwatershed in the Danube basin, which supplies water for the 

Iskar Reservoir, was carried out. This reservoir is the biggest drinking water reservoir on the Balkan 

Peninsula with important economic and social role, which predestines the indispensability and 

significance of the undertaken investigation. The application of the HSPF model is treated as a time 

response of the watershed based on hydrological mass balances, incorporating GIS-data and 

integrating point and no-point sources. The goal of hydrological calibrations is to adjust the simulated 

flow to resemble the observed flow data as closely as possible – procedure requiring adjustment of 

various parameters within HSPF model reflecting the real hydrological, climatic, geological, 

topographic and anthropogenic conditions in the studied River Iskar catchment area. The calibration of 

the model is based on the collected multifarious information for the period 2000-2001 and verification 

of the model on 2002 data. The calibration scenarios for adjustment of the annual trends and water 

balances, seasonal discrepancies, high and low flows distributions are briefly discussed. This is a first 

step before the water quality modeling. 

Keywords: Upper Iskar subwatershed, HSPF model, calibration, verification 

_________________ 

STATISTIC MOLDING OF DEPENDENCE OF DRAIN DISCHARGE AND RAINFALLS 

Pivić Radmila 1) , Jošić Dragana 1) , Đurović Nevenka, 2) Rudić Dragan 2) 

1) Institut za zemljište, Beograd, e-mail: soilscis@eunet.yu 

2) Poljoprivredni fakultet, Beograd 

At the experimental drainage field Varna of Institute of Soil Science near Sabac on pseudogley 

soil, was established drainage experiment with three variants of spacing of drains: 20m, 25m and 

30m. 

Statistic molding of conditionality of drain discharge and intensity of rainfalls was prepared 

according to the data of daily sums of rainfalls and according to the data of drain discharge collected 

for the period of experiment 2002.-2004. 

For statistic molding, in this experiment, MA (Moving Average) model was used and observed 

in two stochastically processes, where conditionally first process intensity of rainfalls is “process 

effect” and second process, “process cause” is drain discharge. 

MA module primarily can be use for forecasting of the value of process and for further analysis 

of soil, planning, dimensioning and functioning of drainage system. 

Keywords: MA model, rainfalls, drain discharge 

59




_________________ 

HYDRODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE COMPLEX WELLS TESTING ON GROUNDWATER 

SOURCE PALANACKI KISELJAK 

(SMEDEREVSKA PALANKA, SERBIA) 

Prof. Dr Polomčić Dušan 

Institute of Hydrogeology, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Djusina 7, Belgrade, Serbia 

dupol2@gmail.com 

Groundwater source of natural mineral water „Karadjordje“ is located in Smederevska Palanka 

on 90 km southeast from Belgrade. During February 2006, the complex tests of abstraction wells (B- 

1A, B-2, B-2A), performed on groundwater source for determining hydrogeological parameters of 

aquifer, hidraulic characteristics of wells, measurement of mutually well influence, and measurement 

of river Kubrsnica influence on tapped aquifer. A individual wells testing by step-test method. Results 

from these testing was interpreted by graphoanalytical methods and processing by complete 

hydrograph. The group tests of abstraction wells was designed on minimum 21 days with maximum 

capacity well installed pumps, but test was stopped, because the growth of river stage caused the rise 

of groundwater table over the static groundwater level. These indicated very intensive hydraulic 

interaction between river and tapped alluvial aquifer. 

Keywords: groundwater source, aquifer testinq, hydraulic connection between aquifer and river. 

_________________ 

THE INFLUENCE OF THE CLIMATICAL, PSYHICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS 

GENERATING FLOODS IN THE SMALL HIDROLOGICAL BASINS LOCATED IN THE WESTERN 

PART OF THE CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS 

Popovici Felicia 

National Institut of Hydrology and Water Management, 

Sos. Bucuresti - Ploiesti 97, Bucuresti, cod 013686, ROMANIA 

fexilro@yahoo.com 

The purpose of this paper is to present the influence of the climatical, psyhical and 

geographical factors (precipitations, geology, soil, vegetation, antropical impact) to the maximum 

discharge, factors who generate the floods in small basins situated in the west part of Oriental 

Carpathians, Romania. 

For the period of study (1975 – 2000), is very important to analyse: 

I. the maximum discharge which are produced; 

II. the more important elements of floods; 

III. the characteristics of the precipitations and runoff coefficients which are produced in the 

basins considerated.(Gurghiu, Tarnave, Sovata, Bistra , Hodos, Homorodul Mare and 

Homorodul Mic, Rastolita.) 

Tabels and graphics are coming to illustrate with accuracy the relationships between the 

characteristics of the rainfalls and geographical conditions of the main floods produced in these 

basins. 

The reason of these analyse is to determine useful parameters for the prediction and forecast 

of the floods in small basins, because these basins have a high speed reaction to the inputs elements. 

(precipitations and its characteristics). 

Keywords: physico-geographical factors, maximum discharge, floods, runoff coefficient 

RAIN -RUNOFF RELATIONSHIPS 

60




_________________ 

SYSTEMS APPROACH TO THE ASSESSMENT OF CLIMATIC CHANGE IN A SMALL RIVER 

BASIN 

Prodanovic Predrag 1 and Simonovic Slobodan P. 1 

1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 

London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B9; e-mail: pprodano@uwo.ca 

The focus of this study is on the mathematical modeling support for implementation of the 

inverse approach to climatic change impact assessment in small river basins. The model used in the 

assessment of risk and vulnerability to changing climatic conditions is described in this paper. The 

model is a combination of a sophisticated system dynamics model linked to a continuous hydrologic 

model of a river basin. The system dynamics model represents the socio-economic components such 

as urban and rural population, housing, business activity, land and water use. The hydrologic model is 

a seventeen parameter semi-distributed water balance model. The combined model links the socioeconomic 

aspects of a river basin (such as changing land use patterns) to physical processes (such 

as potential evapotranspiration and direct runoff). The physical processes (through direct runoff and 

precipitation) are linked to flood damage and drought levels, which then directly influence the 

population and business sectors of the socio-economic component. A number of such key feedback 

relationships are discussed in the paper. The application of the model is illustrated with a case study 

of a small river basin (3,500 km 2 ) in southwestern Ontario, Canada. 

Keywords: Continuous Hydrologic Modelling, System Dynamics, Systems Thinking, Climate Change, 

Risk, Vulnerability 

_________________ 

THE ANALYSIS OF THE SENSITIVITY OF A RAIN RUNOFF FORMATION PROCESSES ON THE 

MOUNTAIN CATCHMENTS 

Pryimachenko Nataliia 

Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Research Institute 

Pr.Nauky 37, Kyiv 03028 Ukraine 

e-mail: natali.priym@mail.ru 

Increase of requirements to quality of the hydrological calculations and forecasts stimulates 

development of researches on the runoff modelling processes. By present time are developed 

mathematical models of the rain floods, which differ from degree of detailed elaboration of the 

description of the processes, which occurred on the river catchment. Many of these models were 

beyond tests and applied in a practical hydrology. Except for means for development of the calculation 

methods and forecasts of the runoff model are used with the purpose of deeper disclosing of complex 

interrelations in the runoff formation mechanism. 

Application of the mathematical modelling puts forward a number of problems. One of them, 

as is known, is an estimation of the model parameters. Thus it is important not only achievement of a 

comprehensible final result, that is reception of the calculated hydrographs close to that, which are 

observed, but also reception of authentic, physically explainable values of parameters. 

The judgement about physical reliability of received parameters of the model can be born by 

their comparison with caused constants (for example, properties of the soils) or based on comparison 

of the calculated sizes of a water balance component of the river basin with observable in real 

conditions. Because of absence of some important data about the catchment structure at the 

discharge variation modelling the reservoir should be considered as the system, which separate 

properties known only approximately. This circumstance and discrepancy of the initial 

61




hydrometeorological information force the researcher to apply to identification of the runoff model 

parameters optimization procedures that can lead to reception of ambiguous decisions. With the 

purpose of maintenance of reliability and stability of parameters greater value is represented with data 

about character of the processes, which occur on the catchment, to their importance in the general 

runoff formation mechanism. 

The purpose of this research was not only to draw a conclusion on necessary accuracy of an 

estimation of the model parameters, but also to pay attention to more detailed research of those runoff 

processes, which are defining at various hydrometeorological situations, which develop on the 

catchment. Work is executed based on application of the runoff formation mathematical model on the 

mountain catchments of the Carpathians. Estimations are received by numerical experiments on the 

fact data of the observations. 

Based on numerical experiments is investigated sensitivity of the runoff formation 

mathematical model, applied in conditions of the mountain district, concerning variability of its 

parameters. 

Influence of accuracy of the set these or those model parameters on quality of calculation of 

the hydrograph appreciably depends on a level of field of precipitations that causes parity between 

superficial and subsurface runoff. 

The received quantitative estimations of errors of calculation of the hydrographs of the rain 

floods allow understanding the importance of the separate model parameters and runoff formation 

processes, in it described. The most essential influence on the final results renders accuracy of 

division of water-formation by kinds of the runoff and definition of size of losses on the superficial 

detention of water. However, at the description of these processes there are difficulties because of 

absence of the convincing aprioristic information for the set of the corresponding parameters. Other 

model parameters, which define intensity of evaporation, filtration, an exhaustion of the saved up 

water equivalent in a river network and adjusting influence of the catchment, can be established with a 

sufficient degree of accuracy on the basis of the available given hydrometeorological observations. 

_________________ 

THE FLOOD OF THE OPEN CUT COAL MINING OF DANUBE CATCHMENT AREA 

Riti Adrian 

‘’Politehnica” University of Timisoara, Faculty of Hydrotechnics, G. Enescu St., no.1 a , 300022 

Timisoara, Romania, e-mail adrianriti@yahoo.com 

This paper presents the specific elements of location in Romania, Jiu catchment area, 

respectively Danube catchment area, of the open cut coal mining correlated with catchment area 

characteristics. 

Are taken in consideration: the shape of surrounding land, hydro geological and geological 

conditions, physical-mechanical property of rocks, the qualitative characteristic of mineral useful 

substance, the depth of limit exploitation, the position of construction from the surface. 

The exploitation of coal in hard hydro geological conditions is generally difficult and imposes 

the realization of some drainage works which are very important for the bed-mining in normal 

conditions of work and security of peoples and of the equipment used in exploitation. 

In the open cut coal mining is the possibility of appearance of some water eruption and floods, 

with specifically consequence on the catchment area. This is a consequence of some important 

quantity of precipitation in correlation with deterioration of drainage system and repletion of land with 

water from anterior rain. 

A distinguished importance for an activity without hardness, delayers, and production lost is 

open cut coal mining floods prevention. 

62




To prevent the floods we must know the open cut coal mining flooding risk before taking any 

prevention measures 

To prevent the open cut coal mining floods we must maintain functional the hydro technical 

improvement and works for torrent extinction and interception of water access in the mining perimeters 

and also we must assure collection and rhythmical discharge of open cut coal mining waters. 

The waters from infiltration and precipitation must be collected through the guard channels on 

every step and from the quarry cut-off through draining channels filled with the ballast and from here 

they will flow in the pump station of the open cut coal mining 

Is necessary at the same time to entertain the undiverted riverbeds, crooks and waterbeds 

from deviated water. 

Mine site water management seeks to control or manage various hydrological process with 

outcomes that fluctuate randomly. Although rare, extreme outcomes can occur with potentially 

devastating consequences. 

Keywords: catchment area, water drainage, coal mine 

_________________ 

ALGORITHMS FOR OPERATIVE CONTROL OF THE FLOOD PASSAGE 

Stary, M. 1 – Dolezal, P. 1 – Jaros, L. 1 

1 VUT FAST ÚVHK, Zizkova 17, Brno, Czech Republic, stary.m@fce.vutbr.cz 

The substance of this contribution is the description of construction and application of 

controlling algorithms, which in maximum possible way enable to influence effectively, with operative 

runoff control, the natural rainfall – runoff process in river basin during flooding and to prevent, or to 

reduce flood flows and flood damage. For the construction of controlling algorithms the combination of 

optimal programming methods and selected methods of artificial intelligence is used (principle of 

adaptability, fuzzy–regulators and neural networks). The case study documents achieved results. 

For the use of a fuzzy regulator, chosen from the artificial intelligence methods, the approach 

was selected, where the relationship between discrete points of space of solution inputs and 

corresponding controlling quantities (outflows from the reservoirs) is not solved in advance. On the 

contrary, at every time point, in which the controlling quantity is required to be changed, the values of 

controlling flows will be calculated; based on the actual state of the system and estimation of future 

inflows (rainfall prediction) with the help of the optimization algorithm. It is possible to use the 

simulation model with the chosen optimized parameters, which are the unknown controlling flows. A 

part of this algorithm is a fuzzy regulator, which in connection with the controlling flow value at every 

step determinates, in succession, the value of controlled quantity (controlled outflow) and all partial 

water outflows from the reservoir. The course of action and controlled quantities are then changed 

almost continuously (Starý, 2001). 

The advantage of fuzzy regulators, tested on the number of applications of operative control 

simulation, is their simplicity at fuzzy inference system (FIS) construction and considerable stability of 

regulation circuit. Their weak point, with the use of MATLAB environment with Fuzzy Logic Toolbox, is 

their use is time consuming, which reduces the possibility to use constructed controlling algorithms for 

operative control of complicated systems in practice. The second problematic point is, that the authors 

in this development environment did not succeed in compiling the constructed programs into self 

starting *.exe files (observing the instructions). Therefore it was decided to assess the possibility of the 

fuzzy inference system with the neural network, which can be easily used in programming of the same 

controlling algorithm in other programming language (transfer of topology, weight and transmission 

biases) and simple use of FIS approximation matrix for linear interpolation between outputs Δu 

corresponding with periodically spaced inputs e and Δe in input space. FIS Approximation matrix is 

constructed with the help of two nested loops, which are used in MATLAB environment for repeatedly 

calls of corresponding debugged FIS with given fixed steps of e and Δe changes. FIS for various 

63




combinations of e and Δe then calculates corresponding values of Δu. The corresponding values of e, 

Δe, Δu, which create rows of approximation matrix, are saved into the text file. The approximation 

matrix is then used as a training matrix for training of the neural network. As an alternative it is 

possible for calculation of Δu sharp value for e and Δu given sharp values of inputs during the program 

run to use, in simplified way, an appropriate interpolation function. In MATLAB environment INTERP2 

function was used, which enables linear interpolation directly in an approximation matrix. 

The case study of the system control with two reservoirs documents the achieved results, 

which univocally prove the possibility of replacement the fuzzy regulator by the neural regulator, or by 

the method of linear approximation in FIS approximation matrix. 

Literatura 

Starý, M. (2001): Operative Control of Water Outflow from the Reservoir during Flooding, 6 p., 

MATLAB 2001, Prague 

_________________ 

THE ASSESSMENT OF THE SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF THE PHREATIC LEVELS BY A 

COMFORT INDEX AND THE EOF METHOD (EMPIRICAL ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS), A CASE 

STUDY FOR THE NW PART OF ROMANIA 

Phys. Res. Tanase Elena, 

NIHWM, Sos. Bucuresti-Ploiesti 96, Bucharest, ROMANIA, elena.tanase@hidro.ro 

Dr.Ing. Bretotean Mihai 

NIHWM, Sos. Bucuresti-Ploiesti 96, Bucharest, ROMANIA, mihai.bretotean@hidro.ro 

1. The comfort index method is a spatial variability study method, defined with the aim to 

diagnose and measure the climate change impact on phreatic levels in space. 

The phreatic anomalies are sensitive to climate change under the North Atlantic Oscillation 

(NAO), which is the major perturbation during the cold season in Romania; hence the relation phreatic 

anomalies-temperature-precipitation is taken into consideration: 

The maximum impact of the climatic change under the NAO perturbation for the phreatic 

ai 

anomalies is defined by the index “I”, and in percents by the I% index: I % = 100 −∑ 

pi • , a1 

i amax 

i 

is the anomaly of phreatic levels, a2 is the standard deviation of phreatic levels, in winter and a3 is the 

frequency of snow cover in January (in days -1 ); pi+p2+p3=100, p1=50, p2=10, p3=40 chosen under 

the assumption of normality, in a subjective way. 

Interpretation: I% minimum corresponds to the maxim climate change and I% maximum 

corresponds to minimum climate change impact (light areas on the map). Analyzing the spatial 

representation of “I%”, it is found that the climate change impact is space-variable, increasing from 

North to South and from East to West, stronger in the Crisuri river basin. 

2. The EOF method is a spatial pattern method evaluating the spatial variability pattern along 

the temporal variability through the eigenvalues and eigenvectors. The dominant spatial pattern of 

variability of the phreatic levels in the analyzed spatial domain arise from the slow variation in the lowfrequencies 

domain of the main forcing, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The original data set can 

be “constructed” applying the equation: 

Y( t) 

= Y( 

t) 

+ ∑ P Cn 

• EOF mod e 

n 

n 

The EOF1 pattern is associated to the main perturbation under NAO mode; it explains 72.49% 

of variability. The EOF2 pattern is associated to the mean conditions and explains 9% of variability; it 

is best described by the NAO DJFM index. 

64




3. Conclusions 

- The EOF method provides a complete description of the spatial and temporal variability, 

through the main eigenvalues and eigenvectors: in general (EOFs1,2) the lowest 

eigenvalues( largest eigenvectors) express the influence of the long-term dynamic 

behavior under the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). 

- The spatial variability is increasing from North to South and from East to West as shown 

by the comfort index I% and the main EOFs. 

- The NAO+ number is the leading number associated to the North Atlantic Oscillation for 

the temporal evolution of phreatic levels: when NAO + is increasing, the phreatic levels 

are lowering. The phreatic anomaly is well correlated to the number of NAO+ events 

(when NAO index positive and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is in positive phase) 

associated to drought conditions and the high depth of phreatic levels. 

_________________ 


Ulaga Florjana, M.Sc. 

florjana.ulaga@gov.si 

Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, Vojkova 1b, Ljubljana, Slovenia 

Hydrology service of Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia is also carrying out 

systematic measurements of concentration and transport of suspended sediment in rivers. The 

purpose of suspended sediment measurements is to determine the total amount of suspended load 

sediment concentration and sediment transport at specific place along the river in one year and in long 

period. 

One of the important documents that integrate the river basin management in Europe is Water 

Framework Directive which also determinate definitions for high, good and moderate ecological status 

in rivers. One of the characteristics of surface water body types on which ecologically characterization 

of environmental status should be done is also substratum of the river. This means, that it is 

necessary to know the characteristics of changes in river bad and the transport of suspended solid in 

rivers. To assure high water quality status it is important to consider river continuity as one of the 

hydro morphological quality elements. The river has high quality status if the continuity of the river is 

not disturbed by anthropogenic activities and allows undisturbed migration of aquatic organisms and 

sediment transport. 

The beginnings of monitoring of sediment transport in Slovenia, date back to 1955 when 

sampling started in the catchment area of the Savinja River. A regular monitoring of suspended 

material concentration on the rivers Mura and Vipava has been taking place since 1985. The number 

of sampling points on the Sava River is subject to change. In year 2006 in monitoring network are 

included stations on 13 rivers. On seven rivers concentration of suspended sediment is measured 

every day and on six rivers only in time of extreme hydrological situations. The result is determination 

of transport of suspended sediment in river, which is product of measured concentration and 

discharge. Multi annual mean values of transported suspended material of the Mura River is about 

323 thousand tons, of the Savinja River is about 304 thousand tons and of the Vipava River is about 

25 thousand tons in one year. On the basis of the catchment area knowledge, the decrease of earth 

surface in the hinterland of individual stations can be estimated. In this way, the following estimate is 

possible: in similar hydrological and erosion conditions as registered in the 50-year period, the surface 

of the Mura River catchment area would lower on average for 21mm, the catchment area of the 

Savinja River for 70mm and of the Vipava River for 18mm in thousand years. 

65




_________________ 

FLOODS AND CLIMATE CHANGE, STUDY ABOUT 1000 YEARS OF DANUBE FLOODS IN 

AUSTRIA 

Wachter Karl 1 

1 Department of Water Management, Expert Unit, Government of Lower Austria 

3423 Wördern, Korngasse 7, Austria. Email: k.wachter@utanet.at 

(At present Detached National Expert at the European Commission DG Joint Research Centre, 

Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra, Italy. Email: karl.wachter@jrc.it) 

We find written reports about flood occurrences on the Upper Danube as far back as the 11 th 

century, mainly in chronicles of monasteries, parishes and cities. Also, many historic flood marks still 

exist. It was of interest to compare the flood occurrences of the past 1000 years with climate change 

data of the same period. This study focused especially on temperature fluctuations for this long period. 

The first report considered is from the year 1012 and the last great flood on the Danube River was in 

August 2002. In this study we consider flood reports only upstream of Vienna. The accuracy of the 

flood records depends on the reporters that described the occurrences; nevertheless it gives an 

impression about the importance of the flood under the prevailing circumstances. Extreme floods arise 

in the period 1000 - 2002 as well in relative cold ages as in relative warm ages. A significant influence 

or relation between great floods and climate change in form of the average-temperature is not visible 

in the long period of 1000 years. To use only short observation periods to calculate a trend is not really 

reliable. 

Keywords: Danube River, historical floods, climate change, flood marks 

_________________ 

LISFLOOD MODELLING IN THE DANUBE BASIN 

Wachter Karl 1,5 ), Kalas Milan 2,6 ), Szabo Janos 3,7 ), de Roo Ad 4 ) 

1 ) European Commission DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, 

21020 Ispra, Italy. Email: karl.wachter@jrc.it 


21020 Ispra, Italy. Email: milan.kalas@jrc.it 


21020 Ispra, Italy. Email: janos.szabo@jrc.it 


21020 Ispra, Italy. Email: ad.de-roo@jrc.it 

5 ) Detached National Expert from Department of Water Management, 

Government of Lower-Austria, 3109 St.Pölten, Austria. 

6 ) Detached National Expert from Department of Land and Water Resources Management, 

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia 

7 ) Detached National Expert from H-EURAqua Water-Environmental Consulting Engineering, 

Organizing, Developing and Trading Ltd., Szentendre, Hungary 

The flooding experienced throughout central Europe in August 2002 and also in east Europe 

2005 are the most recent examples of the damages caused by unforeseen weather driven natural 

hazards. In response to these flood events, the European Commission started the development and 

pre-operational testing of a European Flood Alert System (EFAS). The Danube has been selected as 

one of the pilot catchments. It is a very challenging river basin in the sense that is one of the biggest 

catchments in Europe with about 800.000 km 2 and sharing with 18 countries. For the Danube, the 

European Flood Alert System contributes also to the basin-wide improvement of flood forecasting as 

defined in the Danube Flood Action Plan of the ICPDR, agreed by the Ministers of the Danube 

66




countries in December 2004. The hydrological model used for EFAS is the LISFLOOD model, which 

has been specifically designed for simulation of rainfall-runoff processes in large river catchments. 

Detailed calibration and validation studies are being performed for the pilot catchments including 

Danube. For this purpose high resolution data from National Water Authorities are collected, preprocessed, 

and incorporated in the LISFLOOD model. JRC staff and Detached National Experts from 

Austria, Hungary and Slovak Republic are developing, testing and evaluating the modeling system for 

the Danube river basin. The modeling work was started in the Upper Danube, the Morava River, the 

Drava and the Tisza River and at the moment the work is continued in downstream parts of the 

Danube basin, depending of the incoming and available data. The contribution presents the current 

state of development of the project in the Danube catchments, explains necessary steps in data 

processing and preparation for the modeling, and shows calibration and validation results. 

Keywords: Floods, Floods Forecasting, Flood Alert System, Hydrological Modelling, Transnational 

River Basin, Danube River 

_________________ 

HYDROLOGY OF PLITVICE LAKES AND THE UPPER KORANA – 

CORRELATION AND TRENDS 

Zwicker Gordana 1 , Rubinić Josip 2 , Kompar Dario 3 

1 Public Institution Plitvice Lakes Nacional Park, Conservation Research Center Ivo Pevalek, 53231 

Plitvička jezera, Croatia (zsc.gordana@np-plitvicka-jezera.hr) 

2 Faculty of Civil Engineering University of Rijeka, Department for Hydrotechnic and Geotehnic, 

V.C.Emina 5, 51.000 Rijeka, Croatia (jrubinic@gradri.hr) 

3 Crosco d.o.o., Vukovarska 18, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia (dario.kompar@crosco.hr) 

Plitvice Lakes are part of world’s protected natural heritage because of its distinctive and very 

sensitive biodynamic system characterized by growth of tufa barriers which are forming chain of the 

lakes. This paper presents the analysis of hydrological features of Plitvice Lakes area, as well as 

upper Korana River flow. Korana River begins its flow at the junction of waters coming from Plitvice 

Lakes and stream Plitvica. That first part of Korana River flow is characterized with the growth of new 

tufa barriers, but also with the significant water losses. Research conducted in this paper confirms that 

space and time differences of hydrological characteristics for inside one year and years long period 

are significant for the area. 

Registered decreasing trend of mean annual discharge in the observed area is also analyzed 

in the context of regional trend in Croatian karst area for the referent 30-years period (1961-90). The 

general regional dependence of mean annual discharge, decreasing discharge trends and the 

envelope of these correlations is determined. Resulted trend slope for the Kozjak – bridge station is on 

the right edge of anvelope of the highest registrated values for the wider regional area. Possible 

reason is the changes in character of water losses from the lake. This paper analyses correlation of 

water losses in upper Korana and Plitvice Lakes and state of hydrological circumstances using 

characteristic annual values and distribution of data inside one year. 

The results of conducted analysis indicate that water balance of upper Korana River flow is 

less than the inflow from the Plitvice Lakes, i.e. water losses from the river bed of Korana are bigger 

than the inflow during the major part of the year. 

Keywords: tufa barriers, Plitvice Lakes, water losses, trends, karst. 

67




68




EROSION, SEDIMENT TRANSPORT 

AND SEDIMENTATION 

69




70




_________________ 

ASSESSMENT OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN THE DANUBE RIVER 

Babić Mladenović Marina, Ph. D., Knezević Zoran, B. Sc, Tutulić Marija, B.Sc. 

Jaroslav Černi Institute for the Development of Water Resources 

Jaroslava Ćernog Street, 80, 11226 Belgrade, Serbia 

Marina.Babic-Mladenovic@jcerni.co.yu 

A qualitative analysis of sediment transport in the backwater zone of the Iron Gate Reservoir 

revealed a very complex process which depends on a large number of natural factors and artificial 

influences and has a significant temporal and spatial dimension. The quantitative assessment of the 

sediment transport process in the backwater zone of the Iron Gate Reservoir was based on the 

conclusions of a previous quantitative analysis and the application of statistical methods to the data 

obtained from discharge and suspended sediment measurements in the upstream sectors of the 

reservoir on the Danube River. Empirical relations which may be used to analyze sediment transport 

along the Danube River were established. The established empirical functions are very significant in 

scientific and practical terms, since they can be employed in diverse engineering tasks which require 

expertise on sediment transport along the Danube in its natural or backwater conditions. 

Keywords: Danube, sediment, transport 

_________________ 

DISPERSION MODEL IN ANALYSIS OF TRANSPORT THROUGH STRATIFIED MEDIA 

Dimkić, M 1 . and Pušić, M. 2 

1 Institute for the Development of Water Resources „Jaroslav Černi”, Jaroslava Černog 80, 11226 

Pinosava, Beograd, Sebia 

jdjcerni@EUnet.yu 

2 Institute of Hydrogeology, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Djušina 7, Belgrade, Serbia 

mpusic@ptt.yu 

Tracer tests, conducted at the Žičko Polje Groundwater Source in the City of Kraljevo, opened 

several interpretation and simulation problems, especially with regard to the definition and 

quantification of the dispersion term in the groundwater transport equation. 

Geological investigations of the ground indicated three aquifer sedimentation cycles, whose 

seepage characteristics differed. 

The concept of an equivalent homogeneous aquifer was introduced to support the analysis; it 

is defined by a hydraulically-equivalent homogeneous aquifer which includes the coefficient of 

equivalent geometric dispersivity. 

However, during the course of model calibration, a three-layer model produced much better 

results. Varying seepage characteristics of the aquifer along the vertical are identified here as having 

a major influence on the coefficient of dispersivity. 

This example showed the importance of using a multi-layer model, even under conditions 

when it appears that the aquifer may be modeled as a single-layer aquifer. Numerical tests were also 

undertaken to determine how stratification might affect the definition of and variation in the coefficient 

of dispersivity. 

Keywords: Dispersion, transport equation, equivalent homogeneous aquifer. 

71




_________________ 

ESTIMATE OF RESERVOIR SILTING USING “EROSION POTENTIAL METHOD” 

Gavrilovic Zoran, Stefanovic Milutin, Milojevic Mileta and Cotric Jelena 

Institute for the Development of Water Resources "Jaroslav Cerni", 

11226 Beograd (Pinosava), Jaroslava Cernog 80, Serbia 

tel. (+381) 11-3906-461 fax: (+381) 11-3906-461 

Email: zgavrilo@Eunet.yu 

Sedimentation and siltation is a problem that directly affects the life span of the accumulations. 

Since the accumulations are built on appropriate sites which are rare they should last for at least fifty 

years. If it is possible they should last for several times longer period than mentioned. It can be 

achieved only by correct research of erosion intensity, appropriate calculating and timely anti-erosion 

measures. Mistakes done during periods of planning or construction have shortened the life span of 

existing accumulations, although, there are some assertive examples. 

Dams and reservoirs are very expensive structures which are built at least for one century or 

longer periods. The facts that the reservoir silting intensity is such that the planned life will be several 

times shorter are already determined after the first decades of monitoring. 

It is not always possible to protect the reservoir from sedimentation, and often such protection 

is too expensive. For this reason, the need of the reliable prognosis of the reservoir silting led to the 

development of several models of calculation of silting intensity already in the phase of the preliminary 

research and the selection of the dam site at which, in addition to other conditions, there is a 

proportionally low risk of silting. 

The most numerous group of models is the one in which erosion intensity is estimated based 

on the suspended sediment concentrations. These methods are suitable only for large-scale 

reservoirs on large lowland rivers. 

In the former Yugoslavia and Serbia, the most frequent dams and reservoirs were built on the 

watercourses of torrential character with a significant percentage of bed load. Calculation methods 

suitable for large lowland rivers underestimated the silting intensity several times. 

The method called “Erosion Potential Method” (EPM) has been developed for the mapping of 

erosion processes and erosion classification. Method is in official use for almost fifty years with 

permanent upgrading and developing. It has recently been upgraded and extended to include the GIS 

technology. This method is applied in watershed management analysis and calculations, global soil 

degradation by erosion, sediment yield, and sediment transport and reservoir siltation. Up to date 

development of this method contributed to high degree of reliability of sediment yield evaluation and 

sediment transport evaluation. The method consists of: 

Quantitative classification of erosion (1954) 

Quantitative sediment regime (1955) 

Torrent classification (1956) 

Methods of optimizing calculations of the volume of erosion control works (1958) 

The method was enhanced several times: 

Erosion Potential Method I phase (1966) 

Erosion Potential Method II phase (1968) 

Erosion Potential Method III phase (1986) 

Identification of erosion regions (1998) 

Development of information and GIS procedures and applications for EPM (1985 - to date). 

This paper presents long-term experience during “Erosion Potential Method” application and 

new procedures. 

Keywords: Erosion mapping, sediment calculating, siltation, erosion control measures, accumulation 

protection 

72




_________________ 

ASPECTS ON ELECTROMECHANICAL SENSORS OF SLIDING LAND AND RIVER EROSION 

IGNAT Mircea*, ZARNESCU George*, NEDELCU Lucia**, TELIPAN Gabriela* 

*National Institute for Electrical Engineering, Bucharest-INCDIE CA, 

mignat@icpe-ca.ro, zgcnet@yahoo.com, 

** Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering 

In Romania are effects of the hydrogeological phenomena and surface erosion processes; 

significant water discharges, floods hydrographs, drought and ice accumulating, impact of the climatic 

changes on the water resources and of the land. 

A disaster effect is the sliding and displacement of the land. 

In this way the monitoring and control of sliding land and river erosion is necessary and very 

important. A conventional solution is the topographical mapping and mark monitoring. 

The main parameters of the sliding land or river erosion phenomena are: 

� Displacement 

� Direction 

� Forces 

This paper presents the specific electromechanical sensors for monitoring this parameters: 

� Linear inductive sensors (displacement,forces) 

� Rotational electromechanical sensors (angular displacement and direction); rotative 

transformer, selsyne, resolver. 

There are described the specific structure, the electromechanical characteristics; electric 

voltage (output parameter ) function of displacement, direction or force (input parameters), the 

methods of mounting sensors,functional conditions and a case study of utilizing this sensor in 

monitoring the sliding land in Prahova valley in a Romanian research project. 

