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Low-frequency variability Fig. 14.1. Monthly El Niño-related mean standardized rainfall anomalies for the WPDO regime. Contour interval is 0.2 standard deviation, with negative (positive) contours being dashed (continuous). Shading encompasses values which are significant at the 90% confidence level. Red contours encompass values which are significant at the 95% confidence level. The sequence of the monthly mean rainfall anomaly patterns of EN composites for the CPDO regime (Fig. 14.2) shows less robust feature than that of EN composites for the WPDO regime (Fig. 14.1). In fact, the areas with significant positive anomalies remain to the South of 30°S and for only three months of the sequence (November (0) , December (0) and March (+) . It seems that the significant negative anomalies in southern Peru, in northern Chile and in northern Bolivia show consistent evolving features during the period from October (0) to April (+) . EN-related precipitation anomalies for the CPDO regime show quite small magnitudes in the subsequent months. The monthly mean rainfall anomaly patterns of LN composite for the WPDO regime feature well organized structures, in particular in SSA, during the period from October (0) to February (+) (Fig. 14.3). Consistent with LN events, negative rainfall anomalies are established in most of the study domain by October (0) . A robust structure with significant negative rainfall anomalies occupying a large area in the central and eastern SSA is conspicuous in November (0) . These anomalies weaken but remain well organized during the following three months being significant in most of SSA in December (0) , in a small area centred at (60°W; 25°S) in January (+) , and in most of SSA area South of 30°S in February (+) . LN-related rainfall anomalies in SSA present small magnitudes during the period from March (+) to August (+) . 187
Fig. 14.2. As Fig. 14.1, except for CPDO regime. Low-frequency variability Fig. 14.3. Monthly La Niña-related mean standardized rainfall anomalies for the WPDO regime. Display is the same as that in figure 15.1. 188
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CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE LA PLATA BASI
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INDEX FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . .
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7.3. Methodology . . . . . . . . .
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13.3. Regional validation of GCM fo
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1.1. Dropping the hypothesis of sta
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Introduction as they pour water ove
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A better understanding of the obser
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References Introduction Barros, V.
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ABSTRACT The hydrologic cycle of th
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La Plata basin climatology Within t
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in this last description, although
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warm season (October-April), in the
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La Plata basin climatology b. Upper
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La Plata basin climatology 2.3.3. R
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La Plata basin climatology Fig. 2.8
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2.3.7. West and South borders La Pl
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References La Plata basin climatolo
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La Plata basin climatology Robertso
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3.1. Introduction Interannual low f
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Interannual low frequency variabili
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1989). This signal varies along eac
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Interannual low frequency variabili
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The main physiographic and hydrolog
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SUB-BASIN COUNTRY Argentina Bolivia
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the most important stretches of the
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Physiography and Hydrology The Para
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Physiography and Hydrology The Pant
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Physiography and Hydrology forcings
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Physiography and Hydrology It is no
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Physiography and Hydrology tion of
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Physiography and Hydrology INTERNAV
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5.1. Introduction Precipitation and
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From 1956 to 1991, in most of the A
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-15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 -15 -20 -25
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Regional precipitation trends 5.3.2
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Regional precipitation trends and L
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trast, other regions suffer floodin
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ABSTRACT The main hydrological tren
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Following are the observed changes:
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In the case of the Paraná River th
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Hydrological trends In order to com
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Hydrological trends In table 6.1 it
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Hydrological trends On the other ha
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the central area of the high basin
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7.1. Introduction Several authors,
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Real evaporation trends a) PET > Pi
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a) b) c) Mean Temperature Real evap
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The positive trends of the mean tem
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d) e) f) Mean Temperature Real evap
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7.5. Discussion and final comments
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ABSTRACT The water, as resource, is
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puts in risk large number of person
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The main services and problems of w
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There are similar problems in diffe
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8.3.3. Energy a. Hydroelectric depe
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(chapters 12 and 13), because of th
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The main services and problems of w
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9.1. Introduction The emissions of
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9.4. Greenhouse effect The atmosphe
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Temperature anomalies (°C) 0.8 0.6
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Global climatic change at a global
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In view of the unavoidability of th
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Background on other regional aspect
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Considering the non-linear interact
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Page 141 and 142: ABSTRACT The purpose of this chapte
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Page 175 and 176: Regional climatic scenarios Fig. 13
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Page 185 and 186: Low-frequency variability 14.1. Bac
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Page 191 and 192: 14.4. SST composites Low-frequency
Page 193 and 194: Low-frequency variability during th
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Page 197 and 198: Low-frequency variability In genera
Page 199 and 200: Low-frequency variability Mantua, N
Page 201 and 202: 15.1. Introduction Statistical anal
Page 203 and 204: Statistical analysis of extreme eve
Page 217 and 218: CURRÍCULA OF THE AUTHORS Vicente B
Page 219 and 220: Curricula of the autors Rubén Mari
Page 221: Proyect: SGP II 057: “Trends in t
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