Historical Dictionary of United States-Japan ... - Bakumatsu Films

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CHRONOLOGY • xvii 1854 14 February: Perry returns to Japan, this time with eight warships. 31 March: Perry and Tokugawa government officials sign the Kanagawa Treaty, formally known as the U.S.–Japan Treaty of Friendship. 1854–1855 Britain, France, Russia, Holland sign treaties of friendship with Japan. Ports of Shimoda, Hakodate, and Nagasaki are opened to Westerners for limited trade. 1855 Institute for Western Learning opened by Tokugawa government. Renamed Institute for the Study of Barbarian Books in 1857, then as the Institute for Development (Kaiseijo) in 1862. In 1877, the Kaiseijo becomes part of Tokyo University, the first modern university in Japan. 1856 The Tokugawa bakufu hires Charles Wolcott Brooks, an American businessman in San Francisco, as Japan’s consul general and commercial agent. 1856 July: Townsend Harris arrives in Japan as United States consul general, the first American diplomat stationed in Japan. 1858 Naosuke Ii, daimyo of Hikone domain, appointed chief minister of Tokugawa government, the most powerful position in the Tokugawa bakufu after the Shogun. 6 June: In Baltimore, Maryland, Joseph Heco (Hikozo Hamada) becomes the first Japanese to become an American citizen. 29 July: Townsend Harris and Togukawa bakufu ratify the U.S.–Japan Treaty of Amity and Commerce. Britain, France, Holland, and Russia sign similar treaties with Japan by October. All of these treaties are officially known as the Ansei Treaties, and unofficially as the “unequal treaties.” 1859 James Curtis Hepburn, Guido Verbeck, Francis Hall, and Eugene Van Reed arrive in Japan. 1860 January: The Tokugawa bakufu sends a delegation of officials, usually known as the Shogun’s Embassy, to the United States. In May, President James Buchanon meets with Norimasa Muragaki, leader of the delegation, and other Tokugawa bakufu officials at the White House. 24 March: Naosuke Ii is assassinated in Edo by samurai upset at the Tokugawa bakufu’s agreements with Western countries. 1861 15 January: Henry Heusken, secretary of the American Legation in Edo, is assassinated by anti-foreign samurai. 4 March: Abraham
xviii • CHRONOLOGY Lincoln is inaugurated president of the United States. 12 April: The American Civil War begins. 1862 12 September: One English merchant is killed and two others are wounded by Satsuma samurai at Namamugi, Yokohama. 1863 June–July: Choshu samurai fire on Western ships passing through Shimonoseki Straits. 15 August: British warships fire on Kagoshima, capital of Satsuma domain, in retaliation for the Namamugi Incident the previous year. 1864 11 July: Shozan Sakuma is assassinated in Kyoto by anti-foreign samurai. August: A joint fleet of American, British, French, and British warships attack the Choshu domain capital of Hagi in retaliation for Choshu samurai firing on Western ships the previous year. 1866 Satsuma and Choshu form an alliance against the Tokugawa bakufu. Yukichi Fukuzawa publishes Things Western. Niijima Jo, later known as Joseph Neeshima, arrives in Massachusetts. 1867 January: Emperor Komei dies; his teenage son Mutsuhito becomes Emperor. August: Arinori Mori and several samurai-students from Satsuma travel to the United States from England to join the Brotherhood of the New Life colony in New York. November: Tokugawa Shogun Yoshinobu (Keiki) cedes governing authority to the emperor. 10 December: Ryoma Sakamoto is assassinated in Kyoto. 1868 January–March: Tokugawa military forces lose decisive battles against Satsuma and Choshu at Toba, Fushimi, and Edo. Satsuma and Choshu take over government in the name of the emperor. February: Mutsuhito is formally enthroned as emperor; the Meiji Era (1868–1912) begins. 6 April: Charter Oath (Five Article Oath) issued by Emperor Meiji. May: American merchant Eugene Van Reed organizes a group of 150 Japanese laborers to work in Hawaii, causing a diplomatic crisis between the United States, the new Meiji government, and the Kingdom of Hawaii. September: Imperial capital moved from Kyoto to Edo; Edo renamed Tokyo (“Eastern Capital”). 1869 March: Ulysses S. Grant takes office as president of the United States. April: Charles De Long arrives as United States minister to Japan. He returns to the United States in October 1873. May: Japanese immigrants/refugees from Aizu arrive in northern California.
Page 1 and 2: HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF UNITED STA
Page 4 and 5: Historical Dictionary of United Sta
Page 6: Contents Editor’s Foreword Jon Wo
Page 9 and 10: viii • EDITOR’S FOREWORD acrony
Page 12: Reader’s Notes Names in this work
Page 15 and 16: xiv • ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
Page 17: xvi • CHRONOLOGY 1833-1837 Famine
Page 21 and 22: xx • CHRONOLOGY 1880 The first Yo
Page 23 and 24: xxii • CHRONOLOGY 1917 6 April: U
Page 25 and 26: xxiv • CHRONOLOGY 1942 19 Februar
Page 27 and 28: xxvi • CHRONOLOGY Lower House. 22
Page 29 and 30: xxviii • CHRONOLOGY 16 September:
Page 31 and 32: xxx • CHRONOLOGY government dispa
Page 33 and 34: xxxii • CHRONOLOGY signed. 1 July
Page 35 and 36: xxxiv • CHRONOLOGY 1984 7 Februar
Page 37 and 38: xxxvi • CHRONOLOGY 1992 9 January
Page 39 and 40: xxxviii • CHRONOLOGY 2001 20 Janu
Page 42 and 43: Introduction The most important bil
Page 44 and 45: INTRODUCTION • 3 THE UNITED STATE
Page 46 and 47: INTRODUCTION • 5 also increasingl
Page 48 and 49: INTRODUCTION • 7 President Millar
Page 50 and 51: ernment. Even the dour, conservativ
Page 52 and 53: INTRODUCTION • 11 Japan, China, a
Page 54 and 55: INTRODUCTION • 13 their hypotheti
Page 56 and 57: in China were being threatened by t
Page 58 and 59: INTRODUCTION • 17 recognize the v
Page 60 and 61: INTRODUCTION • 19 the United Stat
Page 62 and 63: however, required political stabili
Page 64 and 65: INTRODUCTION • 23 forces in Japan
Page 66 and 67: INTRODUCTION • 25 There was a gre
Page 68 and 69:
INTRODUCTION • 27 Foreign Ministr
Page 70 and 71:
The Dictionary - A - A BROADWAY PAG
Page 72 and 73:
ABSOLUTE SPHERE OF IMPERIAL DEFENSE
Page 74 and 75:
AGREEMENT ON RESTORATION OF JAPANES
Page 76 and 77:
AKIYAMA, SANEYUKI • 35 town of Ai
Page 78 and 79:
AMO - DOCTRINE • 37 American demo
Page 80 and 81:
ANGLO-JAPANESE ALLIANCE • 39 tain
Page 82 and 83:
ANTI-COMINTERN PACT • 41 1858. Pr
Page 84 and 85:
ARITA, HACHIRO - • 43 Yōsuke Mat
Page 86 and 87:
ATLANTIC CONFERENCE • 45 ASIAN CU
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ATOMIC ENERGY BASIC LAW • 47 ATOM
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BASEBALL • 49 and be educated in
Page 92 and 93:
BATTLE OF OKINAWA • 51 1942, the
Page 94 and 95:
BINGHAM, JOHN A. • 53 served as p
Page 96 and 97:
BOXER UPRISING • 55 quiring the p
Page 98 and 99:
BRYAN, WILLIAM JENNINGS • 57 BROT
Page 100 and 101:
BURMA ROAD • 59 the common people
Page 102 and 103:
CAPRON, HORACE • 61 verse populat
Page 104 and 105:
CHIANG KAI-SHEK • 63 Castle argue
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CHRISTIANITY IN JAPAN • 65 of Mot
Page 108 and 109:
CHURCHILL, WINSTON S. • 67 Church
Page 110 and 111:
CONFUCIANISM • 69 population, whi
Page 112 and 113:
the extradition. When the Tokyo Hig
Page 114 and 115:
DEFENSE • 73 Mutual Security Agre
Page 116 and 117:
DEJIMA • 75 Keizai Dantai Rengoka
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DOLLAR DIPLOMACY • 77 As it relat
Page 120 and 121:
DUTCH LEARNING • 79 Washington Un
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ECONOMIC STABILIZATION BOARD • 81
Page 124 and 125:
FOREIGN EXCHANGE ALLOCATION SYSTEM
Page 126 and 127:
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TR
Page 128 and 129:
GENERAL HEADQUARTERS/SUPREME COMMAN
Page 130 and 131:
GENTLEMEN’S AGREEMENT • 89 GHQ/
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GOVERNMENT AID AND RELIEF IN OCCUPI
Page 134 and 135:
GREATER EAST ASIAN CO-PROSPERITY SP
Page 136 and 137:
GREW, JOSEPH C. • 95 GREW, JOSEPH
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during contingencies.” The Guidel
Page 140 and 141:
HARRIS, TOWNSEND • 99 death in 18
Page 142 and 143:
HAWAII OR HAWAI’I • 101 as the
Page 144 and 145:
HEPBURN, JAMES CURTIS • 103 ties.
Page 146 and 147:
HIROHITO • 105 port emphasizes
Page 148 and 149:
HOOVER, HERBERT • 107 After an ex
Page 150 and 151:
HULL, CORDELL • 109 HOUSE, EDWARD
Page 152 and 153:
IKEDA-ROBERTSON TALKS • 111 catin
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INDUSTRY FORUM FOR SECURITY COOPERA
Page 156 and 157:
INTERNMENT • 115 The ICU is a chi
Page 158 and 159:
IWAKURA MISSION • 117 IRWIN, ROBE
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JAPAN-AMERICA STUDENT CONFERENCE
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JAPAN IS DIFFERENT ARGUMENT • 121
Page 164 and 165:
JAPAN-U.S. AGREEMENT ON TRUST ISLAN
Page 166 and 167:
JAPAN-U.S. BUSINESSMEN’S CONFEREN
Page 168 and 169:
JAPAN-U.S. FLEET LOAN AGREEMENT •
Page 170 and 171:
JAPAN-U.S. JOINT DECLARATION ON SEC
Page 172 and 173:
JAPAN-U.S. SECURITY CONSULTATIVE CO
Page 174 and 175:
JAPAN-U.S. SECURITY TREATY, 1960
Page 176 and 177:
JAPAN-U.S. SECURITY TREATY, REVISIO
Page 178 and 179:
JAPAN-U.S. STATUS-OF-FORCES AGREEME
Page 180 and 181:
JAPAN-U.S. TEXTILE AGREEMENT • 13
Page 182 and 183:
JAPANESE-AMERICAN NEGOTIATIONS, 194
Page 184 and 185:
JAPANESE CONSTITUTION • 143 Chapt
Page 186 and 187:
JAPAN’S ACCESSION TO THE GENERAL
Page 188 and 189:
JOHN DOE ASSOCIATES • 147 JOHN DO
Page 190 and 191:
JOINT REPORT ON THE U.S.-JAPAN COMM
Page 192 and 193:
Ikeda’s visit to the United State
Page 194 and 195:
KATO - , TOMOSABURO - • 153 In 18
Page 196 and 197:
KISHI, NOBUSUKE • 155 lished a na
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KOMURA, JU - TARO - • 157 to move
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KONOE-ROOSEVELT SUMMIT MEETING •
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Treaties Bureau in 1981 and to dire
Page 204 and 205:
LEND LEASE • 163 Defense Cooperat
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LONDON NAVAL CONFERENCE • 165 Sev
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cruisers, 150 destroyers, and 140 s
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MACARTHUR LINE • 169 between Kore
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Japan should seek to turn its expor
Page 214 and 215:
MANCHURIAN INCIDENT • 173 MAKINO,
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MANSFIELD, MIKE • 175 Hawaii, and
Page 218 and 219:
MATSUOKA, YO - SUKE • 177 of the
Page 220 and 221:
MEIJI ERA • 179 creasing suffrage
Page 222 and 223:
MONDALE, WALTER FREDERICK • 181 t
Page 224 and 225:
MURAYAMA, TOMIICHI • 183 arranged
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the outbreak of the Korean War and
Page 228 and 229:
NATIONAL DEFENSE COUNCIL • 187 On
Page 230 and 231:
NIIJIMA, JO • 189 the Peace Reser
Page 232 and 233:
NOMURA-GREW CONVERSATIONS • 191 N
Page 234 and 235:
NUCLEAR ENERGY • 193 traditionall
Page 236 and 237:
OKAKURA, TENSHIN • 195 These isla
Page 238 and 239:
OKUMA, SHIGENOBU • 197 Ryukyu Isl
Page 240 and 241:
ORDERLY MARKETING AGREEMENT • 199
Page 242 and 243:
- P - PACIFIC WAR. See WORLD WAR II
Page 244 and 245:
PEACE KEEPING OPERATION (PKO) COOPE
Page 246 and 247:
PERRY, COMMODORE MATTHEW C. • 205
Page 248 and 249:
POTSDAM DECLARATION • 207 If Roos
Page 250 and 251:
PRIORITY PRODUCTION SYSTEM • 209
Page 252 and 253:
REISCHAUER, EDWIN O. • 211 RED PU
Page 254 and 255:
REPARATIONS • 213 REPARATIONS. Th
Page 256 and 257:
ROOSEVELT, FRANKLIN DELANO • 215
Page 258 and 259:
ROOSEVELT, THEODORE • 217 Followi
Page 260 and 261:
ROOT-TAKAHIRA AGREEMENT • 219 Roo
Page 262 and 263:
RUTGERS COLLEGE. Originally establi
Page 264 and 265:
SATO, EISAKU • 223 neither the Pe
Page 266 and 267:
SHANGHAI COMMUNIQUÉ • 225 1871,
Page 268 and 269:
SHIDEHARA, KIJU - RO - • 227 Brit
Page 270 and 271:
SHIMONOSEKI BOMBARDMENT • 229 was
Page 272 and 273:
SINO-JAPANESE WAR • 231 influence
Page 274 and 275:
SOUTHWARD ADVANCE • 233 action to
Page 276 and 277:
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, 1898 • 235
Page 278 and 279:
STIMSON, HENRY • 237 STIMSON, HEN
Page 280 and 281:
SUPER 301 PROVISIONS OF THE OMNIBUS
Page 282 and 283:
TO - GO - , SHIGENORI • 241 tary
Page 284 and 285:
TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE • 243 Whatever
Page 286 and 287:
TRILATERAL COMMISSION • 245 tions
Page 288 and 289:
TRIPARTITE PACT • 247 Japanese Ar
Page 290 and 291:
China under Japanese control, the T
Page 292 and 293:
U.S.-JAPAN CONFERENCE ON CULTURAL A
Page 294 and 295:
U.S.-JAPAN TRADE CONFLICTS • 253
Page 296 and 297:
U.S.-JAPAN TREATY OF COMMERCE AND N
Page 298 and 299:
alization of interest rates for lar
Page 300 and 301:
WASHINGTON CONFERENCE • 259 were
Page 302 and 303:
WILSON, WOODROW • 261 Born in 185
Page 304 and 305:
WORLD WAR II • 263 Pact was signe
Page 306 and 307:
YAMAKAWA, SUTEMATSU • 265 the Far
Page 308 and 309:
YONAI, MITSUMASA • 267 where—co
Page 310 and 311:
YOSHIDA LETTER • 269 YOSHIDA DOCT
Page 312 and 313:
YOSHIDA, SHOIN • 271 to 30 Octobe
Page 314 and 315:
Appendix A United States Presidents
Page 316 and 317:
UNITED STATES PRESIDENTS AND SECRET
Page 318 and 319:
Appendix B Japanese Prime Ministers
Page 320 and 321:
JAPANESE PRIME MINISTERS • 279 Na
Page 322 and 323:
Bibliography JAPAN-U.S. RELATIONS:
Page 324 and 325:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 283 Beauchamp, Edw
Page 326 and 327:
Okahata, James, ed. A History of Ja
Page 328 and 329:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 287 Campbell, Thom
Page 330 and 331:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 289 Hunt, Michael
Page 332 and 333:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 291 Pratt, Julius.
Page 334 and 335:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 293 Division, Cent
Page 336 and 337:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • 295 Pempel, T. J.,
Page 338 and 339:
Constitution of Japan http://sunsit
Page 340:
About the Authors John Van Sant (Ph
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