_________________ 

THE ROLE OF THE SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS IN TRANSPORTATION OF 137 Cs BY THE DANUBE 

RIVER 

Kanivets Volodymyr V. 

Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute (UHMI), Prospekt Nauki, 37, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine, email: 

kaniv@vent.kiev.ua 

In 1997-2002 the Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Service was conducting the regular 

observations on 137 Cs content in the water of the Ukrainian length of the Danube River (from Reni to 

Vilkovo). Sampling technology, which applied, allowed to conduct the separate determination of 137 Cs 

on the suspended sediments and in dissolved state. The data of observations for the sediment runoff 

at the head of Danube delta (Reni station, 55 mile) and in Kiliyskiy arm (Izmail and Vilkovo stations) 

were used for calculation of 137 Cs transport by the suspended sediments. 

The mean annual runoff of the suspended sediments at the head of delta constituted 43.5 

million t for the period 1962-1991. The mean annual turbidity at the head of delta and over the length 

of Kiliyskiy arm constituted 200 g/m 3 approximately. A sharp decrease in turbidity (in 2 times) at the 

Danube delta happened during 1989-1990 and mean turbidity for the period of 1992-2004 was the 

lowest for the entire history of observations in the region (90-100 g/m 3 ). This can be an evidence of 

general decrease of intensity of catchment erosion and, possibly, it is a consequence of anti-erosion 

measures taken in agriculture. 

73




Turbidity and granulometrical composition of the suspended sediments are identical at the 

head of the delta and along Kiliyskiy arm; also the suspended sediments runoff and turbidity of water 

at the Danube delta remains stable during the last decade. Danube delta is a transit zone for the siltyclayey 

particles, share of which in suspension constitutes about 80-85%. 

As demonstrated by calculations, in 1998-2002 about 75-80% of 137 Cs was transported by 

suspended sediments and 20-25% was transported in dissolved form. It was revealed that about 80% 

of 137 Cs is associated with silty-clayey particles, which are the products of catchment erosion and 

which represents so-called transit fraction of sediments. There is a close correlation between the 

content of “suspended” 137 Cs (Bq/m 3 ) in water and the turbidity of water (kg/m 3 ). 

During 1998-2002 there was an insignificant gradual decrease of the mean annual 

concentration of the dissolved 137 Cs in water of the Danube River (from 0,48 to 0,39 Bq/m 3 ), mainly 

due to the decrease of 137 Cs in the contact layer of catchement soils as a result of natural decay of this 

radionuclide and its deepening into the soil due to diffusion and convective transfer. 

The level of contamination of the suspended sediments by 137 Cs had decreased from 22±12 

Bq/kg in 1998 to 12±6 Bq/kg in 2002. Such decrease could be due to the natural radioactive decay 

and possible decrease of inflow of the fine particles from the catchment. 

The values of 137 Cs partition coefficient, which is equal to the ratio of concentrations of 137 Cs in 

solid and liquid phases, were calculated on the basis of 125 measurements of the 137 Cs 

concentrations in the dissolved form and in the particulate form at the Izmail station during 1998-2002. 

Kp values are being changed in the wide range. It is possible that such changes are 

determined, in first turn, by changes in the granulometrical composition of the suspended sediments. It 

should be noted that the upper limit for Kp is the same for each year – about 130 000 l/kg. The highest 

Kp values could have been observed when fine clayey particles dominated in composition of the 

suspended sediments. 

_________________ 

MONITORING SEDIMENT TRANSPORT REGIME IN THE TORRENTS OF SERBIA 

Kostadinov Stanimir 

Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade University 

Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia 

E-mail: kost@EUnet.yu 

The process of sediment transport in natural watercourses is very complex. Monitoring and 

measurement of sediment transport in natural watercourses are very complex, delicate and expensive. 

This is the reason why psamological measurement is much less organised and widespread than 

hydrological monitoring. The consequence is a great number of psalmologically unresearched 

watercourses. This refers especially to torrents, in which water discharge is very rarely measured, and 

sediment transport is measured only very rarely for the needs of a scientific project. 

Sediment transport measurement in torrents is a very difficult problem. The difficulties 

originate from the torrential nature. During the greater part of the year torrents are characterised by a 

low water discharge and then there is no sediment transport (some of them are even temporarily dry). 

After intensive rainfall and flood waves, torrents transport great quantities of sediment, so then it is not 

possible to use any instruments for water discharge and sediment transport measurement (except 

floats for measurement surface flow velocity). For this reason, evidently, the classical hydrometric and 

psamological methods for water discharge and sediment transport measurement cannot be applied in 

torrents. In this case, in the study of water and sediment regime, stationary and expeditional research 

and measurements adapted to torrent nature are applied. 

This paper presents the measurement method and the regime of suspended sediment and 

bedload transport in torrents, on the example of the torrents Dubošnički Potok, Lonjinski Potok and 

Djurinovac Potok in West Serbia and Lješraska Dolina in Southeast Serbia. The research shows that 

74




more than 80% of the total annual water discharge and more than 90% of the total annual sediment 

transport occur during the flood waves. 

Keywords: monitoring, suspended sediment and bedload, sediment transport, sediment regime. 

_________________ 

COMPREHENSIVE MONITORING CONCEPT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INTEGRATED DANUBE 

RIVER ENGINEERING PROJECT BETWEEN VIENNA AND BRATISLAVA 

Liedermann Marcel 1 , Tritthart Michael 1 , Habersack Helmut 1 

1 Institute of Water management, Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering 

Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment 

University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna 

Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria 

E-Mail: marcel.liedermann@boku.ac.at 

One of the last free flowing reaches of the Danube River in Austria, between Vienna 

(Freudenau) and the Austrian-Slovak border (Bratislava), is currently subject to an integrated river 

engineering and restoration project. The reach, heavily regulated at the end of the 19 th century, is 

today a critical spot for inland navigation due to water depth, characterised by a steady riverbed 

erosion of 2 to 3.5 cm per year. Water depth is too low and fluctuates too much during the seasons to 

provide reliable and competitive navigation conditions. Furthermore most of the region is part of the 

National Park “Donau Auen”, which leads to a high public interest regarding the ecological situation. 

The sediment balance is in danger and may cause serious ecological problems. Hence the Austrian 

Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology (BMVIT) and the ViaDonau launched the 

“Integrated River Engineering Project to the East of Vienna” with three main objectives: 

1. To reduce riverbed erosion by adding larger gravel sizes within the natural grain 

size spectrum. 

2. To improve navigation conditions, particularly during low flow periods, by raising 

water levels using modified groyne shapes. 

3. To achieve improved ecological conditions by riparian restoration measures and the 

reconnection of side arms. 

In order to ensure effectiveness of the measures planned, a comprehensive monitoring 

concept is compiled. It covers and interrelates both abiotic and biotic investigations to allow integrative 

conclusions. In a first step the measures are applied to a 3 km test reach where the effectiveness of 

measures and the monitoring concept can be approved. The following implementation over the entire 

length of 40km is divided into five sections. It is planned to accompany the construction process by 

monitoring presumably until the year 2017. 

The abiotic part of the monitoring concept, which has been developed at the University of 

Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, consists of several work packages which include 

measurements concerning hydrology and hydraulics, sediment budget and transport, changes in 

morphology, river bed deformation and considerations regarding navigation. Besides the usual range 

of measurements like water depth, discharge and 3D velocities, methods of direct shear stress 

measurements will be tested and intensive bed load and suspended sediment measurements will be 

performed. Furthermore an extensive amount of numerical simulations is planned. For instance a 

high-resolution 3-D flow simulation model covering sections of untypical length (partially up to 12 km) 

and a sediment transport simulation model will be applied. The objective is the development of a 

sediment balance model which has the ability to estimate transportation loads and riverbed evolution 

when morphology has been modified. Another main focus lies on biotic simulations as habitat 

modelling for some characteristic fish species and for makrozoobenthos, carried out by the University 

of Vienna. Niches of ecological importance like anabranches, shallow zones and sections where river 

widening takes place will be monitored intensively. The paper gives an overview of the abiotic 

monitoring concept, the current project status and first experiences of the integrative measurements. 

75




_________________ 

HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ALLUVIUM TRANSPORT BETWEEN BAZIAS AND CALAFAT 

BEFORE AND AFTER HYDRO-ENERGETIC SYSTEM IRON GATES BUILDING 

Lupescu Daniel, Dumitrascu Marcela Florentina 

Jiu Water Directorates Craiova, Nicolae Romanesc Bd., Nr. 54, Craiova, Romania 

daniel.lupescu@daj.rowater.ro, marcela.dumitrascu@daj.rowater.ro 

After hydro-energetic and navigable system Iron Gates building, some changes showed up in 

alluvial soil leakage regime and in the riverbed dynamics. The Danube sector who was analyzed 

(Bazias-Calafat) it is monitored by National Administration “Romanian Water”–Jiu Water Directorates. 

The alluvial material it usually classifies by his transport way in: suspended sediments and bed load, in 

fact those are the principal categories that matter in practical calculations. The sediment discharge is 

an important factor for an accurately projection and exploitation of hydraulic structures. Before Danube 

barrage to Iron Gates, it was generally measure the suspended sediments, bed load measurements 

was some few. On the basis of existing data to hydrometric station Orsova it was determine daily 

alluvium discharge[R, kg/s] (and then monthly and annually average and extreme discharges), in this 

way a correlation between these and monthly discharges [Q, m³/s] it is establish. A comparison 

between this values prove that the multi-annual storage value resulted for analyzed time, for this 

station it was 1150kg/s. From analogous calculations, but based on existents data from many 

hydrometric stations afterwards turned up, comparatively with previous situation before Danube 

barrage to Iron Gates, it result that it was considerably influence the limitation of alluvium discharge. 

Alluvium discharge has a remarkable importance into practice. From sedimentation in the places with 

slow speed show up the clogging storage phenomena, navigable depth it decrease etc. The 

knowledge of river alluvium is necessary for realize those measures who stop or decrease the harmful 

effects of sedimentation. For signal danger decrease it require many measures like: maximal decrease 

of soil erosion from the catchment and from lake versants, afforestation works, terrassements, sills, 

banks slide stopping, ploughland on the contour lines, torrents arrange etc. 

Keywords: alluvium, Danube, sedimentation, Iron Gates, discharge 

_________________ 

ASSESSMENT OF SEDIMENT SUPPLIED TO A SMALL WATER RESERVOIR 

AT KREMPNA 

Michalec Bogusław, Tarnawski Marek 

rmmichbo@cyf-kr.edu.pl 

The work presents results of computations of sediment amount supplied to a small water 

reservoir at Krempna. The studies comprised the mountain part of the Wisłoka river basin closed by 

the water reservoir profile at Krempna. In result of a detailed elaboration of physiographic parameters 

for the Wisłoka river partial basin, the outflow denudation value was determined using Reniger-Dębski 

and Branski methods. The amount of sediment outflowing from the catchment was also computed by 

DR-USLE and MUSLE methods. Results of hydrological measurements, i.e. flow and corresponding 

concentration of suspended sediment load in the cross section of the Wisłoka river above the reservoir 

made possible calculation of the real quantity of outflowing sediment. The computations considered 

diversification of suspended sediment concentrations in the river cross-section. For that reason 

hydrometric verticals were determined in which suspended sediment concentration was measured on 

different heights. The results of these measurements allowed to calculate the sediment transport using 

van Rijn method. 

The reservoir at Krempna collects water in the period from May to November and is emptied in 

the other half-year. It was found that the average sediment inflow to the Krempna reservoir during the 

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May-November half-year has been respectively 18.67 thous. t·0.5 year -1 by Reniger-Dębski method, 

8.27 thous. t·0.5 year -1 by Brański method and 4.12 thous. t·0.5 year -1 by DR-USLE method, 2.85 

thous. t·0.5 year -1 by MUSLE method and 4.41 thous. t·0.5 year -1 according to measurements. 

Computations of suspended sediment load using van Rijn method were carried out on the basis of two 

measurements made at mean flows in the Wisłoka river. The results obtained by the methods applied 

were compared with results of the Krempna reservoir silting measurements. 

Keywords: suspended load, concentration of suspended sediment, sediment transport, reservoir 

silting 

_________________ 

DYNAMICS OF THE DELTA COASTLINE AS AN INDICATOR OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE 

CHILIA DELTA AT THE DANUBE MOUTH 

Mikhailova M.V. 1 , Cheroy A.I. 2 , Mikhailov V.N. 3 

1 Water Problems Institute, Russain Academy of Sciences, Gubkina 3, Moscow, 119991 Russia, 

maria@aqua.laser.ru 

2 Danube Hydrometeorological Observatory, Geroev Stalingrada 36, Izmail, 68600 

Ukraine, dhmo@te.net.ua 

3 Moscow State University, Vorob’evy gory, Moscow, 119992 

Russia, vmikh@hydro.geogr.msu.su 

The Danube delta is the second largest delta in Europe. The hydrographic network of this 

delta consists of the systems of four main branches: the Chilia (the most water-abundant and braided), 

Tulcea, Sulina, and Gheorghe. At the mouth of the Chilia branch, there is an active advancing 

subdelta (the Chilia Delta), which includes numerous islands and branches. 

The aim of the paper is to reveal the peculiarities of the delta coastline dynamics at the mouth 

of the Chilia branch. The paper is based on the results of joint investigations of the Danube 

Hydrometeorological Observatory, Institute of Water Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences and 

Moscow State University (Faculty of Geography). To study the changes of the delta coastline during 

1972–2005, authors applied hydrological-statistical and balance methods, special field investigations, 

and analysis of space images. 

The basic factor responsible for the formation of the Chilia Delta over the last 250 years was 

the sediment runoff of the Danube River and the Chilia branch. In 1960–1980, the Danube River flow 

was regulated by numerous reservoirs. In spite of the increased irreversible water losses, the period of 

1961–2002 turned out to be much more water abundant (211 km 3 /year) that the period of natural 

regime from 1840 to 1920 (193 km 3 /year). The water runoff of the Danube River during the period of 

1972–2005 was higher, then during the full period of observations (1840–2005). Unlike the water 

runoff, the suspended sediment runoff was subjected to dramatic anthropogenic reduction. Over the 

periods of 1961–1970, 1971–1984, and 1985–2002, the mean values of suspended sediment runoff of 

the Danube River made up 48.0, 45.8, and 28.5 million t/year, respectively, which was far less than 

the values observed in previous periods (62.8 million t/year in 1840–1920). The main reason for the 

suspended sediment runoff reduction in the lower reaches of the river is associated with sedimentation 

in Iron Gate-I and -II reservoirs. 

The Chilia branch began to build its delta in the middle of the 18th century, and in the 18–19th 

centuries it was one of the most dynamical deltas of the world. At present, the Chilia Delta is one of 

the largest advancing deltas on the coasts of the Black Sea. The Chilia Delta underwent four stages of 

development: the branchless stage; the stage with few branches; the multi-branch stage; and again 

the stage with few branches (starting in 1956). Approximately, until 1930, the Chilia Delta coastline 

was classified as a fluvial-dominated type, i.e., each branch formed a small promontory, and such 

promontories were separated by small bays. Over the period of 1957–1980, the length of the delta 

coastline decreased by 10 km. The coastline began to smooth out, its progradation into the sea 

slowed down, number of the delta branches reduced. The type of the coastline changed from fluvial- 

77




dominated to wave-dominated. In 1972–2002, the Chilia Delta increment made up 21.4 km 2 , and the 

abrasion equaled 14.0 km 2 , so the delta area increased by 7.4 km 2 (0.25 km 2 /year). The stormy 

activity resulted in formation of new accumulative spits along the coastline. 

Changes of the morphometric characteristic (the delta area, the alluvial fan volume, the delta 

coastline length, etc.) closely connect with the sediment runoff variations. The decisive role of 

sediment runoff in the development of the Chilia delta can be confirmed by the dependence of the 

delta area and the volume of the alluvial fan on the cumulative sediment runoff (i.e., the sum of 

sediments for the period of delta formation up to the respective moment) of the branch. 

This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grants № 04-05- 

64149, № 05-05-65110). 

_________________ 

THE SAVA RIVER IMPOUNDMENT AT MAVČIČE AND GROUNDWATER REGIME OF KRANJSKO 

– SORŠKO POLJE ALLUVIAL AQUIFERS 

MIKULIČ Zlatko M.Sc., SAVIĆ Vlado, GALE Urša, ANDJELOV Mišo Ph.D. 

Agencija Republike Slovenije za okolje; 

zlatko.mikulic@rzs-hm.si; miso.andjelov@gov.si 

Alluvial aquifers of Kranj and Sora plain (Kranjsko-Sorško polje in Slovenian) along the Sava 

River in Slovenia (Figure 1) are among the most abundant in groundwater in the whole country. It is 

estimated that total groundwater discharge from aquifers into the Sava and the Sora rivers amounts at 

least to three times the drink water consumption quantity of the nearby capital Ljubljana, even during 

most severe droughts. The groundwater regime of both aquifers is highly influenced by the Sava 

River. Twenty years ago in 1986 the Sava River canyon at the section from Kranj to Mavčiče village 

was impounded for the purpose of hydroelectric production in Mavčiče hydroelectric power plant, 

some fifteen kilometres upstream of Ljubljana. This construction led to an interesting course of 

processes regarding groundwater level regime, groundwater flow direction and groundwater reserves. 

_________________ 

ONE-DIMENSIONAL MULTI-STRIP TRANSPORT MODEL FOR LONG DISTANCE SEDIMENT 

TRANSPORT IN NAVIGATION CHANNELS, CASE STUDY THE RIVER ELBE 

Prohaska Sandra, Westrich Bernhard 

University of Stuttgart, Institute of Hydraulic Engineering (IWS), Pfaffenwaldring 61, 70 569 Stuttgart, 

Germany, 

e-mail: sandra.prohaska@iws.uni-stuttgart.de 

Many European rivers are being regulated using groyne structures, which have a great 

influence on the flow and suspended sediments transport. Fine sediments associated with 

contaminants are deposited in the groyne fields and could be resuspended and remobilised by high 

erosive flood events. The exchange process of suspended sediment between a main channel and 

adjacent groyne fields is a key process of sediment transport in such waterways. 

To describe long-term and large scale transport processes, a one-dimensional model is 

suitable. For assessing the resuspension, transport and redeposition of the very fine sediments 

deposited in the groyne fields, a one-dimensional multi-strip model has been developed, which allows 

to account for the exchange between the side strips and the main channel. The model is based on a 

finite difference formulation focussing on flow and suspended sediment transport in three river 

compartments. The one-dimensional 3-strip model comprises the flow and transport equations 

coupled by exchange parameters between the strips. Due to the complex flow field inside the groyne 

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field, the exchange coefficient is determined by a 2-d flow model and entered to the 1-d model. The 

exchange terms are determined according to the river discharge. When the water level is lower than 

the groyne crest the exchange process between the strips is dominant. When the groynes are 

completely submerged advective flow occurs, which can be approximately captured by the 1-d model. 

This study aims at modelling the interaction between the groyne fields and the main channel of 

38 km long stretch of the river Elbe during extreme flood event occurred in August 2002. The River 

Mulde, left tributary, was severely polluted by wastewater from the mining and chemical industries 

discharged to the river. Therefore, the modelled area starts around 3 km upstream of the mouth of the 

Mulde. The goal was to determine the effect of the flood on the deposited sediments in groyne fields 

along the River Elbe, due to urgent issues about the impact of resuspended contaminants on the 

aquatic environment. 

Generally, during the first 14 days of simulated period, deposition was the dominant process, 

where about 771 m 3 of sediments were deposited. Within the next 12 days erosion occurred with the 

maximum eroded volume of about 50000 m 3 . Erosion of deposited suspended sediments started and 

ended when the discharge was approximately 1400 m 3 /s. 

The results showed that before the extreme flood, deposition in the groyne fields occurred. 

During the flood, the erosion of the main channel was dominant. However, erosion of some deposited 

material in the groyne fields occurred as well, with the maximum erosion depth of about 2.2 cm in the 

right groyne field at km 285.9. Furthermore, 17% of the total eroded sediments eroded from the 

groyne fields. Erosion in the groyne fields started 1 day after the erosion in the main channel occurred. 

The multi-strip model and its use could be extended to all rivers if the division of crosssectional 

flow areas, in terms of different flow velocities and depths, is relevant. The modelled results 

showed that erosion and deposition occur in the same cross-section at the same time. Deposited 

material in some groyne fields during low discharge was eroded during flood event. 

Nevertheless, further use could be for flood events when the flow characteristics of flooded 

areas are different from the ones in a main channel. Also, the deposition of eroded material from the 

river bed to the flood plains is important when the eroded sediments are contaminated and flood plains 

are used for agricultural purposes. 

Keywords: suspended sediment transport, exchange, groyne fields, Elbe, 1-d modelling, multi-strip 

method. 

_________________ 

FIELD INVESTIGATION OF GRAVEL RIVERBEDS BY FREEZE-PANEL SAMPLER 

Rakoczi Laszlo 

VITUKI Environmental Protection and Water Management Research Institute 

H-1453 Budapest, P.O. Box 27, Hungary, lrakoczi@axelero.hu 

The first results of a freeze-panel bed material sampling project are presented. Freezing 

enables to take undisturbed samples from gravelly streambeds. Conclusions were drawn concerning 

the stratification in the upper 15-20 cm thick layer of the bed, the effect of flow regime on the grainsize 

composition, the reliability of drag-pipe samplers, the shape of coarse gravels and provided grainroughness 

data for the calibration of 2D flow numerical models. 

Keywords: gravel-bed Rivers, freeze-panel samplers, undisturbed samples. 

79




_________________ 

SOIL EROSION IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA 

Summer Wolfgang 

FH-Campus Vienna, Civil Engineering-Management, Daumegasse 1/2, A-1100 Vienna, Austria, email: 

office@w-summer.org 

Due to the breakdown of the former Soviet Union, the centrally organized large-scale 

agricultural structures became obsolete as markets for agricultural products disappeared overnight. 

The Republic of Moldova was left with an energy- and cost-intensive agricultural infrastructure. It was 

impossible to quickly adopt the existing infrastructure to the regional needs of the country. In addition, 

natural processes such as drought, soil losses due to extensive landslides, wind erosion, degradation 

of soil fertility and many other negative erosion-related impacts threatened the agricultural productivity 

of the soils as well as agricultural economy and the wealth of the rural population. It is estimated that 

soil erosion in Moldova results in a financial loss of 45–55 million € annually. The lack of available 

information and data on natural processes as well as the lack of legal and strategic guidance to 

farmers can be seen as a major cause of the devastating situation of the country. 

Keywords: benefits; costs; institutions; legislation; Moldova; policy; soil erosion and conservation. 

_________________ 

HYDROLOGICAL AND INSTRUMENTED ASPECTS ON MONITORING AND ANALYSING 

SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CROSSING INTERNATIONAL BORDERS 

Summer Wolfgang, Schindl Georg, Studnicka Markus, Eckelhart Alexandra 

FH-Campus Vienna, Civil Engineering-Management, Daumegasse 1/2, 

A-1100 Vienna, Austria, 

e-mail: office@w-summer.org 

The transport of suspended sediments in rivers and streams is a natural process, increasingly 

influenced by human activities. It has ecological as well as economic effects. In order to recognise and 

react on these changes in river basins it is important to record the quantities of suspended sediment in 

a technically correct as well as in a comparable way. The monitoring often has to be done on 

transboundary river systems. Technical discrepancies in the monitoring strategies as well as 

institutional, organisational and legal difficulties are a major problem in the setup of common 

standardized procedures. This paper summarises the outcome of the ICCE task force activity on a 

general “Guidance to standardization and comparison of methods used for evaluation of sediment 

transport crossing international borders”, focusing on hydraulic aspects as well as on monitoring 

techniques. 

Keywords: international, transboundary, monitoring, suspended, sediment, hydraulics 

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_________________ 

PROTECTION OF RIVER DANUBE FROM RIVER BED DEFORMATION 

Tadić Zdenko 

Hidroing d.o.o. Osijek, T. Smičiklasa 1, 31000 Osijek, Croatia, zdenkot@hidroing-os.hr 

Radeljak Ivan 

Hidroing d.o.o. Osijek, T. Smičiklasa 1, 31000 Osijek, Croatia, ivanr@hidroing-os.hr 

Kuspilić Neven 

Građevinski fakultet, Fra Andrije Kačića-Miošića 26, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, kuspa@grad.hr 

Tadić Lidija 

Građevinski fakultet, Crkvena 21, 31000 Osijek, Croatia, ltadic@gfos.hr 

Đuroković Zoran 

Hrvatske vode, Splavarska 2A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia, zoran.djurokovic@os.t-com.hr 

Haničar Davor 

Hrvatske vode, Splavarska 2A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia, handav@voda.hr 

Ištuk Miroslav 

Agencija za plovne putove unutarnjih voda, Prisavlje 14, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, 

agencija.plovni.putovi@vu.t-com.hr 

River Danube, as a main European river, is continuously changing its’ riverbed and 

embankments due to hydrological and morphological processes as well as human activities. Previous 

activities on river regulation and current situation imply that river section from kilometer 1380 up to 

kilometer 1433, from mouth of Drava River at Aljmaš up to Hungarian border, needs urgent 

measurement to prevent further bank erosion which is most intensive in Kopački rit area. Beside this, 

deposition of sediments in the river inside the shipping corridor needs long and intensive mitigation 

measures. 

In past period, there were no significant activities undertaken on protection of river banks in 

area of Nature Park Kopački rit, which resulted in greater erosion and negative impact on Nature Park. 

Right bank erosion process followed by subsidence of this area caused reduced embankment width to 

just few meters. Average erosion rates are as high as 60 meters in 30 years. This amount was 

calculated in region between river kilometer 1401 and 1407 where actual values range from 10 to 100 

meters. Considering the height of the riht river bank and morphology of the adjacent terrain the section 

between river kilometer 1400 and 1410 is the most endangerd. 

Fact that the Nature Park Kopački Rit is threatened by the embankment and riverbed erosion 

that would cause a great impact on the morphology and the wild life in Kopački Rit have initiated the 

Croatian Water Authority to start with urgent embankment protection activities at the most endangered 

locations. 

In order to prepare project documentation, hydrological activities and field investigations were 

undertaken to ensure relevant input data and valuable basis for mathematical modeling of stream flow. 

This project has the main goal to protect the most eroded part of the Danube River in Croatia 

(river kilometer 1400 to 1410) as a continuation from previous activities in order to provide basis for 

river regulation and shipping corridor. Beside this, project will be very useful basis for bilateral and 

trilateral cooperation due to fact that field measurements and cartography activities have been recently 

carried out (recent maps, river cross sections based on GPS, velocity and discharge measurements 

based on Doppler equipment etc.). 

Result of this project is proposal for river regulation and shipping corridor together with activity 

plan for Croatian side of the river. 

Keywords: River Danube regulation, riverbed deformation, river morphology, protection measures 

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_________________ 

THE DYNAMICS OF SEDIMENT DISCHARGE IN THE ROMANIAN SECTOR OF THE DANUBE 

RIVER 

Dr. TEODOR Sorin, ing. RADULESCU Carmen, ing. CIUCĂ Radu 

NIHWM 

sorin.teodor@hidro.ro 

The paper is based on an analysis of the evolution in time regarding the sediment discharge in 

the inferior section of the Danube River, between Bazias and Isaccea. 

The study has three objectives: the first objective – assessment of total sediment discharge, 

and the assessment of the second component, the bed-load discharge (a component which was not 

taken into account until now in the sediment balance calculations), the second objective – the 

assessment of the influence that the hydroenergetic structures located on the Danube River itself, but 

also on its tributaries, have upon the sediment discharge in the last three decades (1970 – 2003), the 

third objective is the percentage evaluation of the repartition regarding the solid suspension outflow on 

the main branches of the Danube River. 

Keywords: sediment runoff, global sediment discharge, percentage repartition of the sediment runoff. 

_________________ 

MONITORING OF RIVER BEDS RESEVOUR AND SEDIMENTATION PROCESS ON CATACMENT 

OF SATESKA RIVER 

Prof.dr Trendafilov.Aleksandar 

(Faculty of Forestry – Skopje str:Bulevar Aleksandar Makedonski) 

G.F.I. Georgieski Slave 

( Water development institute of Macedonia 

str: III Udarna Makedonska brigade E-mail:zvdstp@mt.net.mk ) 

G.F.I. Milosevski Vangel 

(Water development institute of Macedonia str: III Udarna Makedonska brigade; E-mail: 

milosevskivangel@yahoo.com) 

Monitoring in river bed-reservoir on erosion and processing on sedimentation on river basin for 

r.Sateska 

Processes of erosion,their determination and quantity are scientic problems of interest for 

many scientists of us and the world. 

River Sateska is one of the biggest river in catachment of Ohrid lake, and in the lake to get 

involved enormous erosion alluvium, and, acceleration the process of dying out at the nearest area of 

Ohrid lake (protected by UNESCO). 

In catachmen in the river Sateska all river bed was prospected from aspect to process and 

modeling of erosion. 

Styding is (6) sixth measuring profiles and (30) river basin in catachment on the river Sateska 

lake reservoir of erosion. 

Fortify is (29) measuring profiles in Ohrid lake, and analyze (echo-sounder, snapshots) 

register in a button of the lake, and determinate is the quantity amount sediment and granulated 

composition. 

Keywords Processing of erosion and sedimentation, quantity amount, echo-sounder snapshots) 

granulated composition. 

82




_________________ 


Ulaga Florjana, M.Sc. 

Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia 

Vojkova 1b, Ljubljana, Slovenia 

florjana.ulaga@gov.si 

Hydrology service of Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia is also carrying out 

systematic measurements of concentration and transport of suspended sediment in rivers. The 

purpose of suspended sediment measurements is to determine the total amount of suspended load 

sediment concentration and sediment transport at specific place along the river in one year and in long 

period. 

One of the important documents that integrate the river basin management in Europe is Water 

Framework Directive which also determinate definitions for high, good and moderate ecological status 

in rivers. One of the characteristics of surface water body types on which ecologically characterization 

of environmental status should be done is also substratum of the river. This means, that it is 

necessary to know the characteristics of changes in river bad and the transport of suspended solid in 

rivers. To assure high water quality status it is important to consider river continuity as one of the 

hydro morphological quality elements. The river has high quality status if the continuity of the river is 

not disturbed by anthropogenic activities and allows undisturbed migration of aquatic organisms and 

sediment transport. 

The beginnings of monitoring of sediment transport in Slovenia, date back to 1955 when 

sampling started in the catchment area of the Savinja River. A regular monitoring of suspended 

material concentration on the rivers Mura and Vipava has been taking place since 1985. The number 

of sampling points on the Sava River is subject to change. In year 2006 in monitoring network are 

included stations on 13 rivers. On seven rivers concentration of suspended sediment is measured 

every day and on six rivers only in time of extreme hydrological situations. The result is determination 

of transport of suspended sediment in river, which is product of measured concentration and 

discharge. Multi annual mean values of transported suspended material of the Mura River is about 

323 thousand tons, of the Savinja River is about 304 thousand tons and of the Vipava River is about 

25 thousand tons in one year. On the basis of the catchment area knowledge, the decrease of earth 

surface in the hinterland of individual stations can be estimated. In this way, the following estimate is 

possible: in similar hydrological and erosion conditions as registered in the 50-year period, the surface 

of the Mura River catchment area would lower on average for 21mm, the catchment area of the 

Savinja River for 70mm and of the Vipava River for 18mm in thousand years. 

83




_________________ 

WATERSHED EROSION AND SEDIMENT YIELD DURING CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES 

Assistant Vouk Dražen, B.Sc.CE a 

Professor Malus Davor, Ph.D.CE b 

Assistant Bekić Damir, M.Sc.CE c 

a University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Kačićeva 26, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, 

dvouk@grad.hr 

b University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Kačićeva 26, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, 

malus@grad.hr 

c University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Kačićeva 26, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, 

dbekic@grad.hr 

Soil erosion problems on construction sites and resulted transport of sediment downstream 

the watershed, as well as, its final settling are comprised within this paper. Negative aspects of such 

processes are primary manifested through sediment buildup in downstream area and its influence on 

disturbance of natural biological balance in nearby water bodies and on surface area. 

Strong correlation between the volume of earth works and generating quantities of suspended 

sediment puts the highway construction sites under special concern. Extensive highway network 

development in Croatia during the last few years has witnessed that little or no attention's been given 

to this problem. Since new highway directions are planned and overall process of large surface area 

disturbance hasn't been finished, implementation of sophisticated and well-known best management 

practices (BMPs) in erosion control should be considered. 

The importance of implementing such practices was shown on the case of highway “Istarski 

Ipsilon” located in the middle-southern Istra region (Croatia). Due to the world-wide acceptance, 

Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was used to estimate the degree of soil loss. 

