Historical Dictionary of United States-Japan ... - Bakumatsu Films
Historical Dictionary of United States-Japan ... - Bakumatsu Films Historical Dictionary of United States-Japan ... - Bakumatsu Films
AGREEMENT ON RESTORATION OF JAPANESE ASSETS IN THE UNITED STATES • 33 AGREEMENT BETWEEN JAPAN AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONCERNING THE RYUKYU ISLANDS AND THE DAITO ISLANDS. At the Japan–U.S. summit held in November 1969, an agreement was reached that the Japanese and U.S. governments would enter formal negotiations to achieve early restitution of the Ryukyu Islands and Daito Islands to Japan. They signed an agreement restituting these islands to Japan on 17 June 1971 and it became effective two months after the signing. Washington and Tokyo exchanged instruments of ratification in March and May 1972, and Okinawa was officially restituted to Japan. The United States abandoned all the rights over the Ryukyu Islands and the Daito Islands based on the stipulation in Article Three of the San Francisco Peace Treaty concluded on 8 September 1951. Japan took over the territories of all these islands and all the rights. When Okinawa was restituted, in accordance with Article Seven of this agreement, the Japanese government paid a total amount of $320 million to the U.S. government as a special expenditure. As for the Senkaku Islands (the Diaoyu Islands), which have been the cause of a territorial dispute between China and Japan, the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs takes the official view that the Senkaku Islands were included in the region that the United States returned, in accordance with this agreement on Okinawa. AGREEMENT ON RESTORATION OF JAPANESE ASSETS IN THE UNITED STATES. The Agreement on Restoration of Japanese Assets in the United States was concluded in 1955 between Japan and the United States stipulating that the United States would restore Japanese assets in the United States that were frozen during the Pacific War. Those Japanese private corporations that had private assets abroad gathered together to establish a group requesting restoration of Japanese assets in the United States, and this group consistently lobbied U.S. Congress. Insisting that “private assets have nothing to do with conflicts between two nations,” they vehemently requested that the U.S. government restore their private assets. They also argued that because Japanese trade firms’ assets in the United States were the result of peaceful investment for many years, restoration of these assets would promote Japan–U.S. friendship. There was a precedent in that Italian assets in the United States were
34 • AINU restored based on a special agreement after concluding a peace treaty with Italy. Acting on this precedent as well as consistent effort of the Japanese corporations, the U.S. government agreed to this request. See also WORLD WAR II. AINU. Historically, the Ainu are the indigenous peoples of northern Japan. After the Shakushain Uprising of 1669 against the Japanese, the Ainu came under control of the Tokugawa shogunate and have lived primarily on the island of Hokkaido (known as Ezo during the Tokugawa Era). Generally considered to be hunters, fishers, and gatherers, recent evidence demonstrates that the Ainu have also been agriculturalists throughout most of their history. In 1869, the new Meiji government established the Hokkaido Colonization Bureau, or Kaitakushi, to promote economic development in Hokkaido and assimilate the Ainu into the modernizing world. Horace Capron, former commissioner of agriculture of the United States, was a key member of the Hokkaido Colonization Bureau from 1872 to 1875. Because of increased contact with Japanese and Russians in the first half of the 19th century, the loss of control over traditional hunting and fishing areas, and then the assimilation policies of the Meiji government after 1868—partially based on policies of the American Bureau of Indian Affairs—the Ainu succumbed to poverty and disease. Similar to American Indians, there are few full-blooded Ainu still living. See also CLARK, WILLIAM SMITH. AIR TRANSPORT AGREEMENT OF 1969. The United States and Japan concluded the Air Transport Agreement of 1969 in Tokyo on 12 November 1969, based on Article 12 of the San Francisco Peace Treaty. This was Japan’s first ever private air transport agreement. It established air routes and provided the United States and Japan with bilateral rights to operate airline businesses and make regular landings at airports in each country. AIZU COLONY. See WAKAMATSU COLONY. AIZU DOMAIN (FUKUSHIMA PREFECTURE). Widely regarded and feared as a warrior region, Aizu was a domain in northern Japan during the Tokugawa Era (1600–1868). The headquarters and castle
- Page 23 and 24: xxii • CHRONOLOGY 1917 6 April: U
- Page 25 and 26: xxiv • CHRONOLOGY 1942 19 Februar
- Page 27 and 28: xxvi • CHRONOLOGY Lower House. 22
- Page 29 and 30: xxviii • CHRONOLOGY 16 September:
- Page 31 and 32: xxx • CHRONOLOGY government dispa
- Page 33 and 34: xxxii • CHRONOLOGY signed. 1 July
- Page 35 and 36: xxxiv • CHRONOLOGY 1984 7 Februar
