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A<br />
absolute value/tM´ldac'xat : cMgay´ncMnYnmYyBI<br />
K l'sUn¥enAelIbnÊat'manelxmYy; bg˙ajedaysJÔa ��.<br />
oTahrN— : � �5 � � 5<br />
accuracy/PaB®twm®tUv : PaBd°CitCageKbMputeTArg√as'<br />
…tM´l´nrg√as'Bit®◊kd …tM´l/√ImYy.<br />
acute angle/muM®sYc<br />
: muMEdlmanrg√as'ticCag<br />
90° .<br />
acute triangle/®tIekaN®sYc : ®tIekaNmYyEdlman<br />
rg√a s'mu<br />
MticCag 90° .<br />
addend/karbUk : cMnYnmYybUkbEnΩmeTAelIcMnYnmYy …e®cIn<br />
epßgeT\tedIm∫IØ¥◊nCaplbUk CaoTahrN—enAkñ ¨glMdab'<br />
4 � 6 � 7, 4, 6 nig 7 CakarbUk.<br />
Addition Property of Equality/smPaBkñ¨gviZIbUk<br />
:<br />
viZIbUkbg˙ajza ebI/ñkbUkcMnYndUcKñaeTAnwg/gapplesmIkarTaMg<br />
sgxag enaHsmIkarzµ InigmancMeLIydUcKña.<br />
Addition Property of Opposites/kenßamplbUk´n<br />
cMnYn/viCÇman : viZIbUkbg˙ajzaplbUl´ncMnYnmYyeTAnigcMnYn<br />
pʨ<br />
yrbs'vaesµ InigsUn¥ .<br />
oTahrN— : 12 � (�12) � 0<br />
additive inverse/cMnYn/viCÇman : PaBpʨy´ncMnYnmYy.<br />
oTahrN— : cMnYn/viCÇman´n 6 KW �6<br />
adjacent angles/muMCab'<br />
:<br />
muMenAkñ¨gb¬g'EtmYyEdlman<br />
kMBUlrYm nig®CugCab'Kña<br />
algebraic expression/kenßamBiCKNit : kenßamEdl<br />
man/ezrmYyy"agtic.<br />
oTahrN— : x � 8, 4(m � b)<br />
algebraic inequality/kenßamvismIkar : vismIkar<br />
Edlman/ezrmYyy"agtic.<br />
oTahrN— : x � 3 � 10; 5a � b � 3<br />
alternate exterior angles/<br />
muMq¬as'e®kA<br />
: mu MBIrekIteLIgedayxñat'<br />
mYynigbnÊat'BIr; muMBIrCamuMq¬as'e®kA<br />
enAkñ ¨gd¥a®kamKWmu M �a nigmuM<br />
�d<br />
nigmuM<br />
�b nigmuM<br />
�c .<br />
a<br />
b<br />
c d<br />
a b<br />
M M<br />
M M<br />
M<br />
M<br />
alternate interior<br />
angles/ muMq¬as'kñ¨g<br />
:<br />
r s<br />
mu MBIrekIteLIgedayxñat'<br />
mYynigbnÊat'BIr; muMBICamuMq¬as'<br />
kñ¨genAkñ<br />
¨gd¥a®kamKWmu �r nigmu<br />
�v nigmu �s nigmu �t .<br />
t v<br />
altitude/kMBs' : cMgaybnÊat'EkgmYyecjBImuMkMBUlrbs'<br />
BhuekaNkat'elIbnÊat'Ca◊t(…bnÊat'enAelI◊tenaH) .<br />
angle/mu : kn¬HbnÊat'BIrEdlecjBIKl'rYmEtmYyEdlehAza<br />
kMBUl<br />
angle bisector/kn¬HbnÊat'BuHmu :<br />
bnÊat'mYy kn¬HbnÊat' …kaMEdlBuH<br />
EckmuMmYyإeTACamuMBIrb"<br />
unKña<br />
N<br />
P<br />
O<br />
Angle-Side-Angle (ASA)/<br />
muM®CugmuM<br />
: ®Tws∂ImYyEdlEcgza<br />
ebImuMBIr<br />
nig®CugmYy®tYtsIuKñarbs'®tIekaNmYyeT\tva<br />
b" unKñaeTAnwgmuMBIrnwgmuM®tYtsIuKña´n®tIekaNmYyeT\t<br />
eBlenaH<br />
®tIekaNenaHCa®tIekaN®tYtsIuKña<br />
b" unKña .<br />
arc/ZñË<br />
: Epñkkg'´nrg√g' EdlmaneQµaHedaycugsgxagrbs'va<br />
area/´pÊ : cMnYnGktakaersMrab'®KbelI®kLa´pÊTaMgmUl .<br />
arithmetic sequence/lMdab'BiCKNit : lMdab'er\g´n<br />
cMnYnEdlPaBpʨyKñarvagcMnYnt@KñaKWEtgEtdUcKñaCanicç<br />
.<br />
Associative Property/lk≈N:p∂¨M<br />
viZIbUk : ®bmaNviZIEdlbg˙ajza®Kb'cMnYnrWuLaTib<br />
a, b, nig c,<br />
cMnYnplbUkrbs'vaEtgEtdUcKñaCanicçeTaHbICaeKer\b<br />
p∂ Mvareb\bNak°eday ¨<br />
:<br />
a � b � c � (a � b) � c � a � (b � c)<br />
viZIKuN : ®bmaNviZIEdlbg˙ajza®Kb'cMnYnrW uLaTib a, b,<br />
nig c, cMnYnplKuNrbs'vaEtgEtdUcKñaCanicçeTaHbICaeKer\b<br />
vap∂¨Mreb\bNak°eday<br />
:<br />
a � b � c � (a � b) � c � a � (b � c)<br />
asymmetry//sb∫maN : PaBmindUcKñaenAelI®CugTaMg<br />
sgxag´nbnÊatkN∂al . Kµansb∫maN .<br />
average/mZ¥m : plbUlcMnYn´nTinñ‡yrYcEckedaycMnYnrbs'<br />
EdlmanenAkñ¨gTinñn‡yTaMgenaH;<br />
…ehAm"¥ageT\tzaCamZ¥m<br />
sΩiti<br />
.<br />
average deviation/KMlatmZ¥m : cMgay´nt´m¬Tinñn‡y<br />
BImZ¥msΩiti<br />
.<br />
axes//‡kß : bnÊat'EkgKñaBIrenAelIb¬g'kU/redaenEdlCYbKña<br />
enAelIcMNucedIm .<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 1 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
M
B<br />
back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot/xñgTl'xñg´n<br />
cMNucKMnUsmYyecjeTATispʨ<br />
yKña : xñgTl'xñg´ncMNuc<br />
KMnUsmYyecjeTATisedApÊ ¨yKñaEdle®b\beZ\b eTAnwgQut<br />
Tinñn‡yBIrEdllMdab'bg˙ajsMNuMTinñn‡ymYyenAxageq√gKMnUs<br />
nigmYyeT\tenAxags∂aM .<br />
bar graph/®kabssr : Ca®kabEdle®bIssrbJŒr<br />
…ssrep∂kedIm∫Ibg˙ajTinñn‡y .<br />
base-10 system/®bB‡nƒelxeKal 10 : ®bB‡nƒelxEdl<br />
cMnYnTaMg/s'®tUv◊nsMKal'edaye®bIxÊg'BI 0–9 .<br />
base (in numeration)/eKal : eBlNacMnYnNamYy<br />
ekIneLIgCas√‡yKuN cMnYnEdle®bICakt†aKuN´ncMnYneKal .<br />
oTahrN— : 3 5 � 3 � 3 � 3 � 3 � 3<br />
base (of a polygon or three-dimensional<br />
figure)/◊t (rbs'BhuekaN …rUbPaBragbI®Cug) :<br />
®Cugrbs'BhuekaN; ®Cug´nragbI®Cug®tUv◊nvas'Evg …<br />
eZ√IcMNat'zñak' .<br />
biased sample/KMrUlMe/\g : KMrUtagEdlmintMNagإ<br />
bN∂a/√ImYymin®twm®tUv .<br />
binary number system/®bB‡nƒelxeT√PaK : ®bB‡nƒ<br />
elxEdlcMnYnnimYy@®tUv◊nbJÇak'edayelxBIrxÊg' 0 nig 1 .<br />
binomial/eT√Za : BhuZaEdlmanBIr/JÔat .<br />
oTahrN— : 10 � m; 3y � 2<br />
bisect/BuHkat'CaBIr : BuHEckCaBIEpñkb" un@Kña .<br />
boundary line/bnÊat'®BMEdnkMNt' : sMNuMcMNucEdl<br />
®CugBIr´nsmIkarbnÊat'BIr/JÔatesµ IKña .<br />
box-and-whisker plot/®b/b'nigPaKbnÊat' : ®kabEdl<br />
bg˙ajctuPaKxıs'bMput nigctuPaKTabbMput´nTinñn‡ydUcCa<br />
bnÊat'duHecj . ctuPaKkN∂al BIrKWCa®b/b'nwgemd¥an .<br />
break (graph)/dkX¬a …minbg˙aj®kab : KMnUsbnÊat'cuH<br />
eLIg´nkMritbnÊat'ep∂k …bnÊat'bJŒr´n®kabEdlbJÇak'zacMnYn<br />
enAkñ ¨gkMrit®tUveKbMeP¬cecal .<br />
C<br />
capacity/cMNuH : cMnYnEdlrbs'/acpʨkkñ¨gkMb"<br />
ugmYy<br />
Celsius//gßaEslsflus<br />
: rg√as'e®bIsMrab'vas'sItuN˙a<br />
PaBEdlkMrit 0°C KWCacMNuckk´nTwk nigkMrit 100°C<br />
CacMNucBuH´nTwk …ehAm"¥ageT\tza centigrade<br />
(sg'TI®kat) .<br />
center (of a circle)/pçitrg√g<br />
': cMNucenAkñ¨<br />
grg√g' Edl<br />
mancMgayesµ IKñaBI®Kb'cMNucTaMg/s'enAelIrg√g'.<br />
center (of dilation)/pçit<br />
(bn¬ayBI) : cMNuc´nbnÊat'<br />
kat'KñaBImuMTaMg/s'<br />
elIbnÊat'bn¬ay .<br />
center (of rotation)/pçit<br />
(rt'CuMvij)<br />
: cMNucmYyEdl<br />
KMnUsrt'CuMvijva<br />
.<br />
central angle/muMpçit<br />
: muMEdlmankMBUlrbs'vaenAelIpçit<br />
rbs'rg√g' .<br />
certain (probability)/®◊kd (®bU◊bflIlIet)<br />
: ®◊kdCa<br />
ekIteLIg man®bU◊bflIlIet<br />
1<br />
chord//g˚t'ZñË<br />
: KWCaExßbnÊat'EdlKl'enAelIrg√g'.<br />
circle/rg√g' : TItaMg´ncMNucTaMg/s'<br />
C<br />
enAelIb¬g'mYyEdlmancMgayesµ IKñaBI<br />
cMNucmYyEdlehAzapçit<br />
.<br />
circle graph/®kabrg√g' : ®kabEdle®bIEpñkmYy´nrg√g'<br />
edIm∫Ie®b\beZ\bEpñkmYyeTArg√g' TaMgmUl …EpñkmYyeTAEpñk<br />
mYyeT\t .<br />
circumference/brima®trg√g' : cMgayB‡TƒCMuvijrg√g'mYy<br />
.<br />
clockwise/clnatam<br />
beN∂ayTws®TnicnaLika :<br />
clnavilCuMvijeTAxags∂aM´n<br />
Tis◊nbg˙aj .<br />
clustering/bN∂¨ mZ¥m M : reb\be®bIedIm∫I◊"n'®bmaNcMnYn<br />
srubkalNaviZIbUkTaMg/s'mancMnYnCittM´ldUcKña .<br />
oTahrN— : 27, 29, 24 nig 26 bN∂¨<br />
MmZ¥m®bEhl 25 .<br />
coefficient/emKuN : cMnYnEdlKuNeday/ezrenA<br />
kñ¨gkenßamBiCKNit<br />
.<br />
oTahrN— : 5 CaemKuNrbs' 5b .<br />
combination/laybJçËlKña<br />
: kardak'vt٨<br />
…cMnYn<br />
layLMKñaedayminKitBIlMdab'er\g .<br />
commission/kM´reCIgsar : ´z¬QñÁlbg'eTAØ¥CnNa<br />
mñak'sMrab'karlk'dUr/√ImYy .<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 2 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
commission rate//®ta´nkM´reCIgsar : ´z¬QñÁlbg'<br />
eTAØ¥CnNamñak'sMrab'karlk'dUr/√ImYyedayKittamPaKry<br />
´ntM´l◊nlk' .<br />
common denominator/PaKEbgrYm : ®bPaKmYy<br />
…e®cInEdlmanPaKEbgdUcKña .<br />
oTahrN— : PaKEbgrYm´n®bPaK 5 – 8 nig 2 – 8 KW 8 .<br />
common difference/PaBpʨyrYm<br />
: PaBpʨy<br />
KñarvagcMnYnBIrt@KñaenAkñ ¨glMdab'BiCKNit .<br />
common factor/kt†aKuNrYm : cMnYnmYyEdlCakt†a<br />
KuNsMrab'cMnYnBIreT\t …e®cIn .<br />
oTahrN— : 8 KWCakt†aKuN´n 16 nig 40 .<br />
common multiple/tYKuNrYm : cMnYnmYyEdlCaplKuN<br />
´ncMnYnmYyeT\t …e®cIn .<br />
oTahrN— : 15 CaplKuNrYm´n 3 nig 5 .<br />
common ratio//nu◊trYm : /nu◊tEdlcMnYnnimYy@®tUv<br />
KuNedIm∫Ibeg˚ItcMnYnbnÊab'kñ¨glMdab'ZrNIma®t<br />
Commutative Property/lk≈N®tLb'<br />
viZIbUk : ®bmaNviZIEdlbg˙ajzacMnYnmYy …BIr/acbUkbJçËl<br />
Kñatamreb\bNak°edayminmandUrplbUkeT<br />
oTahrN— : 8 � 20 � 20 � 8; a � b � b � a<br />
viZIbUk : ®bmaNviZIEdlbg˙ajzacMnYnmYy …BIr/acKuN<br />
CamYyKñatamreb\bNak°edayminmandUrlTƒpleT<br />
oTahrN— : 6 � 12 � 12 � 6; a � b � b � a<br />
compatible numbers/cMnYn®bdUc : cMnYnEdlman<br />
tM´lCiteTAnwgcMnYnp∂l'Ø¥EdlsMrab'eZ√I Ø¥kar◊"n'sµan<br />
…Kitmat'TeTgay®sYl .<br />
compensation/cMnYnpßM : kalNacMnYnmYyenAkñ¨g<br />
cMeNaTKWCiteTAnwgcMnYnmYyeT\tEdlgayKitCamYy CacMnYn<br />
gaybMput®tUve®bIsMrab'rkcMeLIy . rYcmkcMeLIy®tUvtMrUv<br />
edaykarbUkcMnYnenaH …dkecjBIcMnYnenaH .<br />
complementary angles/muMbMeBj<br />
: mu MBIrEdlman<br />
rg√as'plbUkesµ Inwg 90°<br />
composite number/cMnYnminbfm : cMnYnmYyEdlZM<br />
Cag 1 ehIyEdlmankt†aKuNcMnYnKt'elIsBIcMnYnBIr .<br />
compound event/smascMnYn : cMnYnmYyEdlekIt<br />
eLIgedaycMnYngayBIr …e®cIn .<br />
compound inequality/vismIkarsmas : karbJçËl<br />
Kña´nvismIkarelIsBImYy .<br />
oTahrN— : x � �2 … x � 10, … �2 � x � 10 .<br />
x KWZMCag …esµ Inwg �2 ehIyticCag 10 .<br />
compound interest/kar®◊k'bEnΩm : kar®◊k'rk◊n<br />
…®tUv◊nTTYleday®◊k'edIm nig®◊k'rk◊nBI/tIt<br />
…kar®◊k'bg'Ø¥<br />
concave polygon/BhuekaNpt : BhuekaNmYyEdl<br />
manmuMkñ¨gmYyy"agehacNas'manrg√as'elIsZMCag<br />
180°<br />
cone/ekan, saCI : ragEdlman®CugbImankMBUlmYy<br />
ehIynig◊tmUlmYy<br />
congruent/®tYtsIuKña,<br />
b" unKña : manragTMhM nigragb" unKña<br />
congruent angles/muMb"<br />
unKña : muMEdlmanrg√as'b"<br />
unKña<br />
congruent segments//g˚t'®bEvgb" unKña : /g˚t'Edl<br />
man®bEvgb" unKña<br />
constant/cMnYnezr : tM´lEdlminE®b®bYl<br />
constant of proportionality/smama®t´ncMnYnezr :<br />
/nu◊tezrrbs'/ezrBIrEdlmansmama®t .<br />
oTahrN— : 5 = k, 10 = 2k nig 15 = 3k<br />
convenience sample/KMrUgay®sYl : kareZ√IKMrU ´n<br />
rbs'EdlmangayenAkñ¨gbN∂avtΩ¨nanaedIm∫ITTYl<br />
lTƒplrh‡sP¬am@<br />
conversion factor/kt†ab®Jças' : ®bPaKEdlmanPaKyk<br />
nigPaKEbgtMNagØ¥KuNPaBdUcKña b" uEn†e®bI/®taxusKña<br />
®bePaKenaHKWesµ I nig 1 BIe®BaH PaKyk nigPaKEbgesµ IKña .<br />
24 em"ag 1 ´z©<br />
oTahrN— : nig<br />
1 ´z©<br />
24 em"ag<br />
convex polygon/BhuekaNly : BhuekaNmYy<br />
EdlmanmuMkñ¨gTaMg/s'manTMhMticCag<br />
…esµ Inig 180°<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 3 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
coordinate plane (coordinate grid)/b¬g'kU/redaen :<br />
Cab¬g'EdlekIteLIgedaycMNuc®bsB√´nbnÊat'ep∂keQµaH/‡kß<br />
x-axis nigbnÊat'bJŒreQµaH /‡kß y-axis .<br />
coordinate/kU/redaen : cMNucrYmmYy´ncMNucmYyKU<br />
EdlCYbKñaenAelI®kabkU/redaen .<br />
correlation/TMnak'TmngTinñn‡y : kar/Zib¥ay´nTMnak'<br />
TMngrvagcMnYnTinñn‡yBIr .<br />
correspondence/®tUvKña : TMnak'TMngrvagvtΩ¨BIr<br />
…e®cInEdldUcKña .<br />
M M<br />
M M M M<br />
corresponding angles<br />
(for lines)/muMkñ¨gbnÊat'®tUvKña<br />
(sMrab'bnÊat') : mu MBIrEdl<br />
ekIteLIgedaybnÊat'kat'TTwg<br />
mYynigbnÊat'BirepßgKña : enA<br />
s<br />
q<br />
t<br />
r<br />
kñ¨gd¥a®kam<br />
muMBIr®tUvKña<br />
KWman mu �m nigmu �q,<br />
�n nigmu �r, �o nigmu �s, nigmu �p nigmu �t .<br />
corresponding angles (in polygons)/muM®tUvKña<br />
(kñ¨gBhuekaN)<br />
: mu Me®cIndUcKñarbs'BhuekaNBIr …e®cIn .<br />
corresponding sides/®Cug®tUvKña : ®Cuge®cIndUcKña<br />
rbs'BhuekaNBIr …e®cIn .<br />
cosine (cos)/kUsIunus<br />
: enAkñ ¨g®tIekaNEkgmYy<br />
/nu◊t´n®bEvg®CugCab'nwgmuM®sYceTAnwg®bEvg/Iub"<br />
Uetnus .<br />
counterclockwise/<br />
clnab®Jças'TisnaLika :<br />
clnavileTAxageq√g´nTis<br />
edAbg˙aj .<br />
counterexample/oTahrN—®bqaMg : oTahrN—<br />
Edlbg˙ajza/√ImYyxus .<br />
cross product/TMhMsmama®t : TMhMsmama®t´n<br />
cMnYnmYybeJÇ\gKñakalNapleZ\bTaMg/s'®tUvesµ IKña .<br />
oTahrN— : 2 – 3 � 4 – 6<br />
2<br />
3 � � 6 4 � � 12<br />
12<br />
m n<br />
o p<br />
cube (geometric figure)/<br />
KUb (ragkñ ¨gZrNIma®t) :<br />
®BisragctuekaNEkgEdl<br />
manmux®◊MmYykaeresµ IKña<br />
cube (in numeration)/KUb (kñ¨gcMnYn)<br />
: cMnYnEdl<br />
ekIneLIgdl'bIs√‡yKuN .<br />
cumulative frequency/plbUke®bkg' : plbUk<br />
cMnYnTinñn‡ybn†bnÊab' .<br />
customary system of measurement/®bB‡nƒ<br />
rg√as'rg√al'Zmµta : ®bB‡nƒrg√as'rg√al'EdlCajwkjab'e®bI<br />
enAkñ¨<br />
gshrdÛ/aemrik .<br />
oTahrN— : /Iuj<br />
h√I t m"ay e/anß epanß etan EBg k√atß<br />
happleaL¨g .<br />
cylinder/sIuLaMg<br />
: rUbEdlmanragbI®Cug<br />
man◊tBIr®sb b" unKñaEdlPÇab'<br />
eday®Tnugekag .<br />
D<br />
decagon/Tsekan : BhuekanEdlmandb'®Cug .<br />
decimal system/®bB‡nƒelxTsßPaK : ®bB‡nƒ´ntM´lcMnYn<br />
eKal 10 (base-10)<br />
deductive reasoning//numan : kare®bIPaBsmehtu<br />
pledIm∫Ibg˙ajnUv/√ImYyzaBit .<br />
degree/dWe®k /gßa : /®targ√as'sMrab'muM<br />
…sItuN˙PaB .<br />
denominator/PaKEbg : elxenAxage®kam®bPaKmYy<br />
Edl®◊b'cMnYnEpñkesµ IenAkñ¨gcMnYnTaMg/s'<br />
.<br />
oTahrN— : 3 – 4 PaKEbg<br />
Density property of real numbers/<br />
bN∂¨ ´ntM´lcMnYnrW M uLaTIb : /√I EdlEcgzaenAcen¬aH<br />
cMnYnrWuLaTIbBIr<br />
KWEtgEtmancMnYnrW uLaTIbmYyepßgeT\t .<br />
dependent events/cMnYnbEg÷k : cMnYnEdlmanlTƒpl<br />
´ncMnYnTImYyb"HBal'dl'lTƒpl´ncMnYnTIBIr .<br />
diagonal/viCŒekaN : bnÊat'kat'mYyEdlPÇab'muMTl'kMBUl<br />
BIrEdlminCab'Kñarbs'BhuekaNmYy<br />
diameter//g˚t'pçit,<br />
bnÊat'pçit<br />
: kn¬HbnÊat'Edlrt'kat'<br />
tampçit´nrg√g'<br />
ehIymancMNuccugenAelIrg√g' …Ca®bEvg´n<br />
kn¬HbnÊat'enaH .<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 4 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
difference/pldk : lTƒpl´ncMnYnmYydkecjBIcMnYnmYy<br />
eT\t .<br />
dilation/rIk …rYm : karp¬as'b∂ Ër®Tg'®TayEdleZ√I Ø¥rUbZM<br />
…eZ√I Ø¥rUbtUc .<br />
dimension/®bEvg®Cug : ®bEvgbeN∂ay TTwg …kMBs'´n<br />
rag/√ImYy .<br />
direct variation/KMlatesµ IKña : TMnak'TMngrvag/ezr<br />
BIrEdlTinñn‡yekIneLIg …zycuHCamYyKñatam/®taezr .<br />
discount/bJç¨<br />
HtM´l : cMnYnEdl®tUv◊nbnΩyBItM´ledIm .<br />
Distributive Property of Multiplication over<br />
Addition/lk≈NbMEbk´nviZIKuN elIviZIbUk : cMnYnEdl<br />
bg˙ajzaebI/ñkKuNplbUkmYyedaycMnYnmYy /ñknwg◊n<br />
TTYllTƒpldUcKña ebI/ñkuNplbUknimYy@edaycMnYnenaH<br />
rYcehIybUklTƒplEdleXIj .<br />
oTahrN— : 5 � 21 � 5(20 � 1) � (5 � 20) � (5 � 1)<br />
(G6: Distributive Property/Etkñ¨glk≈NbMEbk)<br />
dividend/tMNagEck : cMnYnEdl®tUvEckenAkñ ¨g<br />
bJ˙acMeNaT<br />
oTahrN— : enAkñ ¨g 8 � 4 � 2, 8 CatMNagEck .<br />
divisible/cMnYnEckdac' : /acEck◊nCamYycMnYnNamYy<br />
edayKµansMNl' .<br />
Division Property of Equality/lk≈NEck<br />
smPaB : smIkarEdlman/gappleTaMgsgxagEckCamYycMnYn<br />
EdlminEmnsUn¥dUcKña ehIy◊nsmIkarmYyzµ I Edlman<br />
cMeLIydUcKña .<br />
divisor/tYEck : cMnYnEdl/ñk®tUvEckCamYy enAkñ ¨g<br />
cMeNatEckelx<br />
oTahrN— : enAkñ ¨g 8 � 4 � 2, 4 CatYEck .<br />
dodecahedron/T√aTsBhuekaN : BhuekaNEdlman<br />
12 ®Cug .<br />
domain/EdnkMNt'´n/nuKmn— : ®Kb'tM´lTaMg/s'Edl<br />
/acmanenAkñ¨g/nuKmn—mYy<br />
.<br />
double-bar graph/®kabssreP¬aH :<br />
®kabssrEdle®b\beZ\bTinñn‡yBIrTak'TgKña .<br />
double-line graph/®kabExßeP¬aH :<br />
®kabEdlbg˙ajTinñn‡yBIrTak'TgKñaE®b®bYlCanicç .<br />
E<br />
edge/EKm ham : ExßbnÊat'<br />
EKm<br />
beN∂ay®TnugBIrEdlCYbKña<br />
ham<br />
kñ ¨gBhuekaN®Cuge®cIn<br />
elements/Zatu : Bak¥ cMnYn …rbs'epßg@enAkñ ¨gsMNu M/√ImYy .<br />
empirical probability/pßg, CMerIssµan : /an<br />
experimental probability (®bU◊bflIlIetBiesaZn—)<br />
.<br />
empty set/sMNu MTeT : sMNu MmYyEdlKµanZatuenAkñ ¨genaH .<br />
endpoint/Kl'rYm : cMNucEdlenAcugbnÊat' …kaMmYy .<br />
enlargement/karB®gIk : kMeNIn´nTMhMsmama®trbs'<br />
rag/√ImYy .<br />
equally likely outcomes/ lTƒplmanPaB®bhak'<br />