Investigation results emphasize that good after construction maintenance program is also one of the 

essential elements in reducing the erosion rate of the soil and avoiding downstream problems with 

sediment deposition. The problems concerning additional expenses for erosion control measures and 

their descriptive comparison with damages resulted from plugging the drainage lines, constant loosing 

of hydraulic capacity in pertinent separators (grit and grease chambers) and lagoons as well as the 

reduction in their treatment efficiency were also implied. 

This paper proposes systematic approach concerning soil loss prediction together with 

different measures to control surface erosion and transport of sediment. 

Keywords: erosion, sedimentation, highway construction, BMP's 

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WATER QUALITY AND 

ECOHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES 

85




86




_________________ 

STRATIFICATION FEATURES OF A SNOW COVER OF THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS AND 

ITS PHYSICOMECHANICAL QUALITIES 

Aksyuk O., Grishchenko V., 

Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Research Institute (UHRI), 

Kiev, Ukraine, Nauki ave. 37, 03028, 

e-mail: uhmi@uhmi.org.ua 

In this work the results of researches of features strarigraphy and physicomechanical qualities 

of a snow cover of high mountains of the Ukrainian Carpathians are considered. Detailed researches 

of these characteristics are necessary for definition of both stocks of a moisture and stability of snow 

thickness on slopes in pools of the rivers. 

Keywords: snow cover, dug-hole, penetrometer, temperature, snow density, destructions 

metamorphism, design procedure of maximal snow accumulations. 

_________________ 

CYANIDE POLLUTION WAVE EMISSION ON THE DANUBE RIVER IN GIURGIU – RUSE SECTOR 

PRODUCED BY THE ECOLOGIC ACCIDENT FROM “S.C. AURUL BAIA MARE” IN JANUARY – 

FEBRUARY 2000 

Arges – Vedea Water Department, 

Giurgiu Hydrological Station, Dan Barbilian Street, no.14, Giurgiu 

The paper presents some part of the event and the monitoring of the pollution phenomena on 

Giurgiu department territory (km 527 – 465), because of the pollution with cyanide and heavy metals 

produced by the “S.C. Aurul Baia Mare”. 

The accident occurred in 30 Th of January at 22.30 because of the dyke braking, dyke which 

was surrounding the decantation pond, thus being overflowed appreciatively 100 000 mc of liquid 

which contained between 50 and 100 tons of cyanide and heavy metals. 

The paper is structured as fallows: 

Chapter 1: The characteristics of Danube River waters in Giurgiu sector before the pollution 

Chapter 2: The ecologic accident produced at “S.C. Aurul Baia Mare” – causes, emission and 

effects on the environment and international relationships. 

Chapter 3: The emission of the pollution wave and effects upstream Giurgiu – Ruse section 

Chapter 4: The evolution of the pollution wave in Giurgiu – Ruse sector 

Chapter 5: The management of the pollution phenomena at local level 

Chapter 6: Conclusions 

Keywords: cyanide, pollution, Danube River, water quality analysis 

87




_________________ 

THE WATER MINERAL COMPOSITION CHARACTERISTICS ALONG THE BULGARIAN PART OF 

THE DANUBE 

Blaskova Stefka 

National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 

66 Tzarigradsko Chaussee blvd, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria; 

Stefka.Blaskova@meteo.bg 

The investigation is based on the information from 8 hydrochemical stations situated along the 

Bulgarian part of the Danube – Novo selo (km 833.6), Vidin (km 790.2), Lom (km743.3), Somovit (km 

607.7), Nikopol (km 597), Svistov (km 554.3), Silistra (km 375.5) and the estuary parts of the main 

Bulgarian tributaries: the Lom river (km 741.6), the Iskar river (km 636.4), the Vit river (km 609.4), the 

Ossam river (km.599.8), the Yantra river (km 536.7), the Russenski Lom river (km 497.8). 

The studied period covers five years (1991-1995) under monthly monitoring concerning the 

Danube stations and seasonal monitoring regarding the tributaries stations. The mineral content of the 

- 2- 

following water quality parameters is analized: hydrocarbonates (HCO3 ), sulfates (SO4 ), chlorides 

(Cl - ), calcium (Ca 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), sodium and potassium (Na + +K + ), hardness and total 

dissolved solids (TDS). The water quality information is based on standard methods of sampling and 

chemical analysis. 

The time alterations are investigated by trend analysis of measured values. The results show 

some tendencies common to all station along the Bulgarian part of the Danube. A slight increase in 

the total dissolved solids (TDS) is observed. The sulfates contents are steady. The concentrations of 

magnesium, calcium, hydrocarbonates and chlorides increase but the contents of sodium and 

potassium decrease with time. 

The longitudinal alterations are studied by trend analysis of average values of mineral content 

parameters at the hydrochemical stations. A gradually increase in the mineral content along the river 

is observed. 

The seasonal alterations of studied parameters show winter maximum and summer minimum. 

The Danube water type along the Bulgarian part is low mineralized bicarbonate water with 

prevalent cation Ca 2+ - 2+ 2+ 

. It is valid: HCO3 > Ca +Mg . 

The data reveal that the mineral content characteristics concerning the Bulgarian tributaries 

are similar to the Danube characteristics. Only the Russenski Lom river distinguishes with the higher 

concentrations of studied ions. 

According the mineral content parameters the Bulgarian Danube tributaries pertain to I 

category. Two exceptions exist: the Russenski Lom river – II category concerning TDS and hardness. 

The registered contents of sulfates (SO4 2- ), chlorides (Cl - ) and total dissolved solids (TDS) at 

the stations along the Bulgarian part of the Danube are in the range of I water quality category. The 

values of the hardness pertain to II water quality category. 

88




_________________ 

RECENT PHYTOPLANKTON CONTENTS AND WATER QUALITY OF BAJA-BEZDAN CHANNEL 

ON THE BORDER LOCALITY OF BACKI BREG 

Snežana Čadjo, Aleksandar Miletić, Radojka Bugarski 

Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia 

Belgrade, Serbia 

e-mail: scadjo@hidmet.sr.gov.yu, aleksandar_miletic@yahoo.com, rbugarski@ptt.yu 

Among other activities, Republic Hydrometeorologic Service of Serbia deals with water quality 

examinations on the border-cut water-flows, under the International Water Co-operation Programme 

with Hungary. This paper presents the results on phytoplankton analysis and some physico-chemical 

characteristics of Baja-Bezdan channel between 2003.-2004. The results of physico-chemical water 

analysis, according to chemical classification of waters in Hungary, show that the majority of examined 

parameters matched the I and II class of water quality. Some parameters, like concentration of 

dissolved oxygen and the percentage of water saturification by oxygen, occasionally matched the III 

and IV class of water, when the cases of supersaturification and the oxygen deficit have been noted. 

In the spring period of 2003., it has been noted the occasional increase of bio-degradable organic 

matter in water. Concentrations of ammonia and nitrates have been low during the period of 

examination, but the increase of nitrite concentration, have been occasionally noted during the spring 

and summer. The low concentrations of orthophosphates and total phosphor have been measured. 

The phytoplankton community was characterized by 203 taxa from 8 algal divisions, that points out to 

a great biodiversity of algae in channel. In quantitative way green algae were dominant with 83 taxa 

and diatoms with 72 taxa. The quantitative analysis mostly showed the dominance of diatoms in all 

periods of examinations. The most important representatives of centric forms were: Cyclotella 

meneghiniana Kützing, Stephanodiscus hantzschii Grun. and Aulacoseira granulata (Ehrb.) Simonsen. 

The forms of order Pennales were represented by the species of genus Fragilaria and species 

Asterionella formosa Hassall. In winter and by the beginning of spring, beside diatoms the algae from 

the division of Chrysophyta were present in large number: Dinobryon divergens Imhof, Dinobryon 

sertularia Ehrb. and Synura uvella Ehrb. Green algae were at their most in spring and summer. Their 

representatives are the species of genera: Scenedesmus, Micractinium, Actinastrum, 

Dictyosphaerium, Golenkinia, Pediastrum and Coelastrum. Saprobiologic plankton analysis show the 

presence of β and α-mesosaprobionts. Saprobic index in the period of examination matched the II 

class of water quality. 

Keywords: phytoplankton, diatoms, physico-chemical parameters, nutrients, saprobiologic analysis 

_________________ 

THE BIOACCUMULATION OF PRIORITY POLLUTANTS IN SEDIMENTS OF THREE MAJOR 

EUROPEAN RIVERS 

Claus Evelyn, Blübaum-Gronau Elke and Heininger Peter 

Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG); Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany 

Phone: +49261 1306 5307; Fax: +49261 1306 5363 

E-mail:Heininger@bafg.de 

The paper addresses the relation between sediment pollution by organochlorine compounds 

and their bioavailability as reflected in a bioaccumulation test with the aquatic oligochaete L. 

variegatus. Sediments from seven sites on the rivers Danube, Elbe, and Rhine were investigated. The 

accumulation tendency of the individual organochlorine compounds varied considerably. In general, 

DDT and metabolites as well as PCBs were accumulated much stronger than HCHs and HCB. 

89




Keywords: bioaccumulation, biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF), organochlorine pollutants, 

river sediments, Elbe, Danube, Rhine 

_________________ 

METHODOLOGY OF MONITORING DEVELOPMENT AS PART OF WATER QUALITY 

MANAGEMENT 

Ćosić-Flajsig Gorana 1 , Petričec Mladen 2 

1 Croatian Waters, Croatia, Zagreb, Ulica grada Vukovara 220, gcosic@voda.hr 

2 Energy Institute, Croatia, Zagreb, Ulica grada Vukovara 37, mladen.petricec@ie-zagreb.hr 

Economic development and urbanisation of space have lead to a significant devastation of the 

environment, particularly water as its most important component. Clean environment and ensuring of 

sufficient water quantities of adequate quality are increasingly becoming a limiting factor of social 

development. The principle of sustainable development, whose starting point is the premise that the 

need fulfilment of the present generation must not exclude such possibility for the future generations, 

is being introduced into planning documents. The United Nations Sustainable Development 

Commission (UN SDC) enacted the Declaration on Sustainable Development, thus officially marking 

the start of global implementation of the concept of sustainable development. 

The basic prerequisite for ensuring sustainable development in the water sector requires 

integrated approach and evaluation of all nature components, both environmental and human. 

Characteristics and problems of water quantity and water quality management are being interlinked, 

also with other resources which influence waters by taking into account hydrological, ecological and 

socio-economic factors. The enactment of the EU Water Framework Directive resulted in a 

requirement to create an integrated, systematic, scientifically-based concept for solving water 

management problems. The development of adequate tools which would enable the implementation of 

sustainable development and the establishment of sustainable water management within integrated 

environment management created formal conditions for obtaining this goal. The importance of river 

basin was recognized, and it became the basic management unit of integrated water management, 

while monitoring became one of the main factors for checking both the implementation of a water 

management plan and the efficiency of applied measures. 

This complex interaction of different processes in the environment requires a different 

approach to problem-solving, thus the introduction of the problem-oriented approach, i.e. so-called 

DPSIR approach (Driving Forces – Pressure – State – Impact – Response), which was adopted as a 

problem-solving procedure in environmental protection. The prerequisite for this approach is obtaining 

high quality, purposeful information, which necessitates the establishment of a monitoring programme, 

whose scope is greater and which is more expensive than the regular monitoring of water status. This 

implies a necessary optimisation of the monitoring programme in terms of minimisation of costs and 

maximisation of information necessary for decision-making. 

Efficient implementation of the problem-oriented approach requires the use of indicators as a 

scientific, expert-based tool for obtaining high quality information for decision-making, which enables a 

presentation of data and information on water quality management in a recognizable, accessible 

format to decision-makers. 

The paper shall present the methodology of selecting water quality indicators resulting from a 

water quality management plan of a river basin, which supports the implementation of the plan, and, 

apart from the local component, includes national and international levels as well. Based on defined 

water quality indicators, optimal water quality monitoring, “tailor made” river basin monitoring is 

created, with the main purpose of obtaining necessary information. In line with set objectives, 

methodology and criteria for optimal water quality monitoring of a river basin are proposed. 

Keywords: EU Water Framework Directive, integrated water management, water quality monitoring, 

indicator 

90




_________________ 

THE IMPACT OF FLOODS ON THE ECOSYSTEMS OF BEGA – TIMIS CATCHMENT AREA 

Cretu Gh 1 , Mocanu F.C 2 , Badaluta-Minda I.C 2 

1 “Politehnica” University of Timisoara, Faculty of Hydrotechnics, 

G. Enescu St., no.1ª, 300022 Timisoara, Romania, 

e-mail gcr@mail.dnttm.ro 

2 “Politehnica” University of Timisoara, Faculty of Hydrotechnics, 

G. Enescu St., no.1ª, 300022 Timisoara, Romania, 

e-mail flaminiamro@yahoo.com 

The concept of sustainable development of water resources not only strengthens but extends 

also the policies in water management domain. It is very well known that streams are ecosystems 

characterized through a great spatial and temporal variability, the flow controlling their physical and 

biological functioning. 

One of the major negative consequences, increased in the last period, is the series of 

hydrological extreme events. This amplifies the negative feed-back at the level of biological structure 

and dynamics of ecosystems. 

The conservation and management of these ecosystems requires taking into account the 

natural flow and the variability of this regime. The high waters impact on the banks structure leads to a 

decrease of spawning zones and a decrease of the benthic invertebrate populations also because of 

the erosion processes occurred. 

In this paper are analyzed the changes occurred into the ecosystems in the Timis-Bega 

catchments area, tributaries of first order of Danube, due to the floods from April 2005, and means to 

do a comparative analyze from 2004 and 2005 and of the consequences above stream ecology. 

The analysis of water quality variables has been carried out according to the management 

plan at 4 main sections for each stream: the monitoring stations Luncani, Balint, Timisoara and Otelec 

(on Bega stream) and at the stations Sadova, upstream Lugoj, Sag, Graniceri (upstream RO-YU 

Border) using the data base for two years 2004-2005. 

The nutrients play an important role in determining the status of aquatic systems. The form 

studied and with high importance in stream waters are the inorganic ones: ammonium, nitrates, nitrites 

for N, and orthophosphates for P. 

To interpret the data and trends was applied a statistical procedure (PCA – Principal 

Component Analysis - using the XLSTAT program) on the Bega stream, the main source of water 

supply of Timisoara city, resulting a correlation matrix between the main 9 parameters during 2005, 

which is a very useful tool for visualization of the data set and was also used a cluster analysis for the 

same stream. 

The main conclusion which can be drawn is that not only one cause produces all the changes 

in the ecosystem. Many changes are initiated also by the other characteristics of the hydrological 

characteristics (discharges, water chemistry) where the real cause is hard to indicate because 

interfere a range of changes in the same time, are interconnected, and the effects are cumulative. 

Keywords: sustainable development, ecosystems, impact, management 

91




_________________ 

REHABILITATION OF THE WATERCOURSES IN THE ECONOMICALLY DEPRESSED AREAS – 

ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES – THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF THE TOWN 

ANINA 

Cristescu Diana, Cristescu Stefan, Mihailescu Irina 

“Banat” Water Direction, no. 32, Mivai Viteazul Street, RO – Timisoara, 

diana101010@yahoo.com, irimihailescu@yahoo.com 

In Romania, according to RO Govt. Urgency Ordinance no. 24 as of 30 Sept 1998, the rules 

governing the depressed areas depending on the economic development level have been set out, 

thus resulting 7 such areas. 

The status of “economically depressed area” involves certain facilities for the investments in 

that areas. From the viewpoint of environment protection works, the status of depressed area could 

boost the investments in environmental rehabilitation of that areas. It is well known that, for instance, 

the unemployment rate is reversely proportional to the measures of protecting the quality of water. 

Thus, the higher the unemployment rate the lower the concern of people with environment issues 

(diminishing of the resources for buliding and maintaining wastewater treatment facilities, of the 

investments for water supply systems, and so on). 

An example of the facts above is the faulty water supply of the town Anina from the storage 

lake Buhui. 

Keywords: economically depressed areas, environmental rehabilitation, water supply, water 

engineering works, environment protection 

_________________ 

FOSSIL FLUVIAL FORMS IN THE KOLUBARA BASIN 

Slavoljub Dragićević 1 , Jugoslav Nikoić 2 and Nenad Živković 3 

1 Faculty of Geography, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 3/3, 

11000 Belgrade, Serbia, e-mail: sasa@gef.bg.ac.yu 


11030 Belgrade, Serbia, e-mail: jugnik@EUnet.yu 

3 Faculty of Geography , University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 3/3, 

11000 Belgrade, Serbia, e-mail: schmele@gef.bg.ac.yu 

A large number of fossil fluvial forms in the Kolubara basin was the reason for a complex 

analysis if numerous factors that controlled their development. The relationship was established between 

Pliocene and Quaternary sinking of the lower Kolubara valley, formation of the Kolubara Fault, 

staged shifting of the Kolubara from the original channel and river material deposition into the fossil 

fluvial forms. The length of each meander cutoff and abandoned channel was calculated and summed 

for the length of the Kolubara River. The analysis was used to prepare a map of the fossil fluvial features. 

Keywords: the Kolubara, fluvial erosion, deposition, meander cutoff, abandoned stream channel, tectonics. 

92




_________________ 

THE POLLUTION WITH PATHOGENS – A PERMANENTLY POLLUTION OF DANUBE 

PRODUCED BY WASTEWATER DISCHARGING FROM URBANE ARIAS IN JIU WATER 

DIRECTORATES 

Dumitrascu Oliver Cristian, Dumitrascu Marcela Florentina 

Jiu Water Directorates Craiova 

Nicolae Romanesc Bd., Nr. 54, Craiova, Romania 

oliver.dumitrascu@daj.rowater.ro, marcela.dumitrascu@daj.rowater.ro 

The wastewater collected from urban arias represents an important pollution source for the 

environment. The wastewater comes from many sources: every wash bowls, toilets, etc. The Jiu River 

is an important left affluent of Danube. The significant sewage pollution sources from Jiu hydrographic 

river basin, they are the municipalities from the 4 county who are monitored by Water Directorates Jiu. 

The Water Directorates Jiu manage also the Danube River from the entrance in Romanian territory, 

approximately a half of his length in Romania. When this wastewater is discharged without a strict 

control or inadequate treated the pathogenic microorganisms cause hydro transmitted diseases to 

humans and animals. There are three main types of microorganisms that can be found in wastewater: 

bacteria, viruses and protozoa. Viruses are among the most important, and potentially most hazardous 

of the pathogens found in wastewater. Viruses are generally more resistant to treatment processes, 

are more infectious, and require smaller doses to cause infection than most of the other pathogen 

types. Gastrointestinal infections are among the most common diseases caused by bacterial 

pathogens in wastewater. Since it would be practically impossible to test water for each of the wide 

variety of pathogens that may be present, microbiological water quality monitoring is primarily based 

on tests for indicator organisms. Indicators, most commonly used are: total coliforms, fecal coliforms 

and fecal streptococci. Like in other science, any deep analyses of the pollution problems suppose to 

realize one mathematical model of reality and to make some studies on him. For coliforms 

concentrations simulation in time and space is necessary to estimate them speeds of disappearance 

from stream, either naturally die or because the environment. To the modeling end it illustrates by 

examples the calculation of total coliforms downstream from a city when it know the population, the 

daily discharge, the temperature, length, width, etc. In the last years, in the hydrological basin Danube, 

the D.A.Jiu laboratories effected bacteriological analysis bimonthly, monthly and quarterly on the 

Danube River, in 6 sections, analysis that confirmed the third class of microbiological quality and the 

second class of quality for Danube at Calafat. The wastewater treatment is cleaning used water and 

sewage so it can be returned safely to our environment. The wastewater treatment plants reduce 

organic matter and pollutants; naturally occurring helpful bacteria and other microorganisms consume 

organic matter in wastewater and are then separated from the water. 

_________________ 

ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HUMAN IMPACTS ON GROUNDWATER - SURFACE WATER 

INTERACTION. CASE STUDY FROM BULGARIA 

Gergov Georgi 1 , Orehova Tatiana 2 

1 National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, 66 Tsarigradsko Chaussee, 1784 Sofia, 

Bulgaria, e-mail: georgi.gergov@meteo.bg 

2 Geological Institute - BAS, 24, “Acad.G.Bonchev” str., 1113 Sofia, 

Bulgaria, e-mail: orehova@geology.bas.bg 

Some common cases of human intervention on stream-aquifer systems are considered, 

including (i) instream gravel mining and (ii) pumping from aquifer near a stream. Main related adverse 

93




consequences are discussed, causing environmental changes including groundwater level drawdown. 

A case study from Bulgaria illustrates harmful effects on the environment from human activities. Some 

approaches for rehabilitation of the site are discussed. 

Keywords: groundwater, stream-aquifer interaction, instream mining, abstraction wells. 

_________________ 

PRECIPITATION WATER QUALITY THROUGHOUT THE BULGARIAN PART OF THE DANUBE 


Iordanova L. 

National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 

Blvd Tzarigradsko Chaussee, No. 66, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria 

e-mail: lili.iordanova@meteo.bg 

Bulgarian precipitation quality monitoring system consists of 46 station dispersed throughout 

the country – 36 of them operate since 2002 and the other 10 are in the process of creation. In 4 of the 

stations, the samples are obtained in 06 UTC, the time for daily precipitation amount measurement for 

climate stations. In the other 42, the obtainment occurs in the main synoptical hours (00, 06, 12 и 18 

UTC), when the precipitation amount is measured. 

In the national part of the Danube basin, there are 14 stations from the precipitation chemistry 

monitoring network. The samples are obtained 4 times a day (00, 06, 12 и 18 UTC) since 2002. There 

are 8 stations in the process of creation: 6 on the river flow and 2 in the basin interior. They will follow 

the same procedures. The pH of the precipitation is measured in each station immediately after 

sample obtainment with a portable pH-meter and the value is transmitted in a separate group in the 

synoptical telegram. The rest of the samples are monthly transported to the nearest laboratory for 

- 2- 

nitrate (NO3 ), sulphate (SO4 ) and conductivity analysis. 

The quality of the rainfall in this part of Bulgaria during 2005 is of special interest, because the 

year was marked with numerous precipitations and the chemical composition data are notably more 

than for the previous years. The abundant data allows for obtainment of relevant monthly-average 

concentrations of contaminators as well as comparison between months with different amounts of 

precipitation. 

The yearly average amounts of rainfall for the period 1931-1985 vary from 500mm in Silistra to 

800mm in Vratsa. The 2005 yearly amounts for all stations in question exceeded those about 2 times. 

For the months from May to September 2005, the monthly values are 

explicitly higher than corresponding average ones. The only exception is Cheni Vruh, the station with 

the biggest yearly and monthly precipitation amounts in the region. In all stations (except Silistra and 

V. Tarnovo) the values for 2005 are higher than those for 2004. The monthly precipitation quantities as 

well as the monthly-average values of the analysed components are presented. The correlation 

between them is investigated separately for each station as well as interstationaly. 

The maximum of monthly precipitation amounts for 2005 is in August. In May there is an 

evident pick with lower than the maximal values while for March and April the quantities are minimal. 

The concentrations of the analysed components present a minimum in August and May and maximum 

in April. The same correlation exists, though not so starkingly, for the pH, as well. The correlation 

regarding the 6-hourly precipitation quantities and their corresponding 6-hourly concentrations is 

analogical. The reason is that the stations are situates in the urban centers where the pollution is 

heightened due to the anthropogenic factors. In case of abundant precipitations, the typical contents of 

the chemical precipitation components, for the settlement in question, lower. 

The higher the precipitation monthly amount, the closer to the neutral for the atmosphere is 

the value of the pH. The cross-correlations between the same ingredients measured in different 

stations are most notable in the city stations on the west border of the Bulgarian part of the Danube 

basin. The reason of this significant correlation is the fact that frequently the precipitations over those 

94




towns are from the same cloud systems. When the abounding rains fall the precipitation particles’ 

characteristics are closer to the cloud systems’ ones not to the washed ones with local origin. 

_________________ 

ORGANIC MICROPOLLUTANTS IN ASSESSMENT OF THE WATER QUALITY 

Prof. Dr. Ivancev-Tumbas Ivana 1 , Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gimbel Rolf 2 and Dr.-Ing. Hobby Ralph 3 

1 Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, 

e-mail: i.ivancev-tumbas@ih.ns.ac.yu 

2 IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, D-45476 Muelheim an der Ruhr, 

e-mail: gibmbel@uni-duisburg.de; 

3 University Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Engineering Science, Institute of Energy and Environmental 

Engineering / Water Technology, Bismarckstraße 90, D-47057 Duisburg, 

e-mail: hobby@uni-duisburg.de 

Water quality assessment regarding organic micropollution is very complex issue that consists 

of several important topics which must be taken into account. First of all is the right choice of 

substances that should be analyzed. It should be pointed out that having in mind state of the 

instrumental analysis today one can find in water only that what one is looking for. This choice is 

strongly influenced by the purpose for which water is used and corresponding water quality criteria 

which should be developed and revised in accordance with newest scientific results permanently both 

regarding substance identity and concentration. The other important issue is an implementation of 

valid standard methods for the water analysis. Unfortunately there is still lack of the standard analytical 

methods for lot of organic micropollutants. 

In paper is presented literature review on presence and fate of organic micropollutants that 

have been recently investigated in numerous projects in Europe and worldwide. Special attention is 

paid on pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting chemicals as well as on analytical methods used for 

the analysis. It is already known that very few of these substances are on the List of priority pollutants 

(Water Framework Directive) and at the moment its revision is expected. Also some specific pollutants 

that were found in Middle and the Lower Danube Basin are pointed out. Recent developments in IPPC 

Directive implementation (96/61/EC) are expected to help the process of collecting data about 

chemicals that are in use and their emission into environment. Local and regional efforts should be 

made on identification of pressures regarding organic micropollution of water bodies very carefully by 

paying attention on local conditions in order to fill the data gap for the Danube basin which is still 

present due to great social and economic differences between the countries. Together with the latest 

scientific knowledge on fate and behavior of emerging pollutants in environment and wastewater 

treatment and state of the art of wastewater treatment in the Basin, the data about pressures should 

serve as the basis for revision of the lists of traditionally analyzed parameters (e.g. pesticides, some 

industrial chemicals) in a way that will contribute both to achievement of good ecological status of the 

river and protection of the numerous existing and potential drinking water sources. 

95




_________________ 

ESTIMATION OF THE DANUBE NUTRIENTS FLUX IN THE MODERN PERIOD 

Klebanov D.O., Osadcha N.M. 

Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Research Institute, Nauki Ave., 37, 03028, Kyiv, Ukraine, email: 

den@uhmi.org.ua 

The River Danube is the biggest waterway of the Black Sea basin, which makes influence on 

chemical composition of a shelf zone, and, under favorable meteorological conditions, on the whole 

north-west part of the sea. 

The received results were variable within broad ranges - for mineral forms of nitrogen - 116,6 - 

832,3 thousands tons/ year, and for phosphate - 10,9 – 40,3 thousands tons/ year. As a whole it is 

possible to tell about presence of the general trend to decrease of a Danube nutrients flux to the Black 

sea. Two characteristic periods were observed for distribution of reseived data dealing with nitrogen 

and phosphorus mineral fluxe within the term under study. It is possible to consider years 1989 – 1994 

as the first one for Nmin when the mean of the nitrogen mineral outflow was 395 thousands tons per 

year. The greatest limits of oscillation of the noted parameter which came to 7 times - from 116,6 

thousands tons in 1993 to 832,3 thousands tons in 1990 – have been notified in this time. In the 

second period, to which we have referred years 1995 - 2004, the average Nmin outflow was less by 20 

% and came to 320,7 thousands tons/ year at much narrow limiting values of oscillations - from 234,8 

thousands tons in 2004 to 414,2 thousands tons in 1999 р (Fig.1). 

Р min , thousands t/year 

45 

40 

35 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

1989 

1990 

1991 

1992 

1993 

1994 

1995 

1996 

96 

1997 

1998 

1999 

NH4+NO2+NO 

PO4 

Figure 1. Danube nutrients fluxe dynamics, Reni city within 1989 – 2004 

Changes of a mineral phosphorus outflow occured also according to two basic periods, first of 

which was within year 1989 - 1999 when the trend to decrease of Рmin outflow was observed. The 

average value was 26,5 thousands tons per year (limiting values of oscillations were 10,9 – 40,3 

thousands t/year). The more stable values of Рmin fluxe was noted in second period what began in 

2000. The average obtained value was 14,0 thousands t/year, what was practically twice a less in 

comparison the previous time at limiting values of fluctuation 12,0 - 15,6 thousands t/ year. 

The Danube nutrients discharge changeability is determined by concentrations of elements 

dissolved in water and for Nmin also river water content. It was found a direct relation between Nmin 

discharge and water content which was characterized by high coefficient of correlation r = 0,81. In 

contrast, for mineral phosphorus such connection was insignificant and its mathematical expression 

had negative value, i.e. with tendency for water runoff to be more elevated the phosphatic ions flux 

decreased. 

2000 

2001 

2002 

2003 

2004 

900 

800 

700 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

N min , thousands t/year




_________________ 

SPATIAL-TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF THE BIOTIC COMMUNITIES 

IN THE AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS FROM DANUBE DELTA BIOSPHERE 

Stanescu Elena * , Lucaciu Irina * , Ivan Stefania * , Nicolau Margareta * , Vosniakos F. ** 

* National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology – ECOIND 

90-92 Sos.Panduri, 050663, Bucharest, sector 5, Romania 

phone: +40/21/4100377; fax: +40/21/4100575, 4120042; e-mail: ecoind@incdecoind.ro 

** Applied Physics Laboratory, Science Department, 

Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Thessaloniki, 

P.O. Box 14561, 54 101 Thessaloniki, Greece, e-mail: bena@gen.teithe.gr 

The aquatic ecosystems are dynamic systems that keep their stability in the conditions of 

permanent fluctuations of biotic and nonbiotic parameters [1], [2]. The dynamic equilibrium of the 

aquatic ecosystems is acomplished because of the conexions between the species and the 

environmental conditions and also because of the mutual conexions between the existing populations 

[3], [4]. From this point of view, the study of biotic/population – zooplankton and/or benthonic 

components – are important for the water protection system in the Danube River basin. 

The paper presents the research results regarding the biological analysis comparative from aquatic 

ecosystems of the Danube Delta - in order to study the most representatives biotic communities of the aquatic 

ecosystems (phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthonic macroinvertebrates) - in two stock compartments – water 

and sediment – from the sampling sites: Uzlina and Murighiol for the drawing campaigns period April 2003 – 

October 2005. 

Investigations of the biological properties of water and sediment samples were focused on the 

quantitative (numerical density, biomass, abundance after numerical density and biomass) and qualitative 

components (dominant species, indicator species) through the development of a sampling program and the 

samples processing, properly dimensioned at spatial and temporal stage 

Keywords: biological analysis, aquatic ecosystems, Danube Delta, biotic components – 

phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic macroinvertebrates. 

References: 

Cristofor, S. – „L’evolution de l’etat trophique des ecosytems aquatiques caracteristiques du Delta du 

Danube. 1. Le regime hidrologique, transparence Secchi et la reserve de phosphore et d’azote 

6. Responses de la vegetation submerse en fonction de la reserve de nutrients et du regime 

hidrologique”. Rev. Roum. Biol.-Biol. Anim., 32:83-91, 129-138, 1987. 

Vadineanu, A., Cristofor, S. – „Basic requirements for the assessment and management of large 

international water systems: Danube River, Black Sea”. – In: Proceedings of the International 

Workshop: Monitoring Tailormade, 71-81. Beekbergen, The Netherlands, 1994. 

Vadineanu, A. – „The Danube Delta”. Naturopa, 66:26-27, 1991. 

Gastescu,P; Oltean,M; Nichersu,I; Constantinescu, A – “Ecosystems of the Romanian Danube Delta 

Biosphere Reserve, explanation to a map 1: 175 000”, 1998. 

97




_________________ 

NATURAL AND HUMAN COMPOUNDS IN HYDROGEOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF 

GROUNDWATER FROM SPRINGS IN NEOVOLCANIC ROCKS OF SLOVAKIA 

Makisova Zuzana, Fendekova Miriam, Stojkovova Michaela 

Department of Hydrogeology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Pavilon G, Mlynska 

dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic 

makisova@fns.uniba.sk; fendekova@fns.uniba.sk; stojkovova@fns.uniba.sk 

Mountains built by Neogene volcanic complexes are located in the central and eastern part of 

the Slovak Republic covering the area of 5400 km 2 , what is about 10 % of the whole territory. They 

belong to the Inner Western Carpathians. Neovolcanic rocks create two neovolcanic fields – the 

Central Slovakian and the Eastern Slovakian ones. 

Evolution of neovolcanics has a clear affinity to processes of subduction in External 

Carpathians and to the back-arc extension inducing diapiric upraise of asthenospheric material (Bezak 

et al., 2000) during Neogene. Petrographic and geochemical character of rock composition is directly 

limited by character of subducted plate and upper mantle. Based on the age, spatial distribution and 

petrologic-geochemical composition, following types of volcanic rocks were distinguished in the 

Slovakian neovolcanic provinces: areally distributed silicic volcanic rocks of Early to Mid-Miocene 

ages, areally distributed andesite volcanic rocks of the Middle Miocene ages, arc-type basaltic 

andesite to andesite volcanic rocks of Middle Miocene to Pleistocene ages and alkaline basaltic 

volcanism of Pannonian to Pleistocene ages. 

Hydrogeological conditions of neovolcanic rocks are quite complicated. They depend primarily 

on geological- tectonic conditions, then on the rock genesis and lithology and on secondary alternation 

of minerals. Groundwater formation is influenced mainly by climatic conditions, groundwater reserves 

are primarily recharged by infiltration of atmospheric precipitation. Besides the determining 

mineralogical – petrographic composition of the neovolcanic rocks and their structural properties, 

a series of factors (temperature, pressure conditions, concentration and partial pressure of CO2, 

oxidation-reduction conditions, groundwater flow velocity and circulation depth) form the groundwater 

chemical composition. The main process creating the chemical composition in silicate systems of 

neovolcanic rocks is the incongruent silicate dissolution (silicate weathering). Locally, anthropogenic 

factors (industry, agriculture, tourism, and mining activities) influence with variable intensity the final 

groundwater chemical composition, often already by pollution of the atmosphere. 

The groundwater from neovolcanic rocks of Slovakia were characterized using results of 

groundwater sampling, as well as of archive data coming from the Geochemical atlas of Slovakia 

(Rapant et al., 1996). As the next step, groundwater was classified using classification based on 

prevailing ions. The interrelationships assessment of the samples taken by department members was 

performed using multivariate statistical methods. Obtained results were interrelated with geological, 

mineralogical and petrologic settings of respective localities and analyzed. In the end, classification of 

samples according to the groundwater chemistry primary origin and secondary pollution was worked 

out. 

Results can be formulated as follow. Groundwater from neovolcanic rocks in Slovakia is 

typical by relatively low value of TDS, which can be much higher in the case of sulfidic ore 

mineralization presence in the rock environment. The main cations are Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , with increased 

value of Na + in the case of deeper circulation in the rock environment; the main anions are 

represented by HCO3 - and SO4 2- . Also high content of H4SiO4 and presence of CO2 aggressive is 

typical. Higher values of Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ and Al 3+ cations can be found, as well. Anthropogenic influence is 

- + 2- 

visible in increased values of NO3 , NH4 and HPO4 coming either from the agricultural activities or 

from polluted precipitation. 

Analyzed samples from Podzamcok well and Velka Lehota represent typical groundwater from 

neovolcanic rocks. In other samples a slight influence of sulfidic ores presence in the rock 

98




environment can be seen. The groundwater sample from Cebovce differs from all other samples by 

very high amount of TDS – totally 1350 mg.l -1 and by zero content of aggressive CO2. Water was 

identified as groundwater coming from underlying Mesozoic complexes. 

_________________ 

WATER QUALITY OF THE LOWER DRAVA RIVER 

Mijušković-Svetinović Tatjana*, Brezak Silvio **, Mijošević Gordana** 

* Faculty of Civil Engineering Osijek, Drinska 16 a, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia; 

e-mail: tatjanam@gfos.hr 

** Croatian Waters, Water Management Department For the Drava and Danube River Basins – Osijek, 

31 000 Osijek, Croatia; 

e-mail: sbrezak@voda.hr ; mgordana@voda.hr 

The paper includes review and evaluation of water quality for four monitoring stations in the 

lower stretch of the Drava River in the Republic of Croatia – Donji Miholjac, Bistrinci, Višnjevac and 

Nemetin – during period of twenty-five years (1980 – 2005). 

The Drava River water quality has been evaluated with respect to physical-chemical, 

microbiological and biological water quality parameters (pH value, electrical conductivity, DOC, BOD5, 

COD, oxygen saturation, nitrates, nitrites, ammonium, coliform bacteria count and saprobic activity 

index), as well as for the group of parameters (physical-chemical, oxygen regime, nutrients, 

microbiological and biological parameters) with regard to the current regulations in the Republic of 

Croatia. 

Keywords: lower Drava, water quality, water quality evaluation 

_________________ 

APPLICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES IN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT OF 

THE VELIKA MORAVA CATCHMENT 

Miljević Nada 1 , Golobočanin Dušan 1 , Maksić Aleksandar 1 , Nadeždić Milica 2 , Kapor Branislava 2 

and Holko Ladislav 3 

1 Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia 

2 Republic Hydrometeorologcal Service of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia 

3 Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrology 

emiljevi@vin.bg.ac.yu 

Environmental isotopes (deuterium, tritium, oxygen-18) together with hydrochemical 

parameters (water temperature, pH value, electrical conductivity, major ions, and flow measurements) 

were applied to study dynamics of hydrological cycle in the Velika Morava catchment. Stable isotope 

composition data of analyzed water samples (from three meteorological stations, seven sites for water 

quality and 25 piezometers) were aligned along the meteoric world line indicating a common water 

origin and a relation between the flows of surface and shallow underground water in the basin. 

Seasonal trends of δ 18 O in precipitation and river water were modeled using periodic regression 

analysis to fit seasonal sine wave curves to annual δ 18 O variations. Circulated mean residence time 

was in the range from 3.5 (Ljubicevski most) to 12 months (Ibar) displaying similar value for 

catchments with related geology/geomorphology. Digital filter technique was performed to calculate 

baseflow using long-term discharge data. 

Keywords: stable isotopes, tritium, mean residence time 

99




_________________ 

MODELING OF A CONDITION OF HYDROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS IN CONDITIONS OF THERMAL 

LOADING 

Mostova Nina 

Ukrainian Research Hydrometeorological Institute 

Pr. Nauky, 37, Kyiv 02028 Ukraine e-mail: n.mostova.mail.ru 

On materials of experimental researches on a water reservoir-cooler of the Zaporozhye 

nuclear power plant and adjoining water area are revealed conditions and factors defining course of a 

physical-chemical processes and a condition of the basic hydrochemical systems in conditions of 

thermal loading. On basis of analysis of results of the experimental researches, balance calculations 

and data of physical-chemical thermodynamic modeling was developed an algorithm of water quality 

formation in conditions of constant heating of water. The received results can be considered as 

general for all water objects, which will test an influence of heating waters, in particular of Danube 

basin, and are used for an establishment of principles of formation of their chemical compound and 

water quality. 

The condition of carbonate-calcium and carbonate-magnesium systems is defined by 

heterogeneous equilibrium between the dissolved components of these systems and solid phases, 

which are formed from corresponding ions. For the characteristic of a saturation degree of natural 

waters used saturation index, which increases raises probability of sedimentation of a solid phase. 

The estimation of equilibrium of hydrochemical systems was carried out based on the program 

complex TETRA, in which basis lays the thermodynamic model, which allows not only to estimate a 

condition of equilibrium hydrochemical systems, to count saturation indexes, but also to model 

processes of sedimentation and dissolution. For modeling as initial value were used concentrations of 

the dissolved chemical substances. 

The analysis of the received data has allowed allocating three groups of the factors influencing 

on the condition of investigated hydrochemical systems: 

• the maintenance of dissolved ions Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ − 

, HCO3 ; 

• рH values and water temperature; 

• the concentration of dissolved CO2. 

It is established, that increase of concentration of the dissolved ions in the reservoir in 

comparison with their concentration in water of adjoining water area, which not subject to technogenic 

heating, leads to increase in a saturation of system by calcite and magnesite. 

The increase in pH value and rise in water temperature leads to growth of the saturation index 

that serves as the reason of shift of carbonate equilibrium towards to water saturation by firm phases. 

With reduction in water of the contents dissolved CO2 the saturation of system in relation to 

corresponding mineral is increased. It is necessary to note, that character of hydrobiological and 

physicochemical processes in the reservoir-cooler such, that the contents CO2 is insignificant and 

average long-term meaning of pH value makes 8,35. 

It was shown that high pH value and water temperature (average annual is 22,8°С) create 

favorable conditions for water supersaturation by calcite and magnesite. 

The period of highest water temperature in the reservoir coincides with the period of the 

greatest intensity of development of hydrobionts that leads to sharp increase of рН value and create 

conditions for supersaturation. 

The received results are common for water objects, testing an influence of thermal loading. 

100




_________________ 

WATER QUALITY AND QUANTITY IN THE SLOVAK MONITORING STATIONS ON THE DANUBE 

RIVER 

Mrafková Lea, Magulová Renata 

Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Jeséniova 17, 833 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic, 

lea.mrafkova@shmu.sk 

In this work the data of water quality and quantity in year 2004 and 2005 from monitoring 

stations, which are collected for TNMN reports are presented. The TNMN (TransNational Monitoring 

Network) builds on national surface water monitoring networks. The operation of the TransNational 

Monitoring Network (TNMN) is aimed to contribute to implementation of the Convention on 

cooperation for the protection and sustainable use of the Danube River (DRPC) and is in operation 

since 1996. 

The overall purpose of the TNMN is 

• To provide an objective and reliable source of data on water quality 

• To provide a basis for assessing the effectiveness of point and diffuse source pollution 

abatement measures 

• Safeguarding the health of humans using the Danube (and tributaries) as a source of 

drinking water 

• Safeguarding all other agreed uses of the Danube such as commercial and recreational 

fisheries, bathing and other water contact recreations, as a habitat for flora and fauna, as 

a source of irrigation water, industrial uses and so on (TNMN yearbook) 

Water quality data from the monitoring programme are regularly gathered by Danubian 

countries, merged at Central Point at Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, processed by using 

agreed procedures and provided to ICPDR information system. 

To select monitoring locations for the purposes of international monitoring network in Danube 

River Basin, the following selection criteria for monitoring location had been set up: 

• located just upstream/downstream of an international border 

• located upstream of confluences between Danube and main tributaries or main tributaries 

and larger sub-tributaries (mass balances) 

• located downstream of the biggest point sources 

• located according to control of water use for drinking water supply 

Monitoring location included in TNMN should meet at least one of the selection criteria. 

Slovak monitoring sampling stations, from which the data are collected for TNMN reports on 

the Danube and the Vah river are: Danube - Bratislava -R,M,L, Danube – Medvedov, Danube – 

Komsrno, Vah- Komarno. 

The determinants for monitoring have been chosen based on the international agreements on 

the transboundary rivers monitoring, risk analysis results, supplementary activities as investigative 

monitoring of the pollutants in the drinking waters reservoirs and streams, screening of the pollutants 

in the rivers under the relevant sources of pollution, sediments and waste waters done in 2001-2004 

and sediments monitoring in the drinking waters reservoirs and streams. The analytical methodologies 

for the determinands applied in TNMN are based on a list containing reference and optional analytical 

methods. The National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) have been provided with a set of ISO 

standards (reference methods) reflecting the determinand lists, but taking into account the current 

practice in environmental analytical methodology in the EU. 

The basic processing of the TNMN data consisted of calculation of selected statistical 

characteristics and classification of water quality determinands in each monitoring site. 

Keywords: TNMN, determinand, monitoring station, quality, quantity, class, Danube, river 

101




_________________ 

THE TROPHIC CONDITION OF THE RIVER TAMIS IN THE SUMMER SEASON 

Nemes Karolina 1 , Simeunovicy Jelica 1 , Bugarski Radojka 2 , Vörös Lájos 3 , 

Matavuly Milan 1 

1 University of Novi Sad, The Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology 

21000 Novi Sad, Serbia, E-mail: karolina@ib.ns.ac.yu 

2 Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of the Serbia 

3 MTA Balatoni Limnológiai Kutatóintézet Tihany, Hungary 

Eutrophication is a process of biological transformation of organic matter in disturbed aquatic 

ecosystems that usually reveals the species composition. An important task in linking science and 

policy in European water research is a delivery of the system of classification for different types of 

waters, including rivers and canals. 

The research of the Tamis river in Serbia has been carried out in the course of the summer in 

2004 and 2004 by collecting the surface water sample and sediment. We have studied the plankton 

composition in the midle Banat region in the canal Navigable Begey at boundary site Srpski Itebey, 

downstream Klek, the river Tamis at boundary site Jasa Tomic, midle sector after the dam- Botos, in 

river Brzava at boudary site Markovicevo, the river Tamis after the industrial town Pancevo and in 

canal Banatska Palanka-Novi Becej near Botos. The trophic condition was estimated with nutrient 

content, phytoplankton (diversity, chlorophyll a and ectoenzyme phosphatase enzyme activity of 

water). 

Algal biomass revealed chlorophyll a content what expresses trophic potential: excellent >1 

mg/m 3 , good 1-5 mg/m 3 , moderate 5-30 mg/m 3 , poor 30-50 mg/m 3 and, finally, above 50 mg/m 3 bad 

ecological potential. Phosphatase enzyme activity (i.e. PME-phosphomonoesterase) of untreated 

water sample was measured using p-nitrophenylphosphate as a substrate for acid, neutral, and 

alkaline enzyme activity of water (OD420nm). The phosphatase enzime activity revealed ecological 

potential: excellent 0.01-0.10 µmol/pNP/s/dm 3 , good 0.10-2.50 µmol/pNP/s/dm 3 , moderate 2.50-5.00 

µmol/pNP/s/dm 3 , poor 5.00-10.00 µmol/pNP/s/dm 3 , and bad potential above 10.00 µmolpNP/s/dm 3 . 

Measured chemical differences (i. e. pH, maior nutrients and conductivity) suggested that the 

Tamis river basin is negatively influnced by the point pollution resources passing by the canal 

Navigable Begey. The investigated phytoplankton assemblages were predominant over the benthic 

diatom species (70%) thus denoted nutrent reach environment. The average content of chlorophyll a 

5.57 mg/m 3 and ectoenzyme phosphatase activity 2.67 µmol/pNP/s/dm 3 in summer season pointed 

out moderate ecological potential of the Tamis River. According to phosphatase enzyme activity, 

phosphorus availability controls the algal biomass and sensitivity of microbial communities to trophic 

condition of the river Tamis was in accordance with temperature-limited condition of the eutrophic 

Hydrosystem Danube-Tisza-Danube (HS DTD) waters. 

Estimated trophic conditions pointed out ecologically mosaic in water quality of HS DTD in the 

midle Banat region and moderate ecological potential of the river Tamis. 

Keywords: the river Tamis, phytoplankton, trophic condition 

102




_________________ 

HYDROMORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF TISZA RIVER QUALITY WITHIN UKRAINE 

Obodovsky Olexandr, Iarochevitch Alexei 

Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, Geographical department, 

Hlushkova av., 2 Kyiv 03127, Ukraine 

pripyat@i.kiev.ua 

Conceptual basis of hydromorphological quality assessment of the rivers within Ukrainian part 

of the Carpathians eco-region in accordance with the standards of EU Water Framework Directive was 

determined. Main principles of hydromorphological monitoring system organization on the Carpathian 

rivers were substantiated. First hydromorphological quality assessment results of some rivers were 

received. 

Keywords: Riverbed processes, hydromorphological quality assessment, hydromorpho-logical 

monitoring, hydromorphological station, riverbeds. 

_________________ 

HYDROLOGICAL ACCESSION TO THE IMPROVE OF WASTE DISPOSAL 

Patrčević Vladimir, Ph.D.Civ.Eng., Maričić Siniša, M.Sc.Civ.Eng., 

Šibalić Luka, B.Sc.Civ.Eng. 

Faculty of Civil Engineering, University J.J. Strossmayer in Osijek 

e-mail: vladimir.patrcevic@zg.htnet.hr, smaricic@gfos.hr, lukas@hidroing-os.hr 

The unsuitable management with waste is the biggest global problem of environmental 

protections. In Croatia waste was to the center eightieth years the most often disposal without any 

control and without any security measures of environments. Consequence of spontaneous dispose of 

wastes have been imperiled sanitary, ecologically and security condition of environment. Water is one 

of most important integral parts of total life on the land and therefore the social has to make all that 

preserves this natural resource. 

With new legal provisions in Republic Of Croatia, problem of care of waste tries solve on the 

best be possible way. On the space of village Stari Jankovci, south-east from Vinkovci, has been 

planned the construction of center for the management waste disposal for District Vukovar - Srijem. 

Before the construction this Center necessary makes Study of impact on the environment. This work is 

the segment of Study which includes the hydrological aspect of influence on the environment. 

Keywords: Ecology, climate, waste disposal, precipitation, wind 

_________________ 

BASIN-WIDE WATER BALANCE IN THE DANUBE RIVER BASIN 

Petrovic Pavel 1 , Mravcova Katarina 1 , Miklanek Pavol 2 , Holko Ladislav 2 , 

Kostka Zdeno 2 

1 Water Research Institute, 812 49 Bratislava, Nabr. Arm. Gen. L. Svobodu, Slovakia 

2 Institute of Hydrology of the SAS, 831 02 Bratislava, Racianska 75, Slovakia 

e-mail: pavel.petrovic@slovanet.sk 

The paper describes results of mutual work of the National Committees of the IHP UNESCO 

of the Danube countries and experts and scientists nominated by their countries. The full report of this 

103




study is recently (at the time of the Conference) printed and available. It represents the task of the 

second phase of the co-operation of Danube countries in frame of the IHP UNESCO in the field of 

hydrology and it is published as the tenth follow-up volume No. VIII part 3 of the Hydrological 

Monograph of the Danube River Basin. 

The first part of the report lists the administrative background and circumstances which 

favourably helped to intensify work on the project since 2002. International part of the work, meetings 

of experts and steering committee were supported by set of the UVO ROSTE contracts in total amount 

of 82 800 US$. Simultaneously, work of the Slovak co-ordination team and performing of the Slovak 

contribution to the whole task was supported by the Slovak Science and Technology Agency – 

contract No. APVT-99-018202. 

The second part of the report deals with the general water balance of the Danube River basin 

assessment. Methodology for WatBal application is described in details. The Danube basin area was 

initially split into 110 balance regions. Water balance model WatBal was intended to be applied for 

each such region, but it was found that it was not possible to apply the WatBal model for all selected 

balance regions. Reasons are explained in details in the paper. 

The third part of the report deals with the disaggregation of “point” results obtained by the 

WatBal model with lumped parameters for individual balance regions into the space – into the map 

presentation using the GIS technology. 

The interpolated map of precipitation was prepared using the interpolation technique of kriging 

with extended drift. The map was validated visually, by comparison of measured and interpolated 

precipitation and by comparison of subbasin precipitation extracted from the map and calculated by 

participating countries in WatBal applications. 

Input for spatial disaggregation of actual evapotranspiration areal mean is represented by 

results from the WatBal modelling for particular balance regions. 

Spatial disaggregation of actual evapotranspiration resulting from WatBal was made by 

interpolation of WatBal values attributed to centres of gravity using kriging with extended drift. 

Map of long-term mean annual runoff depth was prepared by the same approach as the map 

of actual evapotranspiration. Measured runoff was attributed to the centre of gravity of each basin and 

then kriging with extended drift was used to interpolate the map of mean annual runoff depth. 

The last part of the paper – conclusions and recommendations - lists the achievements of the 

project among which it is necessary to mention the significance of the report for the International 

Commission for Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR); because our topic is in very close relation to 

the ICPDR’s Joint Action Programme, which in chapter 3.13 explicitly deals with the general water 

balance of the Danube River basin. 

Finally it is worth to mention that the obtained results and assembled data can create a good 

starting base for further studies of water balance and climate change impact on water regime in the 

Danube River basin. 

Keywords: Danube, water balance, mathematical modelling, GIS, precipitation, evapotranspiration, 

runoff, mapping. 

_________________ 

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE POLLUTION RISK DURING THE BREAKDOWN OF A 

THERMIC FURROW 

Popescu Ştefan 1 , Chiorescu Esmeralda 1 , Niţescu Cătălina 1 , Prepeliţă Dan 1 , Moruz Ilie 1 

1 Technical University “Gh. Asachi”, Jassy, Department of Hydroameliorations 

and Environment, Blvd. D. Mangeron 67 Iaşi 700050 Romania 

spopescu@tuiasi.ro 

In this paper are presented conceptual and mathematical models for thermic furrows, both 

during normal operating conditions and during a break-down generated by damage or errors in the 

104




exploitation. Subsequent these models, by means of a software program to pre-process raw data, and 

then using the FEFLOW software package, the two operating states of the furrows will be simulated in 

adequate scenarios. Thus, technical performances of the thermic furrows are emphasized, as well as 

the influence of some parameters of geothermal water (concentration and temperature) and soil 

(humidity and temperature) upon the development of the chemical process of pollution of the between 

furrows soil. 

Keywords: thermic furrow, heat transfer, chemical pollution, numerical simulation. 

_________________ 

PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PERIODS CRITICAL TO THE CONSERVATION OF 

QUALITY OF NATURAL WATERCOURSES 

Prof. Dr. Prohaska Stevan, Majkić Brankica 

Jaroslav Černi Institute for the Development of Water Resources, Belgrade, sada@sezampro.yu, 

brankica.majkic@jcerni.co.yu 

From the perspective of conservation of quality of natural watercourses, the natural processes 

which play a crucial role in defining the lengths of critical periods are the rate of discharge and water 

temperature. In essence, these processes are random and are generally recorded by water gauging 

stations of hydro-meteorological services of various countries. They are characterized by extensive 

spatial and temporal fluctuations, and to a large extent vary during the year. The correlation function of 

these phenomena has a negative sign and thus a highly unfavorable impact on the status of water 

quality. 

The paper addresses the definition of procedures for quantitative determination of the length 

of the period during the year which is unfavorable with regard to both the occurrence of critical values 

of the said phenomena and the length of the period - relatively low flows and high water temperatures. 

The proposed procedure is based on a theoretical definition of intra-annual distributions of the said 

phenomena and the identification of periods during which deterioration of other water quality 

parameters of a natural watercourse will be most likely. 

Keywords: water quality, critical period, flow, water temperature, intra-annual distribution, 

conservation of water quality. 

_________________ 

PROCEDURE FOR GEO-INFORMATIVE MODELING OF DESIGNED ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IN 

RIVER BASINS 

Prof. Samoylenko Victor, Dr.Sc.Geogr., C.Sc.Tech. 

Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University, Department for Physical Geography and Geoecology, 

apt.2, Pimonenko Str. 5, Kyiv, Ukraine, 04050, 

e-mail: samvic@yandex.ru 

New approaches and procedure for geo-informative mathematical-cartographic modeling of 

designed river basin ecological network were substantiated and elaborated. The results can be used 

in regional and basin programs, schemes and designs of water & nature resource management and 

ecological network forming. 

Keywords: river basin, bio-landscape structure, designed ecological network, mathematicalcartographic 

modeling, GIS, water & nature resource management. 

105




_________________ 

THE DEVELOPMENT OF NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS IN SURFACE RUNOFF AND DRAINAGE 

RUNOFF IN THE AGRICULTURAL MICROBASIN RYBARIK (SLOVAKIA) 

Sebin M., Pekarova P., Miklanek P. 

Institute of Hydrology Slovak Academy of Sciences, Racianska 75, 831 02 Bratislava, Slovakia, 

sebin@uh.savba.sk 

The nitrate concentration trends in the experimental microbasin of the Institute of Hydrology, 

Slovak Academy of Sciences near Povazska Bystrica (Slovakia), in the period 1987–2005, are 

evaluated in this paper. Water quality in surface runoff and drainage runoff in this agricultural 

microbasin is monitored since 1986. Total area of the Rybarik basin is 0.119 km 2 . The length of the 

stream from spring to closing profile is 255 m, the mean slope of the stream is 9.1%, and the mean 

slope of the basin is 14.9%. The forest coverage during the period 1986–2005 was approximately 

10%, rest of the land is arable. We evaluated the mean monthly nitrate concentrations in surface 

runoff and drainage runoff (Figure 1a) and their trends. The results of analyses indicate decreasing 

trend of nitrate transport from basin that is mainly caused by decrease in use of nitrogen fertilizers in 

the Rybarik basin after the year 1989. 

According to measured data, an empirical regression model was developed of dependence of 

the annual nitrates transport from the Rybarik basin LNO3 (kg.ha -1 .a -1 ) on annual runoff depth (R) and 

the annual amount of applied nitrogen fertilizers (F). 

LNO3 = - 29.67 + 0.294 R + 0.405 F, r2 = 0.73. (1) 

The analyses of the mean monthly concentrations showed that maximum nitrate 

concentrations in surface runoff and in drainage runoff (Figure 1b) are in the spring season – in the 

period of snow melt or in the period, when there is no vegetation cover in the basin, and the discharge 

rapidly increases and nitrates are washed off from the upper layer of the soil profile. Between June 

and August the nitrate concentrations are on annual minimal values – summer depression. During 

autumn, in certain years, the nitrate concentrations show slight increase – mainly in September. As 

- - 

Figure 1a shows, NO3 concentrations in drainage runoff (in comparison to NO3 concentrations in 

surface runoff) are significantly higher. 

a) b) 

NO3 - [mg.l -1 ] 

140 

120 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

I.87 I.89 I.91 I.93 I.95 I.97 I.99 I.01 I.03 I.05 

Figure 1. a) Course of mean monthly nitrate concentrations and b) seasonal changes of nitrate 

concentrations in surface runoff in closing profile of the microbasin Rybarik (S) and drainage runoff (D) 

in the period 1987- 2005 

Acknowledgements 

This work was supported by the Science and Technology Assistance Agency under the 

contract no. APVT-51-017804, and by project VEGA 5056. 

106 

D 

S 

- -1 

NO3 [mg.l ] 

60 

55 

50 

45 

40 

35 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

I 

III 

c 

V 

VII 

IX 

XI 

S 

D




_________________ 

ARSENIC IN CORRELATION WITH THE QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER OF WATERWORKS 

FROM MIDDLE BANAT AND WELLS OF ZRENJANIN 

Dr Ševaljević Mirjana 1 and Dr. Petković Saša 2 

1 Higher Technical Shool, Zrenjanin, 2 Healtprotect Institute, Zrenjanin 

arijanas@neobee.net 

In the earlier works (1, 2) the correlation of arsenic with turbidity, chloride and number of 

entrobacterien were found. The correlation of arsenic with quality parameters in this work enable to 

define dominant factors on measured turbidity caused by dissollution of elements (Fe and As) from the 

sediments. The ground water from the same region are contaminated with the approximately 

stationary components concentrations after the equlibrium was achieved for dissolution of sediments 

and sedimentation, in contact as substrate with ground water as reagens despersion. Soluble gases 

are activated as electron - acceptors in galvanic cells with the electron - donor reaction enable 

dissolution of substrate can give insoluble salts and its activation in secondary reactions. The stability 

of weak complexes of feratte (III) with cations are depending on oxidation state and the composition of 

electrolyte. The results of monitoring of groundwater in this work obtained for 23 waterworks of midlle 

Banat (1), for 19 wells of Zrenjanin 2004. (2) and for 50 wells of Zrenjanin 2006 by standard analytical 

methods in Healthprotect Institute in Zrenjanin enable examination of arsenic correlation with the 

quality of groundwater (with much higher organic matter, turbidity, ammonium, phosphate, iron 

concentrations and often entrobacterien fot that region, to proposed maximal allowed 

concentrations). The thickness of the ionic layer is about 100 nm at the concentration 10 - 6 mol/l of 

insoluble salts dispersed in water, so chemical reaction are dominant in controll of colloid stabillity. 

Increasing the concentrations of salts to 10 -3 compresses the double layer to 10 nm. Decreased depth 

of ionic layer increase electrokinetic potential and kinetic energy of electron and hydrogen ion, 

activated in catalytic hydrogen reduction of hydride and arsenide in equilibrium with sediments. In the 

work ( Ševaljević (3) was shown rate constants of sedimentation mycroelements controlled by 

diffusion (k d, As (1/min) ) is determined: with electron current through gas hydrogen adsorbed in 

double laye ( I (e)), diffusion overpotential of reduced or hydrogenated element ( η difMH), overpotential 

of gas hydrogen on catalytic metal (iron) (2η H2/ Fe ) and standard potential of mycroelement as As, Pb 

and Cd (E 0 ox 

M /M ), accordinglly to equation: k d, As (1/min) = I (e)·η difMH = I (e) (2η H2/Fe- E 0 ox 

M /M)/RT. 

TABLE I.Minimal and maximal values of As and other quality parameters for waterworks from 

midlle Banat and wells in Zrenjanin 

As 

μmol/l 

Fe 

μmol/l 

Turb. 

NTU 

Org.m. 

mmol/l 

PO4 3- 

μmol/l 

Cl - 

mmol/l 

NH3 

mmol/l 

pH 

El. 

cond. 

S/m 

23 

waterworks 0,03 - 3,6-34 0 - 6,5 0,45- 5,1-12 0,2-7,3 0,05- 7,5 - 0,1- 

(2004.) 

19 

1,5 

3,3 

0,5 8,1 0,2 

Wells 0,13- 18-94 6,4 - 0,7-2,0 0,1- 0,2-1,1 0,02- 7,5- 0,1- 

(2006. 

50 

0,5 

79 

4,2 

0,3 8,2 0,14 

Wells 0,13- 15-76 4,6 - 0,8-2,3 3-89 0,2-3,9 0,03- 7,2- 0,1- 

(2006) 0,2 

48 

0,2 8,3 0,19 

Minimum arsenic concentrations in waterworks were found often for concentration of iron 

equal as solubility Fe (II)-carbonate (6 μmol/l). For range pH 7,5 - 8, 1 faster iron and arsenic 

sedimentation indicate on hydrogen reactions in corellation with decreased turbidity. In neutral range 

107




of pH, Fe(III) is precipitated. The solubility of iron increases by formation weak complexes as cations 

(FeCl2) 2+ (detected for only one waterwork with pH = 7,1 at high chloride 3 mmol/l increased iron 

complex with solubility of 57 μmol/l and turbidity 127 , with prevented arsenic dissolution or releasing 

as gas arsin). The increased arsenic concentration indicate to increase oxigen concentration with 

decrease of organic matter. 

Factors controliing colloid stability in wells groundwater related to waterworks (2004) indicate 

decrease of organic mater and phosphate and amonia. Higher arsenic concentrations (2004.) related 

to wells (2006) can be explained by smaler phosphate concentration (< 4 μmol/l ) and more intensive 

oxigen corrosion. 

LITERATURE 

Stojiljković D., Tošić D.,Ševaljević M.(2004): Sadržaj arsena i kvalitet voda javnih bunara u Zrenjaninu, 

Letopis naučnih radova, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Novi Sad191-198 

Ševaljević at al: Uticaj zagađenja podzemnih voda srednjeg Banata na zagašenje enterobakterijama, 

Melioracije, zemljište i voda, Novi sad, 2006 

Ševaljević M. The Thesis:Razvoj galvanostatskog hidriranja arsena i koncentrovanja olova i 

kadmijuma radi određivanja atomskom apsorpcionom spektrofotometrijom, Novi Sad, 2000 

_________________ 

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EU WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE IN BAVARIA: 

WATER QUALITY MONITORING, RISK ASSESSMENT & RIVER BASIN MANGEMENT PLANS 

Dr. Simon Simone, Dr. Bittersohl Jochen, Dr. Sprenger Wolfgang, 

Wolf Birgit, Dr. Rothmeier Franz 

Bavarian Environment Agency, Bürgermeister-Ulrich-Straße 160, 86179 Augsburg 

email: poststelle@lfu.bayern.de, simone.simon@lfu.bayern.de 

On October 23rd, 2000, the “Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament establishing a 

framework for the Community action in the field of water policy“ was officially adopted. The key aims of 

the EU WFD are the management of water in river basins, the expanding scope of water protection to 

all waters - including surface waters and ground water, and the combined approaches of emission limit 

threshold values and water quality standards. 

The EU WFD sets the following clear deadlines for implementation: By the year 2003 the EU 

WFD codes concerning water management were put into the national legislation of the member 

states. At the second deadline (March 2005) the EU WFD required the analysis of river basins 

concerning pressures, impacts, and economic aspects (EU WFD Art. 5). Bavaria took the 

responsibility for the reports about the Danube, Rhine (Main and Alpenrhein/Lake Constance) and 

Elbe river basins within Germany’s national boundaries. These reports contain a risk assessment for 

surface and ground water, judging whether the acceptable status (as defined in the EU WFD) could be 

achieved before 2015 or not. In our assessment of surface waters we defined four risk classes: (1) 

organic pollution, (2) nutrient pollution, (3) hydromorphological alterations, (4) hazardous substances. 

The ground water risk assessment is based on the concentration level of nitrate. 

The establishment of high quality long-term monitoring programmes, to the end of 2006, is 

essential for the effective implementation of the WFD. The monitoring should be cost-effective and 

rationally risk-based. Our judgement is that inadequate investment in monitoring, including network 

infrastructure, data quality and management, will lead to a significant risk of missing the WFD’s 

environmental objectives. 

