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Interannual low frequency variability: Background Servain, J. 1991: Simple climate indices for the tropical Atlantic Ocean and some applications. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 15137-15146. Shukla, J., J. Anderson, D. Baumhefner, C. Brankovic, Y. Chang, E. Kalnay, L. Marx, T. Palmer, D. Paolino, J. Ploshay, S. Schubert, D. Straus, M. Suarez and J. Tribbia 2000: Dynamical seasonal prediction. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 81, 2593-2606. Souza, E. B. and P. Nobre 1998a: Uma revisão sobre o Padrão de Dipolo no Oceano Atlântico tropical. Rev. Bras. Meteo., 13(1), 31-44. ______, J. M. B. Alves and P. Nobre 1998b: Anomalias de precipitação no norte e leste do Nordeste Brasileiro em associação aos eventos do Padrão de Dipolo observados no Atlântico tropical. Rev. Bras. Meteo., 13(1), 31-44. ______, M. T. Kayano, J. Tota, L. Pezzi, G. Fisch and C. Nobre 2000: On the influences of the El Niño, La Niña and Atlantic dipole pattern on the Amazonian rainfall during 1960-1998. Acta Amazonica, 30(2): 305-318. ______ and T. Ambrizzi 2002: ENSO impacts on the South American rainfall during 1980s: Hadley and Walker circulation. Atmósfera, 15, 105-120. Trenberth, K. E. and J. M. Caron 2000: The Southern Oscillation Revisited: Sea level pressures, surface temperatures and precipitation. J. Climate, 13, 4358-4365. ______, G.W. Branstator, D. Karoly, A. Kumar, N. C. Lau and C. Ropelewski 1998: Progress during TOGA in understanding and modeling global teleconnections associated with tropical sea surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14291-14324. Uvo, C. R. B., C. A. Repelli, S. Zebiak and Y. Kushnir 1998: The relationships between tropical Pacific and Atlantic SST and northeast Brazil monthly precipitation. J. Climate, 11(4), 551-562. Velasco, I. and M. Fritsch 1987: Mesoscale convective complexes in Americas. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 9591-9613. Virji, H. 1981: A preliminary study of Summer time tropospheric circulation patterns over South America estimated from cloud winds. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 599-610. Zhou, J. and W. K. Lau 2001: Principal modes of interannual and decadal variability of Summer rainfall over South America. Int. J. Climatol., 21, 1623-1644. 43
The main physiographic and hydrologic features of the Plata basin are introduced. Also its location and economic importance are explained. The main ecosystems are described, including the Pantanal, one of the most important wetland of the world. The main features of the three most important sub basins, namely those of the Paraná, Paraguay and Uruguay rivers are addressed. Finally, the main problems like floods and its human dimensions, and the deforestation from the environmental point of view are addressed. 44 CHAPTER PHYSIOGRAPHY AND HYDROLOGY Genaro Coronel 1 and Ángel Menéndez 2 . Colaboración: Lucas Chamorro 1 ABSTRACT 1 Universidad de Asunción. 2 Instituto Nacional del Agua (INA). Universidad de Buenos Aires. IV
Page 1 and 2: CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE LA PLATA BASI
Page 3 and 4: INDEX FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . .
Page 5 and 6: 7.3. Methodology . . . . . . . . .
Page 7 and 8: 13.3. Regional validation of GCM fo
Page 9 and 10: 1.1. Dropping the hypothesis of sta
Page 11 and 12: Introduction as they pour water ove
Page 13 and 14: A better understanding of the obser
Page 15 and 16: References Introduction Barros, V.