®bEhlKña : lTƒpl/√ImYyEdlman®bU◊bflIlIetdUcKña<br />
.<br />
equation/smIkar : kñ¨gBiCKNitEdlbg˙aj/gappleBIr<br />
mancMnYnesµ IKña .<br />
equilateral triangle/®tIekaNsm‡gß : ®tIekaNmYy<br />
Edlman®CugbIb" unKña<br />
equivalent/tM´lesµ IKña : rbs'EdlmantM´lesµ IKña .<br />
equivalent fractions/®bPaKesµ IKña : ®bPaKEdl<br />
mancMnYn …PaKdUcKña .<br />
equivalent ratios//nu◊tesµ IKña : /nu◊tEdlmaneQµaH<br />
kare®b\beZ\bdUcKña .<br />
estimate/◊"n'sµan : cMeLIyEdlCitdUccMeLIy®tUvBit®◊kd<br />
ehIyEdlrkeXIjedaykarbgapplet' bN∂ ¨MmZ¥m<br />
e®bIxÊg'edImnigcug<br />
cMnYne®b\beZ\b…reb\bepßgeT\t edIm∫IrkcMeLIyenaH .<br />
evaluate/vaytM´l : rktM´lenAkñ ¨gcMnYnelx<br />
…kenßamBiCKNit .<br />
even number/cMnYnKt'KU : cMnYnKt'Edl/acEckdac'nwgBIr .<br />
event/cMnYn, krNI : lTƒpl/√ImYy …sMNuMlTƒpl´n<br />
®bmaNviZI …sΩankarN— .<br />
expanded form/TMrg'B®gay : cMnYnsresrCaplbUk<br />
tamxÊg'rbs'vat@Kña .<br />
oTahrN— : 236,536 sresrCaTMrg'B®gayKW<br />
200,000 � 30,000 � 6,000 � 500 �<br />
30 � 6 .<br />
experiment (probability)/karsakl∫g<br />
(®bU◊bflIlIet)<br />
: enAkñ¨g®b◊bflIlIet<br />
skmµPaB/√ImYyEdl<br />
sM/agelIkarpßge®Bg (dUcCae◊Hkak'CaedIm) .<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 5 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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experimental probability/®bU◊bflIlIetBiesaZn—<br />
:<br />
/nu◊t´ncMnYn ´neBlrbs'krNI/√ImYyEdlekIteLIgdl'<br />
kMritsrub´nkarl∫g …eBlEdlskmµPaB®tUveZ√I eLIg .<br />
exponent/niTsßn† : cMnYnEdlbg˙ajzaetIcMnYn<br />
eKalb" unµandg®tUv◊ne®bICakt†a .<br />
oTahrN— : 2 3 = 2 � 2 � 2 � 8; 3 CaniTsßn† .<br />
exponential decay/niTsßn†zycMnYn : ekIteLIgenAkñ¨g<br />
/nuKmn—niTsßn†enAeBlEdlpl´n f(x) TTYlkan'EtticCag<br />
d°rabNatM´ldak' x kan'EtZMCag .<br />
exponential form/TMrg's√‡yKuN<br />
: cMnYnmYyman<br />
TMrg's√‡yKuNkalNaeKsresrCamYycMnYneKal<br />
nigniTsßn†rbs'va .<br />
oTahrN— : 4 2 CaTMrg's√‡yKuNrbs' 4 � 4 .<br />
exponential function//nuKmn—bnÊat' : bnÊat'®tg'<br />
/nuKmn—Edlman/ezrCaniTsßn† .<br />
exponential growth//nuKmn—ekIn : ekIteLIgenA<br />
kñ¨g/nuKmn—bnÊat'kalNatM´l´n<br />
f(x) mancMnYnZMeLIg<br />
ehIytM´l´n x k°mancMnYnZMeLIgEdr .<br />
expression/kenßambJ˙a : X¬aenAkñ¨gcMeNaTEdl<br />
manka®btibt† i cMnYn nig¿…/ezr .<br />
extrapolation/karsµanbEg÷k : kar◊"n'sµan …karTay<br />
nUvtM´lEdlminsappleal' edaysM/agelItM´lEdldwg .<br />
F<br />
face/◊t : ´pÊrab´nragEdlman®Cuge®cIn .<br />
factor/kt†a : cMnYnEdlKuNnwgcMnYnmYyeT\tedIm∫IØ¥<br />
◊nplitplmYy .<br />
factor tree/kt†abMEbk : KMnUsd¥a®kambg˙ajnUv<br />
reb\bcMnYnKtmYybMEbkeTACakt†abfmCae®cIneT\t .<br />
factorial/lMdab'KuNkt†a : plKuNcMnYnKt'TaMg/s'elIk<br />
ElgEtcMnYnsUn¥EdlCacMnYnticCag …esµ InwgcMnYnmYy .<br />
oTahrN— : lMdab'KuNkt†a 4 � 4! � 4 � 3 � 2 � 1<br />
0! KW®tUvØ¥niymn‡yCacMnYn 1 .<br />
Fahrenheit/h√arin´h : kMritsItuN˙PaBEdlmankMrit<br />
32°F KWCacMNuckk´nTwk nig 212°F KWCacMNucBuH´nTwk .<br />
fair/®twm®tUv : kalNalTƒpl´nkarBiesaZn—/√ImYyEdl<br />
mansPaBesµ IKña karBiesaZn—enaH◊ncat'Tukza®twm®tUv .<br />
fair games/El∫g®twm®tUv : El∫gEdl/ñkelgTaMg<br />
/s'/acmanlTƒPaBQñH◊n .<br />
favorable outcome/lTƒpleBjcit† : lTƒpl<br />
Edl/ñkrMBwgcg'◊neBlNaeZ√I karBiesaZn—/√ImYy .<br />
Fibonacci sequence/lMdab'elxh√IbUNaCI<br />
:<br />
lMdab'cMnYn/nn†PaB (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13,…);<br />
cab'ep∂ImBIxÊg'TIbÍ<br />
ncMnYnnImYy@KWCaplbUk´ncMnYnBIrBImun;<br />
®tUvØ¥eQµaHtam/ñkKNitviT¥akalBIstvtßn—Tidb'bImñak'eQµaH<br />
eL/UNadU h√IbUNaCI .<br />
first differences/lMdab'plsgxÊg'mun : lMdab'elx<br />
EdlekIteLIgBIkardkedayelxbnÊab'®Kb'xÊg' .<br />
first quartile/ctuPaKxÊg'mun : CamId¥an´nBak'kN∂al<br />
bnÊat'rbs'cMnYntUc´nsMNuMTinñn‡y;<br />
m"¥ageT\tehA lower<br />
quartile (ctuPaKxÊg'tUc) .<br />
formula/rUbmn† : c∫ab'bg˙ajBITMnak'TMng<br />
kñ¨gcMeNambrimaN<br />
.<br />
oTahrN— : A � lw<br />
fractal/®semalZrNIma®t : T®mg'EdlmanlMdab'<br />
dEdl@manragdUcCarbs'TaMgmUl b" uEn†tamBitKWman<br />
TMhMxusKñaTaMg®sug .<br />
fraction/®bPaK: cMnYnEdlmanT®mg' Ca a – b , Edl b � 0<br />
frequency table/tarage®bkg' : taragEdlman<br />
raycMnYnCamYyKñaedayeyaleTAtamcMnYneBl<br />
…e®bkg'sIuEdlcMnYnenaHekIteLIg<br />
.<br />
front-end estimation/kar◊"n'®bmaNxÊg'edIm nigcug :<br />
becçkeTseZ√I kar◊"n'®bmaNEdlxÊg'edIm´ncMnYnbEnΩm®tUv<br />
◊nbUkbJçËlrYcehIycMnYnsrub<br />
®tUv◊n´lsMrYlsMrab'<br />
kar◊"n'®bmaNØ¥◊nCit .<br />
function//nuKmn— : TMnak'TMngtM´ldak'nigpl<br />
EdlTTYlplEtmYyKt'sMrab'tM´ldak'nimYy@ .<br />
function notation/sJÔaN/nuKmn— : sJÔaNEdl<br />
e®bIsMrab'/Zib∫ayBMBI/nuKmn— .<br />
oTahrN— : y � 3x 2 f(x) � 3x 2 ; f(x) KW/anza<br />
“f of x.”<br />
function table/tarag/nuKmn— : tarag´nlMdab'KU<br />
EdlCatMNag´ndMeNaH®sayrbs'/nuKmn— .<br />
Fundamental Counting Principle/<br />
mUldÛanr◊b'cMnYn : ebIkrNImYymancMnYn m CaTMngCa<br />
lTƒpl ehIykrNITIBIrman n TMngCalTƒplbnÊab'BIkrNI<br />
TimYy◊nekItehIy eBlenaHmant´l m � n CalTƒpl<br />
srub´nkrNITaMgBIr .<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 6 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
G<br />
geometric probability/ lk≈N®bU◊bflIlIet´n<br />
ZrNIma®t : lk≈N®bU◊bflIlIetmYyEdlsM/agelIkar<br />
e®b\beZ\b´nragZrNIma®t .<br />
geometric sequence/lMdab'´nZrNIma®t :<br />
lMdab'bJÇIraycMnYnEdlman/nu◊trYmrvagcMnYnt@Kña<br />
.<br />
Golden Ratio//nu◊tmas : /nu◊tEdlmantM´l®b<br />
Ehlesµ Inwg 1.618 . enAkñ¨g®tIekaNmas<br />
/nu◊t´n<br />
beN∂ay eTAnwgTTWgKW®bEhl 1.618 .<br />
graph of an equation/®kab´nsmIkar :<br />
®kab´ncMnYnlMdab'KUEdlCadMeNaH®sayrbs'smIkar .<br />
great circle/rg√g'ZM : rg√g' enAkñ¨gEs√flmYyEdlkñ¨genaH<br />
b¬g'manrg√g'q¬ gkat'tamcMNuckN∂al´nEs√fl.<br />
greatest common factor (GCF)/kt†arYmZMbMput :<br />
kt†arYmZMbMputrbs'cMnYnEdlØ¥BIr …e®cIn .<br />
H<br />
height/kMBs'<br />
enAkñ ¨gBIr"amIt …ekancMgayEkgBI◊teTAkan'kMBUlpÊ ¨yKña<br />
enAkñ ¨g®tIekaN …ctuekaN cMgayEkgBI◊teTAkMBUlpʨyKña<br />
…®Cug<br />
enAkñ ¨g®Bis …sIuLaMg<br />
cMgayEkgrvag◊t<br />
hemisphere//DÏEs√fl<br />
: kn¬HEs√fl<br />
heptagon/st†ekaN : BhuekaNman®◊MBIr®Cug<br />
hexagon/qekaN : BhuekaNman®◊MmYy®Cug<br />
histogram//Ius†<br />
Ë®kam : ®kabssrEdlbg˙aje®b<br />
kg'Tinñn‡yenAkñ¨gcen¬aHesµ<br />
IKña .<br />
horizon line/bnÊat'ep∂k : bnÊat'ep∂kmYyEdltMNagØ¥<br />
®twmkMritEPñkrbs'/ñkemIl .<br />
hypotenuse//Iub"<br />
Uetnus : enAkñ¨g®tIekaNEkgmYy®CugEdl<br />
®bQmnwgmuMEkg<br />
.<br />
icosahedron/®bsB√®Cug´m∏ : rag®bsB√®CugEdlman 20<br />
®Cug .<br />
I<br />
Identity Property of One/lk≈NdUcKña´ncMnYnmYy :<br />
cMnYnEdlbg˙ajzaplitpl´n 1 nigcMnYnNamYyKWCacMnYnenaH .<br />
Identity Property of Zero/lk≈NdUcKña´ncMnYnsUn¥ :<br />
cMnYnEdlbg˙ajzaplbUk´nsUn¥ nigelxNamYyKWCa<br />
cMnYnenaH .<br />
if-then statement/esck∂I Ez¬g ebI -naMØ¥ :<br />
esck∂IEz¬gd°smehtusmplEdle®bI<br />
Bak¥ ebI nig naMØ¥<br />
edIm∫Ibg˙ajTMnak'TMngrvagl‡k≈x‡NˆBIr .<br />
oTahrN— :ebI ®Kb'®Cugrbs'BhuekaNmYyman®bEvgesµ IKña<br />
ehIy®Kb'muMTaMg/s'esµ<br />
IkñaEdr naMØ¥<br />
BhuekaNenaHCaBhuekaNniy‡t .<br />
image/rUbPaB : rUbEdlecjBIbMErbMrYl .<br />
impossible (probability)/KµanlTƒPaB (®bU◊bflIlIet):<br />
/acminmanekIteLIg<br />
improper fraction/®bPaKminsuTƒ : ®bPaKEdl<br />
manPaKykZMCag …esµ InwgPaKEbg .<br />
oTahrN— : 5 –<br />
5 , 5 –<br />
3<br />
independent events/cMnYnGkraC¥ : cMnYnCalTƒ<br />
pl´ncMnYnmYyeT\tminmanb"HBal'dl'®bU◊bflIlIet´n<br />
cMnYnGeT\t .<br />
indirect measurement/rg√as'®beyal : becçkeTs<br />
e®bIreb\bKit®sed\gKña nigsmama®tedIm∫Irkrg√as'mYy .<br />
inductive reasoning/viessanuman :<br />
kare®bIlMnaMEbbbTsMrab'eZ√I esck∂ Isnñ idÛan .<br />
inequality/vismPaB : ®beyaKBiCKNitEdlbg˙aj<br />
TMnak'TMngrvagbrimaNEdlminsmPaBKña .<br />
oTahrN— : 5 � 8; 5x � 2 � 12<br />
input/tM´ldak' : tM´le®bICMnYsenAkñ ¨gkenßam …/nuKmn— .<br />
integers/cMnYnKt'viCÇman nig/viCÇman : sMNuMcMnYnKt'nig<br />
cMnYnpʨyrbs'va<br />
.<br />
interest/kar®◊k' : cMnYn®◊k'EdlCaesahfluysMrab'karxçI<br />
…e®bI®◊k'rbs'eK .<br />
interior angles/muMkñ¨g<br />
:<br />
muMenAEpñkxagkñ¨g´nbnÊat'BIr<br />
Edlkat'edaybnÊat'kat'mYy .<br />
enAkñ¨gd¥a®kam<br />
muM<br />
�c, �d,<br />
�e nigmuM<br />
�f CamuMkñ¨g<br />
.<br />
e f<br />
g h<br />
a b<br />
c d<br />
interquartile range/cMgayctuPaK´n´pÊkñ¨g<br />
: PaKepßg<br />
KñarvagctuPaKxagelInwgxage®kam´nsMNuMTinñn‡ymYy<br />
.<br />
intersecting lines/cMNuc®bsB√ : bnÊat'Edlkat'<br />
tamcMNucEtmYyKt' .<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 7 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
intersection (sets)/Zatu®bsB√Kña (sMNuM)<br />
: sMNuM´n<br />
ZaturYmrvagBIrsMNuM<br />
…e®cIn .<br />
interval/cen¬aH : lMhrrvagtM´l´ncMnYn◊nKUsenA<br />
elIbnÊat' …kMrit´n®kabmYy .<br />
inverse operations/kar®btibt† ib®Jças :<br />
kar®btibt† iEdleZ√IsareLIgvijer\gx¬ Án@ : viZIbUk nigviZIdk<br />
…viZIKuN nigviZIEck .<br />
inverse variation/KMlatb®Jças' : TMnak'TMngEdl<br />
brimaN´n/ezrmYyekIncMnYn eBlEdlbrimaN´n/ezr<br />
mYyeT\tzycuH; pl´n/ezrTaMgenaHKWCacMnYnezrmYy .<br />
irrational number/cMnYnminEmn®bPaKTsßPaK :<br />
cMnYnEdlmin/acbg˙aj◊nzaCa/nu◊t´ncMnYnKt'viCÇman<br />
nig/viCÇmanBIr …CacMnYnTsßPaKEckKµanTIbJçb'nigcMnYn<br />
TsßPaKEckmanTIbJçb' .<br />
isolate the variable/dak'/ezrenA/gapplem≈ageT\t :<br />
dak'/ezrenAedayELkkñ¨g/gapplem≈ageT\t´n<br />
smIkar<br />
…vismIkaredIm∫IedaH®saysmIkar …vismIkarenaH .<br />
isometric drawing/KMnUssm◊t : rUbtag´nKMnUs<br />
ragbI®CugEdlKUsenAelIbnÊat'cuc´n®tIekaNEdlmanragesµ IKña .<br />
isosceles triangle/®tIekaNsm◊t :<br />
®tIekaNmYyEdlmany"agtic®CugBIrb" unKña .<br />
K<br />
kite/Ex¬g : ctuekaNEdlman®CugCab' ehIyb" unKña .<br />
lateral face/muxxag : enAkñ¨g®BIs<br />
…BIr"amItmuxEdlmin<br />
EmnCa◊t .<br />
L<br />
lateral surface/´pÊxag : enAkñ ¨gragsIuLaMg´pÊekag<br />
PÇab'◊tmUl; enAkñ ¨gekan´pÊekagEdlminEmnCa◊t .<br />
´pÊxag<br />
least common denominator (LCD)/<br />
PaKEbgrYmtUcbMput : tYKuNrYmtUcbMput´nPaKEbgBIr …e®cIn .<br />
least common multiple (LCM)/BhuKuNrYmtUcbMput :<br />
cMnYnd°tUcbMput e®kABIsUn¥EdlCatYKuNrbs'cMnYneKp∂l'Ø¥BIr<br />
…e®cIn .<br />
legs/®CugmuMEkg<br />
: enAkñ¨g®tIekaNEkg®CugEdlrYmnUvmuMEkg<br />
enAkñ¨g®tIekaNsm◊tKW®CugTaMgBIrEdlb"<br />
unKña .<br />
like fractions/®bPaKdUcKña : ®bPaKEdlmanPaK<br />
EbgdUcKña .<br />
oTahrN— : 5 ––<br />
12 nig 3 ––<br />
12 KWCa®bPaKdUcKña .<br />
like terms//JÔatdUcKña : /JÔatmYy …BirEdl<br />
man/ezrdUcKña mans√‡yKuNdUcKña .<br />
oTahrN— : enAkñ ¨gkenßam 3a � 5b � 12a,<br />
3a nig 12a man/JÔatdUcKña .<br />
line/ExßbnÊat' : p¬ Ëv®tg'mYylatsnƒ wgKµanTIbJçb'<br />
kñ ¨gTisedApÊ ¨yKña .<br />
line graph/Exß®kab : Ca®kabmYyEdle®bIkn¬H<br />
bnÊat'edIm∫Ibg˙ajnUvreb\bEdlTinñn‡yE®b®bYl .<br />
line of best fit/bnÊat'®tUvbMput : ExßbnÊat'EdlmkCit<br />
CageKbMputelIcMNucTaMg/s'enAelIe®KagB®gay .<br />
line plot/ExßbnÊat'e®Kag : cMnYnExßbnÊat'EdlmanKMnUs<br />
…qñ ¨cbg˙ajnUvPaBjwkjab' .<br />
line segment//g˚t' : PaKmYy´nbnÊat'EdlenAcen¬aHcugBIr .<br />
line of reflection/bnÊat'cMNaMg : bnÊat'mYyEdlman<br />
rUbPaBcaMg®tLb'beg˚ItCacMNaMgrbs'rUbedImva<br />
.<br />
line of symmetry/bnÊat'´nsmb∫maN : rUbPaB “q¬ ¨ H”<br />
enAkñ¨gbnÊat'smb∫maN<br />
.<br />
line symmetry/bnÊat'smb∫maN : rUbPaBmYyman<br />
bnÊat'smb∫maN ebIBak'kN∂albnÊat'manrUbPaBq¬ H .<br />
(G6: symmetry/bnÊat'´ns)<br />
linear equation/bnÊat'smIkar : smIkarmYyEdldMeNaH<br />
®sayrbs'vabeg˚ItCabnÊat'®tg'enAelIb¬g'kU/redaenmYy<br />
.<br />
linear function/bnÊat'/nuKmn— : /nuKmn—<br />
mYyEdlman®kabCabnÊat'®tg' .<br />
linear inequality/bnÊat'vismIkar : X¬aBiCKNit<br />
e®bIsJÔa �, �, � … � Edl®kabCatMbn'mYyman<br />
bnÊat'®tg'Ca®BMEdnkMNt' .<br />
lower extreme/cMnYnTabbMput : cMnYnEdlTabbMput<br />
enAkñ¨gsMNuMTinñn‡ymYy<br />
.<br />
lower quartile/ctuPaKxÊg'tUc : Caemd¥an´n<br />
Bak'kN∂albnÊat'rbs'cMnYntUc´nsMNuMTinñn‡y;<br />
m"¥ageT\tehA<br />
first quartile (ctuPaKxÊg'mun) .<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 8 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
M<br />
mean/mZ¥m : plbUk´nsMNuMTinñn‡yEckedaycMnYn<br />
vtΩënAkñ¨gsMNuMTinñn‡y<br />
ehAeQµaHm"¥ageT\tza kMritmZ¥m .<br />
measure of central tendency/mZ¥msΩiti<br />
:<br />
rg√as'EdleKe®bIsMrab'sMKal'nUvcMNuckN∂al´nsMNuMTinñn‡y;<br />
mZ¥m emd¥an nigm" Ut KWCamZ¥msΩiti<br />
.<br />
median/emd¥an : cMnYncMkN∂al …mZ¥m (kMritmZ¥m)<br />
´ncMnYnkN∂alBIrenAkñ¨glMdab'sMNuMTinñn‡y<br />
.<br />
metric system of measurement/®bB‡nƒrg√as'<br />
®bEvg : ®bB‡nƒTsßPaK´nTMgn' nig®bEvgEdleKe®bICasaklenA<br />
kñ ¨gviT¥asa®s† ehIye®bICaTUeTAkñ¨gBiPBelakTaMgmUl<br />
.<br />
oTahrN— : sgÊIEm"®t<br />
Em"®t KILËEm"®t ®kam mIlI¬lI®t<br />
nig<br />
lI®t TaMg/s'enHCa/®ta´nrg√as'rg√al' .<br />
midpoint/cMNuckN∂al : cMNucEdlEck/g˚t'mYy<br />
eTACa/g˚t'Bib" unKña .<br />
mixed number/elxcMruH : cMnYnEdlekIteLIg<br />
edaycMnYnKt'EdlminEmnsUn¥ nig®bPaK .<br />
mode/m" Ut : cMnYnmYy …cMnYne®cInEdlekIteLIgCajwkjab'<br />
enAkñ ¨gsMNu MTinñn‡y; kalNacMnYnTaMg/s'ekIteLIgeday<br />
mane®bkg'dUcKña eyIgniyaycMnYnenaHKµanm" UteT .<br />
monomial/®tIZa : cMnYn …kenßamBiCKNitEdl<br />
manmYy/JÔat .<br />
oTahrN— : n,5n 2 ,8,�3<br />
Multiplication Property of Equality/<br />
BhuKuN´nsmIkar : cMnYnEdlbg˙ajza ebI/ñkKuN<br />
cMnYnmYydUcKñaeTA/gappleTaMgBIr´nsmIkar /ñknwg◊n<br />
smIkarzµ ImYyEdlmancMeLIydUcKña .<br />
Multiplication Property of Zero/<br />
BhuKuN´ncMnYnsUn¥ : cMnYnEdlbg˙ajza cMeBaH®Kb'cMnYnrWuLa<br />
TIbTaMg/s' a, a � 0 � 0 y 0 � a � 0<br />
multiplicative inverse/PaKKuNb®Jças' :<br />
cMnYnEdlKuNnwgPaKKuNb®Jças'rbs'vaesµ Inwg 1<br />
ehAm"¥ageT\tza reciprocal (pl®tLb'vij) .<br />
oTahrN— : PaKKuNb®Jças'´n 4 –<br />
5 KW 5 –<br />
4 .<br />
multiple/viZIKuN : plKuN´ncMnYnNamYynwgcMnYnKt'KW<br />
KuNnwgcMnYnenaH .<br />
mutually exclusive/mineTAvijeTAmk, bdi/JÔmJÔ :<br />
®Bwt† ikarN—BIrminTak'TgKñaeTAvijeTAmk<br />
ebIvaminekIteLIgenAkñ¨geBll∫gdUcKña<br />
.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 9 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
N<br />
negative correlation/shsmı‡nƒ/viCÇman<br />
: sMNuMTinñ<br />
n‡yBIrmanshsmı‡nƒ<br />
/viCÇman ebIsMNuM´ntM´lTinñn‡ymYy<br />
ekIncMnYnEtsMNuMTinñn‡yepßgeT\tzycuH<br />
.<br />
negative integer/cMnYnKt'/viCÇman : cMnYnKt'viCÇman<br />
nig/viCÇmanticCagsUn¥ .<br />
(G6: negative number/elx/viCÇman)<br />
net/CalPNÎ : karer\bcM´pÊrabmYyEdl/acbt'eTAbeg˚ ItCa<br />
®Cug´pÊrabe®cIn …◊tCae®cIn .<br />
no correlation/Kµanshsmı‡nƒ<br />
: sMNuMTinñn‡yBIrEdl<br />
Kµanshsmı‡nƒ<br />
kalNavaKµanTMnak'TMngrvagtM´lTinñn‡y<br />
rbs'va .<br />
nonlinear function//nuKmn—ekag : /nuKmn—<br />
Edl®kabrbs'vaminEmnCabnÊat'®tg' .<br />
nonterminating decimal/TsßPaKKµanbJçb' :<br />
TsßPaKEdlKµanTIbJçb' .<br />
numerator/PaKyk : cMnYnEpñkxagelÍ n®bPaKEdl<br />
®◊b'nUvcMnYnb" unµanEpñkkñ¨grbs'TaMgmUlEdl®tUveKBicarNa<br />
.<br />
PaKyk<br />
oTahrN— : 4 – 5<br />
numerical expression/kenßamelx :<br />
kenßamelxEdlmanEtcMnYnelx nig®btibt† ikarrbs'va .<br />
O<br />
obtuse angle/muMTal<br />
: muMEdlvg√as'vamanTMhMZMCag<br />
90° EtticCag 180° .<br />
obtuse triangle/®tIekaNsm‡gß : ®tIekaNEdl<br />
manmuMTalmYy<br />
octagon//dÛekaN : BhuekaNEdlman®Cug®◊MbI<br />
octahedron//dÛekaNmuM®◊MbI<br />
: BhuekaN®Cuge®cIn<br />
Edlman◊t®◊MbI<br />
odd number/cMnYnKt'ess : cMnYnKt'Edlmin/acEck<br />
dac'edayBIr .<br />
odds/cMELk : kare®b\beZ\b´nlTƒpleBjcit†<br />
niglTƒplmineBjcit† .<br />
odds against/cMELkTl'nwg : /nu◊t´nlTƒplmin<br />
eBjcit† e®b\bnwglTƒpleBjcit† .<br />
odds in favor/cMELk : /nu◊t´nlTƒpleBjcit†<br />
e®b\bnwglTƒplmineBjcit† .
