Historical Dictionary of United States-Japan ... - Bakumatsu Films
Historical Dictionary of United States-Japan ... - Bakumatsu Films Historical Dictionary of United States-Japan ... - Bakumatsu Films
REPARATIONS • 213 REPARATIONS. These are monies, property, and products that the loser pays to the winner to compensate for damage as a result of a war. A U.S. reparation mission led by Edwin W. Pauley came to Japan in November 1945, and submitted an interim report in December 1945 and a final report in November 1946. Overestimating Japan’s ability to pay reparations, these reports were severe on the Japanese. Japanese production levels were limited to those of 1931, and 1,000 factories were ordered to be set aside for reparations. In early 1947, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) began to take machine facilities to China, Holland, the Philippines, and Great Britain. As the Cold War progressed, in April 1947, SCAP sent an interim directive to remove only 30 percent of the factories that the interim reparations designated and passed 15 percent of them to China and 5 percent each to the Philippines, Holland, and Great Britain. Finally, in May 1949, Washington made a unilateral announcement to cease the removal of the rest of the war reparations that the interim directive had designated. In September 1951 at the San Francisco Peace Conference, the United States wished to exclude any statement on reparations, but because of opposition by Asian countries, Article 14 of the peace treaty stipulates the reparations principle simply: “It is recognized that Japan should pay reparations to the Allied Powers for the damage and suffering caused by it during the war.” Article 14 left Japan and Asian countries to make their own negotiations: “Japan will promptly enter into negotiations with Allied Powers so desiring, whose present territories were occupied by Japanese forces and damaged by Japan, with a view to assisting to compensate those countries for the cost of repairing the damage done.” Japan concluded a peace treaty and a reparations agreement with Burma in November 1955 and promised to pay $200 million for reparations “by making available the services of the Japanese people in production, salvaging and other work for the Allied Powers in question.”(Article 14) Japan concluded a reparations treaty with the Philippines in May 1956 and promised to pay $550 million for reparations in accordance with Article 14 of the San Francisco peace treaty. Japan concluded reparations agreement with Indonesia in January 1958 and promised to pay $223.8 million for reparations. Japan concluded reparations agreement with South Vietnam in May 1959 and promised to pay $39 million for reparations.
214 • REPARATIONS TREATY BETWEEN JAPAN AND THE PHILIPPINES REPARATIONS TREATY BETWEEN JAPAN AND THE PHILIP- PINES. The Reparations Treaty between Japan and the Philippines was concluded in Manila, the Philippines on 9 May 1956. Japan agreed to pay $55,000 for reparations. This treaty was concluded with substantial U.S. mediation, as part of that country’s anti-Communist policy. Through this treaty, Japan and the Philippines achieved diplomatic normalization. After paying the reparations, Japan began official development assistance to the Philippines. REVERE THE EMPEROR, EXPEL THE BARBARIAN (SONNŌ JŌI, IN JAPANESE). An often-used slogan to unite the disparate groups of anti-Tokugawa and anti-foreign samurai in the 1850s and 1860s. Ironically, many of those who fought under this slogan became officials in the Meiji government after 1868 and actively promoted foreign relations and Westernization. See also ANSEI TREATIES; II, NAOSUKE; MEIJI RESTORATION; NAMAMUGI INCIDENT; TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE. REVERSE COURSE. The reverse course was a movement attempting to draw a halt to the democratic momentum generated in Japan after World War II and attempting to return to the militaristic Japan of the prewar era. The movement arose in the context of an intensifying Cold War atmosphere and it became especially prominent after the San Francisco Peace Treaty became effective. After 1948, U.S. occupation policy toward Japan changed from emphasizing democratization and demilitarization to focusing on Japanese economic recovery, as well as on militarization as a member of the Western bloc. In August 1950, soon after the outbreak of the Korean War, General Douglas MacArthur ordered the Japanese government to establish the National Police Reserve. This precipitated Japanese remilitarization. After the conclusion of the San Francisco Peace Treaty in September 1951 to gain independence, although Japan primarily depended on a U.S. military umbrella for its security, it nevertheless pursued gradual remilitarization despite the fact that Article Nine of the Japanese constitution renounced war and prohibited Japan from possessing any military power. In education, on 14 November 1951, Teiyu Amano, minister of education in the third Shigeru Yoshida Cabinet, advocated the
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- Page 242 and 243: - P - PACIFIC WAR. See WORLD WAR II
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- Page 266 and 267: SHANGHAI COMMUNIQUÉ • 225 1871,
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214 • REPARATIONS TREATY BETWEEN JAPAN AND THE PHILIPPINES<br />
REPARATIONS TREATY BETWEEN JAPAN AND THE PHILIP-<br />
PINES. The Reparations Treaty between <strong>Japan</strong> and the Philippines was<br />
concluded in Manila, the Philippines on 9 May 1956. <strong>Japan</strong> agreed to<br />
pay $55,000 for reparations. This treaty was concluded with substantial<br />
U.S. mediation, as part <strong>of</strong> that country’s anti-Communist policy.<br />
Through this treaty, <strong>Japan</strong> and the Philippines achieved diplomatic normalization.<br />
After paying the reparations, <strong>Japan</strong> began <strong>of</strong>ficial development<br />
assistance to the Philippines.<br />
REVERE THE EMPEROR, EXPEL THE BARBARIAN (SONNŌ<br />
JŌI, IN JAPANESE). An <strong>of</strong>ten-used slogan to unite the disparate<br />
groups <strong>of</strong> anti-Tokugawa and anti-foreign samurai in the 1850s and<br />
1860s. Ironically, many <strong>of</strong> those who fought under this slogan became<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials in the Meiji government after 1868 and actively promoted<br />
foreign relations and Westernization. See also ANSEI<br />
TREATIES; II, NAOSUKE; MEIJI RESTORATION; NAMAMUGI<br />
INCIDENT; TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE.<br />
REVERSE COURSE. The reverse course was a movement attempting<br />
to draw a halt to the democratic momentum generated in <strong>Japan</strong> after<br />
World War II and attempting to return to the militaristic <strong>Japan</strong> <strong>of</strong> the<br />
prewar era. The movement arose in the context <strong>of</strong> an intensifying<br />
Cold War atmosphere and it became especially prominent after the<br />
San Francisco Peace Treaty became effective.<br />
After 1948, U.S. occupation policy toward <strong>Japan</strong> changed from<br />
emphasizing democratization and demilitarization to focusing on<br />
<strong>Japan</strong>ese economic recovery, as well as on militarization as a member<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Western bloc. In August 1950, soon after the outbreak <strong>of</strong><br />
the Korean War, General Douglas MacArthur ordered the <strong>Japan</strong>ese<br />
government to establish the National Police Reserve. This precipitated<br />
<strong>Japan</strong>ese remilitarization. After the conclusion <strong>of</strong> the San Francisco<br />
Peace Treaty in September 1951 to gain independence, although<br />
<strong>Japan</strong> primarily depended on a U.S. military umbrella for its<br />
security, it nevertheless pursued gradual remilitarization despite the<br />
fact that Article Nine <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Japan</strong>ese constitution renounced war<br />
and prohibited <strong>Japan</strong> from possessing any military power.<br />
In education, on 14 November 1951, Teiyu Amano, minister <strong>of</strong><br />
education in the third Shigeru Yoshida Cabinet, advocated the
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