Historical Dictionary of United States-Japan ... - Bakumatsu Films
Historical Dictionary of United States-Japan ... - Bakumatsu Films Historical Dictionary of United States-Japan ... - Bakumatsu Films
INDUSTRY FORUM FOR SECURITY COOPERATION • 113 bravely in both Europe and Asia—even though some of their relatives were imprisoned in American internment camps as possible “enemy aliens” by the United States government. After the animosity of World War II subsided, by the 1960s, Japanese Americans were hailed as a “model minority” because they were viewed as a law-abiding, industrious, and studious ethnic group contributing to the diversity of American life while maintaining elements of traditional Japanese culture. A few prominent Japanese Americans are George Takei, actor; Ann Curry, TV news reporter; George Ariyoshi, Governor of Hawaii; Daniel Inouye, Senator from Hawaii; Robert Matsui, Congressman from California; Ellison Onizuka, astronaut; Ronald Takaki, UC Berkeley professor and author; Kristi Yamaguchi, Olympic gold medal winner in figure skating; and Gen. Eric Shinseki, U.S. Army Chief of Staff. Although many Japanese Americans reject the designation of “model minority,” they have been remarkably successful in their personal and professional lives, and have persevered in the midst of discrimination faced by themselves and their immigrant ancestors in the United States. As of 2003, just under 50,000 Americans were living in Japan (not including American military personnel). Many Americans living in Japan are businesspersons, students, or teachers. Although some are permanent residents, especially if they have Japanese spouses, very few are naturalized Japanese citizens because Japanese government immigration rules make it extremely difficult for foreigners to obtain Japanese citizenship. The cost of living in Japan, plus lack of Japanese language ability also tends to keep the number of Americans living in Japan at relatively low numbers. Nevertheless, since the early 1980s, there has been a slow growth in the number of Americans living in Japan. See also JAPAN EXCHANGE AND TEACHING PRO- GRAM; YATOI. INDUSTRY FORUM FOR SECURITY COOPERATION (IFSEC). With the agreement between the Japanese and U.S. governments, the Industry Forum for Security Cooperation was established in January 1997 as a forum of dialogue between Japanese and U.S. defense industries to promote effective Japan–U.S. defense cooperation toward realization of peace and stability in post–Cold War Asia. The IFSEC has two primary purposes: Promotion of dialogue between Japanese
114 • INOUE, KAORU and U.S. defense industries toward encouraging Japan–U.S. defense equipment cooperation and formation of informal advisory group from the defense industries toward the Japanese Defense Agency and the United States Department of Defense. The Defense Industry Commission of the Japan Business Federation serves as Japan’s secretariat in the IFSEC while the U.S. counterpart is the National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA). INOUE, KAORU (1835–1915). Samurai from Choshu domain (Yamaguchi Prefecture) and top official in the Meiji government. Kaoru Inoue, Hirobumi Ito and other Choshu samurai studied Western science in England in the early 1860s then returned to Japan and were among the Choshu and Satsuma samurai who defeated the Tokugawa shogunate and founded a new government centered on Emperor Meiji. Inoue held several ministerial posts in the Meiji government, including that of Foreign Minister from 1881 to 1887. See also MEIJI ERA; MEIJI RESTORATION. INTERNATIONAL CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY (ICU). This is a private university located in Mitaka City, Tokyo Prefecture. Japanese and American Christians had dreamed of establishing an interdenominational Christian university for half a century. Finally, on 15 June 1949, their leaders formally founded the International Christian University (ICU). In 1948, the Japan International Christian University Foundation was established in New York primarily for coordinating the American participation and for leading a fund-raising drive. In Japan, Hisato Ichimada, governor of the Bank of Japan, led a fund-raising campaign. In March 1953, the ICU was legally recognized as a school juridical person, and the College of Liberal Arts was opened in April as Japan’s first four-year liberal arts college. Yuasa Hachiro was the first president of the university. In April 1957, the Graduate School opened with a master’s program in Education, followed by Japan’s first master’s program in Public Administration (in 1963), a doctoral program in the Division of Education (in 1964), by doctoral programs in the Division of Public Administration and the Division of Comparative Culture (in 1976), and a master’s program in the Division of Natural Sciences (in 1987). The administrative and educational system resembles an American college of liberal arts.
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114 • INOUE, KAORU<br />
and U.S. defense industries toward encouraging <strong>Japan</strong>–U.S. defense<br />
equipment cooperation and formation <strong>of</strong> informal advisory group<br />
from the defense industries toward the <strong>Japan</strong>ese Defense Agency and<br />
the <strong>United</strong> <strong>States</strong> Department <strong>of</strong> Defense. The Defense Industry<br />
Commission <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Japan</strong> Business Federation serves as <strong>Japan</strong>’s<br />
secretariat in the IFSEC while the U.S. counterpart is the National Defense<br />
Industrial Association (NDIA).<br />
INOUE, KAORU (1835–1915). Samurai from Choshu domain (Yamaguchi<br />
Prefecture) and top <strong>of</strong>ficial in the Meiji government. Kaoru<br />
Inoue, Hirobumi Ito and other Choshu samurai studied Western science<br />
in England in the early 1860s then returned to <strong>Japan</strong> and were<br />
among the Choshu and Satsuma samurai who defeated the Tokugawa<br />
shogunate and founded a new government centered on Emperor<br />
Meiji. Inoue held several ministerial posts in the Meiji government,<br />
including that <strong>of</strong> Foreign Minister from 1881 to 1887. See<br />
also MEIJI ERA; MEIJI RESTORATION.<br />
INTERNATIONAL CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY (ICU). This is a<br />
private university located in Mitaka City, Tokyo Prefecture. <strong>Japan</strong>ese<br />
and American Christians had dreamed <strong>of</strong> establishing an interdenominational<br />
Christian university for half a century. Finally, on 15<br />
June 1949, their leaders formally founded the International Christian<br />
University (ICU). In 1948, the <strong>Japan</strong> International Christian University<br />
Foundation was established in New York primarily for coordinating<br />
the American participation and for leading a fund-raising<br />
drive. In <strong>Japan</strong>, Hisato Ichimada, governor <strong>of</strong> the Bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>Japan</strong>, led<br />
a fund-raising campaign. In March 1953, the ICU was legally recognized<br />
as a school juridical person, and the College <strong>of</strong> Liberal Arts was<br />
opened in April as <strong>Japan</strong>’s first four-year liberal arts college. Yuasa<br />
Hachiro was the first president <strong>of</strong> the university. In April 1957, the<br />
Graduate School opened with a master’s program in Education, followed<br />
by <strong>Japan</strong>’s first master’s program in Public Administration (in<br />
1963), a doctoral program in the Division <strong>of</strong> Education (in 1964), by<br />
doctoral programs in the Division <strong>of</strong> Public Administration and the<br />
Division <strong>of</strong> Comparative Culture (in 1976), and a master’s program<br />
in the Division <strong>of</strong> Natural Sciences (in 1987). The administrative and<br />
educational system resembles an American college <strong>of</strong> liberal arts.
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