opposites//viCÇman : cMnYnBIrEdlmancMgayesµ IKñaBI<br />
cMNucsUn¥enAelIbnÊat'elxmYy; ehAm"¥ageT\tza additive<br />
inverse (cMnYn/viCÇman) .<br />
order of operations/lMdab'®btibt† i : viZanvaytM´l<br />
elIkenßam : TImYyeZ√I kar®bmanviZIelIcMnYnenAkñ¨gvg'®kck<br />
rYcKNnas√‡yKuN nig…srbs'va rYceZ√I ®bmaNviZIelxKuN<br />
nigEckeq√geTAs∂aM rYceZ√I ®bmaNviZIbUk nigsgBIeq√geTAs∂aM .<br />
ordered pair/lMdab'cMnYnKU : cMnYnmYyKU@Edl/ace®bIsM<br />
rab'rkTItaMg´ncMNucenAelIb¬g'kU/redaen .<br />
origin/Kl'/‡kß : cMNucEdl x-axis nig y-axis<br />
®bsB√Kñ aenAelIb¬g'kU/redaen; (0,0) .<br />
orthographic drawing/KMnUs/k≈ra : KMnUs´nvtΩ ¨mYy<br />
edaye®bI xagmux cMeh\g nigrUbxagelI .<br />
outcome (probability)/lTƒpl (®bU◊bflIlIet)<br />
:<br />
lTƒpl®bEhlekItmanBIkarBiesaZn—®bU◊bfl IlIet .<br />
outlier/enAxage®kA : tM´lEdlZMCag …tUcCagtM´l<br />
epßgeT\tenAkñ¨gsMNuMTinñn‡y<br />
.<br />
output/pl : tM´lEdlCalTƒpl´nkarCMnYs´npl<br />
Edlp∂l'Ø¥enAkñ¨gkenßam<br />
…enAkñ ¨g/nuKmn— .<br />
overestimate/®bmaNelIs : karsµanelIsBIcMnYnBit<br />
®◊kd .<br />
P<br />
parabola/◊"r"abULa : ®kab´nctu/nuKmn— .<br />
parallel lines/bnÊat'®sb : bnÊat'enAelIb¬g'Edlmin<br />
®bsB√Kñ a .<br />
parallelogram/®belLË®kam : ctuekaNEdlman<br />
®CugBIrKU®sbKña .<br />
Pascal’s triangle/®tIekaN◊"s˚al' : cMnYnmYyEdl<br />
manragdUc®tIekaNEdlCYrnimYy@cab'ep∂Im<br />
ehIybJçb'enA<br />
elx 1 ehIycMnYnnimYy@KWCaplbUk´ncMnYnBIrxagelIva .<br />
pentagon/bcçekaN : BhuekaNman®◊M®Cug<br />
percent/PaKry : /nu◊te®b\beZ\bcMnYnmYyeTAnwg 100 .<br />
oTahrN— : 45% � 45 –––<br />
100<br />
percent of change/PaKryE®b®bYl :<br />
cMnYnEdlbg˙ajCaPaKryEdlcMnYnmYyekIneLIg …zycuH .<br />
percent of decrease/PaKrybnΩy : PaKryE®b<br />
®bYlBN·na/MBIkarzycuH´nbrimaN .<br />
percent of increase/PaKry´nkMeNIn : PaKryE®b<br />
®bYlBN·na/MBIkarekIn´nbrimaN .<br />
perfect square/s√‡yKuNcMnYnKt'<br />
: s√‡yKuN´ncMnYnKt' .<br />
oTahrN— : 5 � 5 � 25 nig 7 2 � 49; 25 nig 49<br />
Cas√‡yKuNcMnYnKt' .<br />
perimeter/brima®t : cMgayCMvijBhuekaNmYy .<br />
permutation/karb∂Ë r : lMdab'®kmCasar :<br />
sMxan'´nkardak'er\bcMvtΩ¨<br />
…cMnYnnana .<br />
perpendicular bisector/bnÊat'BuHEkg :<br />
bnÊat'Edl®bsB√nw g/g˚t'enA®tg'cMNuckN∂alehIyEkgCa<br />
mYynig/g˚t'enaH .<br />
perpendicular lines/bnÊat'Ekg :<br />
bnÊat'Edl®bsB√Kñ aekIt◊nCamuMEkg<br />
perspective/eTsPaB :<br />
becçkeTsEdle®bIedIm∫IeZ√I vtΩ¨bI<br />
®CugmYyØ¥emIleTAeXIjmanCe®mA<br />
nigcMgayenAelÍ pÊrab .<br />
pi (�)/BI, ´p (�) : /nu◊t´nbrima®trg√g' ´nrg√g'mYyeTAnwg<br />
®bEvg/gapplet'pç it; � � 3.14 … 22 ––<br />
7 .<br />
plane/b¬g' : ´pÊrabEdllatsnƒwgCanirn†PaB<br />
.<br />
Platonic solids/Bhut‡l …duMkn†<br />
M : duMvtΩ¨man◊tmYy<br />
…muxe®cInZmµtaman®◊M ctut‡l, KUb, T√aTst‡l<br />
nigBhut‡lmux´m∏ .<br />
point/cMNuc : CaTItaMgBit®◊kdmYyenAkñ¨glMhr<br />
.<br />
point-slope form/cMNucs¬ Ëb …cMNucC®mal :<br />
smIkarenAelIbnÊat'mYyEdlbeg˚ ItCarag<br />
y � y1 � m(x � x1 ), Edl m KWCas¬ Ëb nig (x1 , y1 )<br />
CacMnYnCak'lak'elIbnÊat' .<br />
point symmetry/cMNucsIuem"®TI<br />
: rUbmancMNucsIuem"®TI<br />
ebIva®tYtsIuKñaedayx¬<br />
ÁnGge®kayBIbg√il 180° .<br />
polygon/BhuekaN : ragbitenAelIb¬g'EdlekIteLIg<br />
eday/g˚t'bI …e®cInCagehIyEdlCYbKñaEt®tg'cMNuc<br />
Kl'rYmmYy (kMBUl) .<br />
polyhedron/®bsB√®Cuge®cIn : ragmanbI®CugEdlman´pÊ<br />
…◊tCaBhuekaN .<br />
polynomial/BhuZa : kenßamBiCKNitEdlCaplbUk<br />
…pldk´nvtΩ¨BIr<br />
…elIs .<br />
population/p∂¨Mkñ<br />
a : ®kumTaMgmUl´nvtΩ¨<br />
…vtΩ¨mYy@Edl<br />
®tUvcat'TuksMrab'karsÊg'mti .<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 10 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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positive correlation/karCab'Tak'TgviCÇaman :<br />
sMNuMTinñn‡yBIrmankarCab'Tak'TgkalNatM´lTinñn‡y<br />
rbs'vaekIn …zycuHCamYyKña .<br />
positive integer/cMnYnKt'viCÇman : cMnYnKt'EdlZMCagsUn¥<br />
(G6: positive number/elxviCÇman)<br />
power/s√‡yKuN<br />
: cMnYnEdl®tUv◊nbeg˚ ItedaytMelIgcMnYn<br />
eKal eTAnwgniTsßn† .<br />
oTahrN— : 2 3 � 8, dUecñH 8 Cas√‡yKuNTI 3rd<br />
rbs'eKal 2 .<br />
precision/c∫as'las' : kMrit´nPaBek∫aHk∫ay´nrg√as'<br />
EdlkMNt'eday/®targ√as' .<br />
prediction/Tay : /√I EdleK®◊b'zanwgmankar<br />
ekIteLIgnaeBl/naKt .<br />
prime factorization/plKuN´nkt†abfm :<br />
cMnYnsresrCalTƒpl´n´nkt†abfmrbs'va .<br />
oTahrN— : 10 � 2 � 5, 24 � 2 3 � 3<br />
prime number/cMnYnbfm : cMnYnKtZMCag 1<br />
ehIyEdlmantYKuNEtBIr KWx¬ ÁnGg nig 1 .<br />
principal/®◊k'edIm : cMnYndMbUg´n®◊k'Edl◊nxçI<br />
…snßM .<br />
principal square root/…skaerviCÇman :<br />
…skaerEdlminEmn/viCÇman´ncMnYnmYy .<br />
oTahrN— : � � 25 � 5 . 5 Ca…skaerviCÇman .<br />
prism/®BIs : BhuekaNmYyEdlman®Cugb" unKña ◊tman<br />
ragBhuekaN ehIynig◊tepßg@eT\tEdlCa®belLË®kam<br />
probability/®bU◊bflIlIet<br />
: cMnYnmYymantM´lBI 0 eTA 1<br />
(… 0% eTA 100%) .<br />
product/plKuN : lTƒpleBlNacMnYnBIr<br />
…e®cInKuNCamYyKña .<br />
proper fraction/®bPaKsuTƒ : ®bPaKEdlmanPaKyk<br />
tUcCagPaKEbg .<br />
oTahrN— : 3 –<br />
4 , 1 ––<br />
12 , 7 –<br />
8<br />
proportion/smama®t : smIkarmYyEdlbg˙ajza/nu<br />
◊tBIresµ IKña .<br />
protractor/®bU®tak'T‡r : ®bdab'sMrab'vas'muM<br />
.<br />
pyramid/BIr"amIt : ragman®Cug<br />
e®cInEdlman◊tCaBhuekaN<br />
ehIynig®Cug®tIekaNEdlCYbKña<br />
®tg'kMBUlrYmmYy<br />
Pythagorean Theorem/®Tws∂IBI taK‡r : enAkñ ¨g®tIeka<br />
NEkgmYykaer´n®bEvg/I ub" Uetnus KWesµ InwgplbUk´nkaer´n<br />
®bEvgrbs'®CugmM uEkg .<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 11 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
Q<br />
quadrant/ctuPaKmNÎl : /‡kßsIus<br />
x- nig/‡kßsIus<br />
y-axes Eckb¬g'kU/redaenCabYntMbn' .<br />
tMbn'nimYy@maneQµaHza ctuPaKmNÎl .<br />
quadratic equation/smIkardWe®kTIBIrmanmYy/JÔat :<br />
smIkarEdlmanrag ax 2 � bx � c � 0, Edl a � 0 .<br />
quadratic function//nuKmn—´nsmIkardWe®kTIBIr<br />
manmYy/JÔat : Ca/nuKmn—Edlmanrag<br />
y � ax 2 � bx � c, Edl a � 0 .<br />
oTahrN— : y � 2x 2 � 12x � 10, y � �3x 2<br />
quadrilateral/ragctuekaN : BhuekaNEdlmanbYn®Cug<br />
quarterly/®tImas : bYndgmYyqñaM .<br />
quartile/ctuPaK : mantM´lbI mYyKWCaemd¥an<br />
EdlEcksMNu MTinñn‡yØ¥eTACabYnPaK . sUm/an first<br />
quartile (ctuPaKxÊg'mun) third quartile (ctuPaKTIbI) .<br />
quotient/plEck : lTƒplkalNacMnYnmYyEck<br />
edaycMnYnmYyepßgeT\t .<br />
R<br />
radical symbol/sJÔar"Dikal' : sJÔa � � e®bIsMrab'<br />
CatMNagØ¥…skaerviCÇman´ncMnYnmYy .<br />
radius/kaMrg√g' : /g˚t'bnÊat'<br />
EdlmanKl'mYyenAcMkN∂al<br />
rg√g' ehIynigKl'mYyenAelIrg√g'<br />
…®bEvg´n/g˚t' .<br />
random numbers/elxcab'®Bav : sMNu Melxcab'®Bav@<br />
elxnimYy@manOkasesµ IKñakñ ¨gkare®CIserIs .<br />
random sample/oTahrN—cab'®Bav@ : oTahrN—<br />
EdlcMnYnmYy@ …vtΩënAkñ¨gbN∂¨McMnYnmanOkasesµ<br />
IKñakñ¨gkar<br />
e®CIserIs .<br />
range (in statistics)/CYr (kñ¨gsΩiti)<br />
: PaBxusKña<br />
rvagtM´lZMbMput nigsMNuMTinñn‡y<br />
.
ange (in a function)/CYr (kñ¨g/nuKmn—)<br />
:<br />
sMNuM´ntM´lEdl/acmanTaMg/s'´n/nuKmn—<br />
.<br />
rate//®ta : /nu◊tEdle®b\beZ\bbrimaNBIrEdlvas'<br />
edayxñatxusKña .<br />
oTahrN— : el∫»nkMritKW 55 m"ay mYyem"ag … 55mi/h.<br />
rate of interest//®takar®◊k' : PaKry®tUvbg'<br />
…rk◊ntamcMnYn®◊k'; /an simple interest<br />
(kar®◊k'Zmµta) .<br />
ratio//nu◊t : kare®b\beZ\b´nbrimaNBIredaykarEck .<br />
oTahrN— : 12 eTA 25, 12:25, 12 ––<br />
25<br />
rational number/®bPaKTsßPaK : cMnYnNamYy<br />
Edl/acbJÇak'CacMnYn/nu◊t´ncMnYnKt' .<br />
oTahrN— : elx 6 /acbJÇak'◊nCa 6 –<br />
1 nig 0.5 Ca 1 –<br />
2 .<br />
ray/kaM : PaKmYy´nbnÊat'Edlcab'ep∂ImenA®tg'cMNucKl'mYy<br />
ehIylatsnƒwgKµanTIbJçb'<br />
.<br />
real number/cMnYnrWuLaTIb<br />
: cMnYn®bPaKTsßPaK<br />
…cMnYnminEmnCa®bPaKTsßPaK .<br />
reciprocal/pl®tLb'vij : cMnYnmYy´ncMnYnBIrEdl<br />
plKuNKW 1; ehAm"¥ageT\tza multiplicative inverse<br />
(PaKKuNb®Jças') .<br />
oTahrN— : pl®tLb'vij´n 2 –<br />
3 KW 3 –<br />
2 . pl®tLb'vij´n n KW<br />
1<br />
n<br />
– .<br />
rectangle/ctuekaNEkg : ®belLË®kamEdlmanmu MEkgbYn .<br />
rectangular prism/<br />
®BisctuekaNEkg : Bhut‡lEdl<br />
man◊t …muxCactuekaNEkg<br />
nigmuxGeT\tCa®belLË®kam .<br />
reduction/karbnΩy : karzycuH´nTMhMrbs'ragTaMg/s' .<br />
reflection/cMNaMg : karE®bPaB´nrUbEdl®tLb'rUb<br />
kat'bnÊat'mYy .<br />
regular pyramid/BIr"amItZmµta : BIr"amItmYyEdlman<br />
◊tCaBhuekaNsm‡gß ehIymuxxagrbs'vaTaMg/s'b" unKña .<br />
regular polygon/BhuekaNsm‡gß : BhuekaN<br />
Edlman®Cug nigmuMb"<br />
unKña .<br />
regular tessellation/etesLas¥¨gZmµta : etesLa<br />
s¥¨gEdlekIteLIgedayBhuekaNZmµtaCae®cIn .<br />
relatively prime/Tak'Tgnigbfm : cMnYnBIrEdlTak'<br />
Tgnwgbfm ebIkt†arYmZMCageKbMputrbs'va (GCF) KWelx 1 .<br />
oTahrN— : 7 nig 15 CaelxTak'Tgnigbfm .<br />
repeating decimal/TsßPaKsaeLIgvij : cMnYnTsß<br />
PaKEdlmanxÊg'mYy …BIr EckdEdl@minmanbJçb' .<br />
oTahrN— : 0.757575… � 0. ––<br />
75<br />
rhombus/®belLË®kamniy‡t : ®belLË®kamEdlman<br />
®CugTaMg/s'b" unKña<br />
right angle/mu MEkg : mu MEdlmanrg√as'TMhM 90° .<br />
right cylinder/sIuLaMgEkg<br />
: sIuLaMgEdl<br />
man◊tCarg√g' ®sbEkgCamYy®Tnug´nsIuLaMgenaH<br />
.<br />
right cone/ekanEkg : ekanEdlmanbnÊat'KUsecjBI<br />
◊teTAkMBUlq¬gkat'tamcMNuckN∂al´n◊t .<br />
right triangle/®tIekaNEkg : ®tIekaNEdl<br />
manmuMEkgmYy<br />
rise/kMeNInkMBs' : kMBs'bJŒrp¬as'b∂ËrenAeBls¬<br />
Ëb´n<br />
rise<br />
bnÊat'mYyCakenßam/nu◊t , … “rise over run”<br />
rotation/b∂Ë r : bMErbMrYlEdlrUbPaBmYyvil®tLb'CuMvij<br />
mYycMNuc<br />
rotational symmetry/vilb∂Ë rsIuem®TI<br />
: rUbPaBmYy<br />
Edlvilb∂ËrsIuem®TI<br />
ebIsinCava/acvilticCag 360°<br />
/gßar´ncMNucpç itnigCan'elIrUbPaBedIm .<br />
rounding/bgapplet'cMnYn : kardak'CMnYselxCamYycMnYn◊"n'<br />
®bmaN´ncMnYnenaHeTAkEn¬gtM´lEdl◊nØ¥ .<br />
oTahrN— : 2,354 bgapplet'cMnYneTACitnwgxÊg'Ban'KW 2,000,<br />
ehIycMnYn 2,354 bgapplet'cMnYneTAnwgxÊg'ry 100<br />
KW 2,400 .<br />
run/kMeNIncMgay : ´pÊrabp¬as'b∂ËrenAeBls¬<br />
Ëb´nbnÊat'mYy<br />
rise<br />
Cakenßam/nu◊t , … “rise over run”<br />
run<br />
run<br />
S<br />
sales tax/Bnƒlk'TMnij : PaKry´ntM´lvtΩËdlTareday<br />
rdÛaPi◊ledIm∫Ibeg˚ In®◊k' .<br />
sample/KMrU : CaPaKmYy´nbN∂¨M<br />
.<br />
sample space/lMhKMrU : ®Kb'lTƒPaB´nlTƒplEdl<br />
®bEhl/acman .<br />
scale/kMrit ma®ta : /nu◊trvagsMNuMBIr´nrg√as'<br />
.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 12 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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scale drawing/ma®taKMnUs : KMnUsmYyEdlmane®bIkMrit<br />
edIm∫IeZ√I Ø¥vtΩ ¨/√ImYykan'EttUcCag (karcuHbnΩy) …k°ZMCag<br />
(karB®gIk) ´nrbs'Bit®◊kd .<br />
scale factor/ma®takt†a : /nu◊te®bIsMrab'B®gIk<br />
…bnΩyrUbPaB®sed\gKña .<br />
scale model/KMrUma®ta : KMrUsmama®t´nrbs'man®CugbI .<br />
scalene triangle/®tIekaNsamJÔ : ®tIekaNEdlKµan<br />
®Cugb" unKña .<br />
scatter plot/cMNucray : ®kabEdlmancMNuccucbg˙ajnUv<br />
TMnak'TMngrvagsMNuMBIr´nTinñn‡y<br />
.<br />
scientific notation/sJÔaNviT¥asa®s† : meZ¥a◊y<br />
e®bIsMrab'sresrcMnYnZM …cMnYntUcedaye®bIs√‡yKuN´n 10 .<br />
second differences/lMdab'plsgxÊg'TIBIr : lMdab'elx<br />
EdlekIteLIgBIkardk´npldkrvaglMdab'elxbnÊat'®Kb'xÊg' .<br />
second quartile/ctuPaKxÊg'TIBIr : emd¥an´nsMNu MTinñn‡y .<br />
sector/ce®m\krg√g' : tMbn'Edlbitedayr"aDIBIr<br />
ehIyExßZñËPÇab'CamYycMNuccugTaMgsgxagrbs'va<br />
sector (data)/Qut ®kabp¬ it : PaKmYyEpñk´n<br />
®kabrg√g'tMNagØ¥PaK´nsMNuMTinñn‡y<br />
segment//g˚t' : PaK´nbnÊat'rvagcMNuccugBIr .<br />
semiregular tessellation/etesLas¥¨gBak'kN∂al<br />
Zmµta : etesLas¥¨gmYy◊nbeg˚ IteLIgCamYynigBhu<br />
ekaNZmµtaEdlmankMBUlTaMg/s'manPaB®sed\gKña .<br />
sequence/lMdab'er\g : bJÇ Ielxer\g´ncMnYn .<br />
set/sMNuM<br />
: vtΩ¨mYy®kum<br />
side/®Cug : bnÊat'kMNt'enAkñ¨grUbZrNIma®tmYy;<br />
Ca◊tmYy<br />
Edlbeg˚ ItCaEpñkxage®kA´nvtΩ ¨/√ImYy .<br />
Side-Angle-Side (SAS)/®Cug-muM-®Cug<br />
: c∫ab'EdlEcg<br />
zaebIman®CugBIr ehIynigmu MCab'´n®tIekaNmYyb" unKñaCamYy®Cug<br />
BIrehiynigmu MCab'´n®tIekaNmYyeT\t eBlenaHeKza®tI<br />
ekaNenaHb" unKña .<br />
Side-Side-Side (SSS)/®Cug-®Cug-®Cug : c∫ab'EdlEcgza<br />
ebI®CugbÍ n®tIekaNmYyb" unKñaeTAnwg®CugbÍ n®tIekaNmYyepßg<br />
eT\t eBlenaHeKza®tIekaNb" unKña ®tYtsIuKña<br />
.<br />
(G7: Side-Side-Side Rule/c∫ab'®Cug-®Cug-®Cug)<br />
significant digits/xÊg'Biess : xÊg' (rUbPaB)<br />
e®bIsMrab'bJÇak'nUvPaB®twm®tUv´nrg√as'mYy .<br />
(G6: significant figures/rUbPaBsMxan')<br />
similar/T®mg'®sed\gKña : rUbPaBEdlmanragerAdUcKña<br />
b" uEn†mincaM◊c'EtmanTMhMb" unKñaeT<br />
simple interest/kar®◊k'Zmµta : cMnYnPaKrynwg´n<br />
®◊k'edIm . cMnYnenHmanrUbmn† I � prt Edl p tMNagØ¥<br />
®◊k'edIm r Cakar®◊k' ehIy t Cary:eBl .<br />
simplest form/T®mg'gaybMput : ®bPaKEdlmanT®mg'<br />
gaybMputkalNaPaKyk nigPaKEbgvaKµankt†arYme®kABI 1 .<br />
simplify/s®mYl : sresr®bPaK …kenßamkñ¨gT®mg'd°<br />
gay .<br />
simulation/®bdUc : KMrÚ nkarBiesaZn—mYy CajyKWkar<br />
BiesaZn—EdlmankarlM◊kx¬aMg …®tUve®bIeBle®cIneBkedIm∫I<br />
eZ√I karBit®◊kd .<br />
sine (sin)/sIunus<br />
: enAkñ¨g®tIekaNEkgmYy<br />
/nu◊t´n®bEvg®CugTl'nigmuM®sYc<br />
eTAnwg®bEvg/Iub"<br />
Uetnus .<br />
skew lines/bnÊat'e®kA : bnÊat'EdlenAelIb¬g'epßg<br />
Edlmin®sb ehIyminCYbKña .<br />
slant height/Cen®t : cMgayBI◊t´nekaneTAkMBUlrbs'va<br />
vas'tammuxkat'rbs'va .<br />
slope/s¬ Ëb : rg√as'kMritecaT´nbnÊat'enAelI®kab;<br />
kMeNInkMBs'EcknwgkMeNIncMgay .<br />
slope-intercept form/T®mg's¬ Ëb®bsB√ : bnÊat'smIkar<br />
sresrCaT®mg' y � mx � b, Edl m tMNagØ¥s¬ Ëb nig<br />
b tMNagØ¥cMNuc®bsB y .<br />
solid figure/´pÊrabbI®Cug : rag´pÊrabbI®Cug<br />
solution of an equation/dMeNaH®saysmIkar :<br />
tM´lmYy …tM´le®cInEdleZ√I Ø¥smIkarBit .<br />
solution of an inequality/dMeNaHvi®saysmIkar :<br />
tM´lmYy …tM´le®cInEdleZ√I Ø¥vismIkarBit .<br />
solution of a system of equations/dMeNaH<br />
®say®bB‡nƒsmIkar : sMNu MtM´lTaMg/s'EdleZ√I Ø¥<br />
®bB‡nƒsmIkarTaMg/s'Bit .<br />
solution set/sMNuMcMeLIy<br />
: sMNuMtM´lEdleZ√I<br />
Ø¥dMeNaH<br />
®sayBit .<br />
solve/edaH®say : rkcMeLIy …dMeNaH®say .<br />
space figure/rUbPaBlMhr : rYBPaBEdlman®CugbI<br />
sphere/Es√fl<br />
: rUbPaBbI®CugEdlcMNucTaMg/s'mancMgay<br />
esµ IKñaBIcMNuckN∂al .<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 13 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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square (geometry)/ctuekaNesµ I : ctuekaNmYy<br />
Edlman®CugbYnb" unKña esµ IKña .<br />
square (numeration)/kaer : cMnYnEdlekIneLIg<br />
eTACas√‡yKuNTIBIr .<br />
oTahrN— : 5 2 , elx 5 KWCakaer .<br />
square number/cMnYnkaer : plKuN´ncMnYnmYy<br />
nigx¬ ÁnGg .<br />
oTahrN— : 25 CacMnYnkaer 5 � 5 � 25<br />
square root/…skaer : cMnYnmYy´nkt†aesµ IKñaBIr´ncMnYn .<br />
oTahrN— : 16 � 4 � 4, … 16 ��4 � �4, dUecñH 4<br />
nig �4 Ca…skaerrbs' 16 .<br />
standard form (in numeration)/<br />
T®mg'cMnYnCaGkta (kñ¨gcMnYn)<br />
: cMnYnEdlsresr<br />
edaye®bIGkta .<br />
oTahrN— : ®◊MBan' BIrydb'kñ¨gT®mg'CaxÊg'Ban'KW<br />
5,210 .<br />
stem-and-leaf plot/cMNucTg-nig-s¬ wk : ®kabmYy<br />
e®bIedim∫Ier\bcM nigbg˙aj/MBITinñn‡yedIm∫IØ¥eK/aceZ√I kar<br />
e®b\beZ\be®bkg'◊n<br />
straight angle/muMrab<br />
: muMEdlmanrg√as'TMhM<br />
180°<br />
stratified sample/sMNakKMrU : KMrÚ nbN∂¨M<br />
Edl®tUv◊nEbgEckCa/nu®kum .<br />
subset//nusMNu M : sMNu MmYyEdlmanenAkñ ¨gsMNu MmYyeT\t .<br />
substitute/CMnYs : dak'/ezrmYyCMnYscMnYnepßg<br />
…kenßamepßgeT\tkñ ¨glk≈NCakenßamBiCKNit .<br />
Subtraction Property of Equality/lk≈N:<br />
elxsg´nsmIkar : lk≈N:EdlEcgza<br />
ebI/ñkdkelxdUcKñaBIEpñkTaMgsgxag´nsmIkar<br />
smIkarzµ InigmancMeLIydUcKña .<br />
sum/plbUk : lTƒpl´ncMnYnmYy …BIrbUkbJçËlKña<br />
.<br />
supplementary angles/muMbEnΩm<br />
: mu MBIrEdlman<br />
rg√as'plbUk 180° .<br />
surface area/®kLa´pÊ : plbUk´n®kLa´pÊ´n◊t …muxxag<br />
´nrUbPaBEdlman®CugbI .<br />
system of equations/®bB‡nƒsmIkar : sMNuMEdl<br />
mansmIkarmYy …BIrEdlman/ezrBIr …e®cIn .<br />
system of linear equations/®bB‡nƒsmIkarbnÊat' :<br />
smIkarbnÊat'BIr …e®cInEdlKUsenAelIb¬g'kU/redaenEtmYy .<br />
systematic sample/lMnaMKMrUCas√‡y®bvt†n—<br />
:<br />
KMrÚ nbN∂¨M®tUv◊neKe®CIserIsedaye®bIlMnaMmYy@<br />
.<br />
T<br />
tangent (tan)/tg'sg' : enAkñ¨g®tIekaNEkg<br />
/nu◊t´n®bEvgrbs'®CugEdlpʨyKñanwgmuM®sYceTAnwg®bEvg®Cug<br />
EdlCab'nwgmuM®sYc<br />
.<br />
tangent (to a circle)/tg'sg'(cMeBaHrg√g') :<br />
bnÊat'mYyEdlb"Hnwgrg√g' Et®tg'cMNucmYy .<br />
term (in an expression)//JÔat (enAkñ¨gkenßam)<br />
:<br />
Epñk´nkenßamEdl®tUvbUk …dk .<br />
oTahrN— : 5x 2 CakenßamEdlmanmYy/JÔat, �10<br />
CakenßamEdlmanmYy/JÔat, nig x � 1<br />
CakenßamEdlmanmYy/JÔat .<br />
term (in a sequence)/cMnYn (enAkñ¨glMdab')<br />
: CaZatu<br />
…cMnYnenAkñ¨glMdab'<br />
.<br />
terminating decimal/cMnYnTsßPaKEckmanTIbJçb' :<br />
cMnYnTsßPaKEdlcb' …Edl®tUvbJçb' .<br />
oTahrN— : 6.75<br />
tessellation/papple¨MtMer\b<br />
: KMrUer\bbn†bnÊab'KñaenAelIrag´pÊlM<br />
hrEdl®KbeBjTaMg´pÊedayKµancen¬aH …®tYtKña .<br />
tetrahedron/ctut‡l : Bhut‡lEdlmanmuxbYn<br />
theoretical probability/®Tws∂I ´n®bU◊bflIlIet<br />
:<br />
/nu◊t´ncMnYnEdlesµ IKñaTMngCalTƒplenAkñ¨gcMnYnsrubeTAnwg<br />
cMnYn´nlTƒplEdl®bEhlCaekItmaneLIg .<br />
third quartile/ctuPaKTIbI : emd¥an´nPaKkn¬H<br />
xagelÍ nTinñn‡y; ehAm"¥ageT\tza upper quartile<br />
(ctuPaKEpñkxagelI) .<br />
tip/®◊k'TwkEt : cMnYn®◊k'EdleKØ¥bEnΩmeTAnwgtM´lTar<br />
sMrab'esvaTTYl; ZmµtamancMnYnCaPaKry´ntM´lTar .<br />
transformation/bMErbMrYl : karE®b®bYl´nTMhM<br />
…CMhr´nrUbrag/√ImYy .<br />
translation/rMkil : clna (r/il) ´nrUb/√ImYytam<br />
beN∂aybnÊat'®tg' .<br />
transversal/bnÊat'kat' xñat' : bnÊat'mYyEdlCYbnwg<br />
bnÊat'BIr …e®cIneT\t .<br />
trapezoid/ctuekaNBñay : ctuekaNEdlman®Cug<br />
®sbKñaEtmYyKU .<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 14 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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tree diagram/´dd¥a®kam : ´dd¥a®kamEdlbg˙aj®Kb'<br />
bnßMEdl/acman …lTƒpl´n®Bwt† ikarN— .<br />
trial/sakl∫g : enAkñ¨g®bU◊bflIlIet<br />
karekIteLIgvijEtm∂g<br />
…karseg˚t´nkarBiesaZn—mYy .<br />
triangle/®tIekaN : BhuekaNmanbI®Cug .<br />
Triangle Sum Theorem/®Tws∂I ´nplbUk®tIekaN :<br />
®Tws∂Iedlbg˙ajzarg√as'´nmuMmYyenAkñ¨g®tIekaNbUk<br />
bJçËlKña◊n<br />
180° .<br />
triangular prism/<br />
®tIekaN®Bws : Bhut‡lEdl<br />
man◊tCa®tIekaN<br />
ehIyEdlman◊tCa®belLË®kam<br />
trigonometric ratios//nu◊tZrNIma®t :<br />
/nu◊tEdle®b\beZ\b®bEvg´n®Cugrbs'®tIekaNEkg;<br />
/nu◊trYmKWCatg'sg' sIunus<br />
nigkUsIunus<br />
.<br />
U<br />
unbiased sample/sMNakminlMe/\g : sMNakEdlmin<br />
lMe/\gebIbuKapplelmñak'@enAkñ¨gbN∂aCnmanOkasesµ<br />
IKñasMrab'<br />
eKe®CIserIs .<br />
underestimate/kar®bmaNxus : kar®bmaNEdl<br />
xusBIcMnYnBit .<br />
union/®bCuM<br />
: sMNuM´nZatuTaMgLayEdlCarbs'sMNuMBIr<br />
…e®cIn .<br />
unit conversion/karb∂Ë rma®targ√as' : dMeNIrkar<br />
p¬as'b∂Ërma®targ√as'mYyeTAma®targ√as'mYyeT\t<br />
.<br />
unit conversion factor/kt†ab∂Ë rma®ta :<br />
®bPaKEdle®bIenAkñ¨gkarb∂<br />
Ërma®taEdlPaKyk<br />
nigPaKEbgtMNagØ¥cMnYndUcKñaEtxusma®ta<br />
60 naTI 1 em"ag<br />
oTahrN— : …<br />
1 em"ag 60 naTI<br />
unit price/tM´lGkta : /®takMrite®bIsMrab'e®b\beZ\btM´l .<br />
unit rate/kMritGkta : /®taEdlbrimaNTIBIr<br />
enAkñ ¨gkare®b\beZ\bKWmYy/®ta .<br />
oTahrN— : 10 sm kñ¨gmYynaTI<br />
.<br />
unlike fractions/®bPaKmindUcKña : ®bPaKEdl<br />
manPaKEbgxusKña .<br />
oTahrN— : 3 – 4 nig 1 – 2 KWCa®bPaKmindUcKña .<br />
upper extreme/cMnYnZMbMput : cMnYnZMbMputenAkñ¨g<br />
sMNuMTinñn‡y<br />
.<br />
upper quartile/ctuPaKEpñkxagelI : emd¥an´nPaKkn¬H<br />
xagelÍ nTinñn‡y; ehAm"¥ageT\tza third quartile<br />
(ctuPaKTIbI) .<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 15 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
V<br />
vanishing point/cMNucrt'ecj : enAkñ¨gKMnUr®beyal<br />
cMNucmYyEdlbnÊat'Cae®cInrt'ecjBIkEn¬g/ñkemIlCYb .<br />
variability//ezrPaB : karEckray´ntM´l<br />
enAkñ¨gsMNuMTinñn‡y<br />
.<br />
variable//ezr : nimit†sJÔae®bIsMrab'tMNagbrimaN<br />
Edl/acp¬as'b∂Ër◊n<br />
.<br />
Venn diagram/d¥a®kamEv"n : Cad¥a®kame®bIsMrab'bg˙aj<br />
TMnak'TMngrvagsMNuM<br />
verbal expression/karsMEdgbJÇak'edaypÊal'mat' :<br />
Bak¥ …X¬a .<br />
vertex/kMBUl : enAelI®tIekaN …BhuekaN<br />
cMNucEdl®CugBIrCYbKña enAelIBhuekaNkar®bsB√Kñ a´n®CugbI<br />
… e®cIn ; enAelIekan…BIr"amItCacMNucxagelIbg÷s'.<br />
vertical angles/<br />
mu MTl'kMBUl : mu MpÊ ¨yb" unKña<br />
a<br />
b<br />
mYyKUbeg˚ It◊nCabnÊat'<br />
kat'; enAkñ ¨gd¥a®kam<br />
d<br />
�a nig �c KWb" unKña ehIy �b nig �d KWb" unKña<br />
volume/v" UlUm : cMnYnma®taKUbEdl®tUvkarsMrab'<br />
bMeBjkEn¬g/√ImYy .<br />
W<br />
withholding tax/dkykBnƒ : karkat'®◊k'ecjBI<br />
®◊k'rk◊n´nbuKapplelNamñak'Ca®◊k'bg'munsMrab'BnƒelI<br />
®◊k'cMNUl .<br />
X<br />
x-axis//iukß/‡kßsIus<br />
: /‡kßsIusep∂kenAelIb¬g'kU/redaen<br />
.<br />
x-coordinate//ikßkU/flredaen : elxTImYyenAkñ¨gcMnYnKU;<br />
elxenaH®◊b'BIcMgayb∂ËreTAs∂aM<br />
…eTAeq√gBIKl'/‡kß (0,0) .<br />
oTahrN— : 5 KWCa x kU/‡redaenenAkñ ¨g (5,3) .<br />
c
x-intercept/cMNuc®bsB√/ikß : /ikßkU/‡redaen´ncMNuc<br />
®kabrbs'bnÊat'kat'tamcMNuc x-axis (/ikß/‡kßsIus)<br />
.<br />
Y<br />
y-axis/v"ay/‡kßsIus<br />
: /‡kßsIusbJŒrenAelIb¬g'kU/redaen<br />
.<br />
y-coordinate/v"aykU/flredaen : elxTIBIrenAkñ ¨gcMnYnKU;<br />
elxenaH®◊b'BIcMgayb∂ ËreTAs∂aM …eTAeq√gBIKl'/‡kß (0,0) .<br />
oTahrN— : 3 KWCa y kU/‡redaenenAkñ¨g<br />
(5,3) .<br />
y-intercept/cMNuc®bsB√v"ay : v"aykU/‡redaen´n<br />
cMNuc®kabrbs'bnÊat'kat'tamcMNuc y-axis (v"ay/‡kßsI us) .<br />
Z<br />
zero pair/sUn¥mYyKU : cMnYnmYy nigtM´lpʨyrbs'va<br />
EdlbUkbJçËlKña◊n<br />
0 .<br />
oTahrN— : 18 nig –18<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 16 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
A<br />
absolute value/��� ���������<br />
���� �� ���<br />
��� � �5 � � 5<br />
accuracy/���������������<br />
��������������<br />
acute angle/����� 90° ����<br />
acute triangle/�������������<br />
90° �����<br />
addend/����������������<br />
��������<br />
���� 4 � 6 � 7 ����� 4��6 � 7 �<br />
����<br />
Addition Property of Equality/������<br />
��������������������<br />
����������������<br />
Addition Property of Opposites/�����<br />
��������������������<br />
�����<br />
���12 � (�12) � 0<br />
additive inverse/������������<br />
��<br />
���6 ������ �6<br />
adjacent angles/������<br />
b<br />
�������������� a<br />
�������<br />
algebraic expression/����������<br />
�������<br />
���x � 8, 4(m � b)<br />
algebraic inequality/����������<br />
���������<br />
���x � 3 � 10; 5a � b � 3<br />
alternate exterior angles/<br />
������������<br />
������������<br />
a b<br />
�������� �a �<br />
�d � �b � �c�<br />
c d<br />
alternate interior angles/<br />
������������<br />
������������<br />
�������� �r �<br />
�v � �s � �t�<br />
t v<br />
r s<br />
altitude/����������������<br />
(��������) ������<br />
angle/�����������������<br />
(��) ����<br />
angle bisector/����<br />
����������<br />
����������<br />
Angle-Side-Angle (ASA)/��������<br />
��������������������<br />
��������������������<br />
���������������<br />
arc/�����������������<br />
area/�����������������<br />
�����<br />
arithmetic sequence/����������<br />
��������������������<br />
��<br />
Associative Property/�����<br />
�������������� a, b � c �<br />
��������������������<br />
���<br />
a � b � c � (a � b) � c � a � (b � c)<br />
�������������� a, b � c �<br />
��������������������<br />
���<br />
a � b � c � (a � b) � c � a � (b � c)<br />
asymmetry/��������������<br />
������<br />
average/����������������<br />
���������� mean (���)�<br />
average deviation/�����������<br />
�����������<br />
axes/�����������������<br />
����<br />
B<br />
back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot/�����<br />
��������������������<br />
������<br />
bar graph/���������������<br />
���<br />
M<br />
N<br />
P<br />
O<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 17 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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ase-10 system/������� 0–9 ���<br />
�������<br />
base (in numeration)/�� (����)���<br />
��������������������<br />
����<br />
���35 � 3 � 3 � 3 � 3 � 3<br />
base (of a polygon or three-dimensional<br />
figure)/(����) ��� (�����) �<br />
��������������������<br />
��������<br />
biased sample/�������������<br />
�������<br />
binary number system/�������� 0<br />
� 1 ����������<br />
binomial/�������������<br />
���10 � m; 3y � 2<br />
bisect/�������������<br />
boundary line/�������������<br />
����������<br />
box-and-whisker plot/����������<br />
��������������� (��)�<br />
��������������������<br />
��<br />
break (graph)/�� (����)������<br />
��������������������<br />
��<br />
C<br />
capacity/�������������<br />
Celsius/����������������<br />
� 0° ������100° ���������<br />
centigrade (���)�<br />
center (of a circle)/�� (�����)���<br />
�����������������<br />
center (of dilation)/(���) �������<br />
������������<br />
center (of rotation)/(���) �������<br />
�������<br />
central angle/�������������<br />
��<br />
certain (probability)/�� (����)���<br />
������� 1�<br />
chord/������������<br />
circle/���������<br />
�������������<br />
�����<br />
circle graph/��������������<br />
��������������������<br />
����<br />
circumference/�����������<br />
clockwise/������<br />
�����������<br />
��������<br />
clustering/������<br />
�����������<br />
������<br />
���27, 29, 24 � 26 �� 25 �����<br />
coefficient/��������������<br />
��<br />
���� 5 � 5b ����<br />
combination/�������������<br />
������<br />
commission/�������������<br />
commission rate/������������<br />
����������������<br />
common denominator/���������<br />
�����������<br />
��� 5 –<br />
8 � 2 –<br />
8 ������� 8�<br />
common difference/�����������<br />
������������<br />
common factor/������������<br />
������<br />
���8 � 16 � 40 �����<br />
common multiple/�����������<br />
�������<br />
���15 � 3 � 5 �����<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 18 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
C
common ratio/������������<br />
�����������������<br />
Commutative Property/�����<br />
��������������������<br />
���������������<br />
���8 � 20 � 20 � 8; a � b � b � a<br />
��������������������<br />
��������������<br />
���6 � 12 � 12 � 6; a � b � b � a<br />
compatible numbers/����������<br />
��������������<br />
compensation/�������������<br />
��������������������<br />
��������������������<br />
���<br />
complementary angles/���������<br />
� 90° ���<br />
composite number/������ 1 ����<br />
�����������<br />
compound event/������������<br />
����������<br />
compound inequality/���������<br />
�����������<br />
���x � �2 � x � 10, � �2 � x � 10�<br />
x ����� �2 ��� 10�<br />
compound interest/�����������<br />
�������������<br />
concave polygon/������������<br />
�� 180° �����<br />
cone/�����������������<br />
�����<br />
congruent /�������������<br />
congruent angles/�����������<br />
congruent segments/����������<br />
��<br />
constant/�����������<br />
constant of proportionality/�������<br />
����������������<br />
���5 � k, 10 � 2k � 15 � 3k<br />
convenience sample/����������<br />
������������������<br />
conversion factor/�����������<br />
��������������������<br />
� 1�����������<br />
���24 ��/1 � � 1 �/24 ��<br />
convex polygon/������������<br />
����� 180° �����<br />
coordinate plane (coordinate grid)/����<br />
� (����)���� x ��������<br />
� y ���������������<br />
coordinate/��������������<br />
����������<br />
correlation/��������������<br />
��<br />
correspondence/������������<br />
�������<br />
corresponding angles<br />
(for lines)/(���) ��<br />
������������<br />
������������<br />
� �m � �q, �n � �r,<br />
�o � �s, � �p � �t�<br />
q r<br />
s t<br />
m n<br />
o p<br />
corresponding angles (in polygons)/(���<br />
�) ������������������<br />
��<br />
corresponding sides/����������<br />
����������<br />
cosine (cos)/��������������<br />
�����������<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 19 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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counterclockwise/������<br />
��������������<br />
�����<br />
counterexample/���<br />
������������<br />
cross product/�������������<br />
����������<br />
��� 2 –<br />
3 � 4 – 2<br />
6 3 � � 6 4 � � 12<br />
12<br />
cube (geometric figure)/<br />
(������) ����<br />
�����������<br />
����<br />
cube (in numeration)/�� (����)�<br />
����������<br />
cumulative frequency/����������<br />
������<br />
customary system of measurement/����<br />
�������������<br />
���inches/���feet/���miles/���<br />
ounces/���pounds/��tons/��<br />
cups/��quarts/���gallons/��<br />
cylinder/��������<br />
������������<br />
������������<br />
D<br />
decagon/�������������<br />
decimal system/����� 10 ������<br />
��<br />
deductive reasoning/����������<br />
���������<br />
degree/�������������<br />
denominator/�������������<br />
���������<br />
��� 3 –<br />
4 ��<br />
Density property of real numbers/����<br />
��������������������<br />
��������<br />
dependent events/������������<br />
��������������������<br />
diagonal/���������������<br />
����������<br />
diameter/���������������<br />
���������������<br />
difference/��������������<br />
��<br />
dilation/���������������<br />
��<br />
dimension/��������������<br />
direct variation/������������<br />
��������������<br />
discount/������������<br />
Distributive Property of Multiplication over<br />
Addition/���������������<br />
��������������������<br />
��������������������<br />
����<br />
��� 5 � 21 � 5(20 � 1) � (5 � 20) � (5 � 1)<br />
dividend/��������������<br />
��� � 8 � 4 � 2��8 �����<br />
divisible/���������������<br />
���<br />
Division Property of Equality/������<br />
��������������������<br />
��������������������<br />
��<br />
divisor/����������������<br />
��<br />
��� � 8 � 4 � 2��4 ����<br />
dodecahedron/������������<br />
��<br />
domain/����������������<br />
���<br />
double-bar graph/�����������<br />
�������<br />
double-line graph/�����������<br />
����������������<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 20 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
E<br />
edge/��������<br />
������<br />
elements/������<br />
����������<br />
empirical probability/��������<br />
experimental probability (����)�<br />
empty set/��������������<br />
endpoint/��������������<br />
enlargement/��������������<br />
���<br />
equally likely outcomes/���������<br />
��������<br />
equation/���������������<br />
���<br />
equilateral triangle/�����������<br />
������<br />
equivalent/���������<br />
equivalent fractions/����������<br />
��������<br />
equivalent ratios/������������<br />
��<br />
estimate/���������������<br />
��������������������<br />
�������������������<br />
evaluate/����������������<br />
even number/������ 2 �����<br />
��<br />
event/�����������������<br />
���<br />
expanded form/������������<br />
��������<br />
��� 236,536 ������ 200,000 �<br />
30,000 � 6,000 � 500 � 30 � 6�<br />
experiment (probability)/(����) ���<br />
��������� (�����)�<br />
experimental probability/��������<br />
��������������������<br />
exponent/���������������<br />
����<br />
��� 2 3 � 2 � 2 � 2 � 8; 3 ����<br />
exponential decay/��������� f(x)<br />
������ x �������������<br />
��<br />
exponential form/�����������<br />
�������������<br />
��� 4 2 � 4 � 4 ������<br />
exponential function/����������<br />
����������<br />
exponential growth/��������� f(x)<br />
����� x ��������������<br />
���<br />
expression/���������������<br />
�������<br />
extrapolation/�������������<br />
����<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 21 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
F<br />
face/�����������<br />
factor/�����������������<br />
��<br />
factor tree/���������������<br />
��������<br />
factorial/���������������<br />
�����������<br />
���4 �� � 4! � 4 � 3 � 2 � 1�0! ���<br />
� 1�<br />
Fahrenheit/���� 32°F �������<br />
212°F �������������<br />
fair/�����������������<br />
������������<br />
fair games/���������������<br />
��������������<br />
favorable outcome/�����������<br />
������<br />
Fibonacci sequence/����������<br />
���� (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13,…); �����<br />
��������������������<br />
������������� (Leonardo<br />
Fibonacci) ���
first differences/������������<br />
�����������<br />
first quartile/��������������<br />
����������� lower quartile (��<br />
���)�<br />
formula/����������������<br />
���<br />
��� A � lw<br />
fractal/����������������<br />
�������������������<br />
fraction/���� a – b �������b � 0�<br />
frequency table/������������<br />
�����������<br />
front-end estimation/����������<br />
�������������������<br />
���������<br />
function/��������������<br />
��������������������<br />
����<br />
function notation/�����������<br />
����<br />
��� y � 3x 2 f(x) � 3x 2 ; f(x) ���<br />
“f of x”�<br />
function table/�������������<br />
��<br />
Fundamental Counting Principle/����<br />
���������� m ��������<br />
��������������� n ���<br />
�������������� m � n ��<br />
�����<br />
G<br />
geometric probability/���������<br />
�������������<br />
geometric sequence/����������<br />
�������������������<br />
Golden Ratio/��������� 1.618 �<br />
��������������������<br />
���� 1.618�<br />
graph of an equation/����������<br />
���������������<br />
great circle/��������������<br />
�����������<br />
greatest common factor (GCF)/������<br />
�����������������<br />
H<br />
height/�<br />
��������������������<br />
��<br />
��������������������<br />
��<br />
��������������������<br />
hemisphere/���������<br />
heptagon/�������������<br />
hexagon/�������������<br />
histogram/���������������<br />
�������<br />
horizon line/��������������<br />
���<br />
hypotenuse/��������������<br />
���<br />
I<br />
icosahedron/��������������<br />
Identity Property of One/��������<br />
�������� 1 ����������<br />
�������<br />
Identity Property of Zero/��������<br />
�������� 0 ����������<br />
�������<br />
if-then statement/�� – ��������<br />
(if) �� (then) ������������<br />
�����<br />
��� ����������������<br />
����������������<br />
������<br />
image/������������<br />
impossible (probability)/(����) ��<br />
������������ 0�<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 22 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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improper fraction/�����������<br />
������<br />
��� 5 – 5 , 5 – 3<br />
independent events/����������<br />
����������������<br />
indirect measurement/���������<br />
���������������<br />
inductive reasoning/����������<br />
������<br />
inequality/���������������<br />
�����<br />
��� 5 � 8; 5x � 2 � 12<br />
input/�����������������<br />
integers/���������������<br />
interest/����������������<br />
interior angles/�����<br />
������������<br />
������� �c, �d,<br />
�e, � �f �����<br />
e f<br />
g h<br />
a b<br />
c d<br />
interquartile range/�����������<br />
�����������������<br />
intersecting lines/�����������<br />
���<br />
intersection (sets)/�����������<br />
������<br />
interval/����������������<br />
�����<br />
inverse operations/�����������<br />
���������������<br />
inverse variation/������������<br />
��������������������<br />
��������<br />
irrational number/�����������<br />
��������������������<br />
���<br />
isolate the variable/�����������<br />
��������������������<br />
�����<br />
isometric drawing/�����������<br />
���������������<br />
isosceles triangle/������������<br />
�������<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 23 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
K<br />
kite/����������������<br />
lateral face/��������������<br />
������<br />
L<br />
lateral surface/�������������<br />
��������������������<br />
least common denominator (LCD)/����<br />
������������������<br />
least common multiple (LCM)/������<br />
��������������������<br />
��<br />
legs/������������������<br />
������������<br />
like fractions/�������������<br />
��<br />
��� 5 ––<br />
12 � 3 ––<br />
12 ������<br />
like terms/���������������<br />
�����������<br />
��� ���� 3a � 5b � 12a,<br />
3a � 12a �����<br />
line/������������������<br />
line graph/���������������<br />
�����<br />
line of best fit/�������������<br />
���������<br />
line plot/����������������<br />
��<br />
line segment/�������������<br />
��<br />
line of reflection/������������<br />
������������
line of symmetry/������������<br />
������<br />
line symmetry/�������������<br />
��������������<br />
linear equation/������������<br />
���������������<br />
linear function/�������������<br />
�����<br />
linear inequality/�������� �, �, �<br />
� � �����������������<br />
��<br />
lower extreme/�������������<br />
��<br />
lower quartile/�������������<br />
����������� first quartile (��<br />
����)�<br />
M<br />
mean/�����������������<br />
��������� average (��)�<br />
measure of central tendency/�������<br />
�����������������<br />
��������������������<br />
�����<br />
median/����������������<br />
������������ (��)�<br />
metric system of measurement/�����<br />
��������������������<br />
�����<br />
��� Centimeters/���meters/���<br />
kilometers/���gram/��<br />
kilograms/���milliliters/���<br />
liters/�����������<br />
midpoint/���������������<br />
�����<br />
mixed number/�������������<br />
��������<br />
mode/�����������������<br />
��������������������<br />
�����������<br />
monomial/��������������<br />
��<br />
��� n,5n 2 ,8,�3<br />
Multiplication Property of Equality/���<br />
��������������������<br />
�������������������<br />
��<br />
Multiplication Property of Zero/�����<br />
�������������� a ���<br />
a � 0 � 0 � 0 � a � 0�<br />
multiplicative inverse/����������<br />
�������� 1���� reciprocal (�<br />
�)�<br />
��� 4 – 5 ������ 5 – 4 �<br />
multiple/���������������<br />
���������<br />
mutually exclusive/�����������<br />
��������������������<br />
�����<br />
N<br />
negative correlation/����������<br />
��������������������<br />
������������<br />
negative integer/�����������<br />
net/����������� (��) ���<br />
no correlation/�������������<br />
���������������<br />
nonlinear function/�����������<br />
����������<br />
nonterminating decimal/��������<br />
�����<br />
numerator/��������������<br />
������������<br />
��� 4 – ��<br />
5<br />
numerical expression/����������<br />
�����<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 24 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
O<br />
obtuse angle/����� 90° ��� 180° �<br />
��<br />
obtuse triangle/������������<br />
�����<br />
octagon/�������������<br />
octahedron/������������<br />
odd number/������� 2 �����<br />
��<br />
odds/�����������������<br />
��<br />
odds against/��������������<br />
�����<br />
odds in favor/�������������<br />
������<br />
opposites/���������������<br />
��������� additive inverse (���<br />
�)�<br />
order of operations/����������<br />
��������������������<br />
�������������������<br />
������������������<br />
ordered pair/��������������<br />
����������<br />
origin/��������� x �� y ���<br />
���(0, 0)�<br />
orthographic drawing/��������<br />
�������������������<br />
outcome (probability)/(����) ����<br />
������������<br />
outlier/����������������<br />
�����������<br />
output/����������������<br />
����������<br />
overestimate/�������������<br />
���<br />
P<br />
parabola/������������<br />
parallel lines/�������������<br />
��<br />
parallelogram/�������������<br />
����<br />
Pascal’s triangle/������������<br />
����������� 1 �������<br />
����������������<br />
pentagon/�������������<br />
percent/�������� 100 ����<br />
��� 45% � 45 –––<br />
100<br />
percent of change/�����������<br />
��������������<br />
percent of decrease/�����������<br />
��������<br />
percent of increase/�����������<br />
��������<br />
perfect square/������������<br />
��� 5 � 5 � 25, 7 2 � 49; 25 � 49 ���<br />
���<br />
perimeter/������������<br />
permutation/��������������<br />
������<br />
perpendicular bisector/���������<br />
��������������<br />
perpendicular lines/���<br />
���������<br />
perspective/������<br />
�����������<br />
��������<br />
pi (�)/���(�)������������<br />
� � 3.14 � 22 ––<br />
7 �<br />
plane/�������������<br />
Platonic solids/�������������<br />
��������������������<br />
��<br />
point/�������������<br />
point-slope form/�����������<br />
y � y 1 � m(x � x 1 ), ������� m ��<br />
��� (x 1 , y 1 ) �������<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 25 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
point symmetry/������������<br />
�� 180° ��������������<br />
��<br />
polygon/����������������<br />
����� (��) ����������<br />
polyhedron/��������������<br />
����<br />
polynomial/��������������<br />
���������<br />
population/��������������<br />
����<br />
positive correlation/����������<br />
���������������<br />
positive integer/�����������<br />
power/����������������<br />
���<br />
��� 2 3 � 8, �� 8 � 2 � 3 ���<br />
precision/���������������<br />
�����<br />
prediction/��������������<br />
��<br />
prime factorization/����������<br />
���������<br />
��� 10 � 2 � 5, 24 � 2 3 � 3<br />
prime number/����� 1 ������<br />
�� (1 �����) �����<br />
principal/��������������<br />
principal square root/����������<br />
�������<br />
��� � � 25 � 5� 5 ������<br />
prism/�����������������<br />
���������������<br />
probability/���� 0 � 1 ����� 0%<br />
� 100%����������������<br />
product/���������������<br />
��<br />
proper fraction/������������<br />
��<br />
��� 3 – 4 , 1 ––<br />
12 , 7 – 8<br />
proportion/��������������<br />
���<br />
protractor/��������������<br />
pyramid/���������<br />
�������������<br />
������������<br />
��<br />
Pythagorean Theorem/���������<br />
��������������������<br />
���<br />
Q<br />
quadrant/���x �� y ��������<br />
����������������<br />
quadratic equation/�������<br />
ax 2 � bx � c � 0 ��������� a � 0�<br />
quadratic function/������<br />
y � ax 2 � bx � c �������� a � 0�<br />
��� y � 2x 2 � 12x � 10, y � �3x 2<br />
quadrilateral/�������������<br />
quarterly/��������<br />
quartile/���������������<br />
�������������� first quartile<br />
(������)�third quartile (�����<br />
�)�<br />
quotient/����������������<br />
R<br />
radical symbol/�������������<br />
�������� � � �<br />
radius/��������<br />
�����������<br />
�����������<br />
��<br />
random numbers/����������<br />
����������������<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 26 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
andom sample/������������<br />
��������������������<br />
range (in statistics)/(����) ������<br />
����������������<br />
range (in a function)/(����) �����<br />
�����������<br />
rate/�����������������<br />
��������<br />
��� �������� 55 ���<br />
� 55 mi/h�<br />
rate of interest/�������������<br />
������� simple interest (��)�<br />
ratio/�������������<br />
��� 12 � 25, 12:25, 12 ––<br />
25<br />
rational number/������������<br />
������������<br />
���6 ����� 6 –<br />
1� 0.5 ����� 1 –<br />
2� ray/������������������<br />
������<br />
real number/�����������<br />
reciprocal/������ 1 �������<br />
������� multiplicative inverse (���<br />
�)�<br />
��� 2 – 3 ���� 3 – 2 �n ���� 1 – n �<br />
rectangle/���������������<br />
rectangular prism/<br />
����������<br />
����������<br />
�������<br />
reduction/�����������<br />
reflection/���������������<br />
����<br />
regular pyramid/������������<br />
�������������<br />
regular polygon/������������<br />
������<br />
regular tessellation/�����������<br />
����<br />
relatively prime/������������<br />
���� (GCF) � 1�����������<br />
��� 7 � 15 ����<br />
repeating decimal/����������<br />
���������������<br />
��� 0.757575… � 0. ––<br />
75<br />
rhombus/����������������<br />
right angle/������ 90°�<br />
right cylinder/�������������<br />
������������<br />
right cone/���������������<br />
���� (��) ����������<br />
right triangle/�������������<br />
��<br />
rise<br />
rise/������������ run<br />
(���<br />
“rise over run”) �������<br />
rotation/����������������<br />
��<br />
rotational symmetry/����������<br />
��������� 360° ��������<br />
�����������<br />
rounding/���������������<br />
���������������<br />
��� 2,354 �����������<br />
2,000, 2,354 �����������<br />
2,400�<br />
rise<br />
run/������������ run ����<br />
“rise over run”��������<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 27 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
S<br />
sales tax/����������������<br />
�����������<br />
sample/����������<br />
sample space/�������������<br />
�����<br />
scale/����������������<br />
scale drawing/�������������<br />
����� (��) ��� (��) ����<br />
scale factor/��������������<br />
������<br />
scale model/��������������<br />
����
scalene triangle/������������<br />
�����<br />
scatter plot/��������������<br />
�������������<br />
scientific notation/������� 10 ��<br />
��������������<br />
second differences/�����������<br />
������������<br />
second quartile/������������<br />
������<br />
sector/�����������������<br />
��������<br />
sector (data)/(���) ���������<br />
���������<br />
segment/��������������<br />
semiregular tessellation/���������<br />
��������������������<br />
����������<br />
sequence/��������������<br />
set/�������<br />
side/������������������<br />
��������<br />
Side-Angle-Side (SAS)/���������<br />
��������������������<br />
�������������������<br />
���������������<br />
Side-Side-Side (SSS)/����������<br />
��������������������<br />
��������������������<br />
��<br />
significant digits/������������<br />
��� (��)�<br />
similar/����������������<br />
�������������<br />
simple interest/�������������<br />
��������� I � prt ���p ���<br />
��r �����t �����<br />
simplest form/�������������<br />
� 1 ����������������<br />
simplify/����������������<br />
���<br />
simulation/��������������<br />
�������������<br />
sine (sin)/���������������<br />
����������<br />
skew lines/���������������<br />
���������<br />
slant height/��������������<br />
������<br />
slope/�����������������<br />
�����<br />
slope-intercept form/����� y � mx � b,<br />
�����������m �����b ��<br />
y ���<br />
solid figure/������������<br />
solution of an equation/���������<br />
�����������<br />
solution of an inequality/��������<br />
������������<br />
solution of a system of equations/����<br />
��������������������<br />
���<br />
solution set/���������������<br />
solve/�����������<br />
space figure/������������<br />
sphere/����������������<br />
����<br />
square (geometry)/(����) ������<br />
�������<br />
square (numeration)/�� (����)���<br />
��������<br />
��� 5 2 �� 5 ����<br />
square number/������������<br />
����<br />
��� 25 �������5 � 5 � 25<br />
square root/��������������<br />
����<br />
���16 � 4 � 4, � 16 � �4 � �4, �� 4<br />
� �4 � 16 �����<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 28 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
standard form (in numeration)/����<br />
(����)����������<br />
��� ������������ 5,210�<br />
stem-and-leaf plot/�����������<br />
������������<br />
straight angle/������ 180° ���<br />
stratified sample/������������<br />
����<br />
subset/��������������<br />
substitute/���������������<br />
�����������<br />
Subtraction Property of Equality/����<br />
��������������������<br />
��������������������<br />
sum/�����������������<br />
supplementary angles/��������<br />
180° �����<br />
surface area/��������������<br />
������<br />
system of equations/����������<br />
���������������<br />
system of linear equations/��������<br />
��������������������<br />
����<br />
systematic sample/�����������<br />
��������<br />
T<br />
tangent (tan)/�������������<br />
���������������<br />
tangent (to a circle)/(���) ������<br />
����������<br />
term (in an expression)/(�����) ���<br />
�����������<br />
��� 5x 2 ���������� �10 ��<br />
��������x � 1 �����<br />
������<br />
term (in a sequence)/(����) �����<br />
��������<br />
terminating decimal/����������<br />
�����<br />
��� 6.75<br />
tessellation/��������������<br />
��������������������<br />
���<br />
tetrahedron/������������<br />
theoretical probability/����������<br />
��������������������<br />
third quartile/�������������<br />
������������ upper quartile (�<br />
����)�<br />
tip/������������������<br />
���������<br />
transformation/������������<br />
��<br />
translation/����������� (��)�<br />
transversal/���������������<br />
trapezoid/���������������<br />
tree diagram/��������������<br />
�����������<br />
trial/�����������������<br />
��<br />
triangle/�������������<br />
Triangle Sum Theorem/���������<br />
������������� 180°�<br />
triangular prism/<br />
���������<br />
���������<br />
��������<br />
trigonometric ratios/����������<br />
��������������������<br />
��<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 29 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
U<br />
unbiased sample/������������<br />
��������������������<br />
���<br />
underestimate/�������������<br />
���
union/�����������������<br />
���<br />
unit conversion/������������<br />
�����������<br />
unit conversion factor/���������<br />
��������������������<br />
��������<br />
60 �� 1 ��<br />
��� �<br />
1 �� 60 ��<br />
unit price/���������������<br />
��<br />
unit rate/���������������<br />
����������<br />
��� ��� 10 cm<br />
unlike fractions/������������<br />
���<br />
��� 3 – 4 � 1 – 2 �������<br />
upper extreme/�������������<br />
��<br />
upper quartile/�������������<br />
����������� third quartile (��<br />
����)�<br />
V<br />
vanishing point/������������<br />
�����������<br />
variability/���������������<br />
���<br />
variable/���������������<br />
Venn diagram/�������������<br />
��������<br />
verbal expression/������������<br />
vertex/�����������������<br />
��������������������<br />
����������<br />
vertical angles/���<br />
����������<br />
��������<br />
�a � �c �����<br />
�b � �d ������<br />
volume/����������������<br />
�����<br />
a<br />
b<br />
d<br />
c<br />
W<br />
withholding tax/������������<br />
��������������<br />
X<br />
x-axis/x ������������<br />
x-coordinate/x �������������<br />
���� (0, 0) ����������<br />
��� � (5, 3) � x ��� 5�<br />
x-intercept/x ����������� x �<br />
��� x ���<br />
Y<br />
y-axis/y ������������<br />
y-coordinate/y �������������<br />
���� (0, 0) ����������<br />
��� � (5, 3) � y ��� 3�<br />
y-intercept/y ����������� y �<br />
��� y ���<br />
Z<br />
zero pair/���������������<br />
�� 0�<br />
��� 18 � –18<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 30 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
: ����� ������ ������ /alternate interior angles<br />
������ �� �� �� ����� ��� ��<br />
r s �� ����<br />
��� ����� �� �� �<br />
t v �r ����� ������ ������ �������<br />
. ����� �� �t � �s � �v �<br />
���� �� ��� ��)<br />
����� ����� : ������ /altitude<br />
����� ����� �� ������� �� ��� ��<br />
.( ��� ����� ��<br />
������<br />
���� �� �� ���� �� �� �� ���� : ����� /angle<br />
. ��� ��� ����� ��� ���� �����<br />
M<br />
N<br />
P<br />
O<br />
�� : ����� ������<br />
/angle bisector<br />
�� ����� �� �� ���� ��� ����� ���<br />
. ��� �� ����� ������ ����� �� ��<br />
: ����� -���<br />
-�����<br />
/Angle-Side-Angle (ASA)<br />
���� ��� � ����� �� ��� ���� �� ����� �� �� �����<br />
���� ���� ��� ���� ��� � ����� �� �� ���� �� ���<br />
. ����� �� ����������<br />
�� ������ �� ������ ������<br />
������ ���� ������ �� ����� �� �� ����� : ����� /arc<br />
. ��� ����� ��� ��<br />
������� ���� �� ����� ������� ����� : ����� /area<br />
. ��� ��� ��� ���� ��� ��<br />
���� �� : ����� ������ /arithmetic sequence<br />
�� �� �� ��� ���� ����� ����� �� �� �� ����� ����<br />
. ���� �� ����� �����<br />
: ����� ���� ����� /Associative Property<br />
����� ����� ���� ���� �� ����� �� ������ : ���<br />
����� ����� ���� ���� �� ���� ���� �c<br />
� �b<br />
�a<br />
�����<br />
: ��� ����� �����<br />
a � b � c � (a � b) � c � a � (b � c)<br />
�����<br />
����� ���� ���� �� ����� �� ������ : ���<br />
���� ����� ���� ���� �� ���� ���� � c ��b<br />
�a<br />
�����<br />
: ���� �� ����� ���<br />
a � b � c � (a � b) � c � a � (b � c)<br />
�� ��� �� �� ��������� : �������� /asymmetry<br />
. ������ ��� . ����� ��<br />
����� �� �� �� ���� ������ �� ��� : ������� /average<br />
����� ��� �����<br />
�� ���� ������ �� �����<br />
. ��� �� ������ ��� ( ����� ��)<br />
mean<br />
������� : ������� �� ������ /average deviation<br />
. ��� ����� �� �� ���� �� ����� �� �� �����<br />
������ ���� �� �� ����� �� �� : ������ /axes<br />
. ���� �� ��� �� ������ ���� �� ��<br />
A<br />
�� ��� �� ����� : ���� ����/absolute<br />
value<br />
�� ���� ���� � � ���� �� ������<br />
�� �� ��� �� ���<br />
. ���<br />
� �5 � � 5 : ����<br />
����� �� � ������ �� ������ : ���� ���� /accuracy<br />
. ����� ����� �� � ������ �� ��� ����<br />
��� �� ������ �� �� ����� : ���� �����<br />
/acute angle<br />
. ��� 90°<br />
��� ������ �� ����� : ���� ���� /acute triangle<br />
. �����<br />
�� 90° ��� �� ������<br />
��� ��� �� �� �� �� ���� : ����� ��� /addend<br />
���� . ���� �� �����<br />
�� �����<br />
�� ��� ����� ����<br />
����� ��� 7��6<br />
� 4 � 4 � 6 � 7 ����� �� �����<br />
. ����� ��<br />
��� ����� /Addition Property of Equality<br />
��� �� ��� ���� �� ����� �� ������ : ������ ����<br />
������ ����� ����� ������ �� ��� �� �� �� �� ����<br />
. ���� ����� �� ���� ���� ����<br />
��� ����� /Addition Property of Opposites<br />
��� �� ��� ������ ����� �� ������ : �� ����� ����<br />
. ���� �� ��� ����� ������ �<br />
12 � (�12) � 0 : ����<br />
. ��� �� ����� : ���� ����� /additive inverse<br />
. ���� �� �6 �6<br />
���� ����� : ����<br />
a<br />
b<br />
: ����� ������ /adjacent angles<br />
�� ������ ���� �����������<br />
����� ��� �� � ����� ���<br />
. �����<br />
�� ������ : ���� ����� /algebraic expression<br />
. ���� �� ����� �� ����� ����<br />
x � 8; 4(m � b) : ����<br />
�� : ���� �������� /algebraic inequality<br />
. ���� ����� �� ����� ���� �� ��������<br />
x � 3 � 10; 5a � b � 3 : ����<br />
: ����� ������ ������ /alternate exterior angles<br />
a b<br />
������ �� �� �� ����� ��� ��<br />
�� ���� ��� ����� �� �� �<br />
����� ������ ������ �������<br />
c d<br />
�� �c � �b � �d � �a<br />
. �����<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 31 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
C<br />
�� ��� �� ����� �� �� ������ : ������ /capacity<br />
. ���� ��� �����<br />
������ ���� ���� ����� �� : ��������� /Celsius<br />
100°C � ���� �� ������ ���� 0°C �� ����� ����<br />
. centigrade ���� �� �� ���� ����<br />
�� ���� :( ����� ��)<br />
���� /center (of a circle)<br />
����� �� ����� ��� �� ���� ���� �� �� ����� �� ����<br />
. ���� �� �����<br />
����� ���� :( �����)<br />
�� �� ���� :( ����)<br />
���� /center (of dilation)<br />
. ����� �� �� ����� ��� ����<br />
���� /center (of rotation)<br />
. ���� �� �� ��� �� ��� ��<br />
�� ���� �� �� ����� : ����� ����� /central angle<br />
. ���� ���� ����� �� ����<br />
�� ����� ����� :( ������)<br />
���� /certain (probability)<br />
. ���� 1 ������ ����� �����<br />
��� �� �� ������<br />
���� �� �� ���� ��<br />
C<br />
: ��� /chord<br />
. ��� ����� ��<br />
�� �� ���� ���� ������ : ����� /circle<br />
�� ���� ���� ��� ���� ���� �� �� �� ���<br />
. ����� �� ����� ��<br />
���� ���� �� ������ �� : ����� ������ /circle graph<br />
�� ����� � �� �� ����� ������ ���� �� ����� �� ��<br />
. ��� �� ���� ���� �����<br />
. ����� �� ��� ����� : ������� /circumference<br />
�� : ���� ����� ��� /clockwise<br />
���� �� ���� ��� �� ������ ����<br />
. ��� ���� ���� ��<br />
���� �� ���� : ������� /clustering<br />
�� ������ ��� ������� ��� �� ���� ����� �� �����<br />
. ����� ����� ����� �� �����<br />
����� ������� 25 �� ��� 26 � 24 �29<br />
�27<br />
: ����<br />
����� �� ����� �� �� �� ���� : ���� /coefficient<br />
. ��� �� ��� ����<br />
. ���� �� ���� 5 ��� 5b �� : ����<br />
�������� ��� ���� ���� ���� : ����� /combination<br />
. ���� ��� ����� ��������<br />
��� �� �� �� ������� : ������ /commission<br />
. ��� �� ������ ���� ����<br />
B<br />
��� ������<br />
/back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot<br />
���� �� �� ���� � ���� ������ : ��� � ���� ��� ��<br />
������ � ���� �� ��� �� �� ���� ������ �� ����<br />
�� ���� ������ �� ����� ���� ��� �� ���� ��� ����<br />
. ��� �� ������ ������ �� ��<br />
���� �� �� ������� : ��� ������ /bar graph<br />
. ��� �� ������� �� ���� ����� ���� ���� ��� �����<br />
����� �� : 10 ������� ����� /base-10 system<br />
���� 9 �� 0 ��� ����� �� ������� �� ����� ��� �� ����<br />
. ���� ��<br />
:( ����� ��)<br />
����<br />
/base (in numeration)<br />
�� ��� ���� ���� ������ ���� �� ��� �� ��������<br />
. ����<br />
���� ���� ������<br />
3 : ����<br />
5 � 3 � 3 � 3 � 3 � 3<br />
base (of a polygon or three-dimensional<br />
: ( ���� �� ��� ��� ���� ��� ��)<br />
����� /figure)<br />
��� �� ���� �� ��� �� ��� ����� ��� �� ���<br />
. ��� �� ���� ���� �� � ��� ���� ������ �� ������<br />
�� �����<br />
�������<br />
�� �����<br />
�����<br />
�� �����<br />
�����<br />
�� �����<br />
���<br />
�� ���� �� �� ����� : ���� ����� /biased sample<br />
. ��� ��� ���� �� �����<br />
������<br />
�� : ������ ����� ������ /binary number system<br />
�� �� ������� �� ��� ����� ��� �� �� �� ����� ������<br />
. ��� ��� ���� ����� 1 � 0 ������<br />
. ����� �� �� �� ���� ��� �� : �� ���� �� /binomial<br />
10 � m; 3y � 2 : ����<br />
. ���������<br />
������ ��� �� �� : ���� ������ /bisect<br />
�� �� ����� ������ : ���� �� /boundary line<br />
. ����� �� ����� ������ �� ��� �������� �� ���<br />
���� � ���� ������ /box-and-whisker plot<br />
�� �� ���� ������ ���� ����� � ������� �� �������<br />
� ���� ����� �� �� ���� ��� ��� �� ����� �����<br />
. ��� �� ���� �� ����� �<br />
�� ������ �� :( ������)<br />
������<br />
/break (graph)<br />
��� ������<br />
�� ������ �� ����� ��� ���� ����� ���<br />
. ���� �� ����� ��� �� ����� ����<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 32 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
����� : ���� �������� /compound inequality<br />
. �������� �� �� �����<br />
�2 � x � 10 �� �x<br />
� 10 �� x � �2 : ����<br />
. ���� �� 10 �� ���� � �2 ����� ��� ������ x<br />
��� ���� ���� : ���� ���� /compound interest<br />
������ ��� ���� ���� � ��� ��� ��� �� ��� ������<br />
. ���� ���<br />
������� �� : ���� ������� /concave polygon<br />
. ���� �� 180° �� ������ �� ����� ����� �� ����� ��<br />
�� � ���� �� �� ���� �� ��� �� : ����� /cone<br />
. ����� ��� �� �����<br />
. ����� ��� � ������ ����� : ������<br />
�� ������� : ������ ������<br />
���� : ������ ��� ����<br />
/congruent<br />
/congruent angles<br />
. ����� �����<br />
������<br />
/congruent segments<br />
. ����� ����� ��� �� ����<br />
. ��� ��� ����� �� ����� �� : ���� �����<br />
/constant<br />
: ����� ���� ����� /constant of proportionality<br />
. ��� ������ ���� ���� �� ����� �� ���� ����<br />
15 � 3k � 10 � 2k � 5 � k : ����<br />
���� : ���� ���� ����� /convenience sample<br />
����� �� �������� ������ �� ����� ����� ����� ����<br />
. ���� ���� ����� ����� ����� �� ����� ��<br />
�� ���� ��� �� : ����� ����/conversion<br />
factor<br />
��� ���� �� ���� �� ����� �� ���� ���� � ����<br />
���� 1 ����� ����<br />
��� ����� �� ���� ����� �������<br />
. ��� ����� ���� � ���� ���<br />
24<br />
���� 1<br />
���<br />
�<br />
���<br />
����<br />
1<br />
24<br />
: ����<br />
������� �� : ���� ������� /convex polygon<br />
�� 180° ����� �� � ������ �� ����� ������ ��� ��<br />
. �����<br />
�� �� �� ������� : ������ ��� /commission rate<br />
���� ����� �� ��� �� ������ ���� ���� ���<br />
. ��� ����� ���� ����<br />
�� : ����� ���� /common denominator<br />
. ��� ����� ����� ��� ��� �� �� �� ����<br />
. ���� ��<br />
8 ���<br />
����� ���� : ����<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 33 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
2<br />
8<br />
�� ����� ����� : ���� ��� /common difference<br />
. ����� ����� �� �� ������ ���� �� �� ��<br />
�� ���� �� ���� : ����� ���� /common factor<br />
. ���� ��� ��� ���<br />
. ��� 40 � 16 ���� 8 : ����<br />
�<br />
�� ���� : ����� ���� /common multiple<br />
. ���� ��� ��� ��� �� �� �� �� ����<br />
. ��� 5 � 3 ����� ���� 15 : ����<br />
������ ������ �� �� : ����� ���� /common ratio<br />
���� ����� �� ��� �� ��� �� �� ����� �� �� �����<br />
. ��� ����� ��<br />
��� : ����� ����� /Commutative Property<br />
������ �� ��� ��� ��� �� ���� �� ����� �� ������<br />
. ����� ��� �� �� ������<br />
��� ������ �� ����� ����<br />
8 � 20 � 20 � 8; a � b � b � a : ����<br />
�� ��� ��� ��� �� ���� �� ����� �� ������ : ���<br />
��� �� �� ������ ��� ������ �� ����� ���� ������<br />
. �����<br />
5<br />
8<br />
6 � 12 � 12 � 6; a � b � b � a : ����<br />
�� ������ : ������ ����� /compatible numbers<br />
������ �� ����� ����� ��� ���� ����� �� ���� �������<br />
. ���� ������ �� ���� ������ ��<br />
�� ������ �� �� �������� : ����� /compensation<br />
���� ������ ���� �� ��� ����� ��� �� ����� ���<br />
�� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ������ ��� ������ ����<br />
�� ����� ����<br />
�� �� ���� �� �� � ����� �� ��� . ���<br />
. ���<br />
�� ����� �� : ���� ������<br />
/complementary angles<br />
. ��� 90° ���� ������ �����<br />
������ �� ���� : ���� ��� /composite number<br />
. ���� ����� ���� ���� �� �� ����� � ���� 1 ��<br />
�� �� ������ �� : ���� ������ /compound event<br />
.<br />
��� ��� ����� ���� ����� ��� ��� ��
:( ����� ���)<br />
���� /cube (geometric figure)<br />
��� �� �� ���� ���� ����� ��<br />
. ��� ���� ������<br />
�� ���� /cube (in numeration)<br />
�� ���� �� �� ��� �� :( ������ ��)<br />
. ��� �����<br />
���� ���<br />
: �������� ������� /cumulative frequency<br />
. ������ ��� ����<br />
����� /customary system of measurement<br />
�� ���� �� ���� ������ ����� : ���� ������ �����<br />
����� ����� ���� ����� : ������� �� ���� ����� �����<br />
. ���� ������ ������ ��� �����<br />
�� �� ���� �� ��� �� : ������� /cylinder<br />
�� ���� �� ������ ��� ����� ������ �����<br />
. ��� ��� ��� ����� ����� ���<br />
D<br />
. ���� ��� �� �� ���� ��� �� : ���� ��<br />
/decagon<br />
����� �� : ������ ����� /decimal system<br />
.10 ���� ���� �� ��������<br />
�� ������� : ����� ������ /deductive reasoning<br />
. ����<br />
�� ���� ����� �� ����� ���� ���� �� ����<br />
. ��� ��� ����� ���� ���� ���� : ����<br />
/degree<br />
�� ��� �� ����� ����� : ���� /denominator<br />
���� ����� ���� ��� ���� ����� �� ��� �� ����<br />
����<br />
4 3<br />
: ����<br />
����<br />
����� /Density property of real numbers<br />
�� ��� ����<br />
�� ����� �� ������ : ����� ����� �����<br />
. ���� ���� ���� ����� ��� �� ����� ������ ��� ��<br />
���������� : ������ ��������� /dependent events<br />
��� ��� ����� ����� ��� �� ��� ����� ����� ���� �� ��<br />
. ����� ��<br />
�������� ��� �� �� �� ���� �� : ��� /diagonal<br />
. ��� �� ��� ������� �� ������� ��<br />
����� ���� �� �� �� ���� �� : ����� ��� /diameter<br />
�� ��� ��� ���� ����� ��� �� �� ������ ���� � �����<br />
. �� ����<br />
�� ��� �� ������� ����� ���� : ����� /difference<br />
. ��� �� ��� ���� ���<br />
���� ������ �� ��� �� �� ������ : ����� /dilation<br />
. ��� �� ���� �� �<br />
����)<br />
������ ���� /coordinate plane<br />
��������<br />
����� �� �� �� �� �� ���� :( ������<br />
y ���� ���� ��� ����� ����� �� �� � x ���� ����<br />
. ��� ��� �����<br />
II<br />
III<br />
���<br />
���<br />
y ����<br />
I<br />
���<br />
IV<br />
���<br />
x����<br />
�� ��� ��� �� ����� �� ��� : ���� /coordinate<br />
���� ������ ������ �� ��� �� �� ���� �� ������<br />
. ��� ��<br />
�� ����� ����� ����� : ������� /correlation<br />
. �� ���� ������<br />
��� ��� �� �����<br />
�����<br />
: ����� /correspondence<br />
. ������� ������ �� �� ���<br />
������ ������ corresponding angles/(for lines)<br />
������� �� �� �� �� ����� ��� �� :( ���� ����)<br />
m n ������� �� . ��� ��� ����� �� ��<br />
o p � �q � �m ������ ����� ��<br />
q r � �p ���s<br />
� �o ��r<br />
� �n<br />
s t<br />
. ����� �� �t<br />
������ /corresponding angles (in polygons)<br />
������� �� �� ����� ������ :( ������� ��)<br />
������<br />
. ����� ���<br />
����� ���� : ������ ����<br />
/corresponding sides<br />
. ����� ��� ������� �� ��<br />
������ ���� �� �� : (cos) ������� /cosine (cos)<br />
. ��� ��� �� ���� ����� �� �� ����� ��� ��� ����<br />
��� ��� /counterclockwise<br />
�� ������ ���� �� : ���� �����<br />
. ��� ���� ���� �� ���� �� �� ���<br />
: ����� ���� /counterexample<br />
����� �� ��� �� ���� �� ���� ��<br />
. ��� ������<br />
��� ���� : ����� ��� ���� /cross product<br />
. ���� �� ������ ���� �� ������� ��� ��� �� �����<br />
2<br />
�<br />
4 2 � 6 � 12<br />
3 6 3 � 4 � 12<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 34 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
: ����
������ �� : ����� ������<br />
/empirical probability<br />
. ��� ���� �������<br />
���� �� �� ������ : ���� ������<br />
/empty set<br />
. �����<br />
���� �� ����� �� ���� �� : ������ ����<br />
/endpoint<br />
. ���� ��� ��<br />
����� ��� ������ �� ������ : ��������<br />
: ����� ������ �� �����<br />
/enlargement<br />
. ���� �� ��<br />
/equally likely outcomes<br />
. ���� ����� ������ �� ������<br />
��� �� ���� �� ����� ���� �� : ������ /equation<br />
. �����<br />
�� ����� ����� ��<br />
����� : ����� ������ ����<br />
. ����� ����� ����� : �����<br />
/equilateral triangle<br />
. ���� ������ ��� �� ��<br />
/equivalent<br />
�� ������� : ����� ������ /equivalent fractions<br />
. ���� �� ��� �� ����� ���� ��� �����<br />
�� ���� ���� : ����� ��� ���� /equivalent ratios<br />
. ���� �� ��� �� �����<br />
������<br />
���� ���� �� �� ����� �� ����� : ����� /estimate<br />
������ ����� �� ������� �������� ����� ���� �� � ����<br />
���� ����� ���� �� ���� ����� ��� �� � ������ �����<br />
. �����<br />
����� �� ���� ���� ���� : �������� /evaluate<br />
. ���� ��� ����<br />
�� �� �� ���� ��� �� : ���<br />
��� /even number<br />
. ��� ���� ���<br />
����� �� ����� ������ ��� ����� �� : ������ /event<br />
. ������ ���<br />
�� ��� �� : ������ ���� /expanded form<br />
���� ��� ���� ������ ������ ��� �����<br />
� 236,536 ������ ���� : ����<br />
200,000 � 30,000 � 6,000 � 500 � 30 � 6<br />
. ���� ��<br />
�� :( ������)<br />
����� /experiment (probability)<br />
�� �� ��� ���� ��)<br />
���� ������ ������� �� �������<br />
. ( ����<br />
���� : ������� ������ /experimental probability<br />
����� ����� �� ���� �� ����� ����� �� �� ������ �����<br />
. ��� ��� ����� ������ �� ������ ��� �������<br />
��� �� ������ ��� ��� ���� : ����<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 35 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
�� ���<br />
/dimension<br />
����� �� ����� ����� : ������ ����� /direct variation<br />
�� ���� ���� ��� ������ ���� ���� �� �� ���� �� �� ��<br />
. ���<br />
. ��� �� ���� ���� �� �� ������ : �����<br />
/discount<br />
Distributive Property of Multiplication<br />
����� ��� ���� ��� ����� /over Addition<br />
�� �� ����� �� ��� ���� �� ����� �� ������ : ���<br />
�� ���� ������ �� �� ����� ���� ����� ��� ��� ��<br />
� ���� ��� ��� �� �� �� �� ������ �� ���� �� ���<br />
. ���� ��� �� �� �� �� ��� ���� ���<br />
5 � 21 � 5(20 � 1) � (5 � 20) � (5 � 1) : ����<br />
����� �� ���� ������ ����� �� �� : ����� /dividend<br />
. ��� ��<br />
. ��� ����� 8 ��� �8<br />
� 4 � 2 �� : ����<br />
�� ���������� ������ ���� ���� : ���� ��� /divisible<br />
. ��� ����� ��� �� �� ���� ����<br />
����� ����� /Division Property of Equality<br />
��� �� �� ��� ���� �� ����� �� ������ : ������<br />
����� ����� ����� ��� ��� ��� �� �� �� ������<br />
��<br />
. ���� ����� �� �� ��� ���� ���� ������<br />
�� �� ���� ������ ����� �� �� : ���� ����� /divisor<br />
. ���� �� ����� ��<br />
. ��� ���� ����� 4 ��� �8<br />
� 4 � 2 �� : ����<br />
�� ������� �� : ���� ������<br />
�� �� ����� ������ ��� ������ : ����<br />
/dodecahedron<br />
. ���� ��� ������<br />
/domain<br />
. ����<br />
������ �� : ������ ��� ������ /double-bar graph<br />
. ��� �� ������ �� ����� ��� ���� ������ �� �� ���<br />
�� ������� : ��� �� ������ /double-line graph<br />
�� ����� ��� ���� ������ �� ����� ��� �� ����<br />
. ����<br />
�� ����� ���� ����<br />
E<br />
������ �� �� ��� ���� : ��� /edge<br />
�� ����� ������� �� ��� �� ��<br />
. ����<br />
� ����� ����� : ����� /elements<br />
.<br />
������ �� �� ���� ��
������� ������ : �������� ������ /Fibonacci sequence<br />
����� ��� �� ���� �(1,<br />
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13…) �����<br />
���� ����� ����� ��� ���� ���� ��� �� ��� ���� ��<br />
�������� �������� �������� ������� ��� ��� �����<br />
. ��� ���<br />
�� �� �� ������ : ���� ��� ����� /first differences<br />
. ��� ����� ���� ���� �� ������ ���� �� �����<br />
�� �� ����� ���� ����� : ���� ����<br />
/first quartile<br />
��� ( �� ����� ����)<br />
lower quartile�<br />
�� ���� ������<br />
. ��� �� ������<br />
�� �� ���� ����� ����� �� �� ����� : ����� /formula<br />
. ��� �� ����<br />
A � lw : ����<br />
�� ������ ��� ��� �� ������� : ����� /fractal<br />
�� ��� ����<br />
���� ����� ����� �� ��� ������ ����<br />
. ����� ����� ��� ������ ������ ������<br />
a<br />
. b ≠ 0 �� �� �� �<br />
b<br />
���� �� ���� : ��� /fraction<br />
�� ���� �� ����� : ����� ���� /frequency table<br />
����� �� ����� ���� �� ������� ��� ������ ����� ����� ����<br />
. ��� �� ����<br />
��� �� : ����� ����� /front-end estimation<br />
� ��� ��� ����� ����� ����� ����� �� �� �� �����<br />
. ��� �� ����� ������� ����� �� ���� ����� ���<br />
���� �� ����� -�����<br />
����� �� : ���� /function<br />
. ���� ����� �� ������ ����� ��<br />
���� �� �� ����� : ���� ����� /function notation<br />
. ��� �� ���� ����<br />
�� �����<br />
f(x) � 3x : ����<br />
2<br />
y � 3x 2<br />
. ��� �� ������ “x �� f” ����� f(x)<br />
��� ��� �� ���� �� : ���� ���� /function table<br />
. ���� �� ���� �� ���� �� ��� �� ��� �� ����<br />
��� ����� /Fundamental Counting Principle<br />
�� ��� � �����<br />
���� ����� m ����� �� ��� : �����<br />
�����<br />
n ��� ����� �� ������� ����� ��� ����� �����<br />
m � n ����� �� ���� ������� �� ����� ����� ����<br />
. ���� ���� ���� �����<br />
G<br />
������ �� : ����� ������ /geometric probability<br />
. ����� ����� ��� ���� ������ ������ ������<br />
������ ���� ��� �� ���� �� ���� : ���� /exponent<br />
. ��� ���� ���� ������ ���� ��<br />
2 : ����<br />
3 . ��� ���� �� 3 � � 2 � 2 � 2 � 8<br />
���� �� �� ����� : ����� ���� /exponential decay<br />
�x<br />
����� ��� ������ ��� �� �� ���� �� ����� �����<br />
. ��� ������ f(x) �����<br />
��� �� ������� : �����<br />
���� /exponential form<br />
��� ����� ���� �� ���� ����� ���� �� � ���� �� ��<br />
4 : ����<br />
2<br />
. ��� 4 � 4 ���� ����� ����<br />
���� �� : ����� ���� /exponential function<br />
. ���� �� ���� �� ����� �� �� �� ������<br />
�� �� ����� : ������ ��� /exponential growth<br />
��� ������ ��� �� �� ���� �� ����� ����� ����<br />
. ��� ������ f(x) ����� �x<br />
�����<br />
���� �� ����� ���� �� : ����� /expression<br />
. ���� �� ������� ��/<br />
� ����� ����� �����<br />
�� ���� ��� ��� ����� : ������� /extrapolation<br />
. ����� ������ ������ �������� �����<br />
F<br />
. ������� ���� ���� �� : ���<br />
/face<br />
�� ��� ��� ���� ���� �� �� ���� : ���� /factor<br />
. ���� �� ��� ���� �� �����<br />
��� �� ���� �� ������� : ���� ���� /factor tree<br />
. ��� �� ����� ���� ������� �� ���� ��� �� �����<br />
���� ����� ��� ��� ���� : �������� /factorial<br />
. ����� ��� �� ����� ��� ���� �� ��� �� ����<br />
��� �� 4 � 3 � 2 � 1 � 4! � 4 �������� : ����<br />
. ���� �� 1 ����� 0! �����<br />
�� �� �� ������� ����� �� : �������� /Fahrenheit<br />
. ���� �� �� ����� ���� 212° �������������32°<br />
����� ���� ����� �� ����� ��� ��� : ������� /fair<br />
. ��� �������<br />
����� �� ��� �� ���� ������ �����<br />
���� �� �� ���� ���� : ������� ��� ���� /fair games<br />
. ����� ���� ���� ����� ���� �������� ���<br />
����� ��� �� : ����� ����� /favorable outcome<br />
. ���� �� ����� �� ���� �� �� ����� ������ ��<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 36 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
�� : �������� -���<br />
����� /if-then statement<br />
����� ���� ���� ���� �������� � ��� �� �� �����<br />
. ��� �� ������� ��� �� ���<br />
����� ����� ��� ������� �� ���� ��� ��� : ����<br />
�������� ������ ����� ����� ������ ����� ��� �<br />
. ���� �� ���� �������<br />
e f<br />
g h<br />
a b<br />
c d<br />
�� ����� �� �� ���� : ����� /image<br />
. ���� ���� ����� ��������������<br />
:( ������)<br />
������� /impossible (probability)<br />
. ��� 0 ������� ������� ����� ����� ��� ����<br />
�� �� �� ���� : ����� ��� /improper fraction<br />
. ��� �� ����� ��� ���� ������ ���� �� ����<br />
: ����<br />
���������� : ����� ��������� /independent events<br />
��� ��� ����� ������ ��� �� ����� �� ����� ���� �� ��<br />
. �����<br />
�� : ��������� ���� ������ /indirect measurement<br />
�� ���� ���� ���� ����� ��� ���� � ����� �� �������<br />
. ������<br />
�� ������� : �������� ������ /inductive reasoning<br />
. ���� ����� ���� ���� ��<br />
����� �� ����� ���� �� : �������� /inequality<br />
. ��� �� ���� ������ ����� �� �� ������� �����<br />
5 � 8; 5x � 2 � 12 : ����<br />
���� ��� ����� �� �� �� ������ : ����� /input<br />
. ��� �� �������<br />
� ���� ����� ������ : ���� �����<br />
5<br />
,<br />
3<br />
/integers<br />
. ��������<br />
������� ��� ��� ���� �� ���� ����� : ���� /interest<br />
. ��� �� ������ ��� ��<br />
��� �� ������� : ����� ������ /interior angles<br />
. ���� �� ��� ������ �� �� ������ �� �� �� ����<br />
�� ����� ������ �f ���e<br />
��d<br />
��c<br />
������� ��<br />
. �����<br />
���� ��� /interquartile range<br />
������� ����� ����� : �����<br />
. �� ���� ������ �� ������ � �����<br />
������ �� ����� : ������ ���� /intersecting lines<br />
. ���� �� ��� �� ������ ���� �� ��<br />
5<br />
5<br />
���� ���� �� : ����� ������ /geometric sequence<br />
. ���� ������ ������ ����� ����� ���� �� �� �����<br />
����� ������� �� ����� : ���� ���� /Golden Ratio<br />
�� ��� ���� ����� ������ �� �� . ���� �� 1.618<br />
. ���� �� 1.618 ������� ���<br />
������ : ������ �� ������ /graph of an equation<br />
. ����� �� ������ �� ��� �� ���� ��� ��� ������ ��<br />
��� �� ��� �� �� ����� : ����� ����� /great circle<br />
. ���� �� ��� ���� �� ��� �����<br />
���� �� ���� ��<br />
���� �������� /greatest common factor (GCF)<br />
���� ��� ��� ��� �� ����� ���� �������� : �����<br />
. ���<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 37 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
H<br />
: ������<br />
/height<br />
�� ����� �� ����� ����� ������ �� � ��� �� ��<br />
. ����� ���<br />
�� ����� �� ����� ����� ��������� ��� ���� �� ��<br />
. ����� ��� �� ���<br />
. �� ����� ����� ����� ����� �������� ��� ����� �� ��<br />
. ��� �� ��� : ��� ���<br />
. ���� ��� ������� �� : ���� ���<br />
. ���� �� ������� �� : ���� ��<br />
/hemisphere<br />
/heptagon<br />
/hexagon<br />
����� �� ��� ������ �� : ����� ������ /histogram<br />
. ��� �� ����<br />
����� ����� �� �� �� ����<br />
��� ��� �� ���� �� �� : ��� �� /horizon line<br />
. ��� �� ���� �� ������<br />
����� ��� ������ ���� �� �� : ���<br />
���� �� ���� ��� �� : ���� ����<br />
I<br />
/hypotenuse<br />
. ����� �����<br />
/icosahedron<br />
. ���<br />
: �� ������ ����� /Identity Property of One<br />
���� �� �� 1 �������<br />
���� �� ����� �� ������<br />
. ���� �� ��� ����<br />
: ��� ������ ����� /Identity Property of Zero<br />
���� ���� �� �� ��� ��� ���� �� ����� �� ������<br />
.<br />
���� �� ���
�������� /least common multiple (LCM)<br />
�� ���� �� ���� ���� �������� : ����� ����<br />
. ���� ��� ���� ��� ��� ��� �� ����<br />
���� �� ����� ������ ���� �� �� : �� ��� /legs<br />
�� �������� ������ ���� �� �� ����� �� ����� �����<br />
. ��� ����� �� ����<br />
���� �� ������� : ������ ������<br />
. ����� �� ������ ������<br />
/like fractions<br />
. ����� �����<br />
3<br />
12<br />
�<br />
5<br />
12<br />
: ����<br />
����� �� ����� ��� ���� �� : ������ ���� /like terms<br />
. ����� ������ �������������<br />
������<br />
���� 12a � 3a 3a � � 5b � 12a ����� �� : ����<br />
. ����� ������<br />
���� �� ����� ���� �� ������ ���� �� : �� /line<br />
. ��� �� ���� ����� �����<br />
����� �� �� ������ �� : ��� ������ /line graph<br />
���� �� ����� ����� �� ���� ����� ����� ���� ��<br />
. ��� �� �������<br />
�� �� ��������� : �� ���� ����� /line of best fit<br />
. ������� ������ �� ��� �� ���� ���<br />
��� ����� �� ���� �� �� : ��� ������ /line plot<br />
. ���� �� ���� �� ������ �� �����<br />
�� ����� �� �� �� ����� : �� ����<br />
/line segment<br />
. ����� ����<br />
������ �� �� ��� : ��������/line<br />
of reflection<br />
����� ������ �� �� ��� �� ������ �� ��� ��<br />
. ���� ����� �� ���� ������<br />
�� ���� “ ����”<br />
: ����� ��<br />
/line of symmetry<br />
. ��� �����<br />
����� �� ������ �� : ��� ����� /line symmetry<br />
���� ���� ����� ������ �� ��� �� ���� ��� �����<br />
. ���� �� ��<br />
�� �� �� �� ������ : ��� ������ /linear equation<br />
. ��� ������ �� �� �� �� ��� ������ ����<br />
�� ������� �� ����� : ��� ����<br />
/linear function<br />
. ��� ������ ��<br />
����� ���� �� : ��� �������� /linear inequality<br />
�� ����� ������� � ���� ������� � � � ��<br />
��<br />
�� ��<br />
. ��� ������ �� �� ����<br />
�� ���<br />
�� �� ��� ���� �� : ����� �������<br />
/lower extreme<br />
. �� ���� ������<br />
:( �� ������)<br />
����� ��� /intersection (sets)<br />
����� ����� �� ������ �� �� �� ������ ������<br />
. �����<br />
�� ��� ����� ���� ������ ��� ���� : ���� /interval<br />
. ������ �� ��� ����� ��� ���� �� �� ���<br />
�� ������ : ����� ����� /inverse operations<br />
���� ��� ������ � ��� : ���� �� ���� �� ������<br />
. �����<br />
�� �� �� ����� : ����� ����� /inverse variation<br />
����� ����� �� ������ ����� �� ����� ������ �� ��<br />
���� ������� ��� ���� ����� �� ���� ���� �����<br />
. ���<br />
���� ��� �� ���� : ��� ��� /irrational number<br />
������ ��� �� ������ ��� ���� ��� �� ���� ������<br />
. ��� ���� ����� ����� ��� ������<br />
������ �� �� : ����� ������� /isolate the variable<br />
����� �� ��� �� �� ����� ���� ��� �������� ���<br />
. ��� �� �� ������� ��� ������<br />
�� ��� �� ���� : ������ �� ��� /isometric drawing<br />
����� ������ ��� ���� ���� �� ��� �� �� ����<br />
. ��� ��� �����<br />
�� ����� : ������� ������ ���� /isosceles triangle<br />
. ���� ����� ��� �� �����<br />
K<br />
�� �� �� �������� �� :( ������� ���)<br />
���� /kite<br />
. ��� ����� ������ ���<br />
L<br />
���� ��� ����� �� �� : ����� ��� /lateral face<br />
. ���� ����� �� ����<br />
���� �������� �� �� : ����� ���� /lateral surface<br />
����� �� ��� ������ �� �� ���� ����� �� �� �����<br />
. ���� ����� �� ����� ���� ������ �� ��<br />
����<br />
�����<br />
�������� /least common denominator (LCD)<br />
��� ��� �� ����� ���� �������� : ����� ����<br />
. ����<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 38 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
��� �� � ��� �� ��� ���� : ���� /multiple<br />
. ���� �� ��� �� ���� �����<br />
����� �� : �������� ����� /mutually exclusive<br />
��� ����� �� ����� �� �� ��� ����� �������� �����<br />
. ����� �� ������<br />
N<br />
������ �� : ���� ������� /negative correlation<br />
���� ������ �� ������ ��� ����� ���� ������� �� ����<br />
�� ���� ���� ����� ������ �� ��� �� ���� ������ ��<br />
. ���<br />
�� ����� ��� : ���� ���� ���<br />
/negative integer<br />
. ��� ��� �� ����<br />
�� �� ������ ���� �� ����� ���� ���� : �� /net<br />
. ���� �� ������� �� ����� �� ��� �� ���� ����<br />
�� ���� ������ �� : ������� ���� /no correlation<br />
���� ������ ��� �� ����� ������� ����� ������� ����<br />
. ���� ���� ���<br />
�� ����� : ����� ���� /nonlinear function<br />
. ���� ������ �� �� �������<br />
���� ������ ��� /nonterminating decimal<br />
. ��� ��� ���� ���� �� ������ ��� �� : �����<br />
�� ��� �� �� ����� ��� : ���� /numerator<br />
. ��� ��� ����� ��� �� �� �� �� ���� ��� ������<br />
������<br />
4 : ����<br />
5<br />
�� ������ : ���� �����<br />
/numerical expression<br />
. ���� �� �� ��� � ����� ��� ����<br />
O<br />
�� �� ������ �� �� ����� : ������ ����� /obtuse angle<br />
. ��� ���� ���� 180° �� ��� ���� ����� ���� 90°<br />
�� ���� �� ����� : ������ ����<br />
������<br />
�� ������� �� : ���� ���<br />
��� �� ������� �� : ���� ���<br />
���� �� �� �� ���� ��� �� : ��� ���<br />
/obtuse triangle<br />
. ��� ������ �����<br />
/octagon<br />
. ����<br />
/octahedron<br />
. ���� ���<br />
/odd number<br />
. ���� �����<br />
�� ������ ��� ����� : ����� ���� /lower quartile<br />
������ ��� ( ��� ����)<br />
first quartile ��� ���� ������<br />
. ��� ��<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 39 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
M<br />
�� ����� �� ���� ������ �� ��� : ����� �� /mean<br />
��� ( �������)<br />
average ��� ���� ������ �� ���� �����<br />
. ��� �� ������<br />
�����<br />
������ /measure of central tendency<br />
������ �� ��� ����� ���� �� �� ������ : �����<br />
��� ������ ��� � ������ �������� ������ ���� �� ����<br />
. ����� ����� �����<br />
��� �� ( ����)<br />
������� ��� ���� ��� : ����� /median<br />
. �� ���� ���� ������ �� �� ����<br />
���� ����� /metric system of measurement<br />
� �� ��� ���� ������ ����� �� : ���� ������ ����<br />
���� ������ �� ���� ���� � ���� �� ������ �� �� ������<br />
. ����� ����<br />
���� �������� ���� �������� ���� ���� ����� : ����<br />
. ����� ���� ������ ���� ���� ��� ���� � ����<br />
�� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �� ���� : ������� /midpoint<br />
. ��� �� ����� ����� �� ����<br />
����� ��� �� �� ���� : ������ ��� /mixed number<br />
. ���� ��� � ��� �� ��� �����<br />
������ �� �� ������ �� ������ ��� ��� : �� /mode<br />
����� ������� �� ����� ��� ��� ����� �� �� �� ����<br />
. ����� ���� ��� �� ����� �� ����� ��<br />
��� ���� ����� �� : �� ���� �� /monomial<br />
. ���� ���� �� �� ����<br />
n, 5n : ����<br />
2 , 8, �3<br />
����� /Multiplication Property of Equality<br />
�� �� ��� ���� �� ����� �� ������ : ������ ���<br />
������ ����� ��� ��� �� �� �� ������ �� ���<br />
. ���� ����� �� �� ��� ���� ����<br />
����� /Multiplication Property of Zero<br />
����� ��� ���� ���� �� ����� �� ������ : ��� ���<br />
.0 � a � 0 � a � 0 � 0 a � �����<br />
��� �� : ���� ����� /multiplicative inverse<br />
����� �� 1 ����� �� ���� ����� �� ���<br />
��� �� ������ ��� (������ ���)<br />
reciprocal<br />
.<br />
���<br />
5<br />
4<br />
�<br />
4<br />
5<br />
���� ����� : ����
��� ��� �� ������� �� : ���� ��� /pentagon<br />
. ����<br />
-������-100<br />
�� �� ��� �� �� ����� : ����<br />
45% �<br />
/percent<br />
. ��� ��<br />
45<br />
100<br />
: ����<br />
�� ������ : ����� ���� /percent of change<br />
. ��� ���� ����� �� ���� ��� ������ ���� �����<br />
�����<br />
�� : ���� ���� /percent of decrease<br />
. ��� ���� �� �� ���������� �� �����<br />
����� �� : ������� ���� /percent of increase<br />
. ��� ���� �� �� ������ ������ �� �����<br />
. ���� ��� �� ����� : ���� ����� /perfect square<br />
7 � 5 � 5 � 25 : ����<br />
2 ���� ����� 49 � 25 � � 49<br />
. ����� ��<br />
. ������� �� ��� ����� : ���� /perimeter<br />
�������� ��� ���� ����� �� : ������ /permutation<br />
. ��� ��� ����� �� �� ��<br />
�� ��� : �������� /perpendicular bisector<br />
�� ���� �� � ��� �� ��� ������� �� �� �� ���� ��<br />
. ��� ����<br />
���� /perpendicular lines<br />
����� �� �� ������ ���� : �����<br />
. ���� �� �����<br />
�� �����<br />
�� ���� : �������� /perspective<br />
�� �� ��� ������ ���� �� ��� �� ���� ���� ����<br />
. ���� ����� � ��� �� ��� �� ���� ���� ���� ��<br />
��� �� ����� �� ������� ���� : (π) �� ��� /pi (π)<br />
π ≈ 3.14 ��<br />
�� ���� ����� ��� �� �� ���� ���� �� : ����<br />
22<br />
. �����<br />
7<br />
/plane<br />
. ���<br />
������� ��� : ������� ����� /Platonic solids<br />
����� ������ ����� ��� ����� ����� ���� : ����<br />
. ���� ���� �<br />
. ��� �� ��� ���� �� : ���� /point<br />
�� ������ : ��� – ���� ��� /point-slope form<br />
��� m �� �� �� y � y1 � m(x � x1 ) ����� ��<br />
. ��� �� ��� �� ��� ���� �� (x1 , y1 ) �<br />
����� � ����� ����� ����� ������ : ���� /odds<br />
. �������<br />
�� ������� ����� ���� : ������ ����<br />
�� ����� ����� ���� : �����<br />
/odds against<br />
. ����� �����<br />
���� /odds in favor<br />
. ������� �����<br />
�� ����� ������ �� ��� �� : �� ������ /opposites<br />
������ ���� ���� �� �� ��� �� ���<br />
. ���� �� ������ ��� ( ���� �����)<br />
additive inverse<br />
���� ����� �� : �� ��� ����� /order of operations<br />
����� ����� �� ������<br />
���� ������ ����� : ������ ����<br />
�� ����� � �� ��� ��� ��� ��� ���� � �� ���� ���<br />
������ ��� ��� � ����� ����� ���� �� �� �� ��<br />
. ���� ����� ���� �� �� �� �� �� �����<br />
���� �� �� ��� ��� �� : ���� ��� /ordered pair<br />
���� ������ ���� ��� �� ���� �� ���� ���� ����<br />
. ���<br />
�� y ���� � x ���� �� �� �� �� ���� : ���� /origin<br />
. (0, 0) ����� �� ��� �� ������ ������ ����<br />
�� ����� : ���� ����� /orthographic drawing<br />
. ��� � ��� ���� ����� �� ������� �� ���<br />
����� :( ������)<br />
����� /outcome (probability)<br />
. ������� ����� �� �� ����<br />
�� �� ������ ���� �� �� ������ : ������ ����<br />
/outlier<br />
�� ������ ����� ��� ������ ����� �� ���� ������<br />
. ����<br />
�� ���� ������ �� �� ������ : ����� /output<br />
. ��� �� ����� ���� ��� ����� �� �� ��� ���� �����<br />
�� �� ����� �� : ��� ����� ����� /overestimate<br />
. ��� ����� ���� ����<br />
P<br />
. ��� ���� ���� �� ������ : ���� /parabola<br />
��� �� �� ���� : ����� ���� /parallel lines<br />
. ���� ��� ��� �� ������ ��<br />
���� ���� �� : ����� ������ /parallelogram<br />
. ���� ����� ��� ��� �� ��<br />
����� ����� �� : ������ ���� /Pascal’s triangle<br />
� ���� �� ����� � ���� 1 �� ����<br />
�� �� �� �� �����<br />
. ��� �� ���� ����� �� ��� ���� ����� ��<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 40 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
�� 0% ��)<br />
1 �� 0 �� ��� �� : ������ /probability<br />
��� ����� ���� ������ �� ��� �� ���� �� ( 100%<br />
. ������ ����� ��<br />
�� ��� �� ������� ������ : ��� ���� /product<br />
. ���� �� ��� �� �� �����<br />
���� �� �� �� ���� : ��� ��� /proper fraction<br />
. ��� ������ ���� ��<br />
3<br />
,<br />
4<br />
1<br />
12<br />
,<br />
7<br />
8<br />
: ����<br />
�� ���� �� ����� �� �� ������ : ����� /proportion<br />
. ����� �� ����� ����<br />
. ����� ���� ������ ����� : ����� /protractor<br />
�� �� ������� �� : ��� /pyramid<br />
��� �� ���� ������� � ������� �����<br />
. ���� �� ����� ����� ��� �� ��<br />
�� �� : �������� ���� /Pythagorean Theorem<br />
����� ����� ����� ��� ��� ����� ������ ����<br />
. ���� �� ����� ���<br />
Q<br />
������ ���� y ���� � x ���� : ��� /quadrant<br />
��� �� ����� �� ����� �� ����� ����� ���� �� ��<br />
. ��� �� ������<br />
�� �� ������ : ��� ���� ������ /quadratic equation<br />
ax ��� ��<br />
2 .a ≠ 0 �� �� �� ����� �� � bx � c � 0<br />
��� �� ���� �� : ��� ���� ���� /quadratic function<br />
y � ax 2 .a ≠ 0 �� �� �� � bx � c<br />
y � 2x : ����<br />
2 � 12x � 10, y ��3x 2<br />
���� �� ������� �� : ��������<br />
/quadrilateral<br />
. ���� ���<br />
. ���<br />
�� ������� : ���� �� /quarterly<br />
�� ���� ����� ���� �� ��� ������ �� : ���� /quartile<br />
�� . ��� �� ����� ���� ���� �� �� �� ���� ������ ��<br />
�(<br />
��� ����)<br />
first quartile<br />
. ��� ������ ��� ( ��� ����)<br />
third quartile<br />
��� �� ������� ����� ���� : ���� ���� /quotient<br />
. ��� ����� ����� ��<br />
R<br />
� ���� : ������� ���� /radical symbol<br />
� ��<br />
. ��� �� ���� ��� �� ���� ��� ��� ���� ����� ����<br />
���� ������ �� : ����� ���� /point symmetry<br />
�� ���� ��� �� ���� 180° �� ��� ��� ���� �����<br />
. ����<br />
���� �� �� ���� ���� ��� �� : ������� /polygon<br />
������ ( �� ���)<br />
��� ������ ���� �� �� ����� ��� ��<br />
. ���� �� ��� ��<br />
�� �� ���� �� ������ �� : ������� /polyhedron<br />
. ����� �� ������� �� ���� ��� ����� ��� ��<br />
�� ���� ����� �� : �� ������� /polynomial<br />
. ��� ����� ��� ���� �� ����� ��� �����<br />
�� �� ����� ��� �����<br />
��� ����<br />
: ����� /population<br />
. ��� �� ����� ����� ���� ��� ��<br />
������ �� : ���� ������� /positive correlation<br />
���� ������ ������� ����� ���� ������� �� �� ����<br />
. ���� �� ���� ���� ��� ������ ������ �� ������<br />
�� ����� ��� : ���� ���� ��� /positive integer<br />
. ��� ��� �� ������<br />
��� �� �� ���� �� ������<br />
�� �� ����<br />
: ���� /power<br />
. ��� �� �����<br />
2 : ����<br />
3 . ���� �� 2 ��� ���� 8 �������� � � 8<br />
�� ����� ������ �� ������ ����� : ��� /precision<br />
. ��� �� ���� ���� ������ ���� ����<br />
���� ��� �� ���� �� ���� : ������� /prediction<br />
. ����� ����� ����� �� ���<br />
�� �� ����� : ��� ����� /prime factorization<br />
. ��� ����� ���� ��� ���� ��� ���� �����<br />
10 � 2 � 5, 24 � 2 : ����<br />
3 � 3<br />
1 �� ������ ���� ��� �� : ��� ��� /prime number<br />
. 1 ����� ����� ���� �� ������ ��<br />
��� �� �� �����<br />
��� �����<br />
: ����� ������ /principal<br />
. ��� ����� �� �� �<br />
��� ���� : ���� ��� ���� /principal square root<br />
. ��� �� �������<br />
. ���� ��<br />
5 ���� ��� ����<br />
25 � 5 : ����<br />
��� �� ����� �� �� ������� �� : ����� /prism<br />
������ ��� ����� ��� ���� � ����� ����� �������<br />
.<br />
����� ��<br />
�����<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 41 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
����� /rectangular prism<br />
�� ������� �� : ���� ����<br />
���� � ���� ������ ���� �����<br />
�� ����� ������ ����� ���<br />
. �����<br />
. ����� ��� ������ �� ���� : ���� /reduction<br />
�� ������ ��� �� �� ����� : ������ /reflection<br />
. ��� ������ �� �� ��� �� ��<br />
�� ����� �� ���� : ����� ��� /regular pyramid<br />
��� �� ����� ��� ��� � ���� ����� ������� ��<br />
. ����� ������<br />
�� ������� : ����� ������� /regular polygon<br />
. ����� ������ ������� � ����<br />
���� �� : ����� ���� ���� /regular tessellation<br />
. ��� ����� ����� ��� ������� �� ������� �� �� ����<br />
���� ��� �� : ��� ���� ���� /relatively prime<br />
���� 1 ���� ����� ���� �������� ��� ����� ����<br />
. ����� �� ��� ���� ���� 15 � 7 : ����<br />
�� : �� ���� ������ ��� /repeating decimal<br />
. ���� �� ����� ��� �� ����� �� �� �� ������ ���<br />
0.757575…� 0.75<br />
: ����<br />
��� �� ����� ������ �� : ���� /rhombus<br />
. ��� ����� �����<br />
�� 90° �� ������ �� �� ����� : ����� ����� /right angle<br />
. ����<br />
����� �� �� ������� : ���� ������� /right cylinder<br />
����� ��� �� �� ����� �� ����� ��� ����� ����<br />
. ��� �����<br />
�� ��� �� �� �� ������ : ���� ����� /right cone<br />
�� �� ����� ���� �� ��� ����� ( ���)<br />
��� �� ����� ��<br />
. ���<br />
����� �� ���� �� ����� : ����� ����<br />
/right triangle<br />
. ���� �����<br />
����� �� �� �� ��� �� ����� ����� : ���� /rise<br />
����<br />
��� ���� ���� “ ����� ����� ����”<br />
��� � ����<br />
�����<br />
. ���<br />
���� ��� �� �� �� �� ����� �� : ����� /rotation<br />
. ���� �� ���� ��<br />
����� ���� : ������ ����� /rotational symmetry<br />
���� �� ���� 360° ���� ���� �� �� ���� ������<br />
. ���� �� ���� ��� ��� ��� ��� ����� �����<br />
���� �� �� �� ���� �� : ���� /radius<br />
���� ������ ���� � ����� ���� �� ������<br />
. ���� �� ��� ��� ������ ��� ��<br />
�� : ������ ����� /random numbers<br />
����� ���� �� ��� �� ������� ����� ������ ��<br />
. ���� ��� ������ ����<br />
�� �� �� �� ����� : ������ ����� /random sample<br />
����� ���� �� ������ ���� �� ��� ��� ��� ��<br />
. ���� ��� ������ ����<br />
����� ����� :( ������)<br />
��� /range (in statistics)<br />
. �� ���� ������ �� ����� �������� � ��������<br />
:( ���� ��)<br />
������ ���� /range (in a function)<br />
. ���� �� �� ���� ������� ��� ������<br />
������� �� �� �� ���� �� �� �����<br />
: ����� /rate<br />
. ��� �� ������ ��� ��� ���� ������ �����<br />
�� 55mi/h �� ����� �� ���� 55 ���� ������ : ����<br />
. ����<br />
����� �� �� �� ����� : ���� ��� /rate of interest<br />
simple interest �� ���� ��� ��� ��� ������ ���<br />
. ��� ������ ( ���� ����)<br />
1<br />
2<br />
. ���� ����� ������ ���� �� ������ : ���� /ratio<br />
25 ����� 12, 25:12, 12 : ����<br />
25<br />
���� �� �� ���� : ���� ��� /rational number<br />
��� ���� ���� ��� �� ���� �����<br />
����� �� 0.5 �<br />
6<br />
1<br />
����� ���� �� �� 6 : ����<br />
. ��� ����<br />
������ ���� �� �� �� �� �� �� ����� : ����� /ray<br />
. ��� �� ���� ����� ��� �� � ��� ����<br />
. ��� ��� ���� ��� �� : ����� ��� /real number<br />
���� �� ���� �� �� ��� : ������ ��� /reciprocal<br />
multiplicative inverse ����� �� 1 ������<br />
. ��� �� ������ ��� ( ���� �����)<br />
�n<br />
������ ��� ����� �� 3 � 2 ������������ ������ : ����<br />
2 3<br />
1<br />
. ���� �� n<br />
���� �� ����� ������ �� : ������ /rectangle<br />
. ���� ����� �����<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 42 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
���� �� ����� �� �� �� ����� : ����<br />
/segment<br />
. ������<br />
: ����� ���� ���� ���� /semiregular tessellation<br />
����� ����� ��� ����� ������� �� �� �� ���� ����<br />
. ���� �� ����� ���� �� �� �� � ���<br />
. ����� �� ����� ���� �� : ������ /sequence<br />
. ���� �� ���� �� : ������ /set<br />
�� ����� �� ����� ��� �� �� ��� : ��� /side<br />
�� ����� �� ��� �� ���� �� ����� �� �� �� ����<br />
. ���<br />
������ : ��� -�����<br />
-���<br />
/Side-Angle-Side (SAS)<br />
�� ���<br />
���� ����� � ��� �� ��� ���� �� ����� ��<br />
���� �� ��� ���� ����� � ��� �� �� ����� ����<br />
. ����� �� ����� ������ ������ �� ������ ����<br />
�� ������ : ��� -���<br />
-���<br />
/Side-Side-Side (SSS)<br />
���� ��� �� �� ���� �� ��� �� ��� ���� �� �����<br />
. ����� �� ����� ������ ������ �� ���� ����� ����<br />
���� �� ������ : ��� ���� ����� /significant digits<br />
. ��� �� ���� ���� ������ �� �� ��� ���� ����<br />
��� ����� ������ ��� �� ������ : ������ /similar<br />
. ������ ������ ������ ������<br />
��� �� ���� ���� �� : ���� ���� /simple interest<br />
�� ��<br />
��� �� ���� I � crt ����� �� ������� �� . ������<br />
�� ���� t ������ ��� r ������� ��� ������� c ��<br />
. ����<br />
�� ����� ��� �� : ��� ���� ���� /simplest form<br />
1 �� ���� ���� � ���� �� ��� ��� ���� ����<br />
. ������ ����� ����� ����<br />
�� ����� ��� ��� �� ����� : ���� ���� /simplify<br />
. ��� ���� ����<br />
������ �� �� ������ : ����<br />
���� /simulation<br />
�� ��� ����� ��� ���� ����� �� �� ����� ������<br />
. ��� ����� ��� �� �� ����<br />
���� ������ ���� �� �� : (sin) ����� /sine (sin)<br />
. ��� ��� �� ��� ���� ����� �� ����� �� ���� ���<br />
������ �� �� ������ : ������ ����� /skew lines<br />
��� �� ������ �� � ���� ����� �� �� �����<br />
���� ������<br />
. ���� ��<br />
�� ����� �� ����� : ��� ��� ������ /slant height<br />
���� ������ ����� ��� ������ �� �� ���� �� �����<br />
. ���<br />
�� ����� �� ��� �� ����� : ���� ���� /rounding<br />
. ��� ���� ������ ����� �� �� ���<br />
�� 2,000 ����� ��������� �� 2,354 ��� ���� : ����<br />
�� 2,400 ��� ��������� �� 2,354 ��� ���� � �����<br />
. ����<br />
����� �� �� ��� ������� ���� ����� : ����� /run<br />
����<br />
��� ���� ���� “ ����� ����� ����”<br />
�� � ����<br />
�����<br />
. ���<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 43 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
S<br />
�� ���� �� ���� �� ����� : ���� ������ /sales tax<br />
. ��� �� ������ ��� ���� ��� ���� ����<br />
. �����<br />
�� �� ����� : ����� /sample<br />
�� �� ���� ����� : �� ����� ����<br />
/sample space<br />
. �����<br />
. �� ������ ������ �� ����� ���� : ����� /scale<br />
�� �� �� ������ : ����������� /scale drawing<br />
������ ��� ( ���� ��)<br />
���� ������ ���� �����<br />
������� ����� ��� �� ��� �� ( �������� ��)<br />
����<br />
. ��� ��<br />
���� �� ����� : ���� ����� ���� /scale factor<br />
. ��� �� ���� ����� ����� ���� ��� ��������<br />
�� ������ ����� �� : ������ ����� /scale model<br />
. ���� �� ��� ��<br />
�� ����� : ����� ����� ���� /scalene triangle<br />
. ����� ����� ����<br />
��� ���� �� ������� : ������ ������ /scatter plot<br />
���� ������ �� ����� ���� ����� �� ����� ���� ���<br />
. ��<br />
���� ���� : ���� ��������� /scientific notation<br />
�� ������� �� ���� ����� ��� ���� ����� ����� �����<br />
. 10 ����<br />
�� �� �� ������ : ��� ��� ����� /second differences<br />
. ���<br />
��� ����� ������ �� ���� ����� ��� �����<br />
���� ������ �� ����� : ��� ����<br />
/second quartile<br />
. ��<br />
�� ����� � ���� �� ���� �� �� ����� : ���� /sector<br />
. ��� ����� ��� �� ��� ��� �� ���� ������ ����<br />
������ �� �� ����� :( �� ����)<br />
��� /sector (data)<br />
. ��� �� ���� �� �� ���� ������ �� ���� �� �����
�� ������ �� �� ����� : ������� ����� /straight angle<br />
. ��� 180°<br />
�� ����� �� : ��� ���� ��� ����� /stratified sample<br />
. ��� ��� ����� ������� �� �� �����<br />
���� �� �� �� ������ : ������<br />
��� /subset<br />
. ��� �������� ���� ������<br />
�� �� ����� �� ����� : ���� ����� /substitute<br />
. ���� ����� �� �� ���� ����� ��� ���<br />
����� /Subtraction Property of Equality<br />
��� �� ��� ���� �� ����� �� ������ : ������ �����<br />
���� ���� ������ ����� ����� ������ �� ��� �� �� ��<br />
. ���� ����� �� �� ���<br />
��� ����� ��� ��� �� ������� ����� : �����<br />
/sum<br />
. ����<br />
����� �� : ���� ��� ����� /supplementary angles<br />
. ���� �� 180° ������ ������ ����� ��<br />
��� ����� ����� : ���� ����� /surface area<br />
. ���� �� ��� �� ��� ��� ��� ��� ����<br />
������ �� : ������ ����� /system of equations<br />
. ���� ����� �� ����� �� ���� �� ����� �� ������ ��<br />
: ��� ������ ����� /system of linear equations<br />
������ ���� �� �� �� ����� �� ��� ������ ��<br />
. ����� ��� ����� ����<br />
�� �� ����� : ��������� ����� /systematic sample<br />
. ��� ��� ������ ���� �� �� ������� �� �� �����<br />
T<br />
������ ���� �� �� : (tan) ������� /tangent (tan)<br />
��� ��� �� ���� ����� �� ����� ��� ��� ����<br />
. ���� ����� �����<br />
��� :( ����� �� ��)<br />
���� /tangent (to a circle)<br />
. ��� �� ���� ���� ����� �� ���� �� �� ��� ��<br />
:( ����� �� ��)<br />
���� /term (in an expression)<br />
. ��� �� ����� �� ��� �� ����� �� �� �����<br />
������ �10 ����� ���� �� �� ��� ������ : ����<br />
�� �� ��� ������ x � 1 ������ ���� �� �� ���<br />
. ���� ����<br />
�� :( ������ �� ��)<br />
5x 2<br />
��� /term (in a sequence)<br />
. ������ �� �� ��� ��� ���<br />
�� ��� �� �� �� ������� ������ : ��� /slope<br />
����� �� ����� ���� ����<br />
��������<br />
– ��� ��� /slope-intercept form<br />
y � mx � b ����� �� ��� ������ �� : ����<br />
������ ������� b � ��� ������� m �� �� �� ��� �����<br />
. ��� y ���� ��<br />
. ���� �� ��� �� : ���� ��� /solid figure<br />
�� : ������ �� �� ��� /solution of an equation<br />
. ���� �� ���� �� ������ �� �� ������� ��� �����<br />
: �������� �� �� ��� /solution of an inequality<br />
. ���� �� ���� �� �������� �� �� ������� ��� �����<br />
�� �� ��� /solution of a system of equations<br />
�� ������ ��� �� ������ ������ �� : ������ �����<br />
. ��� �� ���� �� �����<br />
�� ������� ������ : �� ��� ������ /solution set<br />
. ��� �� ���� �� �������<br />
. �� ��� ��� ���� ���� ���� : ���� �� /solve<br />
. ���� �� ��� �� : ����� ��� /space figure<br />
���� �� ���� ��� �� ���� �� ��� �� : ��� /sphere<br />
. ��� ����� �� ��<br />
�� ������ �� :( �����)<br />
���� /square (geometry)<br />
. ��� ����� ���� ����<br />
�� ���� :( �����)<br />
����� /square (numeration)<br />
. ��� ����� �� ���� ��<br />
5 �� : ����<br />
2<br />
. ��� ��� ����� 5 ����<br />
�� ��� ���� : ���� ���� ���<br />
5 � 5 � 25<br />
/square number<br />
. ���� �� ���<br />
. ���� �� ���� ���� ��� 25 : ����<br />
�� ����� ������ �� �� ��� : ��� ����<br />
/square root<br />
. ���<br />
� 4 �������� �16<br />
��4� �4 ��� � 16 � 4 � 4 : ����<br />
. ����� �� 16 ��� ���� �4<br />
���� /standard form (in numeration)<br />
����� �� ������� �� �� ���� :( ����� ��)<br />
���������<br />
. ��� �����<br />
5,210 ��������� ����� �� � ���������� ��� : ����<br />
. ���� ��<br />
������� : ��� � ���� ������ /stem-and-leaf plot<br />
�� ��� �� ���� �� ���� ����� � ��������� ���� ��<br />
. ��� ������ �� �� ������� �����<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 44 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
U<br />
������ ����� �� : ������ ����� /unbiased sample<br />
���� ����� ���� �� ����� �� ���� �� ��� ���<br />
. ���� ����� ��� ������<br />
�� ������ �� : ���� ������<br />
�� /underestimate<br />
. ��� ���� ���� �� ����<br />
�� �� ����� �� �����<br />
��� ������ : ������ /union<br />
. ����� ����� ��� ������<br />
���� �� ����� ���� : ���� ����� /unit conversion<br />
. ���� ���� �� ���� ������<br />
���� : ���� ����� ���� /unit conversion factor<br />
��������������������<br />
���� ����� �� ��<br />
������� �� ��� ����� ����� �� ����� ���� ����<br />
. �������<br />
������������ 60 ������ 1<br />
������<br />
��<br />
1 ������������ 60 : ����<br />
������ ���� ���� ��� �� : ���� ���� /unit price<br />
. ������<br />
���� ��� ���� �� �� �� ���� : ���� ��� /unit rate<br />
. ���� �� ���� �� �������<br />
����� �� ������� 10 : ����<br />
�� ������� : ������� ������ /unlike fractions<br />
. ����� ������ �������<br />
�� �� ��� �������� : ���<br />
. ����� ������� ������<br />
3<br />
�<br />
4<br />
1<br />
2<br />
: ����<br />
������� /upper extreme<br />
. �� ���� ������<br />
�� ����� ��� ����� : ��� ���� /upper quartile<br />
��� ( ���<br />
����)<br />
third quartile ��� ���� ������<br />
. ��� �� ������<br />
V<br />
����� �� �� : ���� ���� /vanishing point<br />
��� ������ �� �� ����� �� �� �� �� ���� ���������<br />
. ���� �� �� �� ���� ��<br />
�� �� ������ ����� : ����� ���� /variability<br />
. �� ���� ������<br />
�� ����� ���� ���� ���� �� ����� : ����� /variable<br />
. ��� �� ���� ��� �� �����<br />
����� ���� �� ������� : �� ������ /Venn diagram<br />
. ��� �� ���� �� ������ ����� ��� �����<br />
��� �� : ����� ����� ������ /terminating decimal<br />
. ���� �� ����� ��� ��� �� ���� �� ������<br />
6.75 : ����<br />
������ ������ ������� : ���� ���� /tessellation<br />
��� ���� ���� �� ��� �� ���� ���� �� �� ����<br />
. ������� ������ �� ���<br />
���� �� �������<br />
�� : ��������<br />
/tetrahedron<br />
. ���� ���<br />
����� ���� : ���� ������ /theoretical probability<br />
����� �� �� ������ �� �� ����� ����� ��� �� �����<br />
. ���� �����<br />
�� ���� ��� �����<br />
: ��� ���� /third quartile<br />
��� ( ����� ����)<br />
upper quartile ��� ���� ������<br />
. ��� �� ������<br />
���� �������� �� �� �� ���� �����<br />
: ����� /tip<br />
. �������� �� ���� �� ������ ���� ����� �����<br />
������� �� ����� �� : ��������<br />
�� ������ �� ( �������)<br />
�� ����� �� �� �� �� ��� : ������ ��<br />
/transformation<br />
. ��� �� ���<br />
���� : ������ /translation<br />
. ������ �� �� ������<br />
/transversal<br />
. ��� ���<br />
��� �� ������ �� ���� ���� �� : ������ /trapezoid<br />
. ���� ����� ���<br />
��� ���� ������ �� : ����� ������ /tree diagram<br />
. ��� �� ���� �� ������ �� ����� ��� ������� ��� ��<br />
���� ������ ��� ����� �� �������� �� : ������ /trial<br />
. ����� ��<br />
. ���� ��� �� �� ������� �� : ���� /triangle<br />
������ ����� ���� /Triangle Sum Theorem<br />
����� ������ ����� ���� �� ����� �� �� ���� : ����<br />
. ��� 180° ���� �� ��<br />
: ����� ����� /triangular prism<br />
���� ���� ����� �� ������� ��<br />
������ ����� ��� ��� � ����<br />
. �������<br />
��� �� ����� : ������� ���� /trigonometric ratios<br />
������� ���� �� ������ �� ����� ���� �� ������<br />
.<br />
����� �� ������� � ������ �������� �����<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 45 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
����� �� ���� : ��� ��� ������ /withholding tax<br />
. ������� ������ ���� �� ��� ������ ���� ��� ��<br />
X<br />
. ������ ���� �� �� ���� ���� : x<br />
���� /x-axis<br />
��� �� �� ��� ��� : x ���� /x-coordinate<br />
�� ���� �� (0, 0) ���� �� ���� �� �� ����� �����<br />
. ��� �� ���� �� ��� ����<br />
��<br />
. ���� �� x ���� 5 �(5,<br />
3) �� : ����<br />
�� ���� ���� x ���� : ���� �� ��� /x-intercept<br />
. ��� �� ��� �� x ���� �� �� �� �� ������<br />
��� ��� �� : ���� �����<br />
W<br />
/verbal expression<br />
. �����<br />
�� �� ���� �������� ��� ����� �� �� : ��� /vertex<br />
�� �� ����� �� ��� �� ������ ��� �� �� ��<br />
����� �� �� ���� ��� ��� �� ����� ����<br />
��������<br />
. ������ ���� ���� ���<br />
����� ����� ��� �� : ���� ������ /vertical angles<br />
a<br />
b<br />
d<br />
c<br />
���� ����� ���� �� �����<br />
������� �� ���� ���� �����<br />
�b � ��� ����� �c � �a<br />
. ��� ����� �d �<br />
������ ���� �� ���� ������� � ����� : ����/volume<br />
�<br />
. ��� ��� ��� ����<br />
���� ���<br />
����� �� ���� : ��� ��� ������ /withholding tax<br />
. ������� ������ ���� �� ��� ������ ���� ��� ��<br />
X<br />
. ������ ���� �� �� ���� ���� : x<br />
���� /x-axis<br />
��� �� �� ��� ��� : x ���� /x-coordinate<br />
�� ���� �� (0, 0) ���� �� ���� �� �� ����� �����<br />
. ��� �� ���� �� ��� ����<br />
��<br />
. ���� �� x ���� 5 �(5,<br />
3) �� : ����<br />
�� ���� ���� x ���� : ���� �� ��� /x-intercept<br />
. ��� �� ��� �� x ���� �� �� �� �� ������<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 46 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
A<br />
absolute value/ntsiab nqi: Yas kev ntawm ib<br />
tus number txij zero mus saum ib txoj kab;<br />
qhia los ntawm � �.<br />
Pivtxwv: � �5 � � 5.<br />
accuracy/tseem nqi: Qhov ze kawg nkaus<br />
ntawm ib ncua kev ntsuas lossis ib qho nqi<br />
ntawm qhov ntsuas lossis nqi tamsim nov<br />
acute angle/kaum nqaim: Ib lub kaum uas<br />
ntsuas tau tsawg dua 90°.<br />
acute triangle/peb ceg nqaim: Ib lub peb ceg<br />
nrog cov kaum ntsuas tau tsawg dua 90°.<br />
addend/tus ntxiv: Ib tus number ntxiv rau ib<br />
lossis ntau lwm tus number kom ua tau ib<br />
xam. Pivtxwv, hauv zaj ntawv 4 � 6 � 7, cov<br />
number 4, 6 thiab 7 yog cov ntxiv.<br />
Addition Property of Equality/ Cai Ntxiv<br />
ntawm Equality: Txoj cai teev tias yog nej<br />
ntxiv tib tug number qub rau ob sab ntawm<br />
ib tug equation, tus equation tshiab yuav<br />
muaj solution tibyam.<br />
Addition Property of Opposites/Cai Ntxiv<br />
ntawm cov Rov: Txoj cai teev tias tus xam<br />
tawm ntawm ib tus number thiab nws tus rov<br />
yog zero.<br />
Pivtxwv: 12 � (�12) � 0<br />
additive inverse/ tus rov ntxiv: Tus rov<br />
ntawm ib tus number.<br />
Pivtxwv: Tus rov ntxiv ntawm 6 yog �6.<br />
adjacent angles/ cov kaum<br />
sib npuab: Cov kaum hauv<br />
b<br />
tib daim plag uas koom ib a<br />
lub hau kaum thiab ib txoj<br />
kab ntug<br />
algebraic expression/ zaj ntawv algebraic: Ib<br />
zaj ntawv kws zwm tsawg kawg nkaus ib tug<br />
variable.<br />
Pivtxwvs: x � 8; 4(m � b)<br />
algebraic inequality/zaj ntawv inequality: Ib<br />
zaj inequality kws zwm tsawg kawg nkaus ib<br />
tus variable.<br />
Pivtxwvs: x � 3 � 10; 5a � b � 3<br />
alternate exterior angles/<br />
cov kaum hloov sab<br />
nraud: Ib txwm kaum<br />
txawm los ntawm ib txoj<br />
kab txiav thiab ob txoj<br />
kab; hauv daim duab kos,<br />
c d<br />
cov txwm kaum hloov sab nraud yog<br />
�a thiab �d thiab �b thiab �c.<br />
a b<br />
alternate interior angles/<br />
cov kaum hloov sab<br />
hauv: Ib txwm kaum<br />
r s<br />
txawm los ntawm ib<br />
txoj kab txiav thiab<br />
ob txoj kab; hauv daim<br />
t v<br />
duab kos, cov txwm kaum hloov sab hauv<br />
yog �r thiab �v thiab �s thiab �t.<br />
altitude/kab ntsug: Txoj kab yas kev txiav<br />
ntsug ntawm ib lub hau kaum hauv ib lub<br />
ntau ces (polygon) mus rau txoj kab teebtim<br />
rov (lossis txoj kab zwm tus taw teem ntawd)<br />
angle/kaum: Ib daim duab txawm los ntawm<br />
ob txoj sab nrog ib lub pob xaus hu ua hau<br />
kaum (vertex)<br />
angle bisector/kab phua<br />
N<br />
nruab nrab: Ib txoj kab,<br />
P<br />
ncua kab, lossis sab uas<br />
O<br />
faib ib lub kaum mus ua M<br />
ob lub kaum sib dhos<br />
Angle-Side-Angle(ASA)/Kaum-Ntug-Kaum:<br />
Ib txoj cai teev tias yog ob lub kaum thiab<br />
txoj kab ntug koom ntawm ib lub peb ceg sib<br />
dhos nrog rau ob lub kaum thiab txoj kab<br />
ntug koom ntawm lwm lub peb ceg, ces ob<br />
lub peb ceg ntawd sib dhos<br />
arc/nkoov: Ib ntu ntawm ib lub vojvoog muaj<br />
npe raws nws ob lub pob xaus<br />
area/cheebtsam: Tus number ntawm plaub<br />
ceg yeem uas tim tsum los npog ib thajtsam<br />
paub tau<br />
arithmetic sequence/seem lej arithmetic: Ib<br />
phaj teev cov number raws seem, uas nyob<br />
hauv, qhov txawv nrug ntawm ob tus number<br />
sib lawv yeej ib txwm zoo tibyam<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 47 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
Associative Property/Cai Sib Hloov Chaw<br />
Kev ntxiv: Txoj cai teev tias rau tas nrho cov<br />
real number a, b, thiab c, tus xam tawm yog<br />
tus qub mus li, txawm muab lawv sib hloov<br />
chaw licas los tau:<br />
a � b � c � (a � b) � c � a � (b � c)<br />
Kev tsuam: Txoj cai teev tias rau tas nrho cov<br />
tseem number a, b, thiab c, lawv tus tsuam<br />
tawm yog tus qub mus li, txawm muab lawv<br />
sib hloov chaw licas los tau:<br />
a � b � c � (a � b) � c � a � (b � c)<br />
asymmetry/tsis xwmyeem: Tsis sib thooj rau<br />
txhua sab ntawm ib txoj kab nruab nrab. Tsis<br />
xwmyeem.<br />
average/average: Tus xam tawm ntawm ib<br />
pawg data faib rau tus number ntawm pawg<br />
data; thiab hu ua mean<br />
average deviation/yas kev average: Yas kev<br />
average uas ib tus nqi data muaj los ntawm<br />
tus mean<br />
axes/kab teebtim: Ob txoj kab perpendicular<br />
ntawm ib daim plag pob sib txuas uas sib<br />
tshuam ua lub hau paus origin lossis lub<br />
plawv.<br />
B<br />
back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot/duab tignrob-qaum<br />
raws kav-thiab-nplooj: Ib daim<br />
duab raws kav-thiab-nplooj uas piv ob pawg<br />
data thaum muab ib pawg data los nthuav<br />
rau sab lauj ntawm tus kav thiab lwm pawg<br />
rau sab xis<br />
bar graph/duab teev kab ntsug: Ib daim<br />
duab teev uas siv cov kab ntsug lossis pas tav<br />
los nthuav cov data<br />
base-10 system/txheejtxheem teebtim-10: Ib<br />
tus txheejtxheem number, uas nyob hauv, cov<br />
number tas nrho raug nthuav tawm raws cov<br />
zauv 0–9<br />
base (in numeration)/tus taw teem (hauv<br />
kev suav lej): Thaum ib tus number raug tsa<br />
rau ib lub zog, tus number kws raug siv los ua<br />
tus teebtim (factor) yog tus taw teem.<br />
Pivtxwv: 3 5 � 3 � 3 � 3 � 3 � 3<br />
base (of a polygon or three-dimensional<br />
figure)/taw teem (ntawm ib lub ntau<br />
ces(polygon) lossis duab peb seem): Ib tus<br />
ntug ntawm ib lub polygon; ib sab ntawm ib<br />
daim duab peb seem uas raug siv los ntsuas<br />
lossis cais cov duab ntawd.<br />
Cov taw<br />
teem<br />
ntawm ib<br />
lub cylinder<br />
Cov taw<br />
teem<br />
ntawm ib<br />
lub prism<br />
biased sample/qauv sim siszas: Ib tug qauv<br />
uas siv tsis tau zoo rau cov neeg tas nrho<br />
binary number system/txheejtxheem<br />
number txooj: Ib tus txheejtxheem number,<br />
uas nyob hauv, tas nrho cov number raug<br />
nthuav los siv ua ob tus zauv xwb, 0 thiab 1<br />
binomial/binomial: Ib tus polynomial nrog<br />
ob nqe.<br />
Pivtxwvs: 10 � m; 3y � 2<br />
bisect/txiav nruab nrab: Txiav ua ob thooj<br />
sib dhos<br />
boundary line/kab ciam: Pawg pob xaus uas<br />
ob sab ntawm ib zaj linear inequality nrog ob<br />
tug variable sib luag<br />
box-and- whisker plot/duab kos thawvthiab-sab<br />
cab: Ib daim duab teev uas nthuav<br />
qhov siab tshaj thiab qis tshaj ntawm ib feem<br />
plaub ntawm cov data mus ua sab cab, ob<br />
feem plaub nruab nrab ntawm cov data mus<br />
ua thawv, thiab tus median.<br />
break (graph)/txiav (duab teev): Ib txoj kab<br />
zigzag saum ib txoj kab tsi tav lossis ntsug<br />
ntawm ib daim duab teev uas qhia tias ib cov<br />
number saum kab tsi tsis pom lawm<br />
C<br />
Cov taw<br />
teem<br />
ntawm ib<br />
lub cone<br />
Cov taw<br />
teem<br />
ntawm ib<br />
lub pyramid<br />
capacity/cev duav duav: Lub cev uas ib lub<br />
thoob ntim tau thaum puv<br />
Celsius/Celsius: Ib tus tsi metric rau kev<br />
ntsuas huabcua, uas nyob hauv, 0°C yog lub<br />
pob dej khov thiab 100°C yog lub pob dej<br />
npau, thiab hu ua centigrade<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 48 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
center (of a circle)/nrog (ntawm ib lub<br />
vojvoog): Lub pob hauv plawv vojvoog uas<br />
muaj yas kev ntev tibyam rau tas nrho cov<br />
pob saum lub vojvoog<br />
center (of dilation)/nrog (ntawm kev nthuav<br />
dav): Lub pob tshuam ntawm ob txoj kab los<br />
ntawm tas nrho cov kaum hauv ib txoj kev<br />
nthuav<br />
center (of rotation)/nrog (ntawm kev kiv<br />
ncig): Lub pob uas ua chaw rau ib lub cev<br />
khiav ncig<br />
central angle/ kaum nroog: Ib lub kaum uas<br />
muaj lub hau kaum ua lub plawv rau ib lub<br />
vojvoog<br />
certain (probability)/tseeb (lej probability):<br />
Tseeb tias txawm tau; muaj qhov probability<br />
txog 1<br />
chord/hlua: Ib yas kab nrog pob xaus saum<br />
ib lub vojvoog<br />
circle/vojvoog: Pawg pob tas<br />
nrho hauv ib daim plag uas<br />
C<br />
muaj yas kev ntev tibyam los<br />
rau ib lub pob hu ua nrog<br />
circle graph/duab teev vojvoog: Ib daim<br />
duab teev uas siv cov txaum ntawm ib lub<br />
vojvoog los piv rau tej thooj ntawm cov<br />
txaum tas nrho thiab tej thooj rau lwm thooj<br />
circumference/kab ncig: Yas kev ncig ib lub<br />
vojvoog<br />
clockwise/kab ncig moo:<br />
Ib txoj kev nti ua vojvoog<br />
mus rau sab xis ntawm<br />
txoj hau kev qhia cia<br />
clustering/txuas ncig: Ib hom txuj siv los<br />
kwvyees txog qhov xam tawm thaum tas<br />
nrho cov ntxiv muaj nqi yuav luag tibyam.<br />
Pivtxwv: 27, 29, 24 thiab 26 tas nrho nyob<br />
ncig 25.<br />
coefficient/coefficient: Tus number uas raug<br />
tsuam rau tus variable hauv ib zaj ntawv<br />
algebraic<br />
Pivtxwv: 5 yog tus coefficient hauv 5b.<br />
combination/kev teeb tso: Ib txoj kev tso cov<br />
tsavyam lossis txheejxwm , uas nyob hauv, tej<br />
seem tsis tseem ceeb<br />
commission/nqi tau muag: Ib tus nqi them<br />
rau ib tus neeg vim nws muag tau khoom<br />
commission rate/nqi feem tau muag: Tus nqi<br />
them rau ib tus neeg uas muag tau ib yam<br />
khoom xam ua feem pua los ntawm tus nqi<br />
muag<br />
common denominator/koom denominator:<br />
Ib tus denominator uas zoo tibyam thoob<br />
plaws rau ob lossis ntau tus fraction.<br />
Pivtxwv: Tus koom denominator ntawm 5 –<br />
8<br />
thiab 2 –<br />
8 yog 8.<br />
common difference/koom txawv: Qhov<br />
txawv ntawm txhua txhua ob nqe ntawv sib<br />
lawv sib liag hauv ib seem lej arithmetic<br />
common factor/koom factor: Ib tus number<br />
uas yog ib tus factor ntawm ob lossis ntau tus<br />
number.<br />
Pivtxwv: 8 yog ib tus factor ntawm 16 thiab 40.<br />
common multiple/koom multiple: Ib tus<br />
number uas yog ib tus multiple ntawm txhua<br />
tus ntawm ob lossis ntau tus numbers.<br />
Pivtxwv: 15 yog ib tus koom multiple ntawm<br />
3 thiab 5.<br />
common ratio/koom ratio: Tus ratio uas<br />
txhua nqe ntawv raug tsuam rau kom ua tau<br />
nqe tom ntej hauv ib seem geometric<br />
Commutative Property/Cai Tshais chaw<br />
Kev Ntxiv: Txoj cai teev tias muab tau ob<br />
lossis ntau tus number sib ntxiv raws seem<br />
twg los tau yeej tsis hloov tus xam tawm li.<br />
Pivtxwvs: 8 � 20 � 20 � 8; a � b � b � a<br />
Kev Tsuam: Txoj cai teev tias muab tau ob<br />
lossis ntau tus number sib tsuam raws seem<br />
twg los tau yeej tsis hloov tus tsuam tawm li.<br />
Pivtxwvs: 6 � 12 � 12 � 6; a � b � b � a<br />
compatible numbers/number sib luag: Cov<br />
number uas yuav laug zoo li tus number paub<br />
los es ua rau kev kwvyees thiab xamphaj<br />
tswvyim yoojyim heev.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 49 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
compensation/kev npog: Thaum ib tus<br />
number hauv ib zaj ntawv yuav luag zoo<br />
tibyam li lwm tus number uas yoojyim heev<br />
rau xamphaj nrog, muab tus number yoojyim<br />
los laij nrhiav zaj lus teb. Ces muab zaj lus<br />
teb los rho lossis ntxiv me me tawm xwb.<br />
complementary angles/cov kaum sib ntxiv:<br />
Ob lub kaum uas ntsuas sib ntxiv mus ua 90°.<br />
composite number/number zoj: Ib tus<br />
number loj dua 1 uas muaj ntau dua ob tus<br />
number kheej ua factor<br />
compound event/txheejxwm sib txuas: Ib<br />
qhov txheejxwm txawm los ntawm ob lossis<br />
ntau qhov txheejxwm yoojyim<br />
compound inequality/inequality sib txuas:<br />
Ib txoj kev teeb ntau tshaj ib zaj inequality.<br />
Pivtxwv: x � �2 lossis x � 10, lossis �2 � x<br />
� 10. x loj dua lossis loj li �2 thiab<br />
me dua 10.<br />
compound interest/paj laum sib txuas: Paj<br />
laum tau lossis them los ntawm cov peev<br />
thiab cov paj laum tau los uantej lossis paj<br />
laum them los<br />
concave polygon/polygon nthuav: Ib lub<br />
polygon nrog tsawg kawg nkaus ib lub kaum<br />
hauv uas loj dua 180°.<br />
cone/cev ntse hau (cone): Ib lub cev peb-seem<br />
nrog ib lub hau kaum thiab ib lub taw teem<br />
kheej<br />
congruent /dhos: Muaj nrog cev thiab nraj<br />
tsug tibyam<br />
congruent angles/kaum sib dhos: Cov kaum<br />
uas luj ntsuas tau sib luag zos<br />
congruent segments/ncua kab sib dhos: Cov<br />
ncua kab uas ntev tibyam<br />
constant/tsis hloov: Ib tus nqi uas tsis hloov li<br />
constant of proportionality/kev sib piv tau<br />
tsis hloov: Ib tus lej ratio ntawm ob tus<br />
variable uas sib txuas raws kev sib piv tau.<br />
Pivtxwv: 5 � k, 10 � 2k thiab 15 � 3k<br />
convenience sample/zoo qauv sim: Sim ua<br />
qauv raws cov txheejxwm txawmpeem tshaj<br />
hauv cov pejxeem kom tau num sai<br />
conversion factor/factor hloov tau: Ib tus<br />
fraction kws tus numerator thiab denominator<br />
sawv cev tau rau tib tug nqi tabsis siv txawv<br />
yeem; tus fraction loj li 1 tabsis tus numerator<br />
thiab tus denominator loj tibyam.<br />
24 teev 1 hnub<br />
Pivtxwv: thiab<br />
1 hnub 24 teev<br />
convex polygon/polygon nqaim: Ib lub<br />
polygon nrog tas nrho cov kaum hauv puav<br />
leej ntsuas tau tsawg dua 180°<br />
coordinate plane (coordinate grid)/plag pob<br />
teebtim (ntxaij pob sib txuas): Ib daim plag<br />
txawm los ntawm lub pob sib tshuam ntawm<br />
ib txoj kab number tav hu ua txoj x-axis thiab<br />
ib txoj kab number ntsug hu ua txoj y-axis.<br />
Suam<br />
Quadrant II<br />
Suam<br />
Quadrant III<br />
txoj kab y-axis<br />
Suam<br />
Quadrant I<br />
txoj kab<br />
x-axis<br />
Suam<br />
Quadrant IV<br />
coordinate/pob teebtim: Ib ntawm cov txwm<br />
number raws seem uas sib txuas ua chaw rau<br />
ib lub pob saum ib daim duab teebtim<br />
correlation/kev txuas haum: Kev teev txoj<br />
kev sib txuas ntawm ob pawg data<br />
correspondence/kev sib txuas: Kev sib txuas<br />
ntawm ob lossis ntau yam khoom uas sib xws<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 50 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
corresponding angles<br />
(for lines)/kaum sib<br />
phim (rau cov kab):<br />
Ib txwm kaum txawm<br />
los ntawm ib txoj kab<br />
txiav thiab ob txoj kab;<br />
q r<br />
s t<br />
m n<br />
o p<br />
hauv daim duab kos, cov txwm kaum sib<br />
phim yog �m thiab �q, �n thiab �r,<br />
�o thiab �s, thiab �p thiab �t.<br />
corresponding angles (in polygons)/kaum<br />
sib phim (hauv polygon): Cov kaum sib xws<br />
ntawm ob lossis ntau lub polygon<br />
corresponding sides/ntug sib phim: Cov ntug<br />
sib xws ntawm ob lossis ntau lub polygon<br />
cosine (cos)/cosine (cos): Hauv ib lub raug<br />
peb ceg, tus ratio ntawm ncua ntug npuab sab<br />
ntawm lub kaum nqaim rau ncua hypotenuse<br />
counterclockwise/kab rov<br />
ncig moo: Ib txoj kev nti ua<br />
vojvoog mus rau sab lauj<br />
ntawm txoj hau kev qhia cia<br />
counterexample/pivtxwv rov: Ib qhov<br />
pivtxwv uas qhia tias ib zaj lus yuam kev<br />
cross product/tsuam txiav: Tus tsuam tawm<br />
ntawm cov number saum kab txiav kaum<br />
thaum muab ob tus ratio los sib piv<br />
Pivtxwv: 2 –<br />
3 � 4 – 2<br />
6 3 � � 6 4 � � 12<br />
12<br />
cube (geometric figure)/<br />
cube (hauv kev suav lej):<br />
Ib tus number tsa mus rau<br />
peb npaug zog<br />
cube (in numeration)/cube (hauv kev suav<br />
lej): Ib tus number tsa mus rau peb npaug zog<br />
cumulative frequency/zaus xam tawm: Tus<br />
xam ntawm cov khoom data sib lawv<br />
customary system of measurement/<br />
txheejtxheem kev ntsuas ib txwm siv: Tus<br />
txheejtxheem kev ntsuas keev siv nyob hauv<br />
United States<br />
Pivtxwv: inches, feet, miles, ounces, pounds,<br />
tons, cups, quarts, gallons<br />
cylinder/cev thoob (cylinder):<br />
Ib lub peb-seem cev nrog ob<br />
txoj kab tib nqag, taw teem<br />
kheej sib dhos thiab txuas<br />
rau ib daim plag qhwv ncig<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 51 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
D<br />
decagon/kaum ce: Ib lub polygon nrog kaum<br />
tus ntug<br />
decimal system/txheejtxheem decimal: Ib<br />
tus txheejtxheem ua chaw suav hauv tus taw<br />
teebtim-10<br />
deductive reasoning/tswvyim xaiv tawm: Siv<br />
tswvyim zoo los qhia tias ib zaj lus muaj tseeb<br />
degree/degree: Lub yeem ntawm kev ntsuas<br />
rau cov kaum lossis huabcua<br />
denominator/denominator: Tus number<br />
hauv qab ntawm ib tug fraction uas qhia tias<br />
muaj pes tsawg thooj nyob hauv tas nrho<br />
Pivtxwv: 3 –<br />
4 denominator<br />
Density property of real numbers/Cai<br />
teebtim ntawm cov tseem number: Txoj cai<br />
teev tias nyob nruab nrab ntawm ob tug<br />
tseem number, yeej ib txwm muaj lwm tus<br />
tseem number thiab<br />
dependent events/txheejxwm koom: Cov<br />
txheejxwm qhia tias qhov tshwmsim ntawm<br />
thawj nqe txheejxwm muaj feemcuam nrog<br />
qhov tshwmsim ntawm nqe txheejxwm tom<br />
qab<br />
diagonal/kab txiav kaum: Ib yas kab uas<br />
txuas ob lub hau kaum tsis sib npuab ntawm<br />
ib lub polygon<br />
diameter/diameter: Ib yas kab uas txiav dhau<br />
lub plawv nrog ntawm ib lub vojvoog thiab ho<br />
xaus cov pob xaus saum lub vojvoog, lossis<br />
saum chaw kawg ntawm ncua kab ntawd<br />
difference/txawv: Tus tshwmsim thaum muab<br />
ib tus number rho tawm ntawm lwm tus<br />
dilation/nthuav: Ib txoj kev hloov uas nthuav<br />
dav lossis nthuav nqaim ntawm ib lub cev<br />
dimension/seem cev: Qhov ntev, luv, lossis<br />
siab ntawm ib lub cev duab
direct variation/hloov ncaj: Ib txoj kev sib<br />
txuas ntawm ob tug variables, uas nyob hauv,<br />
cov data nce lossis txo thoojtxhij raws ib tug<br />
nqi cuam<br />
discount/nqis: Qhov nqi txo los ntawm tus<br />
nqi chiv<br />
Distributive Property of Multiplication over<br />
Addition/Cai faib raws kev tsuam rau kev<br />
ntxiv: Txoj cai teev tias yog nej tsuam ib nqe<br />
ntawv xam rau ib tus number, nej yuav tau<br />
tus tshwmsim tibyam li nej tsuam txhua tus<br />
ntxiv rau tib tug number ntawd thiab muab<br />
cov tsuam tawm los sib ntxiv.<br />
(G6: Distributive Property/Cai Faib)<br />
Pivtxwv: 5 � 21 � 5(20 � 1) � (5 � 20) � (5 � 1)<br />
dividend/tus yuam faib: Tus number raug<br />
muab faib hauv ib zaj teebmeem kev faib lej<br />
Pivtxwv: Hauv 8 � 4 � 2, 8 yog tus yuam faib.<br />
divisible/faib tau: Muab faib tau rau ib tug<br />
number thiab tsis muaj tus seem li<br />
Division Property of Equality/Cai Faib raws<br />
kev Sib Npaug: Txoj cai teev tias yog nej<br />
muab ob sab ntawm ib tus equation los faib<br />
rau ib tus number txawv zero, tus equation<br />
tshiab ntawd yuav muaj zaj lus teb zoo<br />
tibyam<br />
divisor/tus faib: Tus number uas nej siv faib<br />
lwm tus hauv ib zaj teebmeem kev faib lej<br />
Pivtxwv: Hauv 8 � 4 � 2, 4 yog tus faib.<br />
dodecahedron/dodecahedron: Ib lub<br />
polyhedron nrog 12 sab ntsa<br />
domain/cheebtsam: Pawg nqi tsim tau tas<br />
nrho uas muaj tau ntawm ib tus function<br />
double-bar graph/duab teev kab ntsug txooj:<br />
Ib daim duab teev kab ntsug uas muab ob<br />
pawg data sib txuas los sib piv<br />
double-line graph/duab teev kab txooj: Ib<br />
daim duab teev qhia tias ob pawg data uas sib<br />
txuas hloov raws sij hawm licas<br />
E<br />
edge/ntug: Ncua kab, uas<br />
nrog ua ke ntawd, muaj<br />
ob sab ntsa ntawm ib lub<br />
polyhedron los sib tshuam<br />
elements/timkhawv: Cov lo lus, number,<br />
lossis khoom hauv ib pawg<br />
empirical probability/probability raws<br />
hmoo: Saib experimental probability<br />
(probability raws kev sim).<br />
Cov<br />
Ntug<br />
empty set/pawg qhuav: Ib pawg uas tsis muaj<br />
ib tug timkhawv li<br />
endpoint/pob xaus: Ib lub pob xaus ntawm<br />
ib yas kab lossis kab sab.<br />
enlargement/nthuav dav: Ib txoj kev nthuav<br />
dav ntawm txhua seem cev hauv cov<br />
proportion sib xws<br />
equally likely outcomes/qhov tshwmsim yuav<br />
luag sib npaug: Cov tshwmsim uas muaj<br />
probability sib xws<br />
equation/equation: Ib kab lej uas qhia tias ob<br />
zaj ntawv zoo tibyam<br />
equilateral triangle/peb ces xwmfab<br />
xwmyeem: Ib lub peb ces nrog peb lub kaum<br />
sib dhos<br />
equivalent/tibyam: Muaj nqi tibyam<br />
equivalent fractions/tibyam fraction: Cov<br />
fractions uas ntaus tau nqi tibyam lossis muaj<br />
tus txhwmsim zoo tibyam<br />
equivalent ratios/tibyam ratio: Cov Ratio<br />
uas muaj kev sib piv zoo tibyam<br />
estimate/kwvyees: Ib nqe lus teb uas nyob ze<br />
tshaj plaws ntawm qhov tseem thiab txawm<br />
los ntawm kev ntaus nqi ze, sib ntxiv, siv tus<br />
zauv pib-xaus, cov number sib phim, lossis<br />
lwm hom yeebyam; los nrhiav ib qhov lus teb<br />
xws li ntawd<br />
evaluate/luj ntsuas: Nrhiav tus nqi ntawm ib<br />
zaj ntawv numerical lossis algebraic<br />
even number/number txooj: Ib tus number<br />
kheej uas muab faib tau rau ob.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 52 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
event/txheejxwm: Ib qhov tshwmsim lossis<br />
pawg tshwmsim ntawm ib yam dejnum sim<br />
lossis thajtsam<br />
expanded form/cev nthuav: Ib tus number<br />
sau raws li kev xam ntawm cov nqi zauv<br />
Pivtxwv: 236,536 sau raws li lub cev nthuav<br />
yog 200,000 � 30,000 � 6,000 �<br />
500 � 30 � 6.<br />
experiment (probability)/dejnum sim<br />
(probability): Hauv probability, txhua tes<br />
dejnum txawm los ntawm hmoo (xws li pov<br />
npib)<br />
experimental probability/probability raws<br />
kev sim: Tus ratio ntawm tus number zaus<br />
uas ib yam txheejxwm muaj tawm rau tus<br />
number tas nrho ntawm kev sim, lossis cov<br />
zaus uas tes dejnum raug ua<br />
exponent/exponent: Tus number uas qhia<br />
tias tus taw teem raug siv pes tsawg zaus los<br />
ua ib tus factor teebtim<br />
Pivtxwv: 2 3 � 2 � 2 � 2 � 8; 3 yog tus<br />
exponent.<br />
exponential decay/yaj ntshis: Muaj tau hauv<br />
ib tus function exponential thaum tus<br />
function tshwmsim f(x) me zujzus ho tus tso<br />
rau x pheej loj zujzus tuaj.<br />
exponential form/cev exponential: Ib tus<br />
number muaj lub cev exponential thaum nws<br />
raug sau raws ib tus taw teem nrog rau ib tus<br />
exponent.<br />
Pivtxwv: 4 2 muaj ib lub cev exponential los<br />
sawv rau 4 � 4.<br />
exponential function/exponential function:<br />
Ib tus function tsis raws kab sab, nyob hauv,<br />
tus variable yog tus exponent<br />
exponential growth/kev loj hlob exponential:<br />
Muaj tau hauv ib tug function exponential<br />
thaum tus tshwmsim f(x) loj zujzus hos tus<br />
tso rau x me zujzus<br />
expression/zaj ntawv: Ib zaj lus lej uas muaj<br />
kev ua lej, cov number, thiab/ lossis cov variable<br />
extrapolation/kev kwvyees rau: Ib zaj<br />
kwvyees lossis xam pom ntawm ib tus nqi tsis<br />
paub, xam raws cov nqi paub lawd<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 53 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
F<br />
face/sab ntsa: Ib daim plag ntawm ib lub<br />
polyhedron<br />
factor/factor, teebtim: Ib tus number uas<br />
muab tsuam rau lwm tus kom tau ib tus<br />
tsuam tawm<br />
factor tree/ntoo factor: Ib daim duab kos<br />
qhia txog tias ib tus number kheej raug rhuav<br />
tawm los teeb raws nws cov thawj factor<br />
factorial/factorial: Tus tsuam tawm ntawm<br />
cov number kheej tas nrho tsuas txwv zero<br />
uas tsawg tshaj lossis npaum li tus number<br />
muab los<br />
Pivtxwvs: 4 factorial � 4! � 4 � 3 � 2 � 1<br />
0! muab ntaus nqi ua 1.<br />
Fahrenheit/Fahrenheit: Ib tus tsi ntsuas<br />
huabcua, nyob hauv, 32° F yog lub pob dej<br />
khov thiab 212° F yog lub pob dej npau<br />
fair/ncaj: Thaum txhua yam tshwmsim ntawm<br />
ib zaj dejnum sim los tau zoo yuav luag tibyam<br />
tas, hais tau tawm tias tes dejnum ncaj lawm<br />
fair games/uasi ncaj: Yam uasi, nyob hauv,<br />
cov neeg uasi muaj hmoo tibyam los yeej<br />
favorable outcome/tshwmsim ciasiab: Ib<br />
yam tshwmsim nej tos ntsoov kom tau los<br />
ntawm kev sim ua tes dejnum experiment<br />
Fibonacci sequence/seem Fibonacci: Ib seem<br />
lej tsis txawj kawg ntawm cov numbers (1, 1,<br />
2, 3, 5, 8, 13,…); pib ntawm tus number thij<br />
peb mus, txhua tus number puav leej yog tus<br />
xam tawm los ntawm ob tug xub ntej; nws<br />
tau npe tis los ntawm tus kws lej Leonardo<br />
Fibonacci nyob rau tiam kaum peb.<br />
first differences/thawj qhov sib txawv: Ib<br />
seem lej txawm los ntawm kev rho txhua nqe<br />
ntawm ib seem tawm ntawm nqe tom ntej<br />
first quartile/thawj plaub theem: Tus median<br />
ntawm feem tsawg hauv nrab qis ntawm ib<br />
pawg data; thiab hu ua lower quartile (thawj<br />
plaub theem qis).<br />
formula/formula: Ib tus cai qhia kev sib<br />
txuas ntawm cov nqi<br />
Pivtxwv: A � lw
fractal/fractal: Ib tus choj nrog tej theem<br />
zwm dua txog cov cev uas zoo li cov tas nrho<br />
tabsis ho sib txawv duab thoob plaws<br />
fraction/fraction: Ib tus number nrog lub<br />
cev a –<br />
b ,uas b � 0<br />
frequency table/rooj zaus: Ib lub rooj uas teev<br />
cov timkhawv uake raws tus number zaug,<br />
lossis frequency, uas cov timkhawv tshwmsim<br />
front-end estimation/kwvyees raws zauv<br />
pib-xaus: Ib tus yeebyam kwvyees, nyob hauv,<br />
muab thawj tus zauv ntawm cov ntxiv los<br />
ntxiv thiab muab qhov xam tawm kho kom<br />
ze tshaj rau qhov lus teb<br />
function/function: Ib txoj kev sib txuas<br />
tsorau-tshwmtawm uas tsuas muaj ib yam<br />
tshwmtawm nkaus xwb rau txhua yam tsorau<br />
function notation/kev sau function: Kev sau<br />
siv los teev ib tus function<br />
Pivtxwv: y � 3x 2 f(x) � 3x 2 ; f(x) nyeem<br />
tias “f ntawm x.”<br />
function table/rooj teev function: Ib lub rooj<br />
teev cov nkawm number raws seem kws yog<br />
cov lus teb rau ib tus function<br />
Fundamental Counting Principle/Cai Suav<br />
Tseemceeb: Yog ib zaj txheejxwm muaj m yam<br />
tshwmsim tau thiab yog lwm zaj txheejxwm<br />
ob muaj n yam tshwmsim tau tomqab thawj<br />
zaj txheejxwm, ces tas nrho muaj m � n yam<br />
tshwmsim tau rau ob zaj txheejxwm<br />
G<br />
geometric probability/geometric probability:<br />
Ib tus probability teem los ntawm kev piv<br />
ntsuas cov cev geometric<br />
geometric sequence/seem geometric: Ib kab<br />
teev cov number uas muaj ib tus koom ratio<br />
ntawm cov nqe sib lawv sib liag<br />
Golden Ratio/Ratio Kub: Ib tus ratio yuav<br />
luag loj li 1.618. Hauv ib lub plaub ces kub,<br />
tus ratio ntawm tus ntug ntev thiab tus ntug<br />
luv yuav luag yog 1.618.<br />
graph of an equation/duab teev ntawm ib tus<br />
equation: Ib daim duab teev ib pawg number<br />
raws seem uas yog lus teb rau tus equation<br />
great circle/vojvoog loj: Ib lub vojvoog saum<br />
ib lub sphere kom tias daim plag zwm lub<br />
vojvoog tshab dhau lub plawv sphere<br />
greatest common factor (GCF)/koom factor<br />
loj tshaj: Tus koom factor loj tshaj ntawm ob<br />
lossis ntau tus number paub tau<br />
H<br />
height/siab<br />
Hauv ib lub pyramid lossis cev ntse hau<br />
(cone), ncua kev txiav raug (perpendicular)<br />
ntawm tus taw teem los rau lub hau kaum<br />
rov (opposite vertex).<br />
Hauv ib lub peb ces lossis quadrilateral, ncua<br />
kev perpendicular ntawm tus taw teem los<br />
rau lub hau kaum rov (opposite vertex) lossis<br />
sab ntug.<br />
Hauv ib lub prism lossis cylinder, ncua kev<br />
perpendicular ntawm ob tus taw teem<br />
hemisphere/hemisphere: Ib nrab ntawm ib<br />
lub sphere<br />
heptagon/heptagon: Ib lub polygon uas muaj<br />
xya sab ntug<br />
hexagon/hexagon: Ib lub polygon uas muaj<br />
rau sab ntug<br />
histogram/histogram: Ib daim duab teev kab<br />
ntsug uas qhia tus number zaus (frequency)<br />
ntawm cov data hauv tej ntu sib luag<br />
horizon line/kab tav: Ib txoj kab tav uas yog<br />
tus neeg ntsia qib sab qhov muag<br />
hypotenuse/hypotenuse: Hauv ib lub raug<br />
peb ces (right triangle), sab ntug tig rau lub<br />
kaum raug<br />
I<br />
icosahedron/icosahedron: Ib lub polyhedron<br />
nrog 20 sab ntsa<br />
Identity Property of One/Cai Ceev kheej<br />
ntawm Ib: Txoj cai teev tias tus tsuam tawm<br />
ntawm 1 thiab txhua tus number yog tus<br />
number ntawd xwb<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 54 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
Identity Property of Zero/Cai Ceev kheej<br />
ntawm Zero: Txoj cai teev tias tus xam tawm<br />
ntawm zero thiab txhua tus number yog tus<br />
number ntawd xwb<br />
if-then statement/yog-ces zaj ntawv: Ib zaj<br />
ntawv teev uas siv yog thiab ces los qia ib txoj<br />
kev txuas ntawm ob nqe ntawv<br />
Pivtxwv: Yog tas nrho cov ntug ntawm ib lub<br />
polygon sib ntev zos thiab tas nrho<br />
cov kaum ntsuas sib luag, ces lub<br />
polygon yog lub txwm (regular).<br />
image/duab: Ib lub cev zwm los ntawm ib<br />
txheej kev hloov<br />
impossible (probability)/tsis muaj li<br />
(probability): Yeej muaj tsis tau li; muaj ib<br />
tus probability 0.<br />
improper fraction/improper fraction: Ib tus<br />
fraction, nyob hauv, tus numerator loj dua<br />
lossis tibyam li tus denominator<br />
Pivtxwvs: 5 –<br />
5 , 5 –<br />
3<br />
independent events/txheejxwm twmzeej:<br />
Cov txheejxwm uas qhov tshwmsim ntawm<br />
ib zaj txheejxwm tsis cuam tshuam tus<br />
probability ntawm lwm tus li<br />
indirect measurement/kev ntsuas txawv: Tus<br />
yeebyam siv tib hom cev duab thiab<br />
proportion los nrhiav ib tus nqi luj<br />
inductive reasoning/tswvyim xam tau: Siv ib<br />
pwm timkhawv los muab ib zaj lus xaus<br />
inequality/inequality: Ib zaj ntawv lej uas qhia<br />
kev sib txuas ntawm cov nqe uas tsis sib npaug<br />
Pivtxwvs: 5 � 8; 5x � 2 � 12<br />
input/yam tso rau: Tus nqi hloov rau ib zaj<br />
ntawv lossis ib tus function<br />
integers/cov interger: Pawg number kheej<br />
thiab lawv cov rov<br />
interest/paj laum: Qhov nqi nyiaj tshaj ua<br />
nqi qiv lossis nqi siv nyiaj<br />
interior angles/kaum<br />
sab hauv: Cov kaum<br />
hauv nrog ntug ntawm<br />
ob txoj kab uas raug ib<br />
txoj kab txiav qaij. Hauv<br />
e f<br />
g h<br />
a b<br />
c d<br />
daim duab kos, �c, �d, �e thiab �f yog cov<br />
kaum sab hauv.<br />
interquartile range/seem txawv txav: Qhov<br />
txawv los ntawm plaub theem siab dua thiab<br />
plaub theem qis dua ntawm ib pawg data<br />
intersecting lines/kab sib tshuam: Cov kab<br />
uas sib tshuam ncaj kiag rau ib lub pob<br />
intersection (sets)/chaw sib tshuam (pawg):<br />
Pawg timkhawv koom los ntawm ob lossis<br />
ntau pawg<br />
interval/ntu: Ntu seem los ntawm cov nqi<br />
hom cia saum ib txoj kab number lossis tus<br />
tsi luj ntsuas ntawm ib daim duab teev<br />
inverse operations/theem ua lej rov: Cov<br />
theem ua lej kws sib thim tau nyias rau nyias:<br />
kev xam thiab kev rho, lossis kev tsuam thiab<br />
kev faib<br />
inverse variation/kev hloov rov: Ib txoj kev<br />
sib txuas, nyob hauv, ib tus variable nce<br />
thaum lwm tus variable nqis; tus tsuam tawm<br />
ntawm cov variable yog ib tus khov<br />
(constant).<br />
irrational number/irrational number: Ib tus<br />
number uas muab sau tsis tau ua ib tus ratio<br />
ntawm ob tus integer lossis ua ib tus lees rov<br />
tau decimal lossis kawg tau decimal<br />
isolate the variable/tshem tus variable: Xav<br />
tau ib tus variable nkaus xwb rau ib tog<br />
ntawm tus equation lossis inequality kom<br />
daws tau teebmeem ntawm tus equation<br />
lossis inequality<br />
isometric drawing/kos duab isometric: Ib lub<br />
cev kos peb seem uas raug kos saum ib kab<br />
duab rau cov peb ces xwmfab xwmyeem<br />
(equilateral triangle)<br />
isosceles triangle/peb ces isosceles: Ib lub<br />
peb ces nrog tsawg kawg nkaus ob sab ntug<br />
sib dhos<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 55 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
K<br />
kite/kite: Ib lub quadrilateral nrog ob txwm<br />
ntug sib npuab, sib dhos<br />
L<br />
lateral face/sab ntsa tav: Hauv ib lub prism<br />
lossis ib lub pyramid, ib sab ntsa uas tsis yog<br />
ib sab taw teem<br />
lateral surface/plag tav: Hauv ib lub cylinder,<br />
daim plag kauv txuas rau tus taw teem kheej<br />
kheej; hauv ib lub cone, daim plag kauv uas<br />
tsis yog tus taw teem.<br />
Plag<br />
tav<br />
least common denominator (LCD)/koom<br />
denominator me tshaj: Tus koom multiple<br />
me tshaj ntawm ob lossis ntau tus<br />
denominator<br />
least common multiple (LCM)/koom<br />
multiple me tshaj: Tus number me tshaj, uas<br />
tsis yog zero, uas yog ib tug multiple ntawm<br />
ob lossis ntau tus number muab los<br />
legs/ceg: Hauv ib lub raug peb ces, ob sab<br />
ntug thaiv lub raug kaum; hauv lub peb ces<br />
isoceles, txwm ntug uas sib dhos.<br />
like fractions/fraction sib xws: Cov fractions<br />
uas muaj denominator zoo tibyam<br />
Pivtxwv: 5 ––<br />
12 thiab 3 ––<br />
12 yog fraction sib xws.<br />
like terms/nqe sib xws: Ob lossis ntau nqe<br />
uas muaj tus variable zoo tibyam thiab nce<br />
rau tib lub zog<br />
Pivtxwv: Hauv zaj ntawv 3a � 5b � 12a,<br />
3a thiab 12a yog cov nqe sib xws.<br />
line/kab: Ib txoj kab ncaj qha uas kos tsis<br />
muaj xaus rau ob tog sib rov<br />
line graph/duab teev kab: Ib daim duab teev<br />
uas siv yas kab los qhia saib cov data hloov<br />
licas<br />
line of best fit/kab raug zoo tshaj: Txoj kab<br />
uas los ze tshaj plaws rau txhua lub pob saum<br />
ib daim duab kos<br />
line plot/kab kos: Ib txoj kab number nrog cim<br />
lossis pob uas qhia txog zaus lossis frequency<br />
line segment/yas kab: Ib yas ntawm ib txoj<br />
kab uas nyob nruab nrab ntawm ob lub pob<br />
line of reflection/kab tsom rov: Ib txoj kab<br />
uas kem ib lub cev rau sab tod kom txawm<br />
tau ib daim duab tsom iav rau lub cev keeb<br />
txawm<br />
line of symmetry/kab ntxaib: Kab “tsom iav”<br />
xav tau nyob hauv kab ntxaib.<br />
line symmetry/kab ntxaib: Ib lub cev muaj<br />
kab ntxaib yog ib nrab yog daim duab tsom<br />
iav rau lwm nrab.<br />
(G6: symmetry/ntxaib)<br />
linear equation/linear equation: Ib tus<br />
equation uas cov lus teb txawm ua ib kab ncaj<br />
saum ib daim plag pob coordinate<br />
linear function/linear function: Ib tus<br />
function uas daim duab teev yog ib txoj kab<br />
ncaj<br />
linear inequality/linear inequality: Ib kab<br />
ntawv lej siv �, �, � lossis � uas daim duab<br />
teev yog ib thaj tsam txuam rau ib txoj kab<br />
ncaj ua ciam kem<br />
lower extreme/tog qis dua: Tus number uas<br />
me tshaj hauv ib pawg data<br />
lower quartile/plaub theem qis dua: Tus<br />
median ntawm nrab nqis hauv ib pawg data;<br />
thiab hu ua first quartile (thawj plaub theem)<br />
M<br />
mean/mean: Tus xam tawm ntawm ib pawg<br />
data faib rau tus number ntawm cov<br />
timkhawv hauv pawg data; thiab hu ua<br />
average<br />
measure of central tendency/ntsuas ntu<br />
nruab nrab: Ib tus nqi ntsuas siv los teev tus<br />
nruab nrab ntawm ib pawg data; tus mean,<br />
median, thiab mode (pwm) yog cov nqi<br />
ntawm ntu nruab nrab.<br />
median/median: Tus number nruab nrab<br />
lossis tus mean (average) ntawm ob tus<br />
number nruab nrab hauv ib pawg data teeb<br />
raws seem<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 56 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
metric system of measurement/txheejtxheem<br />
metric ntawm kev ntsuas: Ib tus txheejtxheem<br />
decimal ntawm kev hnyav thiab kev ntsuas<br />
uas raug siv thoob plaws qab ntuj hauv txuj<br />
tshawb nrhiav thiab raug sib koom siv thoob<br />
plaws ntiajteb<br />
Pivtxwv: Centimeters, meters, kilometers,<br />
gram, kilograms, milliliters, thiab<br />
liters yog tas nrho cov yeem metric<br />
ntawm kev ntsuas.<br />
midpoint/pob nruab nrab: Lub pob uas faib<br />
ib yas kab ua ob yas sib dhos<br />
mixed number/number sib txuam: Ib tus<br />
number txawm los ntawm ib tus number<br />
kheej uas tsis yog lub zero thiab ib tug<br />
fraction<br />
mode/mode (pwm): Tus number lossis cov<br />
number uas tawm heev tshaj hauv ib pawg<br />
data; thaum cov number tas nrho pheej tawm<br />
nrog tib tug frequency ntawd, peb hais tias tsis<br />
muaj pwm.<br />
monomial/monomial: Ib zaj ntawv<br />
numerical lossis algebraic nrog ib nqe ntawv<br />
Pivtxwv: n,5n 2 ,8,�3<br />
Multiplication Property of Equality/Cai<br />
Tsuam ntawm Equality: Txoj cai teev tias yog<br />
nej tsuam ob sab ntawm ib tus equation rau<br />
tib tug number, tus equation tshiab ntawd<br />
yuav muaj tib qhov lus teb li qub xwb<br />
Multiplication Property of Zero/Cai Tsuam<br />
ntawm Zero: Txoj cai teev tias rau tas nrho cov<br />
tseem number a, a � 0 � 0 thiab 0 � a � 0<br />
multiplicative inverse/tus tsuam rov: Ib tus<br />
number tsuam rau nws tus rov hauv kev<br />
tsuam yog 1; thiab hu ua reciprocal.<br />
Pivtxwv: Tus rov hