Historical Dictionary of United States-Japan ... - Bakumatsu Films

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DEFENSE • 73 Mutual Security Agreements. On 9 June 1954, two major pieces of defense-related legislation, the Defense Agency Act and the Self- Defense Forces Law, were promulgated, and they became effective on 1 July. Subsequently, the Japanese government established the Defense Agency, and the Ground Self-Defense Force, the Maritime Self- Defense Force, and the Air Self-Defense Force were inaugurated. The Japan–U.S. Security Treaty was revised on 19 January 1960 in order to make the alliance more equal, and it became effective on 23 June 1960. In November 1978, the Guidelines for U.S.–Japan Defense Cooperation were formulated in order to “create a solid basis for more effective and credible U.S.–Japan cooperation.” However, the Japanese government has an official interpretation of Article Nine that although, as a sovereign nation, Japan has the right of collective self-defense, Article Nine will not permit the authorization of the use of this right, nor will it allow the dispatch of the Self- Defense Forces (SDF) abroad. The Gulf War in 1991 precipitated a heated debate about appropriate ways in which Japan can make an international contribution. In April 1991, after the war was already over, Tokyo decided to send SDF minesweepers to the Gulf. In June 1992, the Peace-Keeping Operations (PKO) International Cooperation Law was enacted and it became possible for the SDF to participate in PKO abroad. On 29 October, the Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law was enacted enabling Tokyo to dispatch the SDF abroad during wartime. In November 2001, Tokyo, in fact, dispatched the Maritime Self-Defense Force to the Indian Ocean. On 6 June 2003, laws on war contingencies were enacted. On 26 July 2003, special Self-Defense Forces were dispatched to Iraq. Even though the ratio of defense spending against Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is relatively low in global terms, about 1 percent of the GDP, Japan’s defense budget is the third largest in the world, after the United States and Russia. For the fiscal year 2006, Japan’s defense budget was 4,814 billion yen. As of March 2005, there were about 234,000 SDF members comprising about 147,000, 45,000, and 44,000 in the Ground SDF, Air SDF, and Marine SDF, respectively. As of 2004, there were about 400,00 American servicepersons stationed in Japan, of which 18,000 members stay in Okinawa. Washington and Tokyo agreed that 8,000 members would move to Guam from Okinawa. See
74 • DEFENSE AGENCY ACT also ABCD ENCIRCLEMENT; ABSOLUTE SPHERE OF IMPER- IAL DEFENSE (1943); ACQUISITION AND CROSS-SERVICING AGREEMENT (ACSA); ATOMIC BOMB ATTACKS (AUGUST 1945); BATTLE OF MIDWAY (JUNE 1942); BATTLE OF OKI- NAWA (APRIL–JUNE 1945); DEFENSE AGENCY ACT; DEFENSE INDUSTRY COMMISSION OF THE JAPAN BUSINESS FEDERA- TION; DEFENSE-RELATED MINISTERS ROUND-TABLE CON- FERENCE; GIRARD INCIDENT; IKEDA–ROBERTSON TALKS; INDUSTRY FORUM FOR SECURITY COOPERATION (IFSEC); JAPAN–U.S. ADMINISTRATION AGREEMENT; JAPAN–U.S. FLEET LOAN AGREEMENT; JAPAN–U.S. SECURITY CONSUL- TATIVE COMMITTEE (SCC); JAPAN–U.S. SECURITY TREATY, REVISION NEGOTIATIONS; JAPAN–U.S. STATUS-OF-FORCES AGREEMENT (SOFA); JOINT DEVELOPMENT OF FSX; MA- RINE POLICE; MITSUYA KENKYU; MUTUAL SECURITYAGREE- MENTS (MSAs); NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR BLOCKING REVI- SION OF THE JAPAN–U.S. SECURITY TREATY; NATIONAL DEFENSE COUNCIL (NDC); NATIONAL POLICE RESERVE; PEACE IN VIETNAM! CITIZENS’ COALITION; PRIOR CONSUL- TATION; SELF-DEFENSE FORCES LAW; SHIGEMITSU– DULLES MEETING. DEFENSE AGENCY ACT. The Defense Agency Act became effective on 9 June 1954. It stipulates the inauguration of the Defense Agency. It also lays down the Agency’s official role, the clear domain of duty necessary to fulfill this role, and the organization necessary to carry out administration effectively. The law established for the first time the Defense Agency as an extra-ministerial bureau of the Cabinet office. It created a new appointment: the Director of the Defense Agency. The role of the Defense Agency includes maintaining a peaceful, independent and secure Japan. In order to achieve these goals, the Defense Agency controls and operates the Ground Self- Defense Force, Maritime Self-Defense Force, and Air Self-Defense Force, as well as assuming administrative responsibilities for related affairs. See also DEFENSE; SELF-DEFENSE FORCES LAW. DEFENSE INDUSTRY COMMISSION OF THE JAPAN BUSI- NESS FEDERATION. The Japan Economic Federation (Nihon
