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The distinction of the Lower Paraná regarding the Middle, from the hydraulic point of view, is that the first one is influenced by tides. The main problem of the Lower Paraná (Minería de la República Argentina WWWeb) is the flooding caused by the extraordinary discharges of the Paraná River. The riverside area, in general terms, is of scarce height. The periodic floods take place, on the average, every two or three years. These can happen at any time of the year, prevailing during February and March with eventual worsening in June. In the last section (Minería de la República Argentina WWWeb) the river is divided in a series of branches of a complex conformation (Paraná Delta) that consists on an undifferentiated set of islands associated to an intricate group of courses of natural channels. The sediments of the Paraná River are deposited due to the increase in the width of the riverbed at its outlet with the La Plata River. As a result, the delta is in a continuous advance process toward the La Plata River, growing at an approximate mean speed of 70 m/year. The delta has a width that varies between 18 and 61 km, covering a surface of 17500 km 2 . The low areas of the delta are affected by the floods of the La Plata River caused by "sudestadas". This phenomenon blocks the natural drainage of superficial waters, streams, channels and rainfall waters, causing serious floods. 4.4.2. The Paraguay River sub-basin The Paraguay River has its source in the central region of the Brazilian State of Mato Grosso, in the oriental slope of the "Chapada do Parecis" and ends in the Paraná River, running along 2550 km. Its basin area is of 1095000 km 2 . The sub-basin of the Paraguay River is mainly in a great plain and, with few exceptions, has a small and uniform slope (Tossini 1959). The elevation of the Paraguay basin rarely exceeds the 70m over the sea level, and its gradient is typically lower than 1.5 cm per kilometer. The sub-basin can be subdivided in four areas: • Pantanal • High Paraguay • Middle Paraguay • Low Paraguay Physiography and Hydrology The landscape in the area of the Pantanal includes low and periodically flooded lands and plateaus, ridges and depressions that are not flooded. From a hydrological point of view, this zone presents two areas: Plateau ("Planalto") and Pantanal. The first one corresponds to the upstream part of the basin which has a similar behavior to the High Paraná with a rapid runoff. 51
Physiography and Hydrology The Pantanal itself is the downstream part of this sub basin, an area of 138000 km 2 . 50-60% of the water volume and sediments from the tributaries are retained in the flood plain, which reduces hugely the volume downstream. Since precipitation is smaller than evaporation, in the Pantanal there is a mixture of swamp vegetation proper of the rainy station and of savannah at the dry season. From the Pantanal exit up to the outlet of the Paraguay, the river flows along a plain with low coasts, which facilitates the floods in both the Paraguayan and Argentine territories. In the Low Paraguay the river receives an important tributary, the Bermejo River. From the outlet of the Bermejo River, the riverbed of the Paraguay River is characterized by its lack of stability, due to the solid discharge of this tributary. The decrease of the capacity of discharge of the Paraguay River is associated to the hydrodynamic linger produced by the Paraná River, causing a reduction of speed from the confluence area up to more than 340 km upstream. The Paraguay River presents the major discharges in Autumn-Winter and low waters in Spring-Summer, with regular regime and slow variations. In this behavior it is important the influence of the Pantanal, diminishing the propagation of the large discharges and the length of the low water. But it is also a consequence that in the Low Paraguay basin the evaporation balances the rainfall in Summer, while it is very inferior to it in Autumn (Barros et al. 2004). Figure 4.3 illustrates the annual hydrological cycle of the Paraguay River in some sections. It can be observed the retard effect in the freshet wave with regard to the one at the North of the Pantanal. The Cáceres section in the Pantanal plateau registers the largest flows in March, while in Porto Murtinho and Puerto Bermejo they take place in June. Fig. 4.3. Mean flows of the Paraguay River at different sections. [ANA WWWeb, Mining of the Argentine Republic, WWWeb] 52
Page 1 and 2: CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE LA PLATA BASI
Page 3 and 4: INDEX FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . .
Page 5 and 6: 7.3. Methodology . . . . . . . . .
Page 7 and 8: 13.3. Regional validation of GCM fo
Page 9 and 10: 1.1. Dropping the hypothesis of sta
Page 11 and 12: Introduction as they pour water ove
Page 13 and 14: A better understanding of the obser
Page 15 and 16: References Introduction Barros, V.
Page 17 and 18: ABSTRACT The hydrologic cycle of th
Page 19 and 20: La Plata basin climatology Within t
Page 21 and 22: in this last description, although
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Page 25 and 26: La Plata basin climatology b. Upper
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Page 45 and 46: The main physiographic and hydrolog
Page 47 and 48: SUB-BASIN COUNTRY Argentina Bolivia
Page 49 and 50: the most important stretches of the
Page 51: Physiography and Hydrology The Para
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Page 69 and 70: Regional precipitation trends 5.3.2
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7.5. Discussion and final comments
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ABSTRACT The water, as resource, is
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puts in risk large number of person
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The main services and problems of w
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There are similar problems in diffe
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8.3.3. Energy a. Hydroelectric depe
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(chapters 12 and 13), because of th
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The main services and problems of w
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9.1. Introduction The emissions of
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9.4. Greenhouse effect The atmosphe
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Temperature anomalies (°C) 0.8 0.6
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Global climatic change at a global
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In view of the unavoidability of th
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Background on other regional aspect
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Considering the non-linear interact
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SST anomalies also have influence o
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ABSTRACT The purpose of this chapte
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Global climate models Mid-1970’s
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Global climate models Table 11.1. B
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Global climate models Table 11.2. M
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Although changes in weather and cli
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Socio-economic variables and also s
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Applicability in impact assessments
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of the global climate system to the
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Climate scenarios B2: Assumes a wor
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Climate scenarios The reliability o
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Climate scenarios From Table 12.2 i
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Climate scenarios Fig. 12.5. The mu
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Climate scenarios this would be rel
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Results of global circulation model
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13.2.3. Statistical downscaling The
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La Plata basin are also considerabl
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10 N EQ 10 S 20 S 30 S 40 S 50 S 10
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Regional climatic scenarios Fig. 13
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a. Pre-industrial experiment: Initi
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Regional climatic scenarios Kalnay,
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Low-frequency variability 14.1. Bac
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egime occurred during the periods o
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Fig. 14.2. As Fig. 14.1, except for
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14.4. SST composites Low-frequency
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Low-frequency variability during th
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Fig. 14.10. As Fig. 14.9, except fo
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Low-frequency variability In genera
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Low-frequency variability Mantua, N
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15.1. Introduction Statistical anal
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Statistical analysis of extreme eve
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CURRÍCULA OF THE AUTHORS Vicente B
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Curricula of the autors Rubén Mari
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Proyect: SGP II 057: “Trends in t
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