Historical Dictionary of United States-Japan ... - Bakumatsu Films

DUTCH LEARNING • 79
Washington University Law School. He joined the New York City
law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell, where he specialized in international
law. In 1918, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Dulles as
legal counsel to the United States delegation to the Paris Peace Conference
following the end of World War I. Dulles later returned to
practicing law, but, in 1945, he was asked to serve as adviser to
Arthur H. Vandenberg at the San Francisco Conference to help draft
the preamble to the United Nations Charter. Dulles also attended the
United Nations General Assembly as a United States delegate in
1946, 1947, and 1950. In 1951, President Harry S. Truman appointed
Dulles as ambassador at large to negotiate the peace treaty with
Japan, along with a U.S.–Japan security pact, both of which were
signed on 8 September 1951.
Dulles was chosen to be secretary of state during the presidency of
Dwight D. Eisenhower, serving in that position from 1953 to 1959.
Dissatisfied with the Truman policy of containing communism that
had become the centerpiece of U.S. foreign policy, Dulles advocated
a more aggressive stance, which included the U.S. engaging in collective
security with its allies, the development of a large arsenal of
nuclear weapons as part of a strategy of “massive retaliation” in case
a nuclear attack against the United States or its allies, and political
and military brinkmanship with the Soviet Union and China to defend
against communist advances. Some of his main accomplishments
during his service in the Eisenhower administration were
strengthening the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); the
1952 creation of the Australia, New Zealand, United States of America
(ANZUS) Treat; and the 1954 establishment of the Southeast Asia
Treaty Organization (SEATO), consisting of the United States, Australia,
Great Britain, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines,
and Thailand, which was intended to provide the nations of Southeast
Asian with collective security against aggression. In the Suez Canal
crisis of 1956, Dulles opposed Egypt’s President Gamal Abdel
Nasser’s efforts to nationalize the canal and was highly critical of the
Anglo–French–Israeli military campaign to wrest control of the canal
back from Egypt. See also SHIGEMITSU—DULLES MEETING.
DUTCH LEARNING (RANGAKU, IN JAPANESE). During most of
the Tokugawa Era, Dutch language books on “practical sciences,”
such as medicine and astronomy, were the only Western books allowed