Historical Dictionary of United States-Japan ... - Bakumatsu Films
Historical Dictionary of United States-Japan ... - Bakumatsu Films Historical Dictionary of United States-Japan ... - Bakumatsu Films
INTRODUCTION • 27 Foreign Ministry, it was originally established in the midst of the Kokusaika (“internationalization”) movement in the 1980s, and has since become a prestigious and competitive program for young Americans and other Westerners. Since the late 1940s, the renowned Fulbright Program has provided fellowships to nearly 6,000 Japanese and more than 2,000 Americans to pursue academic and cultural studies. Most Fulbright fellows have been lecturers, researchers, graduate students, or language instructors in either Japan or the United States. Numerous Japanese students have gone to universities and colleges in America since the late 1860s. Currently, almost 50,000 Japanese students are at American colleges. Although Japanese students can be found at almost any college in America, nearly 25 percent attend colleges in California. Two-thirds of Japanese college students are undergraduates, 20 percent are graduate students, and 13 percent are enrolled in ESL (English as a Second Language) programs. Relatively fewer Americans have attended Japanese colleges and universities, but thousands of American college students have studied Japanese culture and language, participated in study abroad programs, or have done graduate research in Japan. Hollywood films are popular in Japan, and Japanese watch American TV soap operas and dramas while many young Americans are hooked on Japanese-produced anime films and manga comic books. Since the 1950s, American baseball players have played on Japanese teams, and some Japanese professional teams have been led by American managers. Recently, Japanese players have joined Major League Baseball teams and become stars in both Japan and the United States. Japanese restaurants are located in practically every city in America, though they are not quite as ubiquitous as McDonald’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Starbucks in Japan. U.S.–JAPAN RELATIONSHIP IN THE 21ST CENTURY At the end of June 2001, Prime Minister Koizumi Junichiro visited Washington for a meeting with President George W. Bush, taking with him the sad statistics of the country’s economy. Japan faced its highest level of deflation since the Great Depression of the 1930s, and accumulated government debt had risen to more than 130 percent of gross national product. Banks were the most important problem for Koizumi
28 • INTRODUCTION and the Japanese economy. Nonperforming loans amounted to hundreds of billions of dollars. Koizumi openly expressed his deep pro-U.S. position in public, looking for solid outside support to implement his potentially unpopular reform agenda. President Bush, for his part, demonstrated his clear support for Koizumi’s economic structural reform policy. North Korea’s ballistic missile and nuclear research programs, and especially the al-Qaeda attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in September 2001 further promoted military cooperation between Japan and the United States. The U.S.–Japanese relationship continues to be one of the most important bilateral relationships in the 21st century, especially in the Asia–Pacific area. The peace and stability of the Asia–Pacific area in the 21st century depend on U.S.–Japanese cooperation and their efforts to contain destabilizing factors in this area. On 29 October 2001, the Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law was enacted. The Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force began to supply fuel to U.S. ships in the northern part of the Indian Ocean in December 2001. This law was extended for two years in November 2003, and extended again for one year in November 2005. Over this period, the Japanese Self-Defence Forces have been acting in a supportive role in the Indian Ocean. In August 2002, U.S. Assistant Secretary of State James Kerry informed former Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto that North Korea was suspected of secretly developing nuclear weapons. However, On 17 September 2002, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi went ahead and visited North Korea and signed the Pyongyang Declaration. Japan also supports U.S. policies toward Iraq. On 26 July 2003, Special legislation calling for assistance in the rebuilding of Iraq was enacted. In December 2003, the Japanese government formulated a basic plan. On 16 January 2004, based on this law and plan, the Japanese government dispatched an advance party of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force to Iraq. Japan dispatched approximately 600 members of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force to As-Samawah, Iraq, to set up water supply, recovery and development of public facilties, and medical support. In December 2004, the law stationing the Japan Self-Defense Forces in Iraq was extended for one year. In December 2005, the basic plan was extended for one year. Japan decided to spend up to $5 billion for reconstruction assistance of Iraq. In short, Japan has been helping the United States in Iraq, both in terms of economic cooperation and of reconstruction of Iraq by the Self-Defence Force.
- Page 17 and 18: xvi • CHRONOLOGY 1833-1837 Famine
- Page 19 and 20: xviii • CHRONOLOGY Lincoln is ina
- Page 21 and 22: xx • CHRONOLOGY 1880 The first Yo
- Page 23 and 24: xxii • CHRONOLOGY 1917 6 April: U
- Page 25 and 26: xxiv • CHRONOLOGY 1942 19 Februar
- Page 27 and 28: xxvi • CHRONOLOGY Lower House. 22
- Page 29 and 30: xxviii • CHRONOLOGY 16 September:
- Page 31 and 32: xxx • CHRONOLOGY government dispa
- Page 33 and 34: xxxii • CHRONOLOGY signed. 1 July
- Page 35 and 36: xxxiv • CHRONOLOGY 1984 7 Februar
- Page 37 and 38: xxxvi • CHRONOLOGY 1992 9 January
- Page 39 and 40: xxxviii • CHRONOLOGY 2001 20 Janu
- Page 42 and 43: Introduction The most important bil
- Page 44 and 45: INTRODUCTION • 3 THE UNITED STATE
- Page 46 and 47: INTRODUCTION • 5 also increasingl
- Page 48 and 49: INTRODUCTION • 7 President Millar
- Page 50 and 51: ernment. Even the dour, conservativ
- Page 52 and 53: INTRODUCTION • 11 Japan, China, a
- Page 54 and 55: INTRODUCTION • 13 their hypotheti
- Page 56 and 57: in China were being threatened by t
- Page 58 and 59: INTRODUCTION • 17 recognize the v
- Page 60 and 61: INTRODUCTION • 19 the United Stat
- Page 62 and 63: however, required political stabili
- Page 64 and 65: INTRODUCTION • 23 forces in Japan
- Page 66 and 67: INTRODUCTION • 25 There was a gre
- Page 70 and 71: The Dictionary - A - A BROADWAY PAG
- Page 72 and 73: ABSOLUTE SPHERE OF IMPERIAL DEFENSE
- Page 74 and 75: AGREEMENT ON RESTORATION OF JAPANES
- Page 76 and 77: AKIYAMA, SANEYUKI • 35 town of Ai
- Page 78 and 79: AMO - DOCTRINE • 37 American demo
- Page 80 and 81: ANGLO-JAPANESE ALLIANCE • 39 tain
- Page 82 and 83: ANTI-COMINTERN PACT • 41 1858. Pr
- Page 84 and 85: ARITA, HACHIRO - • 43 Yōsuke Mat
- Page 86 and 87: ATLANTIC CONFERENCE • 45 ASIAN CU
- Page 88 and 89: ATOMIC ENERGY BASIC LAW • 47 ATOM
- Page 90 and 91: BASEBALL • 49 and be educated in
- Page 92 and 93: BATTLE OF OKINAWA • 51 1942, the
- Page 94 and 95: BINGHAM, JOHN A. • 53 served as p
- Page 96 and 97: BOXER UPRISING • 55 quiring the p
- Page 98 and 99: BRYAN, WILLIAM JENNINGS • 57 BROT
- Page 100 and 101: BURMA ROAD • 59 the common people
- Page 102 and 103: CAPRON, HORACE • 61 verse populat
- Page 104 and 105: CHIANG KAI-SHEK • 63 Castle argue
- Page 106 and 107: CHRISTIANITY IN JAPAN • 65 of Mot
- Page 108 and 109: CHURCHILL, WINSTON S. • 67 Church
- Page 110 and 111: CONFUCIANISM • 69 population, whi
- Page 112 and 113: the extradition. When the Tokyo Hig
- Page 114 and 115: DEFENSE • 73 Mutual Security Agre
- Page 116 and 117: DEJIMA • 75 Keizai Dantai Rengoka
INTRODUCTION • 27<br />
Foreign Ministry, it was originally established in the midst <strong>of</strong> the Kokusaika<br />
(“internationalization”) movement in the 1980s, and has since become<br />
a prestigious and competitive program for young Americans and<br />
other Westerners. Since the late 1940s, the renowned Fulbright Program<br />
has provided fellowships to nearly 6,000 <strong>Japan</strong>ese and more than 2,000<br />
Americans to pursue academic and cultural studies. Most Fulbright fellows<br />
have been lecturers, researchers, graduate students, or language instructors<br />
in either <strong>Japan</strong> or the <strong>United</strong> <strong>States</strong>.<br />
Numerous <strong>Japan</strong>ese students have gone to universities and colleges<br />
in America since the late 1860s. Currently, almost 50,000 <strong>Japan</strong>ese students<br />
are at American colleges. Although <strong>Japan</strong>ese students can be<br />
found at almost any college in America, nearly 25 percent attend colleges<br />
in California. Two-thirds <strong>of</strong> <strong>Japan</strong>ese college students are undergraduates,<br />
20 percent are graduate students, and 13 percent are enrolled<br />
in ESL (English as a Second Language) programs. Relatively fewer<br />
Americans have attended <strong>Japan</strong>ese colleges and universities, but thousands<br />
<strong>of</strong> American college students have studied <strong>Japan</strong>ese culture and<br />
language, participated in study abroad programs, or have done graduate<br />
research in <strong>Japan</strong>.<br />
Hollywood films are popular in <strong>Japan</strong>, and <strong>Japan</strong>ese watch American<br />
TV soap operas and dramas while many young Americans are hooked<br />
on <strong>Japan</strong>ese-produced anime films and manga comic books. Since the<br />
1950s, American baseball players have played on <strong>Japan</strong>ese teams, and<br />
some <strong>Japan</strong>ese pr<strong>of</strong>essional teams have been led by American managers.<br />
Recently, <strong>Japan</strong>ese players have joined Major League Baseball<br />
teams and become stars in both <strong>Japan</strong> and the <strong>United</strong> <strong>States</strong>. <strong>Japan</strong>ese<br />
restaurants are located in practically every city in America, though they<br />
are not quite as ubiquitous as McDonald’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken,<br />
and Starbucks in <strong>Japan</strong>.<br />
U.S.–JAPAN RELATIONSHIP IN THE 21ST CENTURY<br />
At the end <strong>of</strong> June 2001, Prime Minister Koizumi Junichiro visited<br />
Washington for a meeting with President George W. Bush, taking with<br />
him the sad statistics <strong>of</strong> the country’s economy. <strong>Japan</strong> faced its highest<br />
level <strong>of</strong> deflation since the Great Depression <strong>of</strong> the 1930s, and accumulated<br />
government debt had risen to more than 130 percent <strong>of</strong> gross<br />
national product. Banks were the most important problem for Koizumi