Historical Dictionary of United States-Japan ... - Bakumatsu Films

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HULL, CORDELL • 109 HOUSE, EDWARD H. (1836–1901). An American journalist who first went to Japan in 1871, House wrote for several publications and taught in Tokyo. House accompanied the Japanese army during the invasion of Taiwan in 1874. In his articles, books, and letters to American friends, such as Mark Twain and former President Ulysses S. Grant, House often argued that Japan should be treated as an equal to the Western powers. See also YATOI. HULL, CORDELL (1871–1955). Cordell Hull served as secretary of state from 1933 to 1944—approximately half again as long as any predecessor in that high office and nearly the double the term achieved by the most enduring of his 20th-century forerunners. Born on 2 October 1871 near Byrdstown, Tennessee, Hull spent two terms in the state legislature before he entered the House of Representatives in 1906. He remained there (with one two-year interruption) until 1930, when he successfully ran for the Senate. As a Congressman, he developed a political philosophy that revolved around the concept of free trade as the key to worldwide economic growth and political stability. Through the 1930s, Hull’s political philosophy came under sustained assault as Germany, Italy, and Japan sought through military conquest to carve out autarchic spheres. Two factors combined, however, to curtail his ability to respond to this threat. First, the Great Depression meant that the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt had to focus the vast majority of its energies on domestic issues. Second, Roosevelt was inclined to act as his own secretary of state. That said, Roosevelt did allow Hull an unusual degree of autonomy throughout the Japanese–American negotiations of 1941. In his negotiations with Japanese Ambassador Kichisaburō Nomura, Hull repeatedly asked for Japan’s acceptance of four principles: respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations; non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries; equality of commercial opportunity; and no disturbance of the status quo in the Pacific except by peaceful means. Adhering inflexibly to these principles, Hull reacted negatively to various Japanese counterproposals for diplomatic rapprochement between the two nations, arguing that the United States should conclude no agreement that ran counter to its basic principles.
110 • II, NAOSUKE For all the logic inherent in Hull’s arguments, he has come under criticism for drawing a false line between diplomatic and military considerations. According to this criticism, he should have used diplomacy not to browbeat the Japanese but rather to allow the Pentagon to focus more properly on Germany, which had long been considered the principal threat to American security. – I – II, NAOSUKE (1815–1860). Daimyō of Hikone domain, Naosuke Ii was appointed chief minister of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1858. Ii negotiated and signed the Ansei Treaties with the United States, Britain, and France without gaining the approval of the imperial house. He also negotiated an acrimonious shogunal succession dispute. These actions and decisions created many enemies for Ii and the Tokugawa shogunate, and Ii dealt harshly with his enemies by having many imprisoned and several executed. He was assassinated by samurai from Mito and Satsuma domains in March 1860. See also HARRIS, TOWNSEND; U.S.–JAPAN TREATY OF AMITY AND COMMERCE. IKEDA, HAYATO (1899–1965). The Japanese politician Hayato Ikeda was born in Hiroshima. After graduating from the Law Department of Kyoto University, he was an official in the Ministry of Finance from 1925 to 1948. In 1947, he was promoted to vice minister of Finance. In 1949, he was elected to the House of Representatives. Ikeda was immediately appointed finance minister in the third Shigeru Yoshida Cabinet. In 1950, he also held the post of minister of international trade and industry. Supported by Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida, Ikeda was an ardent advocate of the Dodge Line, the ninepoint economic stabilization plan directive. He became Secretary General of the Liberal Party in 1954. After the amalgamation of the two major conservative parties, Ikeda served as minister of finance (1956–1957) and minister of international trade and industry (1959–1960). He became prime minister in 1960. After severe turmoil because of controversy surrounding the revision of the Japan–U.S. Security Treaty, Ikeda maintained a low profile, advo-
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HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF UNITED STA
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Historical Dictionary of United Sta
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Contents Editor’s Foreword Jon Wo
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viii • EDITOR’S FOREWORD acrony
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Reader’s Notes Names in this work
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xiv • ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
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xvi • CHRONOLOGY 1833-1837 Famine
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xviii • CHRONOLOGY Lincoln is ina
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xx • CHRONOLOGY 1880 The first Yo
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xxii • CHRONOLOGY 1917 6 April: U
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xxiv • CHRONOLOGY 1942 19 Februar
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xxvi • CHRONOLOGY Lower House. 22
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xxviii • CHRONOLOGY 16 September:
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xxx • CHRONOLOGY government dispa