- Page 37 and 38: xxxvi • CHRONOLOGY 1992 9 January
- Page 39 and 40: xxxviii • CHRONOLOGY 2001 20 Janu
- Page 42 and 43: Introduction The most important bil
- Page 44 and 45: INTRODUCTION • 3 THE UNITED STATE
- Page 46 and 47: INTRODUCTION • 5 also increasingl
- Page 48 and 49: INTRODUCTION • 7 President Millar
- Page 50 and 51: ernment. Even the dour, conservativ
- Page 52 and 53: INTRODUCTION • 11 Japan, China, a
- Page 54 and 55: INTRODUCTION • 13 their hypotheti
- Page 56 and 57: in China were being threatened by t
- Page 58 and 59: INTRODUCTION • 17 recognize the v
- Page 60 and 61: INTRODUCTION • 19 the United Stat
- Page 62 and 63: however, required political stabili
- Page 64 and 65: INTRODUCTION • 23 forces in Japan
- Page 66 and 67: INTRODUCTION • 25 There was a gre
- Page 68 and 69: INTRODUCTION • 27 Foreign Ministr
- Page 70 and 71: The Dictionary - A - A BROADWAY PAG
- Page 72 and 73: ABSOLUTE SPHERE OF IMPERIAL DEFENSE
- Page 76 and 77: AKIYAMA, SANEYUKI • 35 town of Ai
- Page 78 and 79: AMO - DOCTRINE • 37 American demo
- Page 80 and 81: ANGLO-JAPANESE ALLIANCE • 39 tain
- Page 82 and 83: ANTI-COMINTERN PACT • 41 1858. Pr
- Page 84 and 85: ARITA, HACHIRO - • 43 Yōsuke Mat
- Page 86 and 87: ATLANTIC CONFERENCE • 45 ASIAN CU
- Page 88 and 89: ATOMIC ENERGY BASIC LAW • 47 ATOM
- Page 90 and 91: BASEBALL • 49 and be educated in
- Page 92 and 93: BATTLE OF OKINAWA • 51 1942, the
- Page 94 and 95: BINGHAM, JOHN A. • 53 served as p
- Page 96 and 97: BOXER UPRISING • 55 quiring the p
- Page 98 and 99: BRYAN, WILLIAM JENNINGS • 57 BROT
- Page 100 and 101: BURMA ROAD • 59 the common people
- Page 102 and 103: CAPRON, HORACE • 61 verse populat
- Page 104 and 105: CHIANG KAI-SHEK • 63 Castle argue
- Page 106 and 107: CHRISTIANITY IN JAPAN • 65 of Mot
- Page 108 and 109: CHURCHILL, WINSTON S. • 67 Church
- Page 110 and 111: CONFUCIANISM • 69 population, whi
- Page 112 and 113: the extradition. When the Tokyo Hig
- Page 114 and 115: DEFENSE • 73 Mutual Security Agre
- Page 116 and 117: DEJIMA • 75 Keizai Dantai Rengoka
- Page 118 and 119: DOLLAR DIPLOMACY • 77 As it relat
- Page 120 and 121: DUTCH LEARNING • 79 Washington Un
- Page 122 and 123: ECONOMIC STABILIZATION BOARD • 81
34 • AINU<br />
restored based on a special agreement after concluding a peace treaty<br />
with Italy. Acting on this precedent as well as consistent effort <strong>of</strong> the<br />
<strong>Japan</strong>ese corporations, the U.S. government agreed to this request.<br />
See also WORLD WAR II.<br />
AINU. <strong>Historical</strong>ly, the Ainu are the indigenous peoples <strong>of</strong> northern<br />
<strong>Japan</strong>. After the Shakushain Uprising <strong>of</strong> 1669 against the <strong>Japan</strong>ese,<br />
the Ainu came under control <strong>of</strong> the Tokugawa shogunate and have<br />
lived primarily on the island <strong>of</strong> Hokkaido (known as Ezo during the<br />
Tokugawa Era). Generally considered to be hunters, fishers, and<br />
gatherers, recent evidence demonstrates that the Ainu have also been<br />
agriculturalists throughout most <strong>of</strong> their history. In 1869, the new<br />
Meiji government established the Hokkaido Colonization Bureau, or<br />
Kaitakushi, to promote economic development in Hokkaido and assimilate<br />
the Ainu into the modernizing world. Horace Capron, former<br />
commissioner <strong>of</strong> agriculture <strong>of</strong> the <strong>United</strong> <strong>States</strong>, was a key<br />
member <strong>of</strong> the Hokkaido Colonization Bureau from 1872 to 1875.<br />
Because <strong>of</strong> increased contact with <strong>Japan</strong>ese and Russians in the first<br />
half <strong>of</strong> the 19th century, the loss <strong>of</strong> control over traditional hunting<br />
and fishing areas, and then the assimilation policies <strong>of</strong> the Meiji government<br />
after 1868—partially based on policies <strong>of</strong> the American Bureau<br />
<strong>of</strong> Indian Affairs—the Ainu succumbed to poverty and disease.<br />
Similar to American Indians, there are few full-blooded Ainu still living.<br />
See also CLARK, WILLIAM SMITH.<br />
AIR TRANSPORT AGREEMENT OF 1969. The <strong>United</strong> <strong>States</strong> and<br />
<strong>Japan</strong> concluded the Air Transport Agreement <strong>of</strong> 1969 in Tokyo on<br />
12 November 1969, based on Article 12 <strong>of</strong> the San Francisco Peace<br />
Treaty. This was <strong>Japan</strong>’s first ever private air transport agreement. It<br />
established air routes and provided the <strong>United</strong> <strong>States</strong> and <strong>Japan</strong> with<br />
bilateral rights to operate airline businesses and make regular landings<br />
at airports in each country.<br />
AIZU COLONY. See WAKAMATSU COLONY.<br />
AIZU DOMAIN (FUKUSHIMA PREFECTURE). Widely regarded<br />
and feared as a warrior region, Aizu was a domain in northern <strong>Japan</strong><br />
during the Tokugawa Era (1600–1868). The headquarters and castle
Change language