We set up four pilot projects in Bavaria for testing the effectiveness of monitoring programmes 

concerning number of monitoring sites, quality elements for operational monitoring, sampling 

frequency and sampling methods. Each project focuses on a specific environmental hazard, e.g. for 

running waters: (a) nutrient pressures within an area of intensive agricultural land use, (b) 

hydromorphological alteration – especially in Alpine river basins, and (c) high levels of nutrient and 

108




organic pollutants in surface waters with a low discharge. Concerning groundwater monitoring, we 

chose a groundwater body at risk – situated in an area with intensive agricultural land use and with 

high groundwater vulnerability. These four pilot projects identify the most suitable measuring methods 

and instruments to identify the impact of pollutants upon surface and ground waters. 

Once the analysis results of the above monitoring pilot programs are compiled at the end of 

2006, we will produce river basin management plans supplemented by more detailed programmes 

and “measurement plans for sub-basin, sector, issue, or water type, to deal with particular aspects of 

water management” [Directive 2000/60/EC, 2000]. Therefore we set up two pilot management projects 

for establishing detailed programmes for sub-basins in Bavaria- for surface water and ground water. 

For that we developed catalogues of measures to determine the specific detected impacts e.g. for 

reducing impacts from agriculture and hydromorphological alterations. 

The following sections 2., 3. and 4. describe three of our pilot projects which are located in the 

map in Figure 1 below: Section 2. describes the project for monitoring surface water (“Wertach”), 

Section 3. for monitoring ground water (ground water body “Main IV A1”), and Section 4. for 

establishing a programme of measure in the context of a river management plan (“Vils”). 

_________________ 

NUMERICAL MODELLING OF ACCIDENTAL POLLUTION SPREADING AT UPPER PART OF 

HRON RIVER 

Velísková Yvetta, Pekárová Pavla 

Institute of Hydrology SAS, Racianska 75, 831 02 Bratislava, Slovakia 

e-mail: veliskova@uh.savba.sk; pekarova@uh.savba.sk 

The paper deals with numerical simulation of transport and transformation of accidental 

pollution at upper part of the Hron River (Central Slovakia), in the section with possibility of 

contamination incidence. There were used two numerical models for this simulation: MODI and 

SIRENIE. Both of them are based on solution of two-dimensional advection – diffusion equation, but 

the model SIRENIE uses analytical solution of this equation and the model MODI uses numerical 

methods and so-called stream-tube conception. There were simulated accidental pollutant events 

during extremely low discharges at this river part. Models, besides other hydrologic and hydraulic input 

data (depth, velocity, width or cross-section area, discharge), require dispersion coefficients for 

simulation. The transverse dispersion coefficients, which were used in models, were obtained from 

results of field measurements at the stated part of the Hron River. The longitudinal dispersion 

coefficients were estimated by empirical formula, in which the value of the longitudinal dispersion 

coefficient is function of average slope of water surface, average stream width and discharge. 

Both of models can simulate also self-purification. Because we tried to simulate the most 

critical situation, we inserted the decay coefficient equal 0. 

According to results of simulations it was possible to see transport and transformation of the 

pollutant concentration wave in cca 20 km long part of endangered section of the Hron River 

downstream from the tributary of the Istebník brook. The results of simulation show that if the pollutant 

outflow mass is 200kg, the pollutant wave will pass through the section approximately during 16 hours 

(discharge in the stream during exceptionally dry period is 6 m 3 s -1 ) and the pollutant concentration 

before Banska Bystrica will be higher by 7.5 mg.l -1 . This increasing of pollutant concentration could be 

critical for some water organisms. 

It is very important to give higher attention to prediction and solution of ecological accidents 

also in future, because from the outputs of climate scenarios it is clear that occurrence of minimum 

discharges at streams would be more and more frequent, the industry and land-use of regions near 

streams would mean possibility of new pollutant sources and from point of view of environment it is 

necessary to know how we can solve such problems. 

109




Acknowledgement: 

This work was supported by Science and Technology Assistance Agency (Slovakia) under the 

contract No. APVT- 51- 017 804 and by VEGA 2/5054/25 and 2/5056/25. 

_________________ 

DETERMINATION OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND NITRATE POLLUTANT OF THE 

LESNOVSKA RIVER IN THE SECTION BETWEEN VILLAGES DOLNI BOGROV AND CHEPINCI 

Velkovski Grigor, Bozhinova Svetlana 

Institute of Water Problems - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 

Department: Hydraulic and Hydrophysical Problems of Water Systems 

E-mail: griwel@iwp.bas.bg : svetlana@iwp.bas.bg 

The main purpose of this study was to specify the river flow (Q, m3/s), nitrate concentrations 

and electrical conductivity in a part of the Lesnovska River Basin, situated near the Sofia City, the 

capital of Bulgaria. The investigated river section is between two villages – Dolni Bogrov and Chepinci. 

There is predominantly agricultural land along the riversides. 

With balance of the incoming water flow and pollutant transported by them are evaluated the 

incoming from filtration water flow by sections and transported by them pollutants (nitrate). 

The methodology that is worked out for measuring water flow by profiles and determination of 

pollutant quantity (or group pollutants) works well in this direction. 

Contamination of the river flow by profiles and along the investigated sector is determined. As 

a result it became clear that the most contaminated with NO3 river water is in the sector near the 

village Chelopechene and bridge Chelopechene. Contamination in the river profiles is not 

homogeneous. There are zones in the river flow with low and others with high pollution. 

The ascertainment that in a certain distance from the inflow of a certain feeder the 

contamination in the flow is homogenized is in contrary to generally concept in literature. 

The general conclusion after the investigation is that the water of the Lesnovska river in 

studied sector is with average pollution with nitrate, but the filtrated water from the agricultural area 

along the river in this pollution are with significant contribution. 

Keywords: Surface and groundwater pollution, nitrate contamination from agriculture, fertilizing 

impact, electrical conductivity 

_________________ 

THE COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO THE COMPLEX WATER QUALITY 

ASSESSMENT IN THE SMALL RIVERS OF CITIES 

Veres Katerina 

Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University, Ukraine 

Postal address apt.136, Priozerna Str., 8, Kyiv, Ukraine, 04211 

E-mail: ivaket@ukr.net 

Comparison and analysis of water quality integral estimates for small rivers of strongly 

urbanized territories by different procedures were fixed. Elaboration of advanced procedure was 

proposed. Such procedure has to take into account the stochastic structure of water quality 

parameters and their factor conditionality. 

Keywords: ecological appreciation, quality of water, ecological situation, small rivers, river basins, 

urbanized territories, geo-ecological state, ecological index. 

110




_________________ 

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS DANUBE IN FRUSKA GORA`S 

REGION 

Vidić I. Nada, Sc. D 

E-mail: alma-mons@hotmail.com, mons@apv-nauka.ns.ac.yu 

.Fruska gora Danube Region is on the left bank of Danube reiver and, identify it`s geo-space. 

This region is 81,4 km long and it is spread from Croatian boarder west at Neštin, to Tisa mouth in to 

Danube, west of Old Slankamen ( Vidic,2002). 

In these region, there are imortant touristics resource : cultural monuments, cultural 

manifestation, etno-cultural resource, picnic places, weekend zone,hunthing places. 

Characteristic of water of Danube are important for activity in all touristics potentital. 

In this paper are analysed quantitative and qualitative characteristics water of Danube water 

stage, chemical characteristics, for hydrological station : Backa Palanka (1298,6 km), Novi Sad ( 

1255,1 km) and Slankamen ( 1215,5 km),( Table 1). 

Table 1 Characteristic values of water of river Danube in the stations: 

Bačka Palanka, Novi Sad, Old Slankamen -period 2000-2004 *** 

m o n t h s 

indicators 

V VI VII VIII IX avarage years values 

Ba;ka Palanka 

Water stage 410,33 303 501,6 301,5 301,7 

PH 8,33 8,03 8,1 7,9 7,9 6,6 

Suspended solids 28 23 28 25 22,7 28,18 

SO4/2mg/l 33,6 34,6 34 32,7 39 27,3 

Cl-mg/l 18,03 19,5 17,7 

Novi Sad 

20,5 17,17 22,9 

Water stage 264,5 272 206,8 213,6 176,4 267,3 

PH 8,06 7,8 8,14 8,06 7,94 7,8 

Suspended solids 15,6 45 23,8 38,2 27,6 24,9 

SO4/2mg/l 33,8 31,6 33,2 33,2 34 40,1 

Cl-mg/l 16,3 15,8 16,4 14,5 15,6 19,4 

Old Slankamen 

Water stage 287,4 291,8 206,8 201,2 260,6 226,7 

Ph 8,2 8,08 8,16 8,2 7,8 84 

Suspended solids 31,2 25,2 17,6 31,8 36,2 17,2 

SO4/2mg/l 30,6 34,2 32,2 33,4 36,2 33,9 

Cl-mg/l 18,5 13,3 17,8 17,08 20,17 17,6 

*** Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia, Hydrological yearbook – 3 Quality of water, Belgrade, for 

years:2000, 2002, 2003,2004 

It have to be done analysis of water in other locations in industrial zones such as: Celarevo, 

Sremski Karlovci, Beocin. 

For the development of tourism in this region of the Danube river it is very imortant 

implementaion of the results of : 

• Project - Danube River Entreprise Pollution Reduction-DREPR 6) , and 

• Implementation Nacional Environmental Policy in Serbia –NEAP. 

In this aim there is necessity to adopt legislation in this area. 

111




_________________ 

GROUND-WATER TEMPERATURE IN MUNICH - THE TWO OLDEST TIME SERIES 

(1874-1935 AND 1886-1935) 

Dipl.-Geol. Wirth S. Daniel 1) 

1) 

c/o Münchner Stadtentwässerung, Friedenstrasse 40, D- 81671 München. 

email: daniel.wirth@muenchen.de 

Introduction 

In the last decades groundwater temperature measurement grew more and more important. It 

plays a major role in energy production by means of heat pumps. Besides these values are important 

indicators of the influence the city has on the environment. 

Measurements 

From 1874 to 1935 already, the City of Munich, ("Münchner Stadtentwässerung"), 2) registered 

the temperature of the city´s ground water (upper storey), dedicated to health protection. Most of these 

values are from up to 40 measuring points, generally measured at a two-week interval. 

On the premises of a hospital in München-Bogenhausen, 400 m east of the river Isar, 

measurements were taken from December 1874 to December 1935. In München-Sendling, 5 km from 

here, westward the river, there exist measurements from January 1886 to December 1935, on the 

ground of a farm. 

Location of the measuring points "Bogenhausen" and "Sendling" in Munich 

Object in view 

These two time series are the oldest series available in Munich. They have been chosen in 

order to estimate possible long-time influences on the groundwater temperature. In the following, we 

would like to present first results of the statistical analysis of these data. 

First Results and Outlook 

At the „Bogenhausen“ measuring point, the average of the annual maximum ground-water 

temperatures of the hydrological years 1931-35 is 0.9 °C higher than the average 1875-79. The 

average of the annual minimum temperature 1931-35 is 0.2 °C higher than 1875-79. At the „Sendling“ 

measuring point, the average of the annual maximum temperatures 1931-35 is 0.5 °C higher than 

1886-90. The average of the annual minimum temperature 1931-35 is 1.0 °C higher than the average 

1886-90. There is an upward trend of the monthly groundwater temperature at the time series 1874- 

1935 and at the series 1886-1935. These two trends are significant. 

112




Ground-Water Temperature [ ° C ] 

13 

12 

11 

10 

9 

8 

7 

trend = 0,021 °C / year 

temperature 

6 

1874 1879 1884 1889 1894 1899 1904 1909 1914 1919 1924 1929 1934 1939 

Linear trend of monthly ground-water temperatures: measuring point "Bogenhausen", December 1874 

to December 1935 

Ground-Water Temperature [ ° C ] 

13 

12 

11 

10 

9 

8 

7 

trend = 0,024 °C / year 

temperature 

113 

Year 

6 

1884 1889 1894 1899 1904 1909 1914 1919 1924 1929 1934 1939 

Linear trend of monthly ground-water temperatures: measuring point "Sendling", January 1886 to 

December 1935 

At the beginning of these measurements, the nearer drainage areas considering the two 

measuring points (approx. 1 km each) were rural regions with almost no sealed surface. Until 1935 

however these areas got an urban character. There was a large growth of population in munich at the 

end of the 19 th and at the beginning of the 20 th century. For that reason the increasing site density, 

surface sealing due to road construction, as well as the underground pipe systems constructed to 

supply and disposal of the respective city departements, were important anthropogenic factors. For 

example new major streets were constructed in the area of the two measuring points, including 

numerous underground pipe lines. 

The upward trend of the ground-water temperature is a possible indicator of the influence the 

urban development had on the environment 1874-1935. Further analysis of the two time series, a 

comparison with other "old" measurements and a comparison with „modern“ groundwater 

temperatures in Munich are intended. 

1) Dipl.-Geol. Daniel S. Wirth, c/o Münchner Stadtentwässerung, 

81671 München. email: daniel.wirth@muenchen.de 

The "Münchner Stadtentwässerung" (City of Munich, Waste Water Management) is devoted to 

environmental protection and public health. 

Year




114




WATER RESOURCES MANAGMENT 

115




116




_________________ 

DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM (DSS) FOR WATER MANAGEMENT, ASSISTING WFD 

IMPLEMENTATION IN ROMANIA 

ADLER Mary - Jeanne * PhD, McKinney Daene ** PhD, PE, DROBOT Radu *** PhD, 

NICOLAU Codrin **** 

*National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management, Bucharest, Romania, adler@hidro.ro, 

**Texas University, Austin, USA, daene@aol.com, 

***Technical University of Civil Engineering, Bucharest, Romania, drobot@utcb.ro, 

**** eMagus Consult codrin.nicolau@emagus.ro 

After the big floods of 2005, decision makers have become increasingly interested in decision 

support system that allow to present in a synthetic and graphical form the alternative choices and the 

evaluation of the expected damages or benefits arising from their decisions in the field of flood 

management. 

In the field of flood risk mitigation and control the present state of the art allows for the 

development of reliable rainfall -runoff models, but in general the forecast is strongly affected by the 

knowledge of the uncertainty with future rainfall. In addition, a wide gap exists not only between 

Meteorologists and Atmosphere Physicists on one side and Hydrologists, Soil Physicists and 

Engineers on the other side, but also between Scientists and Decision makers. A DSS for Romania in 

water management was designed for multiple decision levels covering the flood management issue 

including well -equipped basins regarding hydro -technical infrastructures as well as, water supply and 

spills. 

The recent years additional issues were added in the field of water management in Romania 

regarding WFD implementation; consequently, decision makers in the field of integrated water 

management, have become increasingly interested in decision support systems that allow presenting 

in a synthetic and graphical form the alternative choices in river basin master -plan designing, in water 

supply during droughty periods or accidental spills. 

Therefore, to be of any practical value, the DSS including different procedures like expert 

systems or optimization methods allows for simulation of alternative management policies under 

uncertain evolution of natural events (flooding, droughts or accidental spills). 

In this presentation, will be presented the DSS design and in detail, water allocation module. 

The application was provided for Arges Basin, a heavy modified water body, where ecological 

discharges are very important issue during droughty periods. Optimization of water allocation keeping 

safety the live and decreasing the pressures in the basin will be presented. It is for the first time in 

Romania that was succeeded in giving priority to water supply keeping the ecological discharges on 

the river and subordinating hydropower production and reservoirs management to this purposes. 

Keywords: Decision Support System for water management, water allocation optimization 

117




_________________ 

PACK OF INFORMATICS APPLICATIONS FOR REALIZING ANNUAL STUDIES AT THE 

HYDROMETRICAL STATIONS AND ON RIVER BASINS 

Purdel Adrian, Pasoi Ion 

National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management 

Romania, Bucuresti – Ploiesti road, no.97, 013686, Bucharest, Romania, 

e-mail eu_andy@yahoo.com, ion.pasoi@hidro.ro 

During a year, in Romania are realized hydrometrical studies at the gauging stations and on 

river basins. In the conditions of the automation of the collecting, archiving, validating and processing 

of the hydrometrical data, the elaboration of some informatics applications was needed. After using 

and testing these applications appeared the idea of integrating them in only one pack, in order to 

make these applications “communicate” between them. 

In these respect the present paper proposes two applications HIDROMET (hydrometrical 

study at the gauging station) and HIDROBAZ (hydrometrical study on river basin). The two 

applications are realized in Excel having as initial data hydrologic and meteorological parameters from 

automatic and classic gauging stations. They integrate applications for the automatic calculation of the 

discharge and sediment transport measurements (CAMDAR), automatic expression of the rating 

curves and rating tables (CHELIM), automatic calculation of hydraulic rating curves (CHELIMH), 

automatic representation of cross-sections (CRAPT), and automatic calculation of natural discharge 

(RECONDA, VALMED, VALMAX). All these applications, taken separately, have been tested and 

have been implemented at different stages in the hydrological network. 

The paper presents the structure of these packs and of each integrated application, their use 

and utility. 

Keywords: informatics application, automatic calculation, hydrometrical studies 

_________________ 

THE HISTORICAL FLOODS THAT AFFECTED ROMANIA IN 2005 

Anghel Elena, Frimescu Lavinia 

elena.anghel@hidro.ro 

The year 2005 was characterized by the intensification of flood occurrence phenomenon. Both 

controlled river basins and also uncontrolled areas such as torrents and small basins were affected by 

intense floods beginning with the second decade of February, the most important floods, causing 

casualties and important damage, occurred during April – September. 

Intense floods were caused by impressive precipitation quantities, monthly precipitation values 

of 150-300 mm, most of them having a high torrential character in a short time. 

In April violent floods were recorded in Banat County and the most important aspect is that the 

entire territory was flooded and the phenomenon lasted a long time and the water withdrew very 

slowly. 

The previous floods from 1970, 1972, 1975 and 1991, although exceeded the ones from 2005, 

occurred on smaller areas. 

The maximum discharges recorded in 2005 on some rivers (Barzava, Prahova, Siret, Trotus, 

Arges, Putna, Rm.Sarat, Prut) were the biggest ones in the annual maximum discharge range. 

Although in the last 40-50 years floods occurred on the majority of Romanian rivers, the ones 

registered in 2005 were special because the flooding phenomenon had never such a long duration 

(from March to September) in the last 100 years. 

118




_________________ 

WATER SUPPLY OF NOVI SAD THROUGH HORIZONTAL DRAIN WELLS 

Prof. Dr. Babac Dušan, Civil Engineer 1 , Dr. Pavle Babac, Civil Engineer 1 

1 Balby International, Belgrade, Kraljice Marije 71 

E-mail: balby@BITSYU.NET 

Novi Sad, administrative, economic, and cultural center of Vojvodina, has domestic and 

industrial water supply from the aquifer of Danube alluvial area with radial collector wells. There are 

tree different locations with this wells: 

• old ground water resource "Strand". There are six radial collector wells, started 1961 with 

total discharge 200-300 l/s today 

• new ground water resource "Petrovaradinska Ada". There are six radial collector wells, 

started 1984 with total discharge 600 l/s today 

• new ground water resource "Ratno ostrvo" across "Petrovaradinska Ada". There are nine 

radial collector wells with total discharge 

700-800 l/s today 

In 1978, conducted researches approved relationship between "Strand" wells discharge 

decrement and well drains clogging accompanied with Danube river bottom clogging with alluvial 

deposit. 

In 1978 total production of 6 radial collector wells was over 600 l/s, but current production is 

250 l/s. 

Ground water source "Ratno ostrvo" is most important and most powerful resource for water 

supplying system, with capacity 700-800 l/s. 

During 14 years, the use of 9 radial collector wells on location "Ratno ostrvo" showed 

continuous total specific discharge of wells with increased wells depression. Increased wells 

depression ware in relationship with the bottom clogging contact of river Danube and at the same time 

drains clog and clogging drain area surround them. Based on available data for wells BHD-2 - BHD- 

10, (value of coefficient transmissibility (T), drawdown value (S) and discharge (Q) for year 2003) 

applying method approximation radial collector wells with vertical wells (Re), there were calculated 

approximately values of hydraulic equivalent distance from river Danube (b) to wells area in ground 

water source "Ratno ostrvo" in Novi Sad. 

Calculated values, on the level of estimation, of hydraulic equivalent distance from river 

Danube to the line of wells on ground water resource "Ratno ostrvo" for year 2003 is, between 100 m 

and 200 m. This result is real regarding 10 years exploitations on ground water resource. This result 

from ground water source "Ratno ostrvo" is comparable with the result from ground water source 

"Strand" (most of all values of equivalent distance (b) level Danube from 6 wells, in function of time). 

In this paper was given recommendation of procedure correlation and connection between 

well discharge and clogging process on way: river Danube - alluvial deposit - wells. 

Keywords: water supply, novi sad, horizontal drain wells, Prof. Dr. Dusan Babac, Dr. Pavle Babac 

119




_________________ 

NAVIGABLE WATERWAY BETWEEN THE DANUBE AND THE AEGEAN SEA - POSIBILITIES 

Babac Pavle, PhD. Civ.eng 1 , Janićijević Zoran, MSc.Civ. Eng, AM ASCE 2 

1 Balby International, Belgrade, Kraljice Marije 71, E-mail: balby@BITSYU.NET 

2 TESECO. Belgrade, Dr Djordja Jovanovica 11, E-mail: zoranjan@eunet.yu 

This Project has more than 100 years history, which tell us the evolution of aims, needs and 

proposed solutions. 

In 1904 started real initiative for building the navigable route in order to connect the Danube 

with the Aegean Sea. An American firm of New Jersey (USA) in 1908 made a preliminary project 

design of a navigable route Morava-Vardar (Axios). 

The idea raised by the Governments of Greece and former Yugoslavia and 

in 1961, preliminary project plans were elaborated. Mission of the United Nations experts 

visited former Yugoslavia in 1973 to investigate the background of the project and to assess its 

validity. The experts concluded it was likely that a waterway could be economically justified. 

In period from 1973 till 2006, engineers from Serbia prepared complete preliminary design for 

future waterway. 

The Danube-Aegean waterway, 650 kilometers length, has to overcome approximately 812 

meters of fall, or a fall of only 1.25 meters per kilometers of length. If we compare the Danube-Aegean 

project fall, with the fall on some European canals (Vienna-Budweis Canal, Danube-Moldau Canal, 

Bohemian-Moravian Canal, etc.) it is obvious that the Danube-Aegean waterway is technically far 

easier to construct than the above referred to canals. 

Question is: What this waterway can provide to the countries on Balkan region and what 

benefit European countries can have from exploitation of this waterway. 

By the influence of resent global strategic events central European countries must think about 

hypothetical restriction of energy supplement from Russia. Alternative solution is to supply European 

country with middle east oil by waterway Vardar (Axsios) - Pcinja - South Morava - Great Morava - 

Dunav (Danube). In this moment oil transportation looks more objective then transportation of other 

gods. Along the coast of waterway it is possible to install fiber optic cable for hi - speed data transfer 

during the canal construction. 

Waterway could transform Serbia in to the partner of EU and USA and could provide global oil 

trade security. 

Keywords: NAVIGABLE WATERWAY, DANUBE, AEGEAN SEA, POSIBILITIES, NIKOLA 

STAMENKOVIC, MORAVA - VARDAR (AXIOS) 

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_________________ 

OSAM RIVER FLOW MODELLING 

Bojilova Elena 

National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Department of 

Hydrology, 66 Tzarigradsko chausse Avenue, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria, 

E-mail: Elena.Bojilova@dir.bg 

Stochastic modelling of recovered natural river flow for Osam river is performed. Osam River 

situated in North Bulgaria, is one of the tributaries of Danube River. The focus of the presented 

research is application of disaggregation models for subseasonal disaggregation - annual flow totals to 

monthly flows. Data series with recovered natural flow are used. The synthetic flow sequences with 

monthly values are generated. 

Temporal disaggregation models for flow modelling are applied. Two basic models are 

executed in one-stage scheme: 

- Case 1 – extended Mejia and Rousselle model and 

- Case 2 – Lin model, one stage disaggregation approach. 

Data from five stations along the Osam River are used – Bely Osam at Troian city; Cherny 

Osam at Velchovska; and stations at Lovech, Gradishte and Isgrev. The comparison between the 

models is made and presented. Using the model with better performance (Lin model, one stage 

scheme) the synthetic flow sequences with monthly values are generated. 

We could concluded that temporal disaggregation models are suitable for disaggregation of 

the recovered natural river flows with combined recharge conditions (snowmelt and/or rainfall) in the 

catchment areas. Also they are well applicable for the specific climatic and hydrologic conditions in 

Bulgaria. 

Keywords: stochastic and disaggregation modelling, recovered natural river flow. 

_________________ 

SURFACE WATERS OF MONTENEGRO 

Bošković Milan, Bajković Ivana 

Hydrometeorological Institute of Montenegro 

Podgorica, Montenegro 

ivana.bajkovic@meteo.cg 

Natural resources of surface water in Montenegro (springs, brooks, rivers and lakes) are 

considerably bigger than the average surface fresh water of the former Yugoslavia, and many times 

bigger than the average of Europe or of the World. 

When we adopt as a criterion the specific module of surface runoff q [l·s -1 ·km -2 ] which in the 

World is only 7 l·s -1 ·km -2 and in the former Yugoslavia 16 l·s -1 ·km -2 , the Montenegro with its 43 l·s -1 ·km - 

2 

belongs to the most productive regions in the World, because only 3-4% of the total dry land has 

such or a higher specific runoff . 

The area of the mountainous territory of Montenegro (with the average level above the sea of 

1050 m, and with the average slope of terrain around 30%) is 13.812 km 2 (or with the adequate part of 

the sea atea 16.352 km 2 ). On this territory are formed several main water courses which flow in two 

directions: toward the Black sea and the Adriatic sea. The considerable part of the area of Montenegro 

is on the region of the continental dinaric stone, which is without constant surface runoff, but with 

many crevices, depressions in karst and places where the flow sinks. Sinking waters flow under the 

surface toward the sea or to another flow outside the territory of Montenegro. The complex of Skadar 

lake, Drim and Bojana is by the hydrogeography extremely complicated, with the catchments area 

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around 20000 km 2 . It is formed on the territory of Serbia, Macedonia, Greece, Albania and 

Montenegro and there is a large number of hydroenergetic power stations in this region. 

In this work is presented a global review of the available quantities of surface water in 

Montenegro, and its comparation with the waters of Serbia and Montenegro, the former Yugoslavia, 

Europe, and the whole Planet. 

Keywords: specific runoff module, catchments area, discharge, precipitation, transpiration 

_________________ 

APPLICABILITY OF GIS TECHNIQUES IN EXCESS WATER HAZARD MAPPING ON THE SOUTH 

GREAT HUNGARIAN PLAIN 

Bozán Csaba 1 , Körösparti János 1 , Pásztor László 2 , Kozák Péter 3 , 

Herceg Árpád 3 , Kuti István 4 and Pálfai Imre 3 

1 Research Institute for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Irrigation, P.O.B. 47, H-5541 Szarvas, Hungary, 

bozancs@haki.hu; korospartij@haki.hu 

2 Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of 

Sciences, P.O.B. 35, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary, pasztor@rissac.hu 

3 Directorate for Environmental Protection and Water Management of Lower Tisza District, P.O.B. 390, 

H-6724 Szeged, Hungary 

4 Geological Institute of Hungary, P.O.B. 106, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary, kutil@mafi.hu 

Frequent occurrence of extreme anomalies in natural water supply is a great problem for the 

agricultural production in Hungary. An important step towards an effective solution is the detailed and 

reasonably accurate mapping of the influential environmental factors of excess water inundation. In 

the flat-land regions of Hungary (on nearly half of the total area of the country) excess waters cause 

several problems in addition to floods. The inundated total area might be as high as 5,000-6,000 km 2 . 

In this paper GIS based mapping of excess water hazard and some related influential factors are 

presented in Csongrád and Békés counties which are situated in the South part of the Great 

Hungarian Plain. Reasonable and preventive management of agricultural areas requires satisfactory 

information on the spatial and temporal distribution of excess water. Limited numbers of affecting 

environmental factors were considered, and information on these factors was collected and arranged 

in a harmonised manner. The affects of soil, agro-geology, relief, groundwater, land use and 

hydrometeorology were represented by one parameter. In this way the formation of excess water was 

defined and quantified. Effect of soil was modelled and spatially represented by the water 

management characteristics of soil (infiltration capacity, mm/h) which based on Kreybig map series 

(1:25,000) and 1:100,000 scale map of the hydrophysical characteristics of soils. Effect of 

(agro)geology on the formulation of excess water was represented by a complex index taking into 

consideration the depth and thickness of the uppermost aquitard. Effect of relief on the formulation of 

excess water was represented by a normalized version of relief intensity; i.e. Variation in elevation / 75 

* relief energy. 1:25,000-scale topography map was utilized for the digital terrain model. Effect of 

groundwater was modelled and spatially represented by the standard depth of groundwater; i.e. the 

average of its ten highest values within two periods (1960-1980, 1981-2005) because of drying of 

Danube-Tisza Divide. Effect of land use was modelled by a numeric coefficient based on CORINE 

Land Cover (CLC-50) database and individually attributed to its categories. Effect of hydrometeorology 

on the formulation of excess water was modelled by the humidity index. Monthly precipitation and 

potential evapotranspiration data series covering the period of 1951-2000 from 20 meteorological 

observing stations were used. According to our method the lower the values of all the above 

mentioned influential factors are, the more significant the role in excess water formation is. Multiple 

regressions was used for the determination of the role of various factors in the formation of excess 

water thus providing weights for its stochastic linear estimation by the applied factors. According to our 

experience, involving humidity index in multiple regressions rather worsened the fitness; finally it was 

used just as a multiplying correction coefficient. The values coming from the regression equation were 

multiplied by and added to a constant value, resulting in the Complex Excess Water Hazard Index. 

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The values provided by the equation were then used to compile the excess water hazard map based 

on more detailed original map layers. This study has allowed drawing several conclusions and 

identifying limitations that would have wide applications in the use GIS methodology for diagnosis of 

excess water damages. As a consequence the resulted risk map can be utilized in numerous land 

related activities: land use and agricultural planning, water management interventions, water oriented 

cultivation systems, wetland restoration etc. 

Keywords: excess water risk, GIS, stochastic mapping 

_________________ 

FORMATION OF ECOHYDROGRAPHICAL REGIONS IN SLOVENIA 

Brilly M. 1 , Globevnik L. 2 , Bizjak A. 2 , Vidmar A. 1 

1 University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Jamova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, 

mbrilly@fgg.uni-lj.si 

2 Institute for Water, Hajdrihova 28, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, 

lidija.globevnik@guest.arnes.si 

The European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD) has provided the framework for the 

protection and improvement of the aquatic environment. According to the Directive, surface water 

bodies should be classified into categories and differentiated according to types in the chosen 

category. A draft of differentiation of rivers and lakes in Slovenia into types of ecohydrographical 

regions is presented in the paper. The WFD provides two kinds of differentiation on surface body 

types: system A according to Illies (1978) with ecoregions on the relevant map in Annex XI of WFD, 

and system B. System B gives the grounds for consideration of specific country conditions according 

to obligatory and optional factors. The same degree of differentiation should be achieved by System B 

as is by System A. System B implements ecohydrographical regions according to obligatory factors 

(descriptors). Slovenia is subdivided into seven ecohydrographical regions: three in the Adriatic Sea 

river basin and four in the Danube river basin. Watershed borders determine the dividing lines of 

ecohydrographical regions. The main factors for determination of ecohydrographical regions are 

altitude and geology with predominant karst phenomena. Major rivers with watersheds larger than 

1000 km2 are treated individually. Small rivers with catchment of less than 100 km2 are differentiated 

according to ecohydrographical regions. The optional descriptor, such as transport of sediment, then 

determines types of rivers (both major and small).. The types of river are developed by GIS and 3Dmodels 

of a river network. 

Keywords: Water Framework Directive, types of river 

HOW TO TAKE ACTION FOR RIVER RESTORATION 

Brilly M. & Rusjan S. 



River rehabilitation is a long-term, costly and complex process involving numerous actions. 

The process of development via a bottom-up approach is described in the paper. The emphasis in the 

presented methodology is in active involvement of stakeholders and citizens who are driven with their 

particular interests. The integrity of action-taking is established at a lower level and in a smaller stretch 

of a river and its relevant corridor. Crucial is the direct involvement of interested parties in the decision 

making process and actions. The willingness to cooperate and the level of social capital are the key 

elements. The operation is integrated and driven by a steering committee recognised by the involved 

parties. The consideration of stakeholder’s interests is provided through the application of the Multi- 

Attribute and Cost-Sharing model developed on the Glinscica stream case study. 