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xxxii • CHRONOLOGY signed. 1 July
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xxxiv • CHRONOLOGY 1984 7 Februar
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xxxvi • CHRONOLOGY 1992 9 January
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xxxviii • CHRONOLOGY 2001 20 Janu
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Introduction The most important bil
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INTRODUCTION • 3 THE UNITED STATE
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INTRODUCTION • 5 also increasingl
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INTRODUCTION • 7 President Millar
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ernment. Even the dour, conservativ
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INTRODUCTION • 11 Japan, China, a
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INTRODUCTION • 13 their hypotheti
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in China were being threatened by t
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INTRODUCTION • 17 recognize the v
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INTRODUCTION • 19 the United Stat
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however, required political stabili
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INTRODUCTION • 23 forces in Japan
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INTRODUCTION • 25 There was a gre
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INTRODUCTION • 27 Foreign Ministr
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The Dictionary - A - A BROADWAY PAG
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ABSOLUTE SPHERE OF IMPERIAL DEFENSE
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AGREEMENT ON RESTORATION OF JAPANES
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AKIYAMA, SANEYUKI • 35 town of Ai
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AMO - DOCTRINE • 37 American demo
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ANGLO-JAPANESE ALLIANCE • 39 tain
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ANTI-COMINTERN PACT • 41 1858. Pr
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ARITA, HACHIRO - • 43 Yōsuke Mat
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ATLANTIC CONFERENCE • 45 ASIAN CU
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ATOMIC ENERGY BASIC LAW • 47 ATOM
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BASEBALL • 49 and be educated in
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BATTLE OF OKINAWA • 51 1942, the
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BINGHAM, JOHN A. • 53 served as p
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BOXER UPRISING • 55 quiring the p
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BRYAN, WILLIAM JENNINGS • 57 BROT
Page 100 and 101: BURMA ROAD • 59 the common people
Page 102 and 103: CAPRON, HORACE • 61 verse populat
Page 104 and 105: CHIANG KAI-SHEK • 63 Castle argue
Page 106 and 107: CHRISTIANITY IN JAPAN • 65 of Mot
Page 108 and 109: CHURCHILL, WINSTON S. • 67 Church
Page 110 and 111: CONFUCIANISM • 69 population, whi
Page 112 and 113: the extradition. When the Tokyo Hig
Page 114 and 115: DEFENSE • 73 Mutual Security Agre
Page 116 and 117: DEJIMA • 75 Keizai Dantai Rengoka
Page 118 and 119: DOLLAR DIPLOMACY • 77 As it relat
Page 120 and 121: DUTCH LEARNING • 79 Washington Un
Page 122 and 123: ECONOMIC STABILIZATION BOARD • 81
Page 124 and 125: FOREIGN EXCHANGE ALLOCATION SYSTEM
Page 126 and 127: GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TR
Page 128 and 129: GENERAL HEADQUARTERS/SUPREME COMMAN
Page 130 and 131: GENTLEMEN’S AGREEMENT • 89 GHQ/
Page 132 and 133: GOVERNMENT AID AND RELIEF IN OCCUPI
Page 134 and 135: GREATER EAST ASIAN CO-PROSPERITY SP
Page 136 and 137: GREW, JOSEPH C. • 95 GREW, JOSEPH
Page 138 and 139: during contingencies.” The Guidel
Page 140 and 141: HARRIS, TOWNSEND • 99 death in 18
Page 142 and 143: HAWAII OR HAWAI’I • 101 as the
Page 144 and 145: HEPBURN, JAMES CURTIS • 103 ties.
Page 146 and 147: HIROHITO • 105 port emphasizes
Page 148 and 149: HOOVER, HERBERT • 107 After an ex
Page 152 and 153: IKEDA-ROBERTSON TALKS • 111 catin
Page 154 and 155: INDUSTRY FORUM FOR SECURITY COOPERA
Page 156 and 157: INTERNMENT • 115 The ICU is a chi
Page 158 and 159: IWAKURA MISSION • 117 IRWIN, ROBE
Page 160 and 161: JAPAN-AMERICA STUDENT CONFERENCE
Page 162 and 163: JAPAN IS DIFFERENT ARGUMENT • 121
Page 164 and 165: JAPAN-U.S. AGREEMENT ON TRUST ISLAN
Page 166 and 167: JAPAN-U.S. BUSINESSMEN’S CONFEREN
Page 168 and 169: JAPAN-U.S. FLEET LOAN AGREEMENT •
Page 170 and 171: JAPAN-U.S. JOINT DECLARATION ON SEC
Page 172 and 173: JAPAN-U.S. SECURITY CONSULTATIVE CO
Page 174 and 175: JAPAN-U.S. SECURITY TREATY, 1960
Page 176 and 177: JAPAN-U.S. SECURITY TREATY, REVISIO
Page 178 and 179: JAPAN-U.S. STATUS-OF-FORCES AGREEME
Page 180 and 181: JAPAN-U.S. TEXTILE AGREEMENT • 13
Page 182 and 183: JAPANESE-AMERICAN NEGOTIATIONS, 194
Page 184 and 185: JAPANESE CONSTITUTION • 143 Chapt
Page 186 and 187: JAPAN’S ACCESSION TO THE GENERAL
Page 188 and 189: JOHN DOE ASSOCIATES • 147 JOHN DO
Page 190 and 191: JOINT REPORT ON THE U.S.-JAPAN COMM
Page 192 and 193: Ikeda’s visit to the United State
Page 194 and 195: KATO - , TOMOSABURO - • 153 In 18
Page 196 and 197: KISHI, NOBUSUKE • 155 lished a na
Page 198 and 199: KOMURA, JU - TARO - • 157 to move
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KONOE-ROOSEVELT SUMMIT MEETING •
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Treaties Bureau in 1981 and to dire
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LEND LEASE • 163 Defense Cooperat
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LONDON NAVAL CONFERENCE • 165 Sev
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cruisers, 150 destroyers, and 140 s