Page 17 and 18: ABSTRACT The hydrologic cycle of th
Page 19 and 20: La Plata basin climatology Within t
Page 21 and 22: in this last description, although
Page 23 and 24: warm season (October-April), in the
Page 25 and 26: La Plata basin climatology b. Upper
Page 27 and 28: La Plata basin climatology 2.3.3. R
Page 29 and 30: La Plata basin climatology Fig. 2.8
Page 31 and 32: 2.3.7. West and South borders La Pl
Page 33 and 34: References La Plata basin climatolo
Page 35 and 36: La Plata basin climatology Robertso
Page 37 and 38: 3.1. Introduction Interannual low f
Page 39 and 40: Interannual low frequency variabili
Page 41 and 42: 1989). This signal varies along eac
Page 43: Interannual low frequency variabili
Page 47 and 48: SUB-BASIN COUNTRY Argentina Bolivia
Page 49 and 50: the most important stretches of the
Page 51 and 52: Physiography and Hydrology The Para
Page 53 and 54: Physiography and Hydrology The Pant
Page 55 and 56: Physiography and Hydrology forcings
Page 57 and 58: Physiography and Hydrology It is no
Page 59 and 60: Physiography and Hydrology tion of
Page 61 and 62: Physiography and Hydrology INTERNAV
Page 63 and 64: 5.1. Introduction Precipitation and
Page 65 and 66: From 1956 to 1991, in most of the A
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Page 69 and 70: Regional precipitation trends 5.3.2
Page 71 and 72: Regional precipitation trends and L
Page 73 and 74: trast, other regions suffer floodin
Page 75 and 76: ABSTRACT The main hydrological tren
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Page 79 and 80: In the case of the Paraná River th
Page 81 and 82: Hydrological trends In order to com
Page 83 and 84: Hydrological trends In table 6.1 it
Page 85 and 86: Hydrological trends On the other ha
Page 87 and 88: the central area of the high basin
Page 89 and 90: 7.1. Introduction Several authors,
Page 91 and 92: Real evaporation trends a) PET > Pi
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a) b) c) Mean Temperature Real evap
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The positive trends of the mean tem
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d) e) f) Mean Temperature Real evap
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a) b) c) Mean Temperature Real evap
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7.5. Discussion and final comments
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ABSTRACT The water, as resource, is
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puts in risk large number of person
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The main services and problems of w
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There are similar problems in diffe
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8.3.3. Energy a. Hydroelectric depe
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(chapters 12 and 13), because of th
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The main services and problems of w
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9.1. Introduction The emissions of
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9.4. Greenhouse effect The atmosphe
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Temperature anomalies (°C) 0.8 0.6
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Global climatic change at a global
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In view of the unavoidability of th
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Background on other regional aspect
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Considering the non-linear interact
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SST anomalies also have influence o
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ABSTRACT The purpose of this chapte
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Global climate models Mid-1970’s
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Global climate models Table 11.1. B
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Global climate models Table 11.2. M
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Although changes in weather and cli
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Socio-economic variables and also s
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Applicability in impact assessments
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of the global climate system to the
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Climate scenarios B2: Assumes a wor
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Climate scenarios The reliability o
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Climate scenarios From Table 12.2 i
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Climate scenarios Fig. 12.5. The mu
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Climate scenarios this would be rel
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Results of global circulation model
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13.2.3. Statistical downscaling The
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La Plata basin are also considerabl
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10 N EQ 10 S 20 S 30 S 40 S 50 S 10
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Regional climatic scenarios Fig. 13
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a. Pre-industrial experiment: Initi
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Regional climatic scenarios Kalnay,
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Low-frequency variability 14.1. Bac
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egime occurred during the periods o
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Fig. 14.2. As Fig. 14.1, except for
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14.4. SST composites Low-frequency
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Low-frequency variability during th
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Fig. 14.10. As Fig. 14.9, except fo
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Low-frequency variability In genera
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Low-frequency variability Mantua, N
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15.1. Introduction Statistical anal
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Statistical analysis of extreme eve
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CURRÍCULA OF THE AUTHORS Vicente B
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Curricula of the autors Rubén Mari
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Proyect: SGP II 057: “Trends in t
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