Actions should be organised and driven by a body recognised by all involved parties (UNEP, 

2004). Efforts must involve a pro-active participation and contributions of both governmental and nongovernmental 

stakeholders. An NGO or the private sector can act as a partner in action. The form of 

organisation depends on the local practice, legislation and size of action. Actions should take place at 

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the lowest possible level, then demand-driven approaches can be applied. The lowest level of 

participation is usually considered by means of providing the access to information and active 

dissemination of information (HarmoniCOP, 2005). All stakeholders should be involved from the 

beginning in selecting the appropriate solution and management options. Attention must be given to 

local demands. Comprehensive analyses of present and future societal demands are required, and 

strong support and acceptance from the local communities should be secured. With such analyses 

realistic choices can be made from a wide range of technological, financial and management options. 

River rehabilitation must include maintenance and care, which is not possible without full co-operation 

of locals and stakeholders. 

In management and decision-making processes transparency should be ensured, establishing 

trust of the inhabitants. Early, continuous, targeted and transparent communication between all parties 

is required to establish firm partnerships. Management of problems is related to the interests, 

knowledge and experience. The idealistic technical approach lies in sophisticated modelling with all 

necessary data including the assessment of possible risk. The lack of data and knowledge asks for a 

more simple analysis with good expert estimation, but such a system fails if experts develop a 

particular interest or if they want to promote particular solutions. Independent facilitators of the 

decision making process could be beneficial when problems are particularly difficult with opposing 

interests of stakeholders. A third party also helps to avoid that the competitive authorities dominate in 

the process. 

Regardless of the approach chosen, each river restoration asks for a flexible, tailor-made setup. 

Each necessary step can be taken at different points in time, depending on available resources 

and capabilities. It is thus advisable to apply a well-defined logical framework, consisting of a 

comprehensive set of logically related tasks: 

1. Identification of the need for action 

2. Establishing a steering committee 

3. Setting boundaries 

4. Development of preparation plan 

5. Implementation 

• Operational management: on-site versus off-site 

• Institutional arrangements, such as capacity building, awareness raising, and 

• Public participation 

6. Monitoring and evaluation 

An important step in the process is the formation of a steering committee. The steering 

committee includes key stakeholders, interested citizens, public officials, and any other groups or 

individuals who are interested in or might be affected by the restoration initiative (Fogg and Wells, 

1998). Local citizen groups comprise multiple interests that hopefully share a common concern for 

environmental conservation and interest of local community. Such broad-based participation helps 

ensure that self-interests of administration do not operate the process from the top down. The steering 

committee ensures high level participation in the development and implementation of the revitalization 

action. Interested parties will participate actively in the planning process by discussing issues and 

contributing to their solution as members of the steering committee. They will share the decision 

making and objectives. Shared decision-making implies that the interested parties not only participate 

actively in the planning process, but also become partly responsible for the outcome (EU, 2002). 

The steering committee generally takes care of the following: 

• Carrying out restoration planning activities. 

• Coordination of development of the preparation and implementation plan. 

• Identifying public’s interest in the restoration effort. 

• Making diverse viewpoints and objectives known to decision-makers. 

• Ensuring that local values are considered during the restoration process. 

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Comparing the alternatives is the key to decision-making in such cases. Often in planning a 

river rehabilitation project, we are faced with making a choice among various options – alternatives. If 

the only consideration is costs, we can use economic principles to guide our selection. Many times, 

however, the choice involves both strictly quantitative measures (such as costs) and strictly qualitative 

measures (aesthetical aspects or even political viability). In such cases we must use a process to 

approximately “quantify” all measures at a similar, numerical scale, so that we can perform 

mathematical calculations which assist the decision maker to consider preferences and interests of all 

parties involved (stakeholders). The list of main stakeholders together with their interests is included in 

the model so that the decision maker has an overall picture of the preferences for a certain state of the 

water body and also possible conflicting interests. 

Efforts and actions must involve a pro-active participation and contributions of both 

governmental and non-governmental stakeholders. An NGO or private sector can act as a partner in 

action. The form of organisation depends on the local practice, legislation and size of action. The main 

idea of Cost-Sharing is distribution of costs for realization of selected alternatives among interested 

stakeholders. The basis for Cost-Sharing derives from performance of each alternative regarding the 

pre-defined objectives of river rehabilitation and satisfaction of stakeholders’ interests. The agreement 

of the stakeholders on the importance of certain objective is the crucial aspect for the application of 

the model. Otherwise, if the agreement of the stakeholders on the importance of defined objectives is 

not reached, the selection of the preferred alternative can be easily manipulated. On the other hand, 

Cost-Sharing provides an insight into the preparedness of stakeholders to realize their interests 

through their actual involvement in the selected alternative. 

References 

EU 2002, Guidance on public participation in relation to the water framework directive. 

Fogg, J., Wells, G., 1998. Stream Corridor Restoration, Principles, Processes, and Practices, U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Tennessee Valley 

Authority, Federal Emergency Management Agency, U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. 

Department of Housing and Urban Development, U. S. Department on the Interior, 536 pp. 

HarmoniCOP, 2005, Learning together to manage together, Improving participation in water 

management, University of Osnabruck, Institute of Environmental System Research, 99 pp. 

_________________ 

WATERCOURSE REHABILITATION – MANAGEMENT SCHEME 

Cristescu Diana 1 , Vlaicu Ionel 1 

1 “Banat” Water Direction, no. 32, Mivai Viteazul Street, RO – Timisoara, 

diana101010@yahoo.com 

Watercourse rehabilitation is one of the major objectives provided by the Water Framework 

Directive 2000/60/EC. In that way, a first step is setting up the typology of the watercourses, followed 

by identification of the existing water bodies. Later on, depending on the economic analysis and the 

ecologic objectives, final rehabilitation measures will be set for the watercourse being studied. 

All these steps are covered by a logical management scheme on the rehabilitation of 

watercourses. 

Keywords: ecological rehabilitation, Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC, water management, 

water bodies, ecological objectives, sustainable development 

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_________________ 

EFFECT OF WATER USE ON HYDROLOGICAL REGIME IN THE PERIOD 1994 – 2004 

Danáčová Z. 1 , Poórová J. 2 , Liová S. 3 , Kullman E. 4 , Blaškovičová Lotta 5 


zuzana.danacova@shmu.sk 


jana.poorova@shmu.sk 


sona.liova@shmu.sk 

4 Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Jeséniova 17, 833 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic, 

e-mail: eugen.kullman@shmu.sk 

5 Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Jeséniova 17, 833 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic, 

e-mail: lotta.blaskovicova@shmu.sk 

The contribution deals with the methodology of water balance in Slovak Republic. It evaluates 

the development of groundwater and surface water withdrawal in consideration of integrated approach 

of balance of surface water and groundwater. It also deals with the change of obtaining of data about 

surface water use by change of legislation in the area of waters in Slovak Republic by implementation 

of WFD into Slovak legislation. The special stress is put on balance and assessment of performance 

of significant water reservoirs. 

Keywords: water balance, water resource balance, water utilization, water resources 

_________________ 

REGIONALIZATION OF EXTREME FLOODS IN ROMANIA 

DINU Rodica, Dr. STANCIU Petre 

National Institute of Hydrology an Water Management 

Sos. Bucuresti-Ploiesti nr.97, Bucharest, sector1 

rodica.dinu@hidro.ro, stanciu@hidro.ro 

Romania has a developed hydrographic network which has a surveyed length of 78905 km. 

Seasonal, but also yearly variations of runoff are a characteristic of our rivers. Seasonal and 

multiannual variations of runoff are caused by natural factors, especially the climatic one. 

Repeated and intense floods are one of the most characteristic phenomena encountered on 

Romanian rivers. On most of the rivers, floods occur during the entire year. 

The physical-geographical conditions, relief, geology, soils, vegetation make the Romanian 

territory a complex of characteristic hydrological areas. 

This paper presents the evolution of flash floods and floods on Romanian territory, 

comparisons between similar floods, and also consequences associated to them. 

An important chapter of the paper is also the presentation of the regionalization of extreme 

floods recorded on the main rivers from Romania. 

Keywords: regionalization, extreme flood, flood, hydrographic network 

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_________________ 

FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN – RELEVANCE OF THE HYDROLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF A 

CATCHMENT 

Dorner Wolfgang 1 , Schrenk Christian 1 , Spachinger Karl 1 & Metzka Rudolf 1 

1 University of Applied Sciences Deggendorf, Edlmairstr. 6+8, D-94469 Deggendorf, Germany 

E-mail: wolfgang.dorner@fhd.edu 

Flood risk maps are a modern concept to communicate flood risks to the broad public and 

provide compiled information about potential flood events to relevant public bodies like water 

management authorities, municipalities or disaster control staffs. For almost each section of a river 

basin run-off and water levels can be defined based on the likelihood of annual reoccurrence, using a 

combination of hydrological and stream-flow models, or based on historical records and mappings. In 

catchments with flood control reservoirs with controlled outlets the extent of a flood depends on the 

available volume, and objectives of detention and therefor the control strategy. As part of the EU 

financed Interreg IIIB Project ILUP – Integrated Land Use Planning and River Basin Management a 

concept for a risk map for the underflow of a controlled flood control reservoir was designed, taking 

into account the aspects of a controlled run-off and possible changes to the control strategy. 

The catchment of the Rott, a right hand side tributary to the river Inn, has a size of 1200 km², 

whereof the reservoir controls the run-off of about 575 km². The storage reservoir was developed and 

built between 1968 and 1971 and has a total capacity of 13.9 Mio m³ and a flood retention capacity of 

12.75 Mio m³. One of the main purposes was the protection of fertile agricultural areas, flood defense 

for settlements in the downstream river valley as well as recreation. 

The actual hydrological calculations show that the estimations of the design floods, used for 

the construction of the reservoir, were underestimated. The evaluation of the control strategy of the 

reservoir based on actual data and a new hydrological model for the river Rott proved, that the 

expectations about the detention effect were to optimistic. For the Rottauensee reservoir a new control 

strategy was suggested, including 

A. an increase of the flood discharge without any detention and 

B. a flexibilisation of the control strategy for higher discharges. 

At the Rott already minor events are flooding wide areas of the intensive used flood plain. 

Starting at a discharge at the outlet of the reservoir of 40 m³/s the first bridge and agricultural sites and 

at 120 m³/s first buildings and settlements are affected. At the moment the basic discharge is set to a 

maximum of 40 m³/s. An increase up to 80 m³/s would be possible without much harm to buildings or 

infrastructure. But even with an improved steering concept the reservoir, due to it’s defined capacity, 

isn’t able to provide a full protection for all assets in the underflow. 

As a modern system of risk communication and as decision support for the flexible control of 

the reservoir a set of flood risk maps was designed. For different target groups the interests in the 

map’s contents, the ability to interpret the map and the necessary level of detail was evaluated. The 

difficulty was to integrate also the result of a flexible control strategy of the reservoir and the 

uncertainties of future changes to the detention strategy due to political and economic aspects. A 

leveled concept was designed based on the national standards for flood risk maps, that is under 

development by a national working group of the LAWA (“Working Group of the Federal States on 

water issues”). 

Keywords: control strategy, flood control reservoir, flood risk maps, risk management 

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_________________ 

RISK MAPPING IN PUTNA RIVER BASIN (ROMANIA) A CASE STUDY FOR FLOOD CONTROL 

Drobot Radu 1 , Stanescu Viorel Al. 1 , Amaftiesei Romeo 2 , Cheveresan Bogdan 3 

1 Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest, Bd. Lacul Tei 124, Sector2, 

Bucharest, Romania; drobot@utcb.ro 

2 National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management, Sos.Bucuresti-Ploiesti 97 Sector 1 

Bucharest, Romania 

3 ESRI Romania, str. Roma nr.8, Sector 1, 

Bucharest; Romania; bcheveresan@geosystems.ro 

A tool for modern approach in flood control consists in assessing the maps of the flood hazard 

along the vulnerable areas. 

First, according to the maps at suitable scale, the study area and the building of Digital Terrain 

Model (DTM) have been performed. The topographic information has been completed with field 

campaign aimed to give more and reliable data particularly on cross profiles. 

Next, the hydrologic study has been considered. Under the assumption of maintaining a 

constant frequency of the maximum discharge along Putna river course, the flood waves of the 

tributary components have been determined. Then, the hydrological data have been used as input in 

hydraulic model of flood routing. The outputs of the hydraulic model are the water stages determined 

in each cross profile. Intersecting them with the DTM, lead to flooding areas corresponding to 

discharges of several probabilities of exceedance. The maximum discharges of standard probabilities 

(1%; 5%) have been computed by making use of Pearson III distribution function, while the run-off 

depths of the components were assumed to be proportional with those of the corresponding 

probabilities considered in the studies. 

The hydraulic model is based on Saint-Venant balance and motion equations, the Romanian 

model UNDA being used in this respect. The resulted map of flooding areas corresponding to abovementioned 

probabilities is finally provided. 

Keywords: Digital Terrain Model, hydrological data, hydraulic model, flood routing, flooding areas 

_________________ 

HYDROTECHNICAL CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE CRISUL REPEDE RIVER BASIN 

INFLUENCE OF THE HYDROTECHICAL CONSTRUCTION IN FLOODS MITIGATION AND THEIR 

EFFECTS IN ROMANIA AND HUNGARY 

DUME Dorel 1 , GALE Marinela 2 , ROMAN Petru Ioan 3 

1 Crisuri Rivers Authority, Oradea, 35 Ion Bogdan str., 410125, Romania dorel.dume@dac.rowater.ro 

2 Crisuri Rivers Authority, Oradea, 35 Ion Bogdan str., 410125, Romania marinela.gale@dac.rowater.ro 

3 Crisuri Rivers Authority, Oradea, 35 Ion Bogdan str., 410125, Romania petru.roman@dac.rowater.ro 

Crisul Repede River Basin is situated in the center part of Crisuri Rivers Basin (north -western 

Romania and eastern Hungary) with a surface of 9 211 km 2 . The requirements for water exploitation 

are more an more higher and the pressure always upper on the water reservoir requires efficiency for 

water resource, in particular done trough a better hydrographical development scheme. Because of 

the irregular character of water flow, the infusion of accumulation lakes should balance the higher 

volumes of water, which are flowing down the valley during the rainy season, to redistribute them 

during the draught season. This issue has an important function in the process of efficiently use of 

water resources and to satisfy the water supply of water use from basin. The coverage of water supply 

is not possible without the rational, balanced and complex use of water resource. The constructional 

128




and operational measures in the upper Crisuri Rivers Basin have effects in floods mitigation and on 

damages decreasing in the two countries. 

Keywords: Crisul Repede River, hydrotechnical constructions, flood mitigation, Romania, Hungary. 

_________________ 

IMPACT OF HEPP “DJERDAP I” BACKWATER ON FORELAND FORESTS 

Gavrilovic Zoran, Stefanovic Milutin, Milojevic Mileta, Puzovic Renata and 

Cotric Jelena 

Institute for the Development of Water Resources "Jaroslav Cerni", 

11226 Beograd (Pinosava), Jaroslava Cernog 80, Serbia 

tel. (+381) 11-3906-461 fax: (+381) 11-3906-461 

Email: zgavrilo@Eunet.yu 

The areas close to big rivers with relatively stable year flooding cycle have always been 

inhibited by autochthonous plants and animal habitats. Depending on species adaptability, these 

areas are inhibited by forest habitats of oak, ash, poplar and willow. 

In order to satisfy their needs, people have transformed the flooding areas into agricultural 

land, and since ancient times executed large training works on big rivers to control floods, and in arid 

areas to irrigate and to improve navigable routes, up to present times. The controlled areas are 

nowadays much widened, to the detriment of vast forest areas. The present state in the Danube 

foreland is stabilised et the end of XIX and beginning of XX century. 

The aim of forestry is to produce as much as possible of wood mass, however, when we 

consider the foreland woods, they have other very important tasks within the flood control system to 

which the forestry-economic plans have to be subdued. 

From the water resources development point of view, narrow forest areas within forelands play 

a double role: the protection of the upstream embankment slope from wave strokes caused by wind, 

and water flow velocity decrease in the vicinity of the embankment. Such forest areas should be 

managed only in the way which enables a permanent survival of the zones without periods of barren 

embankments. 

All above said represents the world practice, however, in former Yugoslavia, some changes 

occurred after the construction of the HPP Djerdap I on the Danube in the Djerdap gorge situated 

between Serbia and Romania. 

A construction of a dam on every river, especially on a big river like the Danube, disturbs the 

natural regime of waters and flooding. During the very designing time possible disturbances of water 

regime and possible environmental damages upstream and downstream of the dam, have been 

calculated, and the system for the consequences prevention and alleviation designed. 

Considering the foreland woods which for thousands of years grow in the area, and which for 

centuries represent a part of the flood control system, it was clear that a great area will be devastated 

due to the water level rise for a few meters. On the basis of the designed water regime disturbance, 

the forest areas having no more survival chances were defined, as well as the areas on which a 

species conversion should be made (e.g. plant willow in the poplar area). 

The protecting embankments have been placed to the new protection elevation, and the 

places on the it with no more conditions for the protection vegetation growth, paved by concrete. 

After the construction of the HPP Djerdap I a great lake has been formed in the Danube and 

its tributaries, which prolonged the foreland flooding into the vegetation season. In 1978 the peak level 

was established and it has been maintained up to now. A systematic multidisciplinary research on the 

HPP Djerdap I backwater impact on the foreland, also started at that time. The backwater impact on 

foreland woods was one of the research fields. Since the scope of the research is very wide, this 

paper will present a synthesised review of the achieved results in the period 1978. Up to today. 

Keywords: Degraded Forest; Flood Impact; River Regime 

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_________________ 

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF WATER MANAGEMENT IN CROATIA 

Gereš Dragutin 

Croatian Waters, Ulica grada Vukovara 220, Zagreb, Croatia 

and University of Osijek, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Osijek, Croatia 

e-mail: dgeres@voda.hr 

Issues related to the concept of sustainability are analyzed in the paper. Sustainable 

development is the new water resources paradigm of the 1990s. An appropriate reconciliation of 

economic, ecological and social factors is not unrealistic utopia. A review of water-related areas of 

concern in Agenda 21, the blueprint for sustainability, is offered, with particular reference to its chapter 

18 devoted to freshwater resources. Water guidelines issued by the European Union, actually setting 

the framework for all water related activities, are described. The water management concept for 

catchement areas can be regarded as a novel approach to water management. Therefore a holostic 

perspective is advocated, looking at the existing inter-relationships and interfaces with other subsystems, 

including ecological, social, economic, institutional, etc. 

The sustainability of water resources in the 21st Century will be critically dependent on our 

ability to correctly manage water resources systems under a more variable future climate. The 

problem is that there is currently no effective mechanism for rapidly moving the state of scientific 

knowledge into widespread usage by the agencies responsible for managing our water resources. 

Sustainable water management requires approaching the range of water problems and the variety of 

types of water bodies (from freshwaters to oceans) in an integrated way. Recognizing that water 

management cuts across all uses of water planning and interventions must be cross-sectoral. 

Planning and management must be predicated on meeting both human needs and the requirements 

of the aquatic environment for sustainable supplies of water in adequate quantities and of acceptable 

quality. 

The true spatial, environmental and institutional dimensions of problems must be recognized, 

and they must be dealt with accordingly. There is a need for improved coordination and collaboration 

among water resources planning and management agencies. Planning and management contexts 

must be consistent with the issues they address, and they must recognize relevant ecosystem 

interactions. Water management policies must take on global dimensions. Political processes must be 

better understood and shaped to focus on holistic water management approaches. And preventive, 

rather than remedial actions should be emphasized. It is emphasized that water is not a commercial 

commodity but rather a heritage that has to be preserved so that civil engineers, and water engineers 

in particular, bear a lot of responsible development in this area. 

Educators have an important role to play in the development and implementation of strategies 

for integrated water management. The teaching, research, and service functions of universities are 

ideally suited to educate a variety of publics on water management issues. In this context, the general 

conditions and the potential for implementing sustainable water management is examined. 

Keywords: sustainable development, water sector, water management, water preservation, 

European Union, Croatia. (5.1.2006.) 

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BUILDING DATA BASE AND TOOLS FOR THE SAVA RIVER BASIN SUSTAINABLE USE, 

MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION 

Globevnik Lidija, Vidmar Andrej, Brilly Mitja, Šraj Mojca 

Faculty for Civil Engineering and Geodesy University of Ljubljana, Jamova 2, Ljubljana, SLOVENIA 

Lidija.Globevnik@guest.arnes.si 

The Sava River basin all riparian countries are collaborating in the development of the river 

basin management plan. For the purpose of scientific investigation, an integrated expert data and 

information management system is being developed for the river. The system is being developed in 

the project funded by EU scientific research programe and shortly named SARIB. The following steps 

have been undertaken so far: a) collection of data from all riparian countries, b) information about GIS 

and modeling software tools c) data preparation, harmonisation and integration into GIS. For the 

cartographic bases we obtained five maps of the catchment area (scale 1:500000) in the Lambert 

Conformal Conic projection. The maps have been processed into GIS system and miscelaneous 

spatial data from riparian countries imported. Data obtained for Slovenian part of the catchment are 

oriented in the Gauss Krüger projection; therefore we have transformed data into Lambert Conical 

Uniform projection. The projection of data for Serbia and Monte source was East 19°Degrees30min, 

MDG Datum (in shp format). The projection of country spatial data from Bosnia and Herzegovina was 

East of 16degree30min, MGI Datum. The transformation of these data has been done in Autodesk 

Map 6 transformation code system: source: East 19°Degrees30min, MDG Datum: destination: Europe, 

ED50, 1987: ETRS89 datum: Lambert Conformal Conic projection for Europe. Tools are being 

developed will link water quality and water flow models, such is WatBal model. 

Keywords: the Sava River, catchment management plan, SARIB, water management data base 

_________________ 

THE HYDROLOGICAL METADATABASE OF THE COUNTRIES SHARING THE DANUBE 

CATCHMENT 

Goda László 1 , Hils Michael 2 , Belz Jörg Uwe 3 

1 ADU-KÖVÍZIG, H-65001-Baja Pf. 84, Hungary, e-mail: goda@adukovizig.hu 

2 BfG, Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068 Koblenz, Germany, e-mail: hils@bafg.de 

3 BfG, Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068 Koblenz, Germany, e-mail: belz@bafg.de 

This paper is a summary of the project “The Hydrological Metadatabase of the Danube 

Countries”. The aim of the project was to collect and to publish meta-information about the relevant 

discharge- and precipitation stations from the whole Danube Basin. The stored metadata cover the 

mean features of the stations and moreover the facts about the records observed at the stations. 

The project has been carried out by a German-Hungarian expert group within the frame of the 

Hydrological Cooperation of the Danube Countries. 

The countries in the Cooperation were asked to supply information for the metadatabase. 

Metadata of 317 discharge stations and 1294 precipitation stations have been collected altogether. 

The gathered information has been stored in an ESRI ArcGIS-format database and possible to 

use by ArcReader. The ArcReader is a free viewer software that supports viewing of all maps 

generated on the basis of ArcGis. 

The database and the viewer software will be published on a CD. 

Keywords: database, metadata, discharge, precipitation 

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_________________ 



Halmova Dana 

Institute of hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences (IH SAS), Racianska 75, Bratislava, SR, 

halmova@uh.savba.sk 

The aim of the paper is to answer the questions: how the expected climate conditions would 

influence the inflow into a multipurpose water reservoir Orava (one of the biggest water reservoirs of 

the Slovak Republic) and will be the reservoir able to supply a specific water demand during changed 

climate conditions? 

The rainfall-runoff balance model WBMOD, which works in monthly time step, was used to 

express the expected changes of the total runoff and the required reservoir capacity at different 

climate conditions. Failures in the required water supply for climate change scenario were then 

compared with those observed during the real life reservoir operation. 

Time series of precipitation, air temperature and the observed reservoir outflows were used as 

the input data. Precipitation and air temperature were modified in each month according to the last 

climate scenarios, which were calculated by models CCCM2000 and GISS1998 and estimated for the 

Orava reservoir catchment, for two time horizons 2030 and 2075. 

The conclusions, of course, pertain only the same water supply realised during the so far 

historical operation (1951─1980) of the structure. However, in relation to the changed climatic 

conditions, one would expect a rather significant change in water management. The climate change 

impacts as presented, are not the exact forecasts, because of uncertainties of the General Circulation 

Models (GCMs), as well as of the rainfall – runoff models outputs. 

Keywords: rainfall - runoff balance model WBMOD, water reservoir Orava and climate change 

scenarios. 

_________________ 

ASSESSMENT OF LAND USE CHANGE IMPACT ON RUNOFF IN THE RIMAVA BASIN 

Hlavčová Kamila 1 , Szolgay Ján 1 , Kohnová Silvia 1 , Horvát Oliver 1 , Tegelhoffová Martina 1 

1 Department of Land and Water Resources Management, Slovak University of Technology, 

Radlinského 11, 813 68 Bratislava, Slovak Republic, 

kamila.hlavcova@stuba.sk, jan.szolgay@stuba.sk, silvia.kohnova@stuba.sk, horvat@svf.stuba.sk, 

tegelhoff@svf.stuba.sk 

The influence of land use on runoff generation is very complicated; as land use and soil cover 

have an effect on interception, surface retention, evapotranspiration, and resistance to overland flow. 

Due to the complexity of the processes involved, the magnitude of their impact on runoff generation 

and subsequent flood discharge into the river system is still highly uncertain. When interpreting the 

results of landuse change simulations using distributed rainfall-runoff models on mid-sized and large 

catchments several interacting sources of the uncertainties must be considered. In the absence of 

direct experiments with the impacts of usually patchy land use change in catchment of such scales 

(which is mostly the case in practice), modelling results can only be confronted with results from 

experimental catchments (which are rarely available) and with results from other modelling studies in 

similar environments and also with expert judgement. In this study an alternative approach was 

followed to assess the adequacy of a distributed hydrological model to estimate changes in the runoff 

regime due to land use changes in the Rimava basin in central Slovakia. A physically-based rainfallrunoff 

model with distributed parameters was used for modelling runoff from rainfall and snowmelt. 

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Parameters of the model were estimated using climate data from the period of 1974 – 1980 and from 

3 digital map layers: land-use map, soil map and digital elevation model. Several scenarios of land use 

changes were prepared, and runoff under new land use conditions was simulated. Long-term mean 

annual partial runoff components under unchanged and changed land use conditions were estimated 

and compared. 

Keywords: rainfall-runoff model with distributed parameters, land use change scenarios, changes in 

runoff components. 

_________________ 

UPGRADING ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECTS BY CFD MODELLING 

Jovanović M., Kapor R., Prodanović D., Zindović B. 

University of Belgrade, Faculty of Civil Engineering 

Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia 

mjovanov@grf.bg.ac.yu 

Contamination of river waters in terms of scale, intensity, and duration, cause such severe 

problems that application of conventional engineering methods for environmental remediation projects 

is no longer adequate, and much more thorough hydraulic analysis, based on numerical solution of 

equations describing precise physical laws, is the only acceptable approach for solving small-scale 

and large-scale fluid flow problems, as well as for addressing contaminant transport and 

sedimentation phenomena. 

The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), being one of the most rapidly developing 

disciplines in the last few decades, is presently being increasingly connected with environmental 

issues. In addition to the two most obvious applications associated with the environment – the water 

quality and transport processes modelling, CFD finds application in many other fields of environmental 

engineering, such as stratified flow phenomena, dynamics of effluents, sediment transport and 

particle-associated contaminant transport, soil, aquifer, and surface waters remediation, 

bioremediation, etc. 

Excellent possibilities of CFD application in practical engineering are illustrated by addressing 

one particular environmental issue - the problem of ecological remediation of large stagnant water 

bodies, such as bays. This kind of remediation, which includes improvement of the water quality, and 

reduction of sediment contamination, is elaborated on one particular case study – the Cukarica Bay on 

the Sava River, near its confluence with the Danube River in Belgrade. Measures, such as flushing of 

the Bay and dredging of sediments, have been studied by numerical simulations, using previously 

calibrated two-dimensional finite-element model. By studying physical processes in detail, it was 

possible to draw many useful conclusions, and to make appropriate recommendations to investors 

and working operative. 

One specific conclusion in this case study was that flushing the Bay by pumping water can 

significantly improve the water quality, provided that the recirculating flow at the bay entrance is not 

strong enough to suppress the outflow from the bay. Accordingly, it was recommended that flushing is 

most efficient during the low flow of the Sava River, and that, due to strong recirculation at the 

entrance, it has very little effect when discharges are greater than the mean discharge. 

Another important conclusion derived from the performed CFD numerical experiments was 

that concentrated release of dredged sediments into the river can also be successfully simulated 

numerically, as well as the resultant concentration fields and the bed elevation changes. As the 

sediment size is variable, the gradation curve needed to be replaced by a histogram, and calculations 

were carried out for a number of fractions. Then contributions of all fractions were added up for the 

total concentration. The calculated concentration field, as well the corresponding river bed elevation 

changes induced by the release of dredged material, greatly depend on the flow conditions of the 

Sava River. After studying this phenomenon in detail, it was recommended that the mean flow 

conditions are best for execution of dredging works. 

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The presented case study well supports and illustrates a general conclusion that application of 

CFD modelling can significantly improve the quality of engineering work, making the remediation 

projects less costly and more reliable. 

_________________ 

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE RUNOFF REGIME AND ITS STABILITY 

IN THE DANUBE CATCHMENT 

Kovács Péter 

VITUKI Environmental Protection and Water Resources Research Institute 

H-1453 Budapest, Pf. 27, Hungary, kovacsp@vituki.hu 

The main purposes of this investigation were to identify the regions of the Danube Catchment, 

within each of the runoff regime of the rivers (i.e., the typical timely distribution of their flow discharges 

within the year) is highly similar and to determine the areal distribution within the Danube Catchment 

of various indices, each of which characterize the stability of one selected (or integrated) element of 

the inter-annual distribution of the flow discharges in the rivers. The present investigation was carried 

out as one of the projects of the hydrological cooperation of the 13 Danube Countries in the frame of 

IHP UNESCO. 

The computations necessary for the inveastigations, were carried out by processing the series 

of monthly mean discharge values of 206 gauging stations operated on the river network of the 

Danube Catchment. The initially required length of the data series, 51 years (1950-2000), or not 

significantly shorter series (down to 42 years) could be provided for the majority (95 %) of the stations. 

The identification of the stability and the runoff regime types is based on the probability of 

occurence of six particular hydrological events: the first, second and third greatest monthly mean 

discharges of the year, symbolized with MAX1, MAX2 and MAX3, and the first, second and third 

lowest monthly mean discharges of the year, min1, min2 and min3. 

The numerical results of runoff regime type identification process can be seen in Table 2 and 

are graphically displayed on the map of the Danube Catchment on Figure1. 8 main runoff regime 

types and 17 sub-types were found in the Danube Catchment. 

Various indices caharacterizing the stability of the runoff regime, N(MAX1), N(MAX2), N(MAX3), 

N(min1), N(min2), N(min3), along with the synthetizing indices NMAX, Nmin and NR, as defined, after Nováky, 

by the formulae Eq. (2) – Eq. (6), were computed and displayed on Figures 2-4. 

Keywords: Danube River, runoff regime, characterization, runoff regime stability 

_________________ 

METHODOLOGY AND STRUCTURE OF REGIONAL SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR HYDROLOGICAL 

COMPUTATIONS 

Lobanov Vladimir A, Lobanova Valery Yu, 

State Hydrological Institute, Limnological Institute of RAS, St.Petersburg, Russia, 


Regional decision support and management system are developing for a practical realisation 

of hydrological computations for water projects in any region. This system is realising as the 

specialised GIS for regional hydrological computations and includes data base, software for 

hydrological computations in gauged and ungauged sites, visualisation of results on digital maps. 

Development of GIS includes two main stages: creation and operation. During the stage of creation 

the following tasks are fulfilled: creation of data base and software for data base, restoration of longterm 

time series, assessment of homogeneity and stationarity, determination of design hydrological 

performances in gauged sites, development of regional models for computation in ungauged sites, 

134




software for hydrological computations and representation of the results for gauged sites. During a 

stage of operation of this GIS two main functions of the system take place: monitoring of stability of all 

characteristics (and their re-computation if it is necessary) in sites of observations and computations 

for ungauged sites. For regional computation, a user forms his own database. This database includes 

field measurements fulfilled by the user at ungauged site during any period of time and basin 

descriptors obtained by user for ungauged site which are factors of regional models (for example, 

basin area, precipitation, average altitude of basin, etc). In addition, the user forms his own database 

of historical records at analogues sites for restoration of historical long-term series from short-term 

field observations by space-time regional relationships. For computations the user applies this 

database as well as a database of knowledge, i.e. all results obtained on the previous stage of GIS 

formation: computed hydrological characteristics at sites and parameters of regional models. The 

results of computation for any ungauged site can be presented and restored in the database as new 

information. 

Keywords: decision support system, hydrological computations, data base, software, GIS. 

_________________ 

ASSESSMENT OF DESIGN FLOODS AT UNGAUGED BASINS BY REGIONAL MODELS 

Lobanova Helen V. 

State Hydrological Institute, St.Petersburg, Russia, lobanova@EL6309.spb.edu 

Development of regional regression models between design modulus of maximum runoff and 

hydrographic descriptors of watersheds is considered for case study of the Central area of the 

European part of Russia. Three structures of relationships are used: structure of “reductzionnaya” 

formula, additive and multiplicative structures. Assessment of efficiency of built models has been 

realized on the dependent as well as independent data of observations. In addition, an efficiency of 

averaging of errors of models at the nearest gauged sites is estimated. It has been obtained that such 

simple regional models are enough effective and allow to determine a design maximum runoff with 

errors 25-30% for ungauged sites. 

Keywords: ungauged basins, regional models, design floods, efficiency. 

_________________ 

APPLICATION OF HISTORICAL MAXIMUM FOR FLOOD ESTIMATION 

(THEORY AND CASE STUDIES) 

Lobanova Helen V, Lobanov Vladimir A. 

State Hydrological Institute, St.Petersburg, Russia, lobanova@EL6309.spb.edu 

Application of information about the historical maxima in hydrological computations allows to 

make more precise about design hydrological performances and to pass in some cases from 

extrapolation to interpolation as more reliable decision. In this paper the analytic solution is given for 

task of determination of empirical non-exceeded probability and parameters of distribution function 

taking into account of any historical maximums, which are located inside as well as outside of time 

series of observations and for their mixed location. For the particular case studies the advantage of 

consideration of the historical maxima is shown in comparison with computations without these 

maxima. Also it has been established that an exponential function between maximum discharges in 

order of their reducing and ordinates of standard normal distribution is enough effective for fitting of 

upper part of empirical distribution function. 

Keywords: historical maximum, floods, design hydrological characteristic, distribution function. 

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PRECIPITATION AND CLOUD COVERAGE TENDENCIES IN THE UPPER DANUBE CATCHMENT 

WITH RESPECT TO GLOBAL WARMING 

Mika J. 1 , Bálint G. 2 , Csík A. 2 , Gulyás M. 2 , Bartók B. 3 , Borsos E. 3 and Schlanger V. 1 

1 Hungarian Meteorological Service; P.O. Box 39, H-1675 Budapest, Hungary, mika.j@met.hu 

2 VITUKI Environment and Water Research Institute; P.O. Box 27, Budapest H-1453, 

Hungary, balint@vituki.hu 

3 Faculty of Geography, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Clinicilor 5-7, Romania 

Spatial and temporal variability of observed monthly precipitation data is analysed for the 

upper Danube sub-catchment by using 76 stations situated in six countries (Austria, Czech Republic, 

Germany, Hungary, Slovakia and Romania). Two main aspects are tackled: i) average horizontal and 

vertical distribution in the present, characterised by temporal Fourier analysis; ii) empirical relation of 

the coefficients against the hemispherical mean temperature, characterised by the method of 

instrumental variables (Mika and Balint, 2000). This previous study quantified much of the climate 

change effect, in the 1974-1998 monotonously warming period, now these earlier results are further 

validated in four more respects: 1) The previously established regression coefficients are applied to 

check whether the past correlation to the hemispherical mean temperature could have been used to 

predict the precipitation anomalies of the following 1999-2003 period. 2) Similar empirical analysis of 

the observed sea-level pressure is performed to interpret the established precipitation responses, 

meteorologically. 3) Parallel empirical analysis of surface based cloudiness of a similar period (1973- 

1996). 4.) GCM-outputs of 16 different models, interpolated by the SCENGEN software package, are 

compared with the empirical relations concerning regional precipitation, cloudiness and sea-level 

pressure. 

Keywords: precipitation – cloudiness – climate change – statistical analysis – GCM-outputs. 

_________________ 

THE LOCAL COMMUNITY TORRENT DEFENSE ACTION PLAN AS AN IMPORTANT SUPPORT 

FOR STATE FLOOD DEFENSE SYSTEM 

Milojevic Mileta 1 , Gavrilovic Zoran 1 , Stefanovic Milutin 1 , Ristic Ratko 2 and 

Cotric Jelena 1 

1 The Institute for the Development of Water Resources „Jaroslav Černi„ 

11226 Belgrade (Pinosava), Serbia, Jaroslava Černog 80, Tel. / Fax: (+381) 11-3906-461 

2 Forest Faculty, Serbia, 11000 Belgrade Kneza Viseslava 1 

e-mail: mecmilet@beotel.yu 

The consequences of torrential floods, different from plain rivers flooding, always have 

catastrophic extent regardless the real range of the flood, since torrential floods every time always 

followed by devastating effects on human and natural goods. The characteristics of torrential floods 

necessitated the development of various methods for its reconstruction and genesis. Different types 

of cloud pattern and wind situation can cause, for similar cloud situation, different flood hydro grams. 

This is a key point for a design of the efficient flood forecasting emergency system applicable for the 

remote areas. 

In order to synthesize and standardize program quality, in 1998.year, the Ministry prescribed 

methodology to be applied in the preparation of the said program. 

Organization and implementation of flood control of rivers and streams external to the system 

of routine flood control is organized and implemented by Local Community Torrent Flood Control 

Headquarters. 

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During several decades of activity on the applied hydrologic and erosion control research 

work for small catchment’s areas, a number of methods have been developed within the Department 

for catchment’s area management of "Jaroslav. Černi" Institute for Development of Water Resources. 

This database served for the development of the Method of Flood Wave Genesis Simulation in Real 

Time. The method enables preliminary computation of the maximum discharge for assumed situations 

of cloud masses (shower) movements over the drainage area. 

The methodology of torrent flood defense requires estimation of possible discharges and the 

time of flood wave onset for a potentially endangered region. In addition, the warning procedure is 

shortened and direct communication was established between the radar center of the weather service 

and the flood defense headquarters of the endangered region. 

Today, territory of Serbia and Montenegro has medium coverage with done Action plans for 

torrent flood defense. Elevation of the covered territory is between 80-2800 m, and represents full 

range of torrent diverse, from high mountain torrents up to downstream torrents. The plan defines all 

relevant aspects ranging from methods of organization, management, and warning to details of 

participation and distribution of manpower and defenses required to complete the task., there are a 

great number of buildings in flood areas of torrent flows, in the mountain regions, especially, which are 

bring into danger. In this way we were forced to create methodology for defining of flood areas in 

valleys of torrent flood flows. 

Paper presents obtained results of designed torrent defense Action Plans, as an Official 

method which combines radar meteorology, torrential hydrology and GIS techniques to enable quick 

determination and assessment of the detected situation in order to provide a sufficient time for the 

flood defense system to be put in operation. For defining of flood areas 

Is necessary to prepare two kinds of data: DTM (digital terrain model) of analyzed areas and 

water level lines as result of hydrological and hydraulically examinations. Flood areas border line in 

combination with cadastre plans directly show details of endangered areas 

Keywords: Hydrology, Torrent Flood Analysis, Meteorology, Flood zones 

_________________ 

THE ORGANIZING OF THE MONITORING OF THE EVOLUTION OF HYDRO MORPHOLOGY OF A 

RIVER AND ITS NEIGHBOURING AREA. CASE STUDY IN BARLAD RIVER BASIN 

Moraru C., Purdel A. 

National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management – Romania, Bucuresti, Romania 

e-mail ion.pasoi@hidro.ro 

During the year 2005 in Romania there have been many floods with low repeating frequency. 

Such floods occurred in Siret River Basin in July and August 2005. 

The main characteristics of these floods have been the maximum discharge was far greater 

than the previous one and the maximum discharge was registered during nighttime. These specific 

aspects have generated initial errors mainly because hydrologists have been obliged to extend as fast 

as possible the rating curves even with 200%. These errors have been corrected after a deeper 

analysis, but that generated, for a short period, different sets of values. Also because of the huge 

volume of water, the hydraulic structures could not attenuate the flood very much. It also worth 

mentioning the role of the automatic gauging stations which have functioned perfectly during these 

floods, generating sets of values without gaps. 

Also in many cases at the gauging stations, the riverbed has great mobility thus putting 

specific problems from the point of view of flood monitoring. 

The present paper presents a short analysis of the generation of these floods, initial data 

regarding flood monitoring and the way these data were processed. 

The paper ends with recommendations regarding monitoring of such kind of floods. 

Keywords: hydro morphology, Frame Directive 60/2000, water body type, monitoring sections 

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HYDROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE NAVIGABLE CHANNEL RESTORATION PROBLEM IN THE 

UKRAINIAN DANUBE DELTA 

Morozov V. N. 

Danube Hydrometeorologcal Observatory, 

36 Geroyev Stalingrad str. Izmail, Ukraine 68600 

e-mail; morozov@izm.odessa.ukrtel.net 

Transit navigation through the Ukrainian part of the Delta from the Danube River to the Black 

Sea and back practically ceased in the end of the 20 th Century. Under these circumstances Ukraine is 

taking active actions aimed at soonest possible restoration of the navigation by means of building the 

deep navigable canal of her own from the Danube to the Black Sea. 

The main factor limiting the transit navigation in the Danube Delta is the presence of shallow 

estuarine bars. That is why the problem of navigation restoring here could be solved in two 

fundamentally different ways: 

1) building a canal with locks opening into the sea outside of the zone where river 

sediments are accumulated; 

2) dredging an opening in the bar for navigation purposes and maintaining the 

intended depth there. 

The main advantage of the first option is practical absence of silting of the navigable canal 

with the sediments brought by the river. Construction of the canal would not influence the natural 

processes of water and sediments’ flow re-distribution between the arms in the Delta. However, while 

using the canal with locks we should expect silting of its marine part as the result of the sediments flow 

along the coast and distribution of marine water in the bottom layer in the canal all over its length. 

Building a navigable canal through estuary of one of the arms in the Danube Delta has a 

common fundamental drawback: regular dredging will be needed as long as the canal will be operated 

in order to maintain the designed parameters of the navigable channel. Dredging would result at 

anthropogenic pressure on the processes of water and sediments’ flow redistribution between the 

arms, increase of sea water penetration into the Danube Delta and modification of sediments’ balance 

in the marine part of the Delta. 

The level of anthropogenic pressure on the hydrological regime in the Delta will depend on the 

scale of hydraulic engineering works, as well as on the direction of the delta-forming processes under 

the natural conditions. Thus, the question of anthropogenic pressure minimization on the natural 

complex of the Danube Delta becomes the matter of optimal choice of an arm to establish the 

navigable channel. 

Long experience of improving navigability in the non-tidal river deltas having many arms 

shows that attempts to use small side watercourses for this purpose is unpromising. Among such 

futureless watercourses are nine out of twelve arms in the Kilijskaya Delta of the Danube. Out of the 

rest the Potapovkiy Arm has a long estuarine segment where the depth does not exceed 5 meters and 

the Starostambulskiy Arm has the extensive and shallow bar. 

According to its depth and widths the bed of the Bystroye Arm is close to the designed 

parameters of the navigable channel. The only limiting segment here is the relatively short and stable 

bar formed in the deep coastal water. The natural hydrological and morphological characteristics of 

the Bystroye Arm allow to avoid extensive hydro-engineering works during the navigable channel 

building and operation. 

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The results of the comprehensive hydrological studies in the Danube Delta permit us to 

conclude that the Bystroye Arm is the most acceptable option of building the navigable channel 

through the active part of the Kilijskaya Delta. 

References 

Hydrology of the Danube Delta / Edited by V.N.Mikhailov. Moscow: GEOS Publishers, 2004. 448 p. 

_________________ 

DETERMINATION OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND WATER BALANCE 

ON THE CASE EXAMPLE OF THE ZAPADNA MORAVA RIVER UPPER BASIN 

Nikolić Jugoslav 1 , Nikić Zoran 2 , Dragićević Slavoljub 3 


Belgrade, Serbia, e-mail: jugnik@EUnet.yu 

2 Forestry Faculty University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, Belgrade, 

Serbia, e-mail: znikic@yubc.net 

3 Faculty of Geography, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 3/3, 11000 Belgrade, 

Serbia, e-mail: sasa@gef.bg.ac.yu 

Evapotranspiration is one of the basic elements of the water balance and phase of the cycle of 

circulation of water in nature, which is according to the up to date research, most difficult to 

determine in quantative terms. In heterogeneous geological conditions, on the case example of the 

Zapadna Morava river upper basin, the determination of evapotranspiration was performed by an 

application of the adequate numerical model, which is used comparatively with the method of the 

water balance. 

The applied model has a good physical foundation, uses routine starting data available, and 

its testing was performed by the use of electronic lysimeters. The comparable water balancing was 

performed through hydrogeological approach to research. 

The model is comprised of modules that describe the energy, dynamics and plant physiology 

influences, with parameterization of geological influences of the terrain. Modularly determined 

parameters are integrated through the basic equation of the model that includes, among others, 

physical processes that mainly regulate the evapotranspiration: the absorption of solar energy, which 

provides latent evaporation heat to active surface and transport mechanism of water steam from 

evaporating surface. 

In natural environments, inlcuding river basins, heterogeneous geological conditions exist 

which cause heterogeneous evapotranspiration field. In other words, the characteristics of 

evapotranspiration vary with the change of coordinates. Model enables determination of total water 

evaporation for heterogeneous areas, calculated in net points with horizontal resolution, which is such, 

that elementary surface approximates homogenous area with satisfying accuracy. 

Application and verification of the model was conducted on the upper basin of West Morava 

River. Parameterization of geological influences of the terrain on water evaporation was performed by 

comparative analysis of spatial evaporation calculated by the model and the values obtained from the 

water balance method. Balancing takes into account the total run-off through hydrogeological 

approach to terrain exploration and the analysis of the precipitation using the verified model. Elements 

of the water balance were obtained from series of data from measurements lasting several years in 

relation to precipitation and flow rate on relevant locations from the model domain. 

Keywords: evapotranspiration, hydrological cycle, numerical model, energy balance, water balance, 

heterogeneous geological conditions, geomorphologic characteristics, hydrogeological conditions. 

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_________________ 

ADAPTATION STRATEGIES REGARDING WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE 

CONTEXT OF CLIMATIC CHANGES. CASE STUDIES 

OPRISAN Elisabeta, Ph.Dc. 


Bucharest, Romania, elisabeta.oprisan@hidro.ro 

Climatic changes aren’t just a theoretical issue nowadays. They are present in numerous 

areas of the planet, including Romania. 

An eloquent example are the events occurred in Romania in 2005, year in which, in some 

areas, the largest quantities of rainfall for the last 100 years were recorded, and when intense floods 

occurred on an exceptional long time interval, from February until September, situation which was 

never come across. 

In order to identify the influence of climatic changes on water resources and the hydrological 

cycle in general, two research directions were initiated by the NIHWM: 

• The identification of the modifications in the size and distribution of mean monthly 

discharges in two river basin – Siret (S=42000 km 2 ) and Arges (S=12000 km 2 ) 

• The identification of the modifications in the size and distribution of maximal annual 

discharges of some small tributaries on the Romanian reach of the Tisza River. 

The research emphasized the fact that the influence of climatic changes in the hypothesis of 

the proposed modification scenarios, do not have influence in the Siret river basin, but they are 

important in Arges river basin. Mainly, these changes are: 

• The increase in monthly discharges in December – February with 26 – 43% and their 

decrease in March – August with almost 50% 

• The decrease in the multiannual mean liquid stock with values between 19 and 24% 

As the size and distribution of annual maximal discharges are concerned, for certain small 

tributaries of the Romanian reach of the Tisza River, they were statistically analyzed on an interval of 

about 100 years, emphasizing the following aspects: 

• Starting with 1975 – 1978 important changes occur in the monthly distribution and in the 

size of maximal annual discharges 

• A great number of maximal annual discharges occur in autumn 

• A reduction in the number of occurrences of maximal discharges in winter months appear; 

• A shift in the period of occurrence of maximal discharges from May-June towards March – 

April. 

Based on the results obtained the elaboration of certain adaptation measures was started, in 

order to cope with the occurred changes. 

The adaptation measures concern both resources, water demands, and also the aspects 

regarding the protection against floods. These latter are extensively presented in the full 

communication, this abstract presenting only some aspects. 

Regarding the water demands, measures are necessary for: conservation and increase in 

efficiency; technological changes; adaptation of lifestyle, variation of crops, industrial recirculation; 

improvement of the legislation and inserting economic instruments. 

Regarding water resources the following are aimed at: infrastructures, physical modification of 

the existent ones; interbasinal transfers; alternative systems of water supply. 

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_________________ 

ROMANIAN - HUNGARIAN HYDROTECHNICAL CONVENTION 

FOR REGULATIONS PROBLEMS TOWARDS TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS 

OROS Claudiu 1 , ŞTRENG Octavian 2 , GALE Marinela 3 

1 Crisuri Rivers Authority, Oradea, 35 Ion Bogdan str., 410125, Romania claudiu.oros@dac.rowater.ro 

2 Crisuri Rivers Authority, Oradea, 35 Ion Bogdan str., 410125, Romania 

octavian.streng@dac.rowater.ro 

3 Crisuri Rivers Authority, Oradea, 35 Ion Bogdan str., 410125, Romania marinela.gale@dac.rowater.ro 

The border between Romania and Hungary has 448 km (416 km of earth and 32 km of 

waters). The relief configuration, in steps with mountains at 100-150 km far from border, gives forth to 

flows from East to West to cross Hungarian territory and then to drain into Tisa river. The big slopes 

from mountain regions help the development of important floods on Tur, Crasna and Crisuri, floods 

which in 48-72 hr manage to cross the border. A critical situation was caused by flood and demanded 

collaboration between two countries in decreasing flood events. The first ROMANIAN-HUNGARIAN 

CONVENTION was in 3 November 1969. On 25 June 1986 the Convention has been renewed. On 15 

September 2003 at Budapest a new Convention of collaboration in protecting and using transbourdary 

water was signed. Major Objectives of the Convention: to achieve a good water status; to prevent 

water alteration and control over pollution; to prevent, to fight, to limit and to control the harmful 

transbourdary effects like: flood, drought and accidental pollution; to develop a monitoring system in 

evaluating water status; to assure a durable use of water resource; to facilitate common actions of 

technical analysis and development. 

Keywords: Crisuri Rivers, convention, hydrotechnical, transboundary water, Romania, Hungary. 

_________________ 

E-LEARNING SYSTEM FOR SUSTAINABLE FLOOD MANAGEMENT 

Pasche Erik * and Radić M. Zoran ** 

Hamburg University of Technology (pasche@tuhh.de) 

Faculty of Civil Engineering University of Belgrade (zradic@grf.bg.ac.yu) 

In the past years an increase of flood hazards could be observed world-wide. While experts 

still discuss whether these hazards are the onset of a trend due to climate change or merely the 

consequence of cyclic changes there is a strong push on decision-makers (and politicians) to reduce 

the vulnerability of urban areas along most of the big European rivers. 

Conventional flood management strategies which are targeting at the defence of these flood 

prone areas by dikes and walls are not an adequate answer. In general the investments for these 

defence structures can not be provided ad hoc. Additionally they will reduce the retention capacity of 

the river which needs to be compensated to avoid increased flood risk downstream. However 

possibilities for these compensation measures are limited. 

Looking for more economic and sustainable flood defence strategies, a great potential is seen 

in an improved flood resilience of urban areas. It comprises individual preventive and emergency 

measures at buildings and municipal infrastructure and a land-use policy to adopt building activities to 

the risk. However the people living in flood prone areas are only ready to take such measures of flood 

preparedness if they have a good knowledge about their vulnerability, flood risk and ways of damage 

reduction. Thus the right perception of the flood situation and an effective transfer of this flood hazard 

message to the public is decisive for the success of non-structural flood defence policy. This new 

approach of sustainable flood management means a paradigm change: from defending to living with 

flood. A good information policy as well as intensive training will be necessary for stakeholders as well 

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as planners and engineers to get their acceptance and to extend the expertise of engineers and 

planners to methods of risk mapping, retrofitting, fitting and emergency response. 

Through cross-border research cooperation, international research team from the Hamburg 

University of Technology, the University of Belgrade and the University of Montenegro, led by the 

authors of this paper, have developed an e-learning instrument for sustainable flood management. It 

extends the learning material of the civil engineering and environmental engineering program at the 

three universities and thus primarily addresses students of these programs. But it also supports 

externals, e.g. engineers and planners, in their need of life-long learning by providing auto-deductive 

learning methods and by giving them access to all learning components via internet. 

The objective of this paper is to introduce into sustainable flood management tools and to 

present developed e-learning instrument. Within the first part sustainable flood management concept 

based on new flood policy of the EU is presented. It is based on Integrative flood management by 

structural and non-structural measures and new technologies for decision support. In the second part 

the deductive concept of the e-learning tool will be described and the three main components: the 

tutorial, the knowledge base and the virtual trainer are presented. 

The efficiency of this e-learning instrument is demonstrated by the pilot application during the 

International Summer School in 2005 and the first presentation to wide audience was made in 

Belgrade’s Final Conferences 2005 “Sustainable Flood Management – concept and tools to learn it” 

(FCEUB, Belgrade, December 12). Improved version will be tested during the Summer School 2006 

(Montenegro, Herceg Novi, September 16-23). 

Development of this innovative internet-based learning tool within the last three years is 

supported by the German Academic Exchange Service and the Stability Pact of Southeast Europe. 

Participants from Serbia are also supported by the Ministry of Science and Environment Protection 

National Water Program (Projects No. 21-A and No. 20-A). 

_________________ 

CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE MONITORING OF THE EXTRAORDINARY FLOODS FROM 

SIRET RIVER BASIN IN JULY AND AUGUST 2005 

Pasoi I., Purdel A. 

National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management – Romania, Bucuresti, Romania 

e-mail ion.pasoi@hidro.ro 

During the year 2005 in Romania there have been many floods with low repeating frequency. 

Such floods occurred in Siret River Basin in July and August 2005. 

The main characteristics of these floods have been the maximum discharge was far greater 

than the previous one and the maximum discharge was registered during nighttime. These specific 

aspects have generated initial errors mainly because hydrologists have been obliged to extend as fast 

as possible the rating curves even with 200%. These errors have been corrected after a deeper 

analysis, but that generated, for a short period, different sets of values. Also because of the huge 

volume of water, the hydraulic structures could not attenuate the flood very much. It also worth 

mentioning the role of the automatic gauging stations which have functioned perfectly during these 

floods, generating sets of values without gaps. 

Also in many cases at the gauging stations, the riverbed has great mobility thus putting 

specific problems from the point of view of flood monitoring. 

The present paper presents a short analysis of the generation of these floods, initial data 

regarding flood monitoring and the way these data were processed. 

The paper ends with recommendations regarding monitoring of such kind of floods. 

Keywords: flash-flood, monitoring, data errors and corection 

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_________________ 

PRESSURE IDENTIFICATION AND THE IMPACT ON THE WATER RESOURCES IN BEGA 


Pepa C.A. 1 

1 Politehnica University of Timisoara,Faculty of Hydrotechnics,Str. G Enescu,nr.1°,300022 

Timisoara,Romania, adelinapodaru@yahoo.com 

Water men’s life. Water can be found everywhere and plays an important role in human life 

and equilibrium of the environment. The agriculture, industry and urbanization have had and have a 

special impact on the biodiversity and water necessity. 

This paper tries to identify the pressure and the impact on the water resources in Bega 

catchment area, indirectly tributary of the Danube, which collect the waters from Timisoara area. 

Taking into account the fact that Bega is a cross border stream, it has to respect the condition 

imposed by actual treaties and conventions. 

Knowing the impact of the pressures on the water resources lead us to the sustainable 

management which can be materialized through: the protection, conservation and prevention of the 

water resources degradation, and the water quality improvement through specific measure also, which 

take into account the prevention, reduction and the integrated control of pollution, the water protection 

against contamination from agricultural source, urban waste water treatment, risk evaluation and the 

dangerous substances discharged in water, established through specific rules in the domain. 

The hydromorphologic pressure represents the pressure category which can have direct 

impact on surface waters and can result from hydrotechnical works. 

On the Banat cachment area are 64 sectors of regularized rivers on the total length of 699 km. 

It is established that a number of 34 rivers works with a 435 km length can be considerate significant 

hydromorphologic pressure. 

The only navigable stream in the Banat cachment area is the Bega Channel 

In present the Bega channel is open only for touristic navigation very reduced and only on the 

Sanmihaiu Roman reach, because the Sanmihaiul Roman locks is non-operating. 

The Bega river is split in two rivers reach: spring – upstream of Timisoara and upstream of 

Timisoara – border. On the spring-upstream of Timisoara reach were not registered outrunning of the 

second classes, the parameters values being characteristics to the „good state” of water. 

On the upstream of Timisoara-border reach, the oxygen regime altered, the indicators are in 

the limits of the third quality classes. This outrunning is registered because of sewage waters become 

from the economical agents and from the population of Timisoara city from water tratement plant 

Aquatim Timisoara. 

The Bega river are spited in two rivers reach: sources – upstream of Timisoara and upstream 

of Timisoara – border. On the source-upstream of Timisoara reach aren’t registered outrunning of the 

second classes, the parameters values being characteristics of the „good state” of water. 

Keywords: catchment area, water resources, water quality, sustainable development. 

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_________________ 

A DECISION SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR WETLAND REHABILITATION AND MANAGEMENT – 

A CASE STUDY OF BARDAČA WETLAND 

Pistrika A. 1 , Makropoulos C 2 and Maksimovic C .1 

1 Imperial College London, UK ; 2 University of Exeter, UK 

This paper aims to provide support to the rehabilitation of the Bardača Wetland in Bosnia and 

Herzegovina (flood plane of Vrbas and Sava rivers) and the economic redevelopment of its 

surrounding area, in terms of sustainable water resources management and environmentally friendly 

economic development options, within the context of the Water Framework Directive. The work 

provides a decision support framework assisting an impoverished area with a distinct lack of 

organisational framework and technical guidelines to develop and implement local level environmental 

action plans. Furthermore, the study attempts to identify alternative development options that are 

economically attractive, ecologically sound, socially acceptable and technically feasible and thus to 

contribute to the establishment of a sustainable wetland policy. The activities encourage 

environmentally friendly wastewater and stormwater disposal in the wetland region and more 

significantly focus on raising the public awareness and seeking the active participation of the local 

population in the decision-making process. The work presented is a part of the EU supported LIFE- 

LICENSE project. 

Keywords: decision support framework - local environmental action plan – wetland -water allocation 

model - wastewater disposal - sustainable development options - public participation 

_________________ 

MULTIPURPOSE USE OF THE GACKA RIVER WATER 

Ivica Plisic, M.Sc., Civil Engineering Institute of Croatia, J.Rakuše 1, 10 000 Zagreb, 

Croatia, ivica.plisic@igh.hr 

Danko Holjevic, B.Sc., Croatian Waters VGO – Rijeka, Ul. G. Ciotte 17b, 51 000 Rijeka, 

Croatia, e-mail: dholjev@voda.hr 

Prof. Josip Petras, Ph.D, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Kaciceva ul. 26, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia, 

e-mail: jpetras@master.grad.hr 

Gacka river is one of the prettiest karst watercourses with permanent water flow. Water from 

its spring is utilised for water supply of the town of Otočac and its surroundings. Along its course, 

creek trout fishing is widespread, whereas the fish breeding sites have been built on its tributaries and 

backwaters. Gacka water is utilised for electric power production, and a part of it is diverted from the 

hydroelectric power plant tunnel for water supply needs of the coastal area at the foot of the Mt.Velebit 

and its islands. Construction of hydrotechnical tunnels has also been bringing water from the adjacent 

Lika river catchment into the Gacka river catchment for the needs of electric power production. Flood 

protection of the town of Otočac and the entire Gacko field depends on HE Senj hydroenergetic 

system operation regime. 

Such a multipurpose use of the Gacka river water causes management problems because the 

use of a part of water for one purpose decreases available water quantities for other purposes. 

Therefore there is a need to placate demands of various users for the same water. The problem is 

also the water supply of the coastal area at the foot of the Mt.Velebit and its islands, which demands a 

high water quality, and water used for that purpose is almost at the end of this multipurpose system. 

This work reviews the existing use of the Gacka river, planned water use and needs for water. 

It analyses relationships of water use for various purposes and proposes solutions that take into 

144




account available water quantities and the use schedule with regard to necessary water quality for 

respective use. 

Keywords: multipurpose use of water 

_________________ 

CONCEPTS OF SYSTEM BASED ON OGC WEB SERVICES FOR MANAGEMENT AND DECISION 

SUPPORT AND MONITORING FLOODS 

Popov Srđan 2 , Sakulski Dušan 1 , Mirjana Vojinović Miloradov 2 , Jelena Jakšić 2 , Maja Turk 2 , 

Milorad Miloradov 2 

1 UNU-EHS – United Nations University, Institute for Environment and Human Security, 

Bonn, Germany 

2 Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, 

Novi Sad, Serbia 

miloradov@uns.ns.ac.yu 

Flood named “Banat Tsunami” came on suddenly with such a water force that nobody could 

find shelter. The level of the river Tamiš rose by 7 meters and over 164 million cubic meters of water 

overflowed from its basin and flooded several communities in Banat region. 

Flooding of river Tamiš was caused by strong showers in the upper flow of the river and by 

melting of huge amount of snow in Carpathian mountains. Damage caused by flood wave had 

enormous dimensions and fatally influenced local population during spring in 2005. 

Competent and well known institutions (PWMC Vojvodina Vode Novi Sad, Institute Jaroslav 

Černi Belgrade, Sector for water of The Executive Council of the Automous Province of Vojvodina and 

others. ) monitored the situation in Banat. Estimated damages caused by „Banat Tsunami“ are: 

existance of over 20.000 people has been jeopardized; over 1.000 people from flooded villages were 

evacuated and situated in temporary collective centers and around 2.000 people from jeopardized 

region left their homes and moved with there relatives and friends; around 300 houses were totally 

distroyed; hundreds of people lost entire property; hundreds of children were forced to stop attending 

the school; agriculture products and crops from over 7.000 ha were destroyed; and the flood was fatal 

for around 3.000 domestic animals (pigs, ship, goats, etc). 

“Banat Tsunami” resulted in many problems for safety, health and human environment. 

Epidemic and infection risk was huge. Veterinaries and services were involved in collecting the bodies 

of dead animals and their degradations. Public water supply system in Jaša Tomić, Međa and 

Krajišnik were shut down due to risk of contamination. Private wells were contaminated by feces. 

Population was supplied with bottled water and water from tanks. 

Very important step and phase in defending from flood is the decision making process. 

contemporary multidisciplinary system and approach for process of solving problems of decision 

making in flood management was needed. Using the advantages of computerization along with geoinformational 

system, based on RDBS, and simulation with optimized methods it is possible to ensure 

fast registration and transfer of critical and key information which would significantly help in decision 

making during defense from flood. 

Research team from the Faculty of technical sciences, University of Novi Sad with United 

Nations University – Institute for Environment and Human Security developed the model of system 

based on OGC web services for managing and decision support and monitoring floods. OGC web 

service enables interaction geo-informational systems based on XML, HTTP, SGML, GML, GEO 

VRML and similar technologies. 

Keywords: Flood, OGC web services, management, decision support, monitoring floods, Banat. 

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_________________ 

TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS 

FOR THE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF AN UNDERGROUND WATER STORAGE 

Prepelita Dan 1 , Nitescu Eftimie 1 , Craciun Vasile 1 , Chiorescu Esmeralda 1 , 

1 Technical University “Gh.Asachi” of Iasi, Department of Hydroamelioration and Environment Blvd. D. 

Mangeron 67 Iasi , 700050, Romania, predans@yahoo.com 

The provide of water necessary for employement from areas with showing a deficit resources, 

is realize in usual mode by stocking of necessary volumes in surface accumulation; there are obtain 

by transversal impound of a water course with over-ground barrage, in the favourable emplacement. 

In special situation, the water source can be constituted by means of local phreatic water 

resources; in this case, ground water must be conducted by pumping from wells. 

In case of hard water deficit, in underground reception basin or of an irrational exploitation can 

be applied method of artificial recharge of aquifer from surface water source. 

For this aim, water is drived from river by mean of complex channels network, infiltration 

basins and, at times, and deep injection wells. 

Enriching and rational water utilization of stock groundwater is obtained, also, by realization of 

underground water stocks, there are obtain by impound of a escape bellow the major streambed and 

the minor streambed, with transversal underground barrage (dam). 

This type of harnessing can be applied in hill area of water courses with permeable tray and 

alluvial bed with big or medium granulation, the rivers presenced one great contribution and 

geomorphologic stability. 

In comparison with one surface stores are obtain by over-ground barrage and with known 

methods of a recharge of aquifer from surface water source - specific methods from bank of a rivers 

and limitrophe terraces - the harnessing solutions with underground baraje in the river bed - is 

presence many technical, economical and ecological advantages. In principal, is admit the tapping of 

ground water stocks, by easy methods, in qualitative and quantitative adequate conditions, indifferent 

of level water variation in over-ground water course, even if is dry. It is possible the water 

gravitational transport for water consumers - from downhill areas. 

In this paper are present two possibilities of creation an underground water 

controllable by using underground barrage (dam) - with captation – adjustment – transportation 

installations. 

One technical solutions conformable to Patent RO nr.107007, authors: D.Prepelita and colab. 

- concerns the creation of an underground water storage by building an impermeable “V” shaped dam 

sunken under a river bed, endowed with a special water plug, allowing the irrigation of agricultural 

lands (Figure 1). 

Another technical solution consentaneous to Patent RO 94257, by E.Nitescu and colab., 

presents the solution for the execution of non-permeable screens made of flexible membrane, 

vertically fitted into the soil using a special equipment (Figure 2). The proposed technology can be 

used also for the realization of other environmental works (elimination of water losses from channels, 

great water basins, basins for filtering stations). The technology is ecological because no diggings or 

earth being immediately reintroduced in the soil. 

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Figure 1 Figure 2 

_________________ 

A NEW METHOD FOR STUDING THE RELATIONS BETWEEN HYDROLOGICAL 

GEOMORPHOLOGICAL AND GEOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF A RIVER 

Purdel A. 

National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management – Romania, Bucuresti, Romania, e-mail 

eu_andy@yahoo.com 

The idea of creating a method for the study of the relation between geomorphologic, 

hydrological and geologic parameters comes from the necessity of solving some controversies 

between specialists in this matter – especially in the areas where generic geomorphologic laws are not 

respected by the nature. 

The paper proposes a methodology of studying the relation between the geomorphology and 

geology of a river basin and its hydrological characteristics, based on analysis made on river sectors. 

A river sector is defined as the distance between two confluences of the same Strahler rank. 

The analysis can be made by means of PC with the Microsoft Office – Excel. With its aid 

different relations between the geomorphologic characteristics of the basin that has to be studied, and 

its hydrological parameters can be calculated and represented as trend lines on specific charts. These 

charts give a more comprehensive image of the mutual influences between geomorphologic, 

hydrological and geologic parameters, between river and landscape taken separately, that is the 

landscape looks the way it looks partly because of the river and the river flows the way it flows due to 

some geomorphologic aspects. 

The basic material needed are topographic maps of the region (1:50000; 1:25000), geological 

maps (1:200000) and some terrain work (mainly eye observation and topographic profiles). The data 

gathered in this way are than organized and introduced in the computer for analysis. 

Keywords: geomorphology, corelation, hydrological parameters 

147




THE BASIC MEASURES AGAINST DIFFUSE POLLUTION IN WATER QUALITY OF THE GROUND 

WATER BODIES AND SURFACES WATER BODIES 

ROSU Alina Letitia 1 

; DAMIAN Gabriela 2 

; PERSA Diana 3 

1 

Banat Water Branch, Romanian Water Directorate, Mihai Viteazul no. 32, Timisoara, Timis, Romania, 

alina.blaj@dab.rowater.ro; alinaeti@yahoo.com 

2 

Feldan Consult srl, Paciurea No.1, Timisoara, Timis, Romania, alina.blaj@dab.rowater.ro; 

feldan_consult@yahoo.com 

3 

Consiliul Judetean Constanta, Romania, 

dpersa@cjc.ro 

Diffuse pollution is increasingly being recognized as a major source of water quality problems 

in both surface and ground water. Indeed, as pollution resulting from point sources is reduced by the 

efforts of implementation of the measures included in the UE legislation, diffuse sources frequently 

remain as the dominant source of pollution which could be reduced using the best available 

technologies concerning the soil protections against the intensive agricultures and against the 

lixiviates from landfill waste. Diffuse pollution covers both urban and rural sources For this reason it 

could be better to improved the methods for established the new landfill or the new site for a new 

industries or a new farms. They could be influence the water quality of the ground water bodies and 

surfaces water bodies, both of them, so this reason the analyzed for choose a new site must be treat 

witch more responsibilities. In this paper could be find some new elements which must be involved in 

decision make for the choose the new sites of the new economics investment and on the other hand, 

that elements didn’t have the factual importance in Romania before. The implementation of the Water 

Directive 60/2000/EEC have been identified the ground and surfaces water bodies that must be 

protected for a good water management and water resource conservation and protection. Using the 

Arc view soft we could make an complex evaluate for a better decision for environmental protection. 

Keywords: diffuse pollution, ground water bodies, surfaces water bodies, protection, Arc view GIS 

analyzed. 

_________________ 

THE UNDINE INFORMATION SYSTEM – INTEGRATED DOCUMENTATION OF HYDROLOGICAL 

EXTREMES 

Schwandt Daniel, Claus Evelyn, Keller Martin, Krahe Peter, Wilke Klaus, Heininger Peter 

Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), P.O.Box 20 02 53, 56002 Koblenz, Germany, schwandt@bafg.de 

During periods of extraordinary flooding or extreme low water the public has a greater need for 

hydrological information. Assessment and ranking of current hydrological extremes usually depend on 

comparisons made with historical hydrological extremes or parameters derived from long-term time 

series. 

For a better assessment and ranking of current hydrological extremes, for an overview over a 

wide area for experts and laymen alike, the Undine Information System holds historical and current 

data for selected gauges and water quality monitoring stations. Information from the fields of 

hydrometeorology, qualitative and quantitative hydrology are linked in a holistic approach to the 

thematic complex "hydrological extremes". Depending on the data available, detailed information on 

historical extreme events (including the pre-instrumental period), with links to reports, data collections 

and further information, is available. Conjointly with Länder authorities and other actors in the river 

basin, the results of coordinated "flood measuring programs" are immediately made available in the 

information system and stored as a source of information for floods to come. 

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Figure 1. Welcome page of the Undine Information System 

The Undine Information System categorizes the information into: 

� current hydro-meteorological status, 

� basic data and historical data (water quality monitoring stations & gauges) and 

� historical extreme events. 

An image map with the main basins in Germany and pop-up menus with these categories for 

each basin is the starting point for navigation (figure 1). A map of the individual basin shows the 

location of gauges and water quality monitoring stations and allows for selection. 

For selected gauges, basic data on location, operator and graphics of the water level and 

runoff of the last 31 days, statistical values (e.g. mean discharge), a table with the ten most severe 

high and low water discharges of the available time series and corresponding diagrams, as well as the 

stage discharge relation and information about the history of the gauge are displayed. 

For selected water quality monitoring stations basic data on location, operator and graphics for 

common continuously measured parameters (e.g. water temperature, pH, conductivity) for the last 31 

days are also provided. For many parameters, that can be selected from lists, diagrams illustrate the 

dynamics of the measurements over many or single years. Along with the diagrams plain descriptions 

for the parameters are given. 

Historical extreme events in the catchment are listed as events affecting the main channel and 

events in the tributaries. For historical flood and low water events compact details are presented 

(hydro-meteorological situation, flood routing, losses and damages, adverse effects on water quality) 

supplemented by links to reports and measurements. 

During ongoing flood and low water events the current water level, runoff and tendency of the 

last four hours is given for selected gauges of supra-regional importance on a dynamic map. A runoffbased 

color-coded classification in five categories, ranging from extreme low water to extreme flood, is 

used to label the gauges. 

Sponsored by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear 

Safety (BMU), the Undine Information System has been developed at the Federal Institute of 

149




Hydrology since 2004. The pilot area for data preparation and technical development is the Elbe river 

basin. Future application areas are the river basins of the transboundary rivers Oder, Rhine and 

Danube. 

Keywords: hydrological extremes, documentation, hydrological information system, Undine 

_________________ 

INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGES ON IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS IN NORTHERN 

CROATIA 

Šimunić Ivan, Tomić Franjo 

Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Croatia, e-mail: simunic@agr.hr 

With only 11,700 ha of irrigated agricultural areas, the Republic of Croatia holds one of the last 

positions in Europe. For this reason, the Government started the «Project of irrigation and 

management of agricultural land and waters», which will be implemented in three stages. 

A part of the Project was aimed at determining: 

Influence of climate changes on irrigation requirements in Northern Croatia; 

Crop evapotranspiration (required amount of water); 

Soil water deficit; 

Quality of irrigation water. 

Climate data of meteorological stations Đurđevac and Donji Miholjac, for the periods 1961- 

2003 and 1994-2003 were used. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was calculated by the Penman- 

Monteith method, effective precipitation by the USBR method (US Bureau of Reclamation), while crop 

evapotranspiration (ETc) was calculated from the relationship between ETo and crop coefficient (Kc), 

taking account of the different stages of crop development. Soil water balance in luvisol was 

calculated for each crop using the Palmer method (corrected and calibrated according to Vidaček, 

1981), for two different depths (to 0.1 m and 0.1-1.0 m). Investigations were carried out on soil of the 

following water constants: field water capacity (Fwc)=360 mm and wilting point (Wp)=160 mm. 

The following crops were tested: tobacco, soybean, sunflower, sugar beet, cabbage and kale, 

pepper, cucumber and tomato. 

Data were processed with the aid of the computer program «Cropwat». 

Quality of irrigation water was assessed for the County Canal watercourse; water samples 

were taken in the period from 1983 to 2003. Water quality score was calculated for each year pursuant 

to the Water Classification Directive (Official Gazette 77/98). The following individual watercourse 

quality indicators were analyzed: oxygen concentration, oxygen saturation, COD (chemical oxygen 

demand) and BOD5 (biochemical oxygen demand). Of nutritious substances ammonium and nitrites 

were analyzed, while among microbiological indicators quality score was based on total coliform 

bacteria and the number of aerobic bacteria, as well as on the PB (Pantle-Buck) saporbic index. 

Research results revealed a rise in air temperature in the whole studied region in the last 

investigation period (1994-2003) – by 1 oC (Đurđevac) and by 0.6 oC (D. Miholjac). Due to higher air 

temperatures, water requirements of all crops (crop evapotranspiration) were increased in that period. 

Increased water requirements ranged from 22 mm in the Đurđevac region to 19.4 mm in the region of 

D. Miholjac (average over all crops). Water balance revealed also a higher water deficit in soil. 

Increased soil water deficit amounted to 8.9 mm in the Đurđevac region, and to 9.1 mm in the region 

of D. Miholjac (average over all crops). Water quality in the County Canal watercourse was monitored 

for 21 years, in 11 years of which water was above water category III according to group indicators. 

The results allow the conclusion that climate changes in the last investigation period caused 

increased water requirements of crops grown, and thereby also higher water deficit in soil and the 

need of providing larger quantities of good-quality irrigation water. 

Keywords: climate changes, irrigation requirements, water quality 

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_________________ 

A NEURAL NETWORKS IN INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT 

Šperac Marija 

Faculty of Civil Engineering Osijek, Drinska 16a, 31000 Osijek, Croatia 

e-mail: msperac@gfos.hr 

Continuous measurement of all parameters relating to quantities and quality of water, water 

distribution, sewage networks and treatment plants, is necessary for rational and efficient use of the 

resource. Real time water information management is essential for preserving biodiversity and 

safeguarding human lives and the environment from drought, flood and water quality disasters. Realtime 

data management, simulation and optimisation modelling, with data assimilation, forecasting, and 

reporting, and support for operational management can be provided with a real-time rule-based expert 

system. Modern water management is characterised by considering water systems in their entirety 

together with all influencing factors and other related systems. Integrated water management and 

control of water resources highly complex issue covering a wide spectrum of activities in the field of 

assessment, planning, designing, operation and maintenance. Current policy objectives for water 

management focus on the creation and maintenance of a sustainable living environment, taking into 

account all demands made on the water system by the different interest. Moreover, as in any other 

management field, all the above activities take place in institutional, social and political environment. 

Therefore, the management and control of water resource systems is a multi-disciplinary task 

requiring different techniques and considerable changes have been observed during the last decade 

in the approaches towards tackling the problems. Resent development in the field of artificial 

intelligence (AI) techniques are helping to solve various problems of water resources modelling and 

management. It should be noted that water resources management is a complex issue having a wide 

range of activities. It is an application of structural and nonstructural measures to control natural and 

man-made water resources systems for beneficial human and environmental purposes. The 

application of ANN approach to water resources management problem has been classified into 

several distinctive activities and application sectors. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is nowadays 

recognized as a very promising tool for relating input data to output data. It is said that the possibilities 

of artificial neural networks are unlimited. Here we focus on the potential role of neural networks in 

integrated water management. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a mathematical methodology 

which describes relations between cause (input data) and effects (output data) irrespective of the 

process laying behind and without the need for making assumptions considering the nature of the 

relations. ANN is an information processing system that roughly replicates the behaviour of a human 

brain by emulating the operations and connectivity of biological neurons. They can be used with great 

benefit for planning, designing, operating and maintaining services such as water distribution and 

sewage networks, and treatment works, while minimising the consequences of the impact of 

wastewater discharges on the environment, and particularly on groundwater and receiving waters. 

ANNs are extensively applied for assessment purposes like rainfall-runoff modelling, water quality 

prediction in natural flows, approximating ecological relations. They also been applied for optimal 

reservoir operation. 

Keywords: artificial intelligence, artificial neural network, water management, real time information. 

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_________________ 

WEB-BASED SYSTEM FOR TRANSBOUNDARY FLOOD RELATED GEO-SPATIAL 

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 

Stancalie Gheorghe (1) , Craciunescu Vasile (1) , Constantinescu Stefan (2) , 

Ovejanu Ionut (2) , Corbus Ciprian (3) , Mic Rodica (3) 

(1) National Meteorological Administration, 97 Soseaua Bucuresti-Ploiesti, Sector 1, 013686 Bucharest, 

Romania 

gheorghe.stancalie@meteo.inmh.ro, vasile.craciunescu@meteo.inmh.ro 

(2) Faculty of Geography - University of Bucharest, Bd-ul Nicolae Balcescu, Nr.1, Sector 6, 07000 

Bucharest, Romania 

stefanc@geo.unibuc.ro; ionut@unibuc.ro 

(3) National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management, 97 Soseaua Bucuresti-Ploiesti, Sector 1, 

013686 Bucharest, Romania 

rodica.mic@hidro.ro; corbus@hidro.ro 

In the latest years floods and accompanying landslides, occurred quite frequently in Romania, 

some of which isolated, others-affecting wide areas of the country's territory. One region, which suffers 

from flood damages on a regular basis, is the transboundary area of the Crisul Alb, Crisul Negru and 

Kőrős Rivers spanning across the Romanian–Hungarian border. 

An important objective of the NATO SfP 978016 project “Monitoring of extreme flood events in 

Romania and Hungary using Earth Observation data” is the development of a dedicated sub-system 

based on remote sensing and GIS technology (FLOODSAT), in order to improve the flood 

management and implementation of mitigation programs, in the mentioned area. 

The paper presents the design and the main function of the flood monitoring on-line support 

system for spatial information management, as well as the results of the implementation. 

The FLOODSAT sub-system is web-based with a distributed architecture and consists in a 

core server, which handles the interactions between the various modules, the end-users management, 

the display and manipulation of data. The server-side of the sub-system application consists of a Web 

server and a mapserver software programme. The Web server contains information to be distributed 

over the Web on request from one or many clients by HTTP. As the Web server software is not able 

to do geo-processing, it is able to communicate with the mapserver software to pass on requests from 

the client for geo-processing. 

The GIS database interconnected with the modeling modules, integrates the hydrological and 

hydraulical models into the sub-system. The main functions of the FLOODSAT are the following: 

acquisition, storage, analysis, management and exchange of raster and vector graphic information 

and related attribute data for the flood monitoring activities, as well as updating the information, data 

restoring, elaboration of thematic documents and generation of value-added information. The 

distribution of the spatial and tabular attribute data over an Internet Web-based network represents a 

powerful and effective communication method that overcomes the disadvantages of the classical 

approach. Users with appropriate privileges can access the FLOODSAT through the web browser and 

perform queries, and retrieve different products useful for the flood management like satellite-derived 

maps with the flooded areas, land cover/land use maps, flood hazard maps for several probabilities of 

the maximum discharge occurrence, flow related charts, etc. 

This FLOODSAT sub-system will contribute to regional quantitative risk assessment (using 

flood hazard and vulnerability characteristics) for monitoring and hydrological validating risk 

simulations. An important result will be the preventive consideration of flood events when determining 

land development and in special planning in the Romanian – Hungarian Crisul Alb, Crisul Negru and 

Kőrős transboundary basins. 

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_________________ 

HIGH FLOODS IN ROMANIA IN 2005- SIRET RIVER BASIN CASE STUDY 

LESSONS ON PREPAREDNESS AND PREVENTION ROLE IN FLOOD CONTROL 

STANESCU Viorel Alexandru and DROBOT Radu 

University of Civil Engineering, Bucharest, ROMANIA 

Blvd. Lacul Tei 124, Bucharest, Sector1, Romania, 

stanescu@hidro.ro drobot@utcb.ro 

During 2005 very large floods occurred in Romania. The flood damages during 1993-2004 

(about 0.8 billion Euro) as compared with those reported in 2005 (about 1.4 billion Euro) show the 

greatness and aggressiveness of the floods in 2005. Among the largest floods of the year 2005, the 

July flood of Siret River Basin was the most remarkable and a study case for this basin (Basin area = 

44739 km 2 ) is deemed. The initial conditions of soil moisture and the triggering intensive rainfalls 

distributed in time and space are first considered and then the flood wave hydrographs of the most 

contributive tributaries are presented in the points of confluences with Siret River. To make a 

comparison with the recorded floods in the past, the 2005 flood and the other remarkable ones are 

centred at their peaks. The probability that is assigned to the recorded peak discharges in 2005 is 

highlighted. Considering the damages and the losses of lives as well as the manner in which the 

action for flood control have been conducted, the conclusions on the non-structural and structural 

measures aiming to improve the degree of preparedness, the prevention and operational intervention 

are highlighted. 

Keywords: isohyets, flood wave hydrograph, non-structural measures, structural measures 

_________________ 

USING THE DANUBIA DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM TO IDENTIFY CLIMATE CHANGE 

EFFECTS ON GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES 

Trifkovic A. 1 , Barthel R. 1 , Nickel D. 1 , W. Mauser 2 , Strasser U. 2 , Ludwig R. 3 , Willems W. 4 , Frueh 

B. 5 

1 Institute of Hydraulic Engineering (IWS), Universitaet Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 61, D-70569 

Stuttgart, Germany, ++49 711 685-65771, 

roland.barthel@iws.uni-stuttgart.de 

2 Faculty for Geosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU) 

w.mauser@iggf.geo.uni-muenchen.de 

3 Institute for Geography, University of Kiel, Germany 

4 Institute for Applied Water Resources Management and Geoinformatics, IAWG - Ottobrunn, Germany 

5 Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz, Germany 

Within the GLOWA initiative of the German Ministry of Research and Education, the research 

project ‘GLOWA-Danube’ aims at the development of new water resource management modelling 

technologies that integrate natural and socio-economic sciences in assessment of Global Change 

consequences. For this reason, natural science (meteorology, hydrology, hydro-geology, plant 

ecology, glaciology, remote sensing, computer science) and socio-economic science (agricultural and 

environmental economy, environmental psychology and tourism) research groups from different 

German institutions have developed the decision support system DANUBIA. 

This decision support system for integrative environmental modelling is based on 16 objectoriented, 

spatially distributed and raster-based sub-components that represent disciplinary models for 

the description of the various water related processes. Based on the scenarios of future Global 

Change, the DANUBIA system models water cycle related processes in order to provide support to 

153




decision makers by simulating the impacts of different potential water resources management 

strategies. The system equally considers the influence of natural changes in the ecosystem, such as 

climate change, and changes in human behaviour, e.g. changes in land use or water consumption. 

This paper describes the framework of GLOWA-Danube project and the developed decision 

support system DANUBIA with a focus on two models developed by the Universitaet Stuttgart. These 

two sub-models ‘Groundwater’ and ‘WaterSupply’ form together the Groundwater Management 

complex of DANUBIA and can be used to illustrate the applied concept for integrative modelling of 

natural and socio-economic phenomena and processes., Some of the results and potential 

applications just as well as some of the problems, constraints and difficulties in connection with the 

development of Groundwater Management complex are presented. 

The project GLOWA-Danube is a highly integrative scientific project. Within the first working 

period (2001-2004) it has been shown that a web-based model integrating natural and socioeconomic 

sciences can be developed using an object oriented approach. As far as the large scale groundwater 

modelling is concerned it can be said that despite the difficulties groundwater models of this size and 

heterogeneity can be applied successfully if two main aspects are considered carefully: a) setting of 

the appropriate conceptual model, namely in the adequate definition of the model layers geometry and 

boundary conditions, and b) careful use of such models, especially as a part of IWRM system, only to 

address long term, regional problems. The development and validation of an object-oriented water 

supply model for the upper Danube area provided not just the possibility for “rule – based” simulation 

of technical, economic and social aspects of water supply withdrawal, transport and distribution, but its 

integration with the hydrologic, on one side, and socio-economic, on another side, represents the 

basis for the simulation of integrated groundwater management scenarios. 

Keywords: Global Change, Integrated Water Management, Groundwater, Water Supply 

_________________ 

SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE FLOOD 

- an Example of Jaša Tomić- 

Prof. Dr. Vuksanović Gordana 

Department of Sociology, Faculty of Philosophy, Novi Sad, Dr Zorana Đinđića 2 

e-mail: gocavuk@eunet.yu 

Prof. Dr. Radivojević Radoš 

Faculty of Technical Science, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 

e-mail: rados@uns.ns.ac.yu 

The data presented in this paper are the result of the empirical research which was carried out 

in Jaša Tomić, a small town in the Sečanj municipality. The main aim of the research was to 

investigate the consequences of the flood on three levels, on the personal level, family level and the 

level of the local community. The consequences of the flood were investigated in the sphere of living 

conditions, interpersonal relations in the local community, attitude of the responsible institutions to the 

population affected by the flood. As the basic method for data collection the scientific interview was 

used. The questionnaire had 86 questions and it was devided into seven parts (household members, 

household, husbandry, movability, flood experience, financial possibilities, protection against the 

flood). The sample of 200 respondents provided a saficient number of every group of respondents, 

those whose houses were destroyed, those whose houses were damaged and those whose houses 

were not damaged. In addition to the scientific interview, content analysis, observation and biography 

method were used. 

Before and right after the Second World War Jaša Tomić was a cultural and industrial centre 

of the municipality. All local institutions were located there. Jaša Tomić had developed a textile 

industry, blacksmith shop, agriculture. It had an elementary and two secondary schools, one grammarschool 

and one secondary school for different crafts. There was a hospital, too. 

154




From the last decade of the 20th century there has occured a grate change in the 

development of Jaša Tomić. Many factories work with a lower capacity, or they do not work at all. A lot 

of employees lost their jobs. The unemployment rate in Jaša Tomić, as well as in the whole Sečanj 

municipality, is one of the highest in Vojvodina. In shuch a situation the flood happened. Jaša Tomić is 

located 1000 metres far from the Romanian border. The problem with the Timis which our neighbours 

faced at the beginning of April 2005, on April 20 became our problem, too. Some parts of Jaša Tomić 

were completely flooded, 365 houses were destroyed and 229 were seriously damaged. Twenty 

people died for less than two months from the beginning of the flood, mainly from the heart attack. 

According to the municipality data 683 inhabitants lost their homes. 65,5 % of the total number of the 

displaced population started to live with their friends and relatives and 34,5% were settled in a 

collective accomodation. They were accomodated in the hotel, in schools, restaurants, in the old 

people's home. 

The results indicated that both the local community as well as the broader community were not 

prepared enough for the consequences of the elementary disasters. That is why it is necessary to 

recommend some actions on the local and govemental level: renewal of the work of civil defence; 

training for offering psychological help; preparation of the general form for the collection of the basic 

statistical data etc. 

Keywords: Jaša Tomić, flood, local community, socio-psychological consequences 

_________________ 

OVERVIEW OF WATER RESOURCES UTILIZATION AND MANAGEMENT IN BULGARIA 

Yancheva StIiliana 1 

1 Senior researcher, Institute of Water Problems, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 

Address: ”G.Bonchev” St., bl.1, Sofia 1113,Tel: +359/2/979-24-86, 

E-mail:stiliana@iwp.bas.bg 

Temelkova Maria 2 

2 Researcher, Institute of Water Problems, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 

Address: ”G.Bonchev” St., bl.1, Sofia 1113,Tel: +359/2/979-24-86, 

E-mail:mondaybg@mail.bg 

Water is a limited and valuable resource. Also water is a social and environmental good, 

which has an economic value. As a result of that, water became one of the basic factors determining 

to a great extent the development and territorial distribution of productive forces and the standard of 

living of the population. 

Today the management of water resource system (WRS) is a considerably more complicated 

process compared to the past when subject of water resource control were separate, independently 

acting water resource facilities with a low degree of water utilisation. Those were analysed also 

independently of each other, and the rules for water distribution and usage were mostly based on 

common sense and some intuition. 

In contrast to that, the contemporary planning and management of water resource complex 

(WRC) has to take into consideration a multitude of hydraulic structures interconnected on many 

levels by hydrological, power supply, tech-economic, ecological, social and other types of links 

emerging in the process of water utilisation during the different stages of WRS development. The 

management of WRC is made even more complicated by the stochastic nature of the runoff, water 

consumption, electric production, and other components of the WRS structure as well as the fact that 

water is an inseparable part of other complex multiparameter systems such as the environment and 

the national economy. 

Today WRS are considered, with a reason, among the most complex cybernetic systems. 

Their efficient management is only possible by using the latest scientific methods and other means for 

planning and decision making. That is why, in order to neutralize as quickly as possible the 

economical ineffectiveness and ecological incompatibility of the WRS policies of the country from the 

155




past, it is necessary for the new policy to be based on a scientifically supported strategy and tactics for 

water control. 

All of the above suggests that our scientists and other specialists face the enormous task of 

proposing and implementing in practice new ways for satisfying the constantly growing needs for 

water in a manner that maximizes the economic and social effects of water usage while preserving the 

ecological balance in nature. 

156







REPUBLIC HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICE OF SERBIA 

11030 Belgrade, Кneza Višeslava 66, Republic of Serbia 

Тel.: +381 11/35 37 923, Fax: +381 11/35 37 847 

E-mail: office@hidmet.sr.gov.yu 

Republic Hydrometeorological Service is a separate Republic organization for the 

carrying out of the functions of hydrometeorological service on the territory of the 

Republic of Serbia. It performs its duties through five basic organization units as follows: 

• SECTION FOR METEOROLOGY 

• SECTION FOR HYDROLOGY 

• SECTION FOR ENVIRONMENT CONTROL 

• SECTION FOR HAIL SUPPRESSION 

• SECTION FOR GENERAL ADMINISTRATION 

Basic functions of the Service are the following: 

• Planning, establishing, exploitation, maintenance and development of the state 

network of meteorological and hydrological stations; 

• Systematic monitoring of quality and quantity characteristics of the state of 

atmosphere, surface and ground waters; 

• Planning, establishing, exploitation, maintenance and development of the system 

for collecting, processing, archiving and distributing of meteorological and 

hydrological data and information; 

• Maintenance and development of meteorological and hydrological forecasting 

system, producing weather and water forecasts, issuing warning against weather 

and hydrological disasters, including accidental pollution of the air and water; 

• Keeping of standard instruments and calibration of meteorological and 

hydrological instruments and equipment; 

• Planning, establishing, exploitation and maintenance of the hail suppressing 

system and precipitation stimulation; 

• Research of atmospheric and hydrological processes; 

• Creation of meteorological and hydrological bases, analyses and studies for the 

purpose of planning, designing and exploitation of objects and systems; 

• Carrying out of international obligations in the domain of meteorology and 

hydrology. 

http:// www.hidmet.sr.gov.yu

Institut za vodoprivredu "Jaroslav Černi" 

a.d. 

1947-2006 

Tel. 011 390 6469, Fax: 390 6481; E-mail: HeadOffice@jcerni.co.yu,

PWA “Srbijavode” 

www.srbijavode.co.yu 

Our main activities are: 

Cares of waters in Serbia 

• Managing of the water resources 

• Managing the use of waters 

• Protection against waters 

• Water conservation 

PUBLIC WATER AUTHORITY ″SRBIJAVODE″, 

Bulevar umetnosti 2А, 11 080 Belgrade, tel: +381 11 311 94 00

"HIDROELEKTRANE DJERDAP" d.o.o. 

KLADOVO 

Trg Kralja Petra 1, 19320 Kladovo,SRBIJA - tel. +381 19 801-224, 801-651, 

fax. +381 19 801-646, 801-659 

HE "ĐERDAP I" 

The Đerdap I Hydroelectric and Navigational System, a complex and multipurpose 

construction, is located on 943. kilometer of the 

Danube. 

The construction officially began on 7. September 

1964. The first hydroelectric generating units were 

put into operation on 6. August 1970. The damming 

of the Danube was completed on 13. August 1969. 

There are 6 hydro generators with vertical Kaplan 

turbines in each electric power plant, Yugoslav and 

Romanian, which are of the same dimensions. The 

reted power of a generator is 190 MW. At the time of 

the construction they were the world' s biggest turbines of the type. 

Both navigation locks are constructed in two levels. 

Passing through the locks lasts between 70 and 90 

minutes. The construction of the navigation locks at 

the Đerdap I System permanently solved the 

problem of navigation through the Đerdap section of 

the Danube. The annual capacity of the section is 

increased for about six times, and all the previous 

obstacles and dangers are eliminated.

Republic of Serbia 

Ministry of Agriculture, 

Forestry and Water Management 

-Directorate for Water- 

Authority responsible for integrated water resources management in the Republic 

of Serbia is the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management with its 

competent authority Directorate of Water. 

Directorate for Water ensures: 

• water resources management policy; 

• multipurpose water use; 

• flood protection; 

• water protection; 

• international cooperation, particularly through implementing international 

conventions and agreements for following river basins: 

• Danube river basin 

- Convention Regarding the Regime of the Navigation on the Danube, 

Belgrade, 1948 

- The Convention on Co-operation for the Protection and Sustainable 

Use of the River Danube (Danube River Protection Convention), Sofia, 

1994 

• Tisza river basin 

- Agreement for the Environmental Protection from Pollution of the Tisza 

River and Tributaries, 1986 

• Sava river basin 

- International Framework Agreement on the Sava River Basin, 2004 

Of particular importance for international cooperation is implementation of existing bilateral 

agreements with neighboring countries as well as negotiating new agreements. 

In order to perform its duties Water Directorate has following organizational units: 

1. Strategic Planning and Management Department 

2. Governing, Analysis and Water Standardization Department 

3. International Cooperation Group 

4. Water Use and Protection Department 

5. Protection from Water Department 

6. Legal, Financial and Administration Department 

7. Water Inspectorate 

Ministry of Agriculture, 

Forestry and Water Management 

-Directorate for Water- 

Web site: www.minpolj.sr.gov.yu 

Bulevar umetnosti 2a, 11070 Novi Beograd, Serbia 

tel: +381 11 201 33 60 

fax: +381 11 311 53 70 

E-mail: rdvode@minpolj.sr.gov.yu

Public Water Management Company (PWMC) "Vode Vojvodine" 

www.vodevojvodine.com 

PWMC "Vode Vojvodine", as public, non profit water management company is responsible for 

water resources in Vojvodina Province. 

It covers with its activities: 

1. total area of 21.506 km 2 , 

2. about 2.000.000 inhabitants, 

3. important water infrastructures (1.500 km levees, 20.000 km drainage channels, regional 

multi-purpose Danube-Tisa-Danube Hydro-system on 17.800 km 2 ) and 

4. important economic objectives and potentials. 

The basic operation of the JVP "Vode Vojvodine" is to manage waters, protection of water and 

from it in this inundating region. This refers to any surface or underground water, including the 

potable water, thermal or mineral waters. The activities in this field of water management are: 

• management of water resources and coordination of water requirements of various users; 

• follow-up, maintenance, and improvement of water regime; 

• maintenance and reconstruction of water economy facilities; 

• organization and realization of flood defence; 

• conduct of surplus waters and organization of defence from internal waters on a landreclamation 

area; 

• organization and realization of anti-torrent and anti-erosion measures; 

• supply of usable water; 

• organization and realization of water anti-pollution measures; 

• investment execution in building up or reconstructing any water economy facility; 

• making of technical documents/plans referring to water economy; 

• preparation of plans and programmes in water economy; 

• organization and management of water economy information system and documents on 

waters; 

• execution of tasks referring to inter-state agreements in the field of water economy, 

• organization of study-research works in the field of water economy. 

These activities are being executed through water management companies (21) in the Province, 

and PWMC is coordinating their work thus representing public interests and priorities. It has 350 

employees.

XXIII CONFERENCE OF THE

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