Historical Dictionary of United States-Japan ... - Bakumatsu Films
Historical Dictionary of United States-Japan ... - Bakumatsu Films Historical Dictionary of United States-Japan ... - Bakumatsu Films
LEND LEASE • 163 Defense Cooperation, 1997, this law governs U.S.–Japan defense cooperation in a situation surrounding Japan. This law and the amendment of the Self-Defense Forces Law were enacted and the revised Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement was approved on 24 May 1999. The Law on a Situation in the Areas Surrounding Japan was promulgated on 28 May and became effective on 25 August of the same year. This law basically stipulates that the Japanese government will assist military campaigns conducted by the U.S. armed forces in areas surrounding Japan. This law clearly states, “situations in areas surrounding Japan will have an important influence on Japan’s peace and security.” However, “the concept, situations in areas surrounding Japan, is not geographic but situational.” The law is unclear what “situations in areas surrounding Japan” really mean. According to the Japan–U.S. Joint Declaration on Security, Alliance for the 21st Century of April 1996, the Japan–U.S. Security Treaty is the base for maintaining peace and security in the Asia–Pacific area. Considering in this context, the areas surrounding Japan means the Asia–Pacific region. This law allows the Self-Defense Forces to carry out not only defending Japan but also preserving peace and stability in the Asia–Pacific region. LEGENDRE, CHARLES (1830–1899). A native of France, LeGendre became a naturalized American citizen and was later wounded fighting as a Union Army officer during the American Civil War. He was appointed American consul at Amoy, China, in 1866 and served in that position until 1872. He was then hired by the Japanese government as a military adviser and received the Order of the Rising Sun commendation from Emperor Meiji for his assistance with the Japanese expedition to Formosa in 1874. LeGendre remained in Japan working as an adviser to government leader Shigenobu Okuma until 1890. He left Japan to become an adviser to the Korean government, and died in Seoul in 1899. See also MEIJI ERA; YATOI. LEND LEASE. Lend Lease was the means by which the United States made available vast quantities of aid to those nations fighting the Axis in World War II. The Lend Lease program eventually conveyed goods and services valued at over $50 billion to America’s wartime friends and allies, including Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and China.
164 • LONDON NAVAL CONFERENCE United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt in December 1940 received a letter from Prime Minister Winston Churchill explaining that Britain required vast amounts of aid if it were to carry on the fight against Germany. Roosevelt responded by telling his constituents on 17 December that America should lease Britain those materials necessary to win its struggle for survival against Germany. As he explained, “they would be more useful to the defense of the United States if they were used in Great Britain than if they were kept in storage here.” Then, in one of his famed “fireside chats,” Roosevelt on 29 December denounced the “unholy alliance” of Germany, Italy, and Japan, on the grounds that it sought to “dominate and enslave the entire human race.” Maintaining that the United States was the “arsenal of democracy,” he called on the American people to “support the nations defending themselves against the Axis.” Then, on 10 January 1941, the Roosevelt administration officially made the proposal that resulted in the Lend Lease Act of 11 March 1941. Much as Roosevelt had anticipated, it sparked intensive debate. Domestic critics of Lend Lease charged that it paved the way to American involvement in war—and added that Roosevelt sought nothing less than dictatorial powers—while proponents countered that it offered the best protection so long as the United States remained a nonbelligerent. Opponents forced the administration to make several changes to the proposal, although in its final form the Lend Lease Act empowered the president to make available to “any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the United States” any “defense article,” any service, or any “defense information.” The Roosevelt administration decided in early July 1941 to establish in China a military advisory corps, whose principal duty was overseeing the implementation of the lend-lease program. The message to Tokyo was clear: the United States was acting as China’s de facto ally in that nation’s war against Japan. LONDON NAVAL CONFERENCE (1930). The London Naval Conference convened from 21 January to 22 April 1930, with delegates from the United States, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy in attendance. The conference’s principal aim was to reach an agreement limiting auxiliary naval vessels, an aim that had informed the failed Geneva Naval Conference of 1927.
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- Page 156 and 157: INTERNMENT • 115 The ICU is a chi
- Page 158 and 159: IWAKURA MISSION • 117 IRWIN, ROBE
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- Page 174 and 175: JAPAN-U.S. SECURITY TREATY, 1960
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- Page 178 and 179: JAPAN-U.S. STATUS-OF-FORCES AGREEME
- Page 180 and 181: JAPAN-U.S. TEXTILE AGREEMENT • 13
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- Page 184 and 185: JAPANESE CONSTITUTION • 143 Chapt
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LEND LEASE • 163<br />
Defense Cooperation, 1997, this law governs U.S.–<strong>Japan</strong> defense<br />
cooperation in a situation surrounding <strong>Japan</strong>. This law and the amendment<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Self-Defense Forces Law were enacted and the revised<br />
Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement was approved on 24<br />
May 1999. The Law on a Situation in the Areas Surrounding <strong>Japan</strong><br />
was promulgated on 28 May and became effective on 25 August <strong>of</strong> the<br />
same year. This law basically stipulates that the <strong>Japan</strong>ese government<br />
will assist military campaigns conducted by the U.S. armed forces in<br />
areas surrounding <strong>Japan</strong>.<br />
This law clearly states, “situations in areas surrounding <strong>Japan</strong> will<br />
have an important influence on <strong>Japan</strong>’s peace and security.” However,<br />
“the concept, situations in areas surrounding <strong>Japan</strong>, is not geographic<br />
but situational.” The law is unclear what “situations in areas surrounding<br />
<strong>Japan</strong>” really mean. According to the <strong>Japan</strong>–U.S. Joint Declaration<br />
on Security, Alliance for the 21st Century <strong>of</strong> April 1996,<br />
the <strong>Japan</strong>–U.S. Security Treaty is the base for maintaining peace and<br />
security in the Asia–Pacific area. Considering in this context, the areas<br />
surrounding <strong>Japan</strong> means the Asia–Pacific region. This law allows<br />
the Self-Defense Forces to carry out not only defending <strong>Japan</strong> but also<br />
preserving peace and stability in the Asia–Pacific region.<br />
LEGENDRE, CHARLES (1830–1899). A native <strong>of</strong> France, LeGendre<br />
became a naturalized American citizen and was later wounded fighting<br />
as a Union Army <strong>of</strong>ficer during the American Civil War. He was<br />
appointed American consul at Amoy, China, in 1866 and served in<br />
that position until 1872. He was then hired by the <strong>Japan</strong>ese government<br />
as a military adviser and received the Order <strong>of</strong> the Rising Sun<br />
commendation from Emperor Meiji for his assistance with the<br />
<strong>Japan</strong>ese expedition to Formosa in 1874. LeGendre remained in<br />
<strong>Japan</strong> working as an adviser to government leader Shigenobu<br />
Okuma until 1890. He left <strong>Japan</strong> to become an adviser to the Korean<br />
government, and died in Seoul in 1899. See also MEIJI ERA; YATOI.<br />
LEND LEASE. Lend Lease was the means by which the <strong>United</strong> <strong>States</strong><br />
made available vast quantities <strong>of</strong> aid to those nations fighting the<br />
Axis in World War II. The Lend Lease program eventually conveyed<br />
goods and services valued at over $50 billion to America’s<br />
wartime friends and allies, including Great Britain, the Soviet Union,<br />
and China.
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