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HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF UNITED STA
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Historical Dictionary of United Sta
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Contents Editor’s Foreword Jon Wo
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viii • EDITOR’S FOREWORD acrony
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Reader’s Notes Names in this work
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xiv • ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
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xvi • CHRONOLOGY 1833-1837 Famine
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xviii • CHRONOLOGY Lincoln is ina
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xx • CHRONOLOGY 1880 The first Yo
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xxii • CHRONOLOGY 1917 6 April: U
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xxiv • CHRONOLOGY 1942 19 Februar
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xxvi • CHRONOLOGY Lower House. 22
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xxviii • CHRONOLOGY 16 September:
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xxx • CHRONOLOGY government dispa
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xxxii • CHRONOLOGY signed. 1 July
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xxxiv • CHRONOLOGY 1984 7 Februar
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xxxvi • CHRONOLOGY 1992 9 January
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xxxviii • CHRONOLOGY 2001 20 Janu
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Introduction The most important bil
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INTRODUCTION • 3 THE UNITED STATE
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INTRODUCTION • 5 also increasingl
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INTRODUCTION • 7 President Millar
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ernment. Even the dour, conservativ
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INTRODUCTION • 11 Japan, China, a
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INTRODUCTION • 13 their hypotheti
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in China were being threatened by t
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INTRODUCTION • 17 recognize the v
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INTRODUCTION • 19 the United Stat
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however, required political stabili
Page 64 and 65: INTRODUCTION • 23 forces in Japan
Page 66 and 67: INTRODUCTION • 25 There was a gre
Page 68 and 69: INTRODUCTION • 27 Foreign Ministr
Page 70 and 71: The Dictionary - A - A BROADWAY PAG
Page 72 and 73: ABSOLUTE SPHERE OF IMPERIAL DEFENSE
Page 74 and 75: AGREEMENT ON RESTORATION OF JAPANES
Page 76 and 77: AKIYAMA, SANEYUKI • 35 town of Ai
Page 78 and 79: AMO - DOCTRINE • 37 American demo
Page 80 and 81: ANGLO-JAPANESE ALLIANCE • 39 tain
Page 82 and 83: ANTI-COMINTERN PACT • 41 1858. Pr
Page 84 and 85: ARITA, HACHIRO - • 43 Yōsuke Mat
Page 86 and 87: ATLANTIC CONFERENCE • 45 ASIAN CU
Page 88 and 89: ATOMIC ENERGY BASIC LAW • 47 ATOM
Page 90 and 91: BASEBALL • 49 and be educated in
Page 92 and 93: BATTLE OF OKINAWA • 51 1942, the
Page 94 and 95: BINGHAM, JOHN A. • 53 served as p
Page 96 and 97: BOXER UPRISING • 55 quiring the p
Page 98 and 99: BRYAN, WILLIAM JENNINGS • 57 BROT
Page 100 and 101: BURMA ROAD • 59 the common people
Page 102 and 103: CAPRON, HORACE • 61 verse populat
Page 104 and 105: CHIANG KAI-SHEK • 63 Castle argue
Page 106 and 107: CHRISTIANITY IN JAPAN • 65 of Mot
Page 108 and 109: CHURCHILL, WINSTON S. • 67 Church
Page 110 and 111: CONFUCIANISM • 69 population, whi
Page 112 and 113: the extradition. When the Tokyo Hig
Page 116 and 117: DEJIMA • 75 Keizai Dantai Rengoka
Page 118 and 119: DOLLAR DIPLOMACY • 77 As it relat
Page 120 and 121: DUTCH LEARNING • 79 Washington Un
Page 122 and 123: ECONOMIC STABILIZATION BOARD • 81
Page 124 and 125: FOREIGN EXCHANGE ALLOCATION SYSTEM
Page 126 and 127: GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TR
Page 128 and 129: GENERAL HEADQUARTERS/SUPREME COMMAN
Page 130 and 131: GENTLEMEN’S AGREEMENT • 89 GHQ/
Page 132 and 133: GOVERNMENT AID AND RELIEF IN OCCUPI
Page 134 and 135: GREATER EAST ASIAN CO-PROSPERITY SP
Page 136 and 137: GREW, JOSEPH C. • 95 GREW, JOSEPH
Page 138 and 139: during contingencies.” The Guidel
Page 140 and 141: HARRIS, TOWNSEND • 99 death in 18
Page 142 and 143: HAWAII OR HAWAI’I • 101 as the
Page 144 and 145: HEPBURN, JAMES CURTIS • 103 ties.
Page 146 and 147: HIROHITO • 105 port emphasizes
Page 148 and 149: HOOVER, HERBERT • 107 After an ex
Page 150 and 151: HULL, CORDELL • 109 HOUSE, EDWARD
Page 152 and 153: IKEDA-ROBERTSON TALKS • 111 catin
Page 154 and 155: INDUSTRY FORUM FOR SECURITY COOPERA
Page 156 and 157: INTERNMENT • 115 The ICU is a chi
Page 158 and 159: IWAKURA MISSION • 117 IRWIN, ROBE
Page 160 and 161: JAPAN-AMERICA STUDENT CONFERENCE
Page 162 and 163: JAPAN IS DIFFERENT ARGUMENT • 121
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JAPAN-U.S. AGREEMENT ON TRUST ISLAN
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JAPAN-U.S. BUSINESSMEN’S CONFEREN
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JAPAN-U.S. FLEET LOAN AGREEMENT •
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JAPAN-U.S. JOINT DECLARATION ON SEC
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JAPAN-U.S. SECURITY CONSULTATIVE CO
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JAPAN-U.S. SECURITY TREATY, 1960
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JAPAN-U.S. SECURITY TREATY, REVISIO
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JAPAN-U.S. STATUS-OF-FORCES AGREEME
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JAPAN-U.S. TEXTILE AGREEMENT • 13
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JAPANESE-AMERICAN NEGOTIATIONS, 194
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JAPANESE CONSTITUTION • 143 Chapt
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JAPAN’S ACCESSION TO THE GENERAL
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JOHN DOE ASSOCIATES • 147 JOHN DO
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JOINT REPORT ON THE U.S.-JAPAN COMM
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Ikeda’s visit to the United State
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KATO - , TOMOSABURO - • 153 In 18
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KISHI, NOBUSUKE • 155 lished a na
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KOMURA, JU - TARO - • 157 to move
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KONOE-ROOSEVELT SUMMIT MEETING •
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Treaties Bureau in 1981 and to dire
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LEND LEASE • 163 Defense Cooperat
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LONDON NAVAL CONFERENCE • 165 Sev
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cruisers, 150 destroyers, and 140 s
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MACARTHUR LINE • 169 between Kore
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Japan should seek to turn its expor
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MANCHURIAN INCIDENT • 173 MAKINO,
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MANSFIELD, MIKE • 175 Hawaii, and
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MATSUOKA, YO - SUKE • 177 of the
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MEIJI ERA • 179 creasing suffrage
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MONDALE, WALTER FREDERICK • 181 t
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MURAYAMA, TOMIICHI • 183 arranged
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the outbreak of the Korean War and
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NATIONAL DEFENSE COUNCIL • 187 On
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NIIJIMA, JO • 189 the Peace Reser
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NOMURA-GREW CONVERSATIONS • 191 N
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NUCLEAR ENERGY • 193 traditionall
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OKAKURA, TENSHIN • 195 These isla
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OKUMA, SHIGENOBU • 197 Ryukyu Isl
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ORDERLY MARKETING AGREEMENT • 199
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- P - PACIFIC WAR. See WORLD WAR II
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PEACE KEEPING OPERATION (PKO) COOPE
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PERRY, COMMODORE MATTHEW C. • 205
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POTSDAM DECLARATION • 207 If Roos
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PRIORITY PRODUCTION SYSTEM • 209
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REISCHAUER, EDWIN O. • 211 RED PU
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REPARATIONS • 213 REPARATIONS. Th
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ROOSEVELT, FRANKLIN DELANO • 215
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ROOSEVELT, THEODORE • 217 Followi
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ROOT-TAKAHIRA AGREEMENT • 219 Roo
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RUTGERS COLLEGE. Originally establi
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SATO, EISAKU • 223 neither the Pe
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SHANGHAI COMMUNIQUÉ • 225 1871,
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SHIDEHARA, KIJU - RO - • 227 Brit
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SHIMONOSEKI BOMBARDMENT • 229 was
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SINO-JAPANESE WAR • 231 influence
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SOUTHWARD ADVANCE • 233 action to
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SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, 1898 • 235
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STIMSON, HENRY • 237 STIMSON, HEN
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SUPER 301 PROVISIONS OF THE OMNIBUS
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TO - GO - , SHIGENORI • 241 tary
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TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE • 243 Whatever
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TRILATERAL COMMISSION • 245 tions
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TRIPARTITE PACT • 247 Japanese Ar
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China under Japanese control, the T
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U.S.-JAPAN CONFERENCE ON CULTURAL A
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U.S.-JAPAN TRADE CONFLICTS • 253
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U.S.-JAPAN TREATY OF COMMERCE AND N
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alization of interest rates for lar
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WASHINGTON CONFERENCE • 259 were
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WILSON, WOODROW • 261 Born in 185
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WORLD WAR II • 263 Pact was signe
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YAMAKAWA, SUTEMATSU • 265 the Far
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YONAI, MITSUMASA • 267 where—co
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YOSHIDA LETTER • 269 YOSHIDA DOCT
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YOSHIDA, SHOIN • 271 to 30 Octobe
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Appendix A United States Presidents
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UNITED STATES PRESIDENTS AND SECRET
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Appendix B Japanese Prime Ministers
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JAPANESE PRIME MINISTERS • 279 Na
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Bibliography JAPAN-U.S. RELATIONS:
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BIBLIOGRAPHY • 283 Beauchamp, Edw
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Okahata, James, ed. A History of Ja
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BIBLIOGRAPHY • 287 Campbell, Thom
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BIBLIOGRAPHY • 289 Hunt, Michael
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BIBLIOGRAPHY • 291 Pratt, Julius.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY • 293 Division, Cent
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BIBLIOGRAPHY • 295 Pempel, T. J.,
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Constitution of Japan http://sunsit
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About the Authors John Van Sant (Ph
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