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Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay, when the improvements of the navigation conditions were undertaken and concluded. During atypical ebbs, in the upper Paraguay, the navigation of crafts of major fret (5 to 7 feet of brace) is precluded due to the risks of running aground in banks of sand or rock outcrops. Ebbs cause direct losses to the ship owners, for not transported freights are of the order of 8 million dollars, which is about 50% of the income during normal conditions. The ebbs reduce the movement of goods and persons, raising the costs of freights, which, for example in Paraguay, affects the global economy of the country due to the fact that more than 50% of the import and exportation is transported by the Paraguay River. This forces multimillionaires expenditures in dredging and complementary signposting in order to support the minimal navigability of the principal water courses and the accesses to the principal ports. The dredging to facilitate the navigation and the access to the ports is a permanent activity also in Argentina in the Paraná and the La Plata rivers. One of the possible scenarios of the Climate Change is the increase of the variability of rainfall and therefore in the river flow as it is already happening (Chapter 6). In such scenario, the cost s to maintaining the Paraguay - Paraná navigation will increase. References The main services and problems of water resource Aisisks, E. G. 1984: La gran crecida del río Paraná. Organización Techint, Boletín Informativo, Pág. 45. Barros, V. 2004: El Cambio Climático Global. Ed. Libros del Zorzal. Buenos Aires, 172 pp. CEPAL, 2003: Anuario estadístico da América Latina y Caribe. CEPAL. CIER Magazine 2003: Comisión de Integración Energética Regional. Abril -Mayo -Junio, 43. Colecciones de flora y fauna del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay. MNHNP- DPNVS - SSERNMA - MAG. Asunción. 573pp. De Filippi y coautores 1994: Los residuos sólidos urbanos en ciudades pequeñas y medianas. Seminario de gestión municipal de los residuos urbanos. La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios e Investigaciones sobre el Medio Ambiente, IEIMA, Buenos Aires, 51-62. De Lima M.A. 2001: Mudancas Climáticas Globais e a Agropecuaria Brasileira, Pág.9. Folha de São Paulo, quinta-feira, 9 de octubre de 2003. Brasil. Gamarra de Fox, I. y A. J. Martin 1997: Mastozoología, en Romero Martínez, O. González, N. 1990: La Contaminación del agua. Política ambiental y gestión municipal. Instituto de Estudios e Investigaciones sobre el Medio Ambiente, Buenos Aires, Argentina. GWP 2000: Agua para el Siglo XXI: de la Visión a la Acción para América der Sur. SAMTAC. South American Technical Advisee Comité. GWP. 115
The main services and problems of water resource IPCC 1996: Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations, and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 880 pp. Loureriro da Silva, J. A., M. de Castro and D. Justo 2003: El Manejo Sustentable de los Recursos de Humedales en el Mercosur. Buenos Aires , Argentina, pp 185 WHO 1992: Our Planet, Our Health. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 116
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CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE LA PLATA BASI
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INDEX FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . .
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7.3. Methodology . . . . . . . . .
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13.3. Regional validation of GCM fo
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1.1. Dropping the hypothesis of sta
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Introduction as they pour water ove
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A better understanding of the obser
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References Introduction Barros, V.
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ABSTRACT The hydrologic cycle of th
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La Plata basin climatology Within t
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in this last description, although
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warm season (October-April), in the
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La Plata basin climatology b. Upper
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La Plata basin climatology 2.3.3. R
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La Plata basin climatology Fig. 2.8
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2.3.7. West and South borders La Pl
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References La Plata basin climatolo
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La Plata basin climatology Robertso
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3.1. Introduction Interannual low f
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Interannual low frequency variabili
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1989). This signal varies along eac
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Interannual low frequency variabili
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The main physiographic and hydrolog
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SUB-BASIN COUNTRY Argentina Bolivia
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the most important stretches of the
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Physiography and Hydrology The Para
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Physiography and Hydrology The Pant
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Physiography and Hydrology forcings
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Physiography and Hydrology It is no
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Physiography and Hydrology tion of
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Physiography and Hydrology INTERNAV
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5.1. Introduction Precipitation and
Page 65 and 66: From 1956 to 1991, in most of the A
Page 67 and 68: -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 -15 -20 -25
Page 69 and 70: Regional precipitation trends 5.3.2
Page 71 and 72: Regional precipitation trends and L
Page 73 and 74: trast, other regions suffer floodin
Page 75 and 76: ABSTRACT The main hydrological tren
Page 77 and 78: Following are the observed changes:
Page 79 and 80: In the case of the Paraná River th
Page 81 and 82: Hydrological trends In order to com
Page 83 and 84: Hydrological trends In table 6.1 it
Page 85 and 86: Hydrological trends On the other ha
Page 87 and 88: the central area of the high basin
Page 89 and 90: 7.1. Introduction Several authors,
Page 91 and 92: Real evaporation trends a) PET > Pi
Page 93 and 94: a) b) c) Mean Temperature Real evap
Page 97 and 98: The positive trends of the mean tem
Page 99 and 100: d) e) f) Mean Temperature Real evap
Page 103 and 104: 7.5. Discussion and final comments
Page 105 and 106: ABSTRACT The water, as resource, is
Page 107 and 108: puts in risk large number of person
Page 109 and 110: The main services and problems of w
Page 111 and 112: There are similar problems in diffe
Page 113 and 114: 8.3.3. Energy a. Hydroelectric depe
Page 115: (chapters 12 and 13), because of th
Page 119 and 120: 9.1. Introduction The emissions of
Page 121 and 122: 9.4. Greenhouse effect The atmosphe
Page 123 and 124: Temperature anomalies (°C) 0.8 0.6
Page 125 and 126: Global climatic change at a global
Page 127 and 128: In view of the unavoidability of th
Page 129 and 130: Background on other regional aspect
Page 135 and 136: Considering the non-linear interact
Page 137 and 138: SST anomalies also have influence o
Page 141 and 142: ABSTRACT The purpose of this chapte
Page 143 and 144: Global climate models Mid-1970’s
Page 145 and 146: Global climate models Table 11.1. B
Page 147 and 148: Global climate models Table 11.2. M
Page 149 and 150: Although changes in weather and cli
Page 151 and 152: Socio-economic variables and also s
Page 153 and 154: Applicability in impact assessments
Page 155 and 156: of the global climate system to the
Page 157 and 158: Climate scenarios B2: Assumes a wor
Page 159 and 160: Climate scenarios The reliability o
Page 161 and 162: Climate scenarios From Table 12.2 i
Page 163 and 164: Climate scenarios Fig. 12.5. The mu
Page 165 and 166: Climate scenarios this would be rel
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Results of global circulation model
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13.2.3. Statistical downscaling The
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La Plata basin are also considerabl
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10 N EQ 10 S 20 S 30 S 40 S 50 S 10
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Regional climatic scenarios Fig. 13
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a. Pre-industrial experiment: Initi
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Regional climatic scenarios Kalnay,
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Low-frequency variability 14.1. Bac
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egime occurred during the periods o
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Fig. 14.2. As Fig. 14.1, except for
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14.4. SST composites Low-frequency
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Low-frequency variability during th
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Fig. 14.10. As Fig. 14.9, except fo
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Low-frequency variability In genera
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Low-frequency variability Mantua, N
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15.1. Introduction Statistical anal
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Statistical analysis of extreme eve
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CURRÍCULA OF THE AUTHORS Vicente B
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Curricula of the autors Rubén Mari
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Proyect: SGP II 057: “Trends in t
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