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MACARTHUR LINE • 169 between Kore
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Japan should seek to turn its expor
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MANCHURIAN INCIDENT • 173 MAKINO,
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MANSFIELD, MIKE • 175 Hawaii, and
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MATSUOKA, YO - SUKE • 177 of the
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MEIJI ERA • 179 creasing suffrage
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MONDALE, WALTER FREDERICK • 181 t
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MURAYAMA, TOMIICHI • 183 arranged
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the outbreak of the Korean War and
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NATIONAL DEFENSE COUNCIL • 187 On
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NIIJIMA, JO • 189 the Peace Reser
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NOMURA-GREW CONVERSATIONS • 191 N
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NUCLEAR ENERGY • 193 traditionall
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OKAKURA, TENSHIN • 195 These isla
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OKUMA, SHIGENOBU • 197 Ryukyu Isl
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ORDERLY MARKETING AGREEMENT • 199
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- P - PACIFIC WAR. See WORLD WAR II
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PEACE KEEPING OPERATION (PKO) COOPE
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PERRY, COMMODORE MATTHEW C. • 205
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POTSDAM DECLARATION • 207 If Roos
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PRIORITY PRODUCTION SYSTEM • 209
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REISCHAUER, EDWIN O. • 211 RED PU
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REPARATIONS • 213 REPARATIONS. Th
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ROOSEVELT, FRANKLIN DELANO • 215
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ROOSEVELT, THEODORE • 217 Followi
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ROOT-TAKAHIRA AGREEMENT • 219 Roo
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RUTGERS COLLEGE. Originally establi
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SATO, EISAKU • 223 neither the Pe
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SHANGHAI COMMUNIQUÉ • 225 1871,
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SHIDEHARA, KIJU - RO - • 227 Brit
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SHIMONOSEKI BOMBARDMENT • 229 was
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SINO-JAPANESE WAR • 231 influence
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SOUTHWARD ADVANCE • 233 action to
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SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, 1898 • 235
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STIMSON, HENRY • 237 STIMSON, HEN
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SUPER 301 PROVISIONS OF THE OMNIBUS
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TO - GO - , SHIGENORI • 241 tary
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TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE • 243 Whatever
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TRILATERAL COMMISSION • 245 tions
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TRIPARTITE PACT • 247 Japanese Ar
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China under Japanese control, the T
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U.S.-JAPAN CONFERENCE ON CULTURAL A
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U.S.-JAPAN TRADE CONFLICTS • 253
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U.S.-JAPAN TREATY OF COMMERCE AND N
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alization of interest rates for lar
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WASHINGTON CONFERENCE • 259 were
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WILSON, WOODROW • 261 Born in 185
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WORLD WAR II • 263 Pact was signe
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YAMAKAWA, SUTEMATSU • 265 the Far
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YONAI, MITSUMASA • 267 where—co
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YOSHIDA LETTER • 269 YOSHIDA DOCT
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YOSHIDA, SHOIN • 271 to 30 Octobe
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Appendix A United States Presidents
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UNITED STATES PRESIDENTS AND SECRET
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Appendix B Japanese Prime Ministers
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JAPANESE PRIME MINISTERS • 279 Na
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Bibliography JAPAN-U.S. RELATIONS:
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BIBLIOGRAPHY • 283 Beauchamp, Edw
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Okahata, James, ed. A History of Ja
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BIBLIOGRAPHY • 287 Campbell, Thom
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BIBLIOGRAPHY • 289 Hunt, Michael
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BIBLIOGRAPHY • 291 Pratt, Julius.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY • 293 Division, Cent
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BIBLIOGRAPHY • 295 Pempel, T. J.,
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Constitution of Japan http://sunsit
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About the Authors John Van Sant (Ph
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