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La Plata basin climatology Chen, T., C. S. and S. Schubert 1999: Maintenance of upper-tropical circulation over tropical South America: the Bolivian high-Nordeste low system. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2081-2100. Díaz, A. F., C. D. Strudzinski and C. R. Mechoso 1998: Relationships between precipitation anomalies in Uruguay and Southern Brazil and sea surface temperature in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. J. Climate, 11, 251-271. Figueiredo, J. C. y E. J. Scolar 1996: Estudo da trajetória dos sistemas convectivos de mesoescala na América do Sul. VII Congreso Argentino y VII Congreso Latinoamericano e Ibérico de Meteorología, Buenos Aires, Setiembre 1996, 165-166. Figueroa, S. N., P. Satyamurty and P. L. Silva Dias 1995: Simulations of the Summer circulation over the South American region with an eta coordinate model. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1573-1584. Gan, G. A. and V. B. Rao 1991: Surface Cyclogenesis over South America. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1293-1302. González, M. and V. Barros 1998: The relation between tropical convection in South America and the end of the dry period in subtropical Argentina. J. Climate, 18, 1669-1685. Grimm, A. M., S. E. T. Ferraz and J. Gomes 1998: Precipitation anomalies in Southern Brazil associated with El Niño and La Niña events. J. Climate, 11, 2863-2880. Guedes, R. L., L. A. T. Machado, J. M. B. Silveira, M. A. S. Alves and R. C. Waltz 1994: Trajetórias dos sistemas convectivos sobre o continente americano. X Congresso Brasileiro de Meteorologia, 8, 77-80. Belo Horizonte-MG. Anais II. Gusmão de Carvalho, A. M. y A. W. Gandu 1996: A Zona de Convergência do Atlântico Sul. Climanàlise, Edição especial comemorativa de 10 anos. Cach. Paulista, octubre 1996. http://www.cptec.inpe.br/products/climanalise/cliesp10a/16.html Hoffmann, J. 1982: Atlas Climático de América del Sur. WHO - UNESCO Cartography. Kodama, Y. M. 1992: Large-scale common features of subtropical precipitation zones (the Baiu frontal zone, the SPCZ and SACZ). 1. Characteristics of subtropical frontal zones. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 70, 813-836. Laing, A. G. and J. M. Fritch 2000: The large-scale environments of the global populations of mesoscale convective complexes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 2756-2776. Lichtenstein, E. R. 1980: La depresión del Noroeste Argentino. Tesis Doctoral, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Lenters, J. D. and K. H. Cook 1997: On the Origin of the Bolivian High and Related Circulation Features of the South American Climate. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 656-678. Marengo, J. A., W. R. Soares, C. Saulo and M. Nicolini 2004: Climatology of the Low-level jet east of the Andes as derived from the NCEP-NCAR reanalyses: characteristics and temporal variability. J. Climate, 17, 2261-2280. Nieto Ferreira, R., T. M. Rickembach, D. L. Herdies and L. M. V. Carvalho 2003: Variability of South American convective cloud systems and tropospheric circulation during January- March 1998 and 1999. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 961-973 Nogués-Paegle, J. and K. Mo 1997: Alternating wet and dry conditions over South America during Summer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 279-291. ______, C. R. Mechoso, R. Fu, E. H. Berbery, W. C. Chao, T. C. Chen, K. Cook, A. F: Díaz, D. Enfield, R. Ferreira, A. M. Grimm, V. Kousky, B. Liebmann, J. Marengo, K. Mo, J. D. Neelin, J. Paegle, A. W. Robertson, A. Seth, C. S. Vera and J. Zou 2002: Progress in Pan American CLIVAR Research: Understanding the South American Monsoon. Meteorologica, 27, 3-32. 33
La Plata basin climatology Robertson, A. W. and C. R. Mechoso 2000: Interannual and interdecadal variability of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 2947-2957. Prohaska, F. J. 1976: Climates of Central and South America. World Survey of Climatology vol. 12. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam. 57-69. Saulo, C., L. J. Ferreira, J. Mejia and M. Seluchi 2004: A Description of the Thermal Low characteristics using SALLJEX special observations. CLIVAR Exchanges Contributions, 29, 1-4. Velasco, I. and J. M. Fritsch 1987: Mesoscale convective complex in the Americas. J. Geophys. Res., 92, D8, 157-175. Vera, C., P. K. Vigliarolo and E. H. Berbery 2002: Cold season synoptic scale waves over subtropical South America. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 684-699. Vigliarolo, P. 1998: Ciclogénesis sobre Sudamérica. Meteorológica, 23, 73-81. Virji, H. 1981: A preliminary study of Summertime tropospheric circulation patterns over South America estimated from cloud winds. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 599-610. Willmott, C. J. and K. Matsuura 2001: Willmott, Matsuura, and Collaborators' Global Climate Resources Pages: http://climate.geog.udel.edu/climate/index.shtml Xie and Arkin 1997: Global precipitation: a 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimations and numerical model outputs. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 2539-2558. Zhou, J. and K. M. Lau 1998: Does a monsoon climate exist over South America? J. Climate, 11, 1020-1040. 34
Page 1 and 2: CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE LA PLATA BASI
Page 3 and 4: INDEX FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . .
Page 5 and 6: 7.3. Methodology . . . . . . . . .
Page 7 and 8: 13.3. Regional validation of GCM fo
Page 9 and 10: 1.1. Dropping the hypothesis of sta
Page 11 and 12: Introduction as they pour water ove
Page 13 and 14: A better understanding of the obser
Page 15 and 16: References Introduction Barros, V.
Page 17 and 18: ABSTRACT The hydrologic cycle of th
Page 19 and 20: La Plata basin climatology Within t
Page 21 and 22: in this last description, although
Page 23 and 24: warm season (October-April), in the
Page 25 and 26: La Plata basin climatology b. Upper
Page 27 and 28: La Plata basin climatology 2.3.3. R
Page 29 and 30: La Plata basin climatology Fig. 2.8
Page 31 and 32: 2.3.7. West and South borders La Pl
Page 33: References La Plata basin climatolo
Page 37 and 38: 3.1. Introduction Interannual low f
Page 39 and 40: Interannual low frequency variabili
Page 41 and 42: 1989). This signal varies along eac
Page 43 and 44: Interannual low frequency variabili
Page 45 and 46: The main physiographic and hydrolog
Page 47 and 48: SUB-BASIN COUNTRY Argentina Bolivia
Page 49 and 50: the most important stretches of the
Page 51 and 52: Physiography and Hydrology The Para
Page 53 and 54: Physiography and Hydrology The Pant
Page 55 and 56: Physiography and Hydrology forcings
Page 57 and 58: Physiography and Hydrology It is no
Page 59 and 60: Physiography and Hydrology tion of
Page 61 and 62: Physiography and Hydrology INTERNAV
Page 63 and 64: 5.1. Introduction Precipitation and
Page 65 and 66: From 1956 to 1991, in most of the A
Page 67 and 68: -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 -15 -20 -25
Page 69 and 70: Regional precipitation trends 5.3.2
Page 71 and 72: Regional precipitation trends and L
Page 73 and 74: trast, other regions suffer floodin
Page 75 and 76: ABSTRACT The main hydrological tren
Page 77 and 78: Following are the observed changes:
Page 79 and 80: In the case of the Paraná River th
Page 81 and 82: Hydrological trends In order to com
Page 83 and 84: Hydrological trends In table 6.1 it
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Hydrological trends On the other ha
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the central area of the high basin
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7.1. Introduction Several authors,
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Real evaporation trends a) PET > Pi
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a) b) c) Mean Temperature Real evap
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The positive trends of the mean tem
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d) e) f) Mean Temperature Real evap
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7.5. Discussion and final comments
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ABSTRACT The water, as resource, is
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puts in risk large number of person
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The main services and problems of w
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There are similar problems in diffe
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8.3.3. Energy a. Hydroelectric depe
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(chapters 12 and 13), because of th
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The main services and problems of w
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9.1. Introduction The emissions of
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9.4. Greenhouse effect The atmosphe
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Temperature anomalies (°C) 0.8 0.6
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Global climatic change at a global
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In view of the unavoidability of th
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Background on other regional aspect
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Considering the non-linear interact
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SST anomalies also have influence o
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ABSTRACT The purpose of this chapte
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Global climate models Mid-1970’s
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Global climate models Table 11.1. B
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Global climate models Table 11.2. M
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Although changes in weather and cli
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Socio-economic variables and also s
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Applicability in impact assessments
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of the global climate system to the
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Climate scenarios B2: Assumes a wor
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Climate scenarios The reliability o
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Climate scenarios From Table 12.2 i
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Climate scenarios Fig. 12.5. The mu
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Climate scenarios this would be rel
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Results of global circulation model
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13.2.3. Statistical downscaling The
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La Plata basin are also considerabl
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10 N EQ 10 S 20 S 30 S 40 S 50 S 10
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Regional climatic scenarios Fig. 13
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a. Pre-industrial experiment: Initi
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Regional climatic scenarios Kalnay,
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Low-frequency variability 14.1. Bac
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egime occurred during the periods o
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Fig. 14.2. As Fig. 14.1, except for
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14.4. SST composites Low-frequency
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Low-frequency variability during th
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Fig. 14.10. As Fig. 14.9, except fo
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Low-frequency variability In genera
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Low-frequency variability Mantua, N
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15.1. Introduction Statistical anal
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Statistical analysis of extreme eve
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CURRÍCULA OF THE AUTHORS Vicente B
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Curricula of the autors Rubén Mari
Page 221:
Proyect: SGP II 057: “Trends in t
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