Historical Dictionary of United States-Japan ... - Bakumatsu Films

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YOSHIDA, SHOIN • 271 to 30 October 1952). Yoshida made positive responses to changes to U.S. occupation policies around 1947, especially to the Dodge Line, an austere fiscal policy established in February 1949. Yoshida determined the route for the postwar Japanese economic policy that turned economic recovery into economic growth. Yoshida concluded the San Francisco Peace Treaty and the Japan–U.S. Security Treaty on 8 September 1951. Yoshida formed the fourth Yoshida Cabinet (30 October 1952 to 21 May 1953). At this time, he was criticized for concluding the Japan–U.S. Security Treaty. The anti-Yoshida movement grew gradually. At a Lower House Budget Committee meeting held on 28 February 1953, Yoshida used offensive language to Eiichi Nishimura, a representative from the Japan Socialist Party (JSP). The JSP proposed a disciplinary motion against Yoshida, and it was passed on 2 March 1953. Moreover, a no-confidence motion against the cabinet was submitted, and it was passed on 14 March 1953. Yoshida dissolved the Lower House and a general election for the House of Representatives was held on 19 April 1953. The Liberal Party lost more than 40 seats, but Yoshida organized the fifth Yoshida Cabinet (21 May 1953 to 10 December 1954), although this was a minority government. The anti-Yoshida movement gained influence and on 7 December 1954, Yoshida finally resigned as prime minister and as president of the Liberal Party. On 14 October 1963, Yoshida decided to withdraw from politics by declaring that he would not run in the next general election. Yoshida died on 20 October 1967 and the Japanese government accorded him a state funeral for the first time in postwar history at the Budokan, Tokyo on 31 October 1967. Yoshida’s philosophy was to make use of economic technocrats for economic revival in the postwar era. Joining the Western military bloc, Yoshida depended on the United States for Japan’s security. Yoshida gradually adopted U.S. requests for Japan’s remilitarization; at the same time, he used the connection with the United States for Japanese economic revival. YOSHIDA, SHOIN (1830–1859). A samurai from Choshu domain, Yoshida was a student of Shozan Sakuma and proponent of the philosophy of combining “Eastern ethics” with “Western science” to protect Japan from the West. Yoshida also became a strong supporter
272 • YOUNG MEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION (YMCA) IN JAPAN of the movement to “restore” the emperor to his rightful place as the head of government. After being arrested by the Tokugawa shogunate (bakufu) for trying to stow away on one of Commodore Matthew Perry’s ships in 1854, Yoshida was placed under house confinement. Nevertheless, a number of young Choshu samurai studied with him who would later overthrow the Tokugawa bakufu. Yoshida was executed by the Tokugawa bakufu in 1859 for his role in planning the assassination of a government official. YOUNG MEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION (YMCA) IN JAPAN. The first YMCA in Japan started in Tokyo in 1880, with the second established two years later in Osaka. As of 2000, there were more than 100,000 members of the YMCA in Japan. See also CHRISTIANITY IN JAPAN. – Z – ZAIBATSU. Literally, “financial combines,” most were established or significantly developed because of close relationships with government officials during the Meiji Era. The most well-known zaibatsu are Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Sumitomo, and Yasuda. Most were dissolved or dramatically downsized during the Occupation of Japan. See also SHIBUSAWA, EIICHI.
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HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF UNITED STA
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Historical Dictionary of United Sta
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Contents Editor’s Foreword Jon Wo
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viii • EDITOR’S FOREWORD acrony
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Reader’s Notes Names in this work
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xiv • ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
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xvi • CHRONOLOGY 1833-1837 Famine
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xviii • CHRONOLOGY Lincoln is ina
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xx • CHRONOLOGY 1880 The first Yo
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xxii • CHRONOLOGY 1917 6 April: U
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xxiv • CHRONOLOGY 1942 19 Februar
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xxvi • CHRONOLOGY Lower House. 22
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xxviii • CHRONOLOGY 16 September:
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xxx • CHRONOLOGY government dispa
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xxxii • CHRONOLOGY signed. 1 July
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xxxiv • CHRONOLOGY 1984 7 Februar
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xxxvi • CHRONOLOGY 1992 9 January
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xxxviii • CHRONOLOGY 2001 20 Janu
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Introduction The most important bil
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INTRODUCTION • 3 THE UNITED STATE
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INTRODUCTION • 5 also increasingl
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INTRODUCTION • 7 President Millar
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ernment. Even the dour, conservativ
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INTRODUCTION • 11 Japan, China, a
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INTRODUCTION • 13 their hypotheti
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in China were being threatened by t
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INTRODUCTION • 17 recognize the v
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INTRODUCTION • 19 the United Stat
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however, required political stabili
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INTRODUCTION • 23 forces in Japan
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INTRODUCTION • 25 There was a gre
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INTRODUCTION • 27 Foreign Ministr
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The Dictionary - A - A BROADWAY PAG
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ABSOLUTE SPHERE OF IMPERIAL DEFENSE
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AGREEMENT ON RESTORATION OF JAPANES
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AKIYAMA, SANEYUKI • 35 town of Ai
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AMO - DOCTRINE • 37 American demo
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ANGLO-JAPANESE ALLIANCE • 39 tain
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ANTI-COMINTERN PACT • 41 1858. Pr
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ARITA, HACHIRO - • 43 Yōsuke Mat
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ATLANTIC CONFERENCE • 45 ASIAN CU
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ATOMIC ENERGY BASIC LAW • 47 ATOM
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BASEBALL • 49 and be educated in
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BATTLE OF OKINAWA • 51 1942, the
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BINGHAM, JOHN A. • 53 served as p
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BOXER UPRISING • 55 quiring the p
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BRYAN, WILLIAM JENNINGS • 57 BROT
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BURMA ROAD • 59 the common people
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CAPRON, HORACE • 61 verse populat
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CHIANG KAI-SHEK • 63 Castle argue
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CHRISTIANITY IN JAPAN • 65 of Mot
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CHURCHILL, WINSTON S. • 67 Church
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CONFUCIANISM • 69 population, whi
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the extradition. When the Tokyo Hig
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DEFENSE • 73 Mutual Security Agre
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DEJIMA • 75 Keizai Dantai Rengoka
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DOLLAR DIPLOMACY • 77 As it relat
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DUTCH LEARNING • 79 Washington Un
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ECONOMIC STABILIZATION BOARD • 81
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FOREIGN EXCHANGE ALLOCATION SYSTEM
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GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TR
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GENERAL HEADQUARTERS/SUPREME COMMAN
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GENTLEMEN’S AGREEMENT • 89 GHQ/
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GOVERNMENT AID AND RELIEF IN OCCUPI
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GREATER EAST ASIAN CO-PROSPERITY SP
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GREW, JOSEPH C. • 95 GREW, JOSEPH
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during contingencies.” The Guidel
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HARRIS, TOWNSEND • 99 death in 18
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HAWAII OR HAWAI’I • 101 as the
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HEPBURN, JAMES CURTIS • 103 ties.
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HIROHITO • 105 port emphasizes
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HOOVER, HERBERT • 107 After an ex
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HULL, CORDELL • 109 HOUSE, EDWARD
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IKEDA-ROBERTSON TALKS • 111 catin
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INDUSTRY FORUM FOR SECURITY COOPERA
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INTERNMENT • 115 The ICU is a chi
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IWAKURA MISSION • 117 IRWIN, ROBE
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JAPAN-AMERICA STUDENT CONFERENCE
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JAPAN IS DIFFERENT ARGUMENT • 121
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JAPAN-U.S. AGREEMENT ON TRUST ISLAN
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JAPAN-U.S. BUSINESSMEN’S CONFEREN
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JAPAN-U.S. FLEET LOAN AGREEMENT •
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JAPAN-U.S. JOINT DECLARATION ON SEC
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JAPAN-U.S. SECURITY CONSULTATIVE CO
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JAPAN-U.S. SECURITY TREATY, 1960
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JAPAN-U.S. SECURITY TREATY, REVISIO
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JAPAN-U.S. STATUS-OF-FORCES AGREEME
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JAPAN-U.S. TEXTILE AGREEMENT • 13
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JAPANESE-AMERICAN NEGOTIATIONS, 194
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JAPANESE CONSTITUTION • 143 Chapt
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JAPAN’S ACCESSION TO THE GENERAL
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JOHN DOE ASSOCIATES • 147 JOHN DO
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JOINT REPORT ON THE U.S.-JAPAN COMM
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Ikeda’s visit to the United State
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KATO - , TOMOSABURO - • 153 In 18
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KISHI, NOBUSUKE • 155 lished a na
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KOMURA, JU - TARO - • 157 to move
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KONOE-ROOSEVELT SUMMIT MEETING •
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Treaties Bureau in 1981 and to dire
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LEND LEASE • 163 Defense Cooperat
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LONDON NAVAL CONFERENCE • 165 Sev
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cruisers, 150 destroyers, and 140 s
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MACARTHUR LINE • 169 between Kore
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Japan should seek to turn its expor
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MANCHURIAN INCIDENT • 173 MAKINO,
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MANSFIELD, MIKE • 175 Hawaii, and
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MATSUOKA, YO - SUKE • 177 of the
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MEIJI ERA • 179 creasing suffrage
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MONDALE, WALTER FREDERICK • 181 t
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MURAYAMA, TOMIICHI • 183 arranged
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the outbreak of the Korean War and
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NATIONAL DEFENSE COUNCIL • 187 On
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NIIJIMA, JO • 189 the Peace Reser
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NOMURA-GREW CONVERSATIONS • 191 N
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NUCLEAR ENERGY • 193 traditionall
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OKAKURA, TENSHIN • 195 These isla
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OKUMA, SHIGENOBU • 197 Ryukyu Isl
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ORDERLY MARKETING AGREEMENT • 199
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- P - PACIFIC WAR. See WORLD WAR II
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PEACE KEEPING OPERATION (PKO) COOPE
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PERRY, COMMODORE MATTHEW C. • 205
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POTSDAM DECLARATION • 207 If Roos
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PRIORITY PRODUCTION SYSTEM • 209
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REISCHAUER, EDWIN O. • 211 RED PU
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REPARATIONS • 213 REPARATIONS. Th
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ROOSEVELT, FRANKLIN DELANO • 215
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ROOSEVELT, THEODORE • 217 Followi
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ROOT-TAKAHIRA AGREEMENT • 219 Roo
Page 262 and 263: RUTGERS COLLEGE. Originally establi
Page 264 and 265: SATO, EISAKU • 223 neither the Pe
Page 266 and 267: SHANGHAI COMMUNIQUÉ • 225 1871,
Page 268 and 269: SHIDEHARA, KIJU - RO - • 227 Brit
Page 270 and 271: SHIMONOSEKI BOMBARDMENT • 229 was
Page 272 and 273: SINO-JAPANESE WAR • 231 influence
Page 274 and 275: SOUTHWARD ADVANCE • 233 action to
Page 276 and 277: SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, 1898 • 235
Page 278 and 279: STIMSON, HENRY • 237 STIMSON, HEN
Page 280 and 281: SUPER 301 PROVISIONS OF THE OMNIBUS
Page 282 and 283: TO - GO - , SHIGENORI • 241 tary
Page 284 and 285: TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE • 243 Whatever
Page 286 and 287: TRILATERAL COMMISSION • 245 tions
Page 288 and 289: TRIPARTITE PACT • 247 Japanese Ar
Page 290 and 291: China under Japanese control, the T
Page 292 and 293: U.S.-JAPAN CONFERENCE ON CULTURAL A
Page 294 and 295: U.S.-JAPAN TRADE CONFLICTS • 253
Page 296 and 297: U.S.-JAPAN TREATY OF COMMERCE AND N
Page 298 and 299: alization of interest rates for lar
Page 300 and 301: WASHINGTON CONFERENCE • 259 were
Page 302 and 303: WILSON, WOODROW • 261 Born in 185
Page 304 and 305: WORLD WAR II • 263 Pact was signe
Page 306 and 307: YAMAKAWA, SUTEMATSU • 265 the Far
Page 308 and 309: YONAI, MITSUMASA • 267 where—co
Page 310 and 311: YOSHIDA LETTER • 269 YOSHIDA DOCT
Page 314 and 315: Appendix A United States Presidents
Page 316 and 317: UNITED STATES PRESIDENTS AND SECRET
Page 318 and 319: Appendix B Japanese Prime Ministers
Page 320 and 321: JAPANESE PRIME MINISTERS • 279 Na
Page 322 and 323: Bibliography JAPAN-U.S. RELATIONS:
Page 324 and 325: BIBLIOGRAPHY • 283 Beauchamp, Edw
Page 326 and 327: Okahata, James, ed. A History of Ja
Page 328 and 329: BIBLIOGRAPHY • 287 Campbell, Thom
Page 330 and 331: BIBLIOGRAPHY • 289 Hunt, Michael
Page 332 and 333: BIBLIOGRAPHY • 291 Pratt, Julius.
Page 334 and 335: BIBLIOGRAPHY • 293 Division, Cent
Page 336 and 337: BIBLIOGRAPHY • 295 Pempel, T. J.,
Page 338 and 339: Constitution of Japan http://sunsit
Page 340: About the Authors John Van Sant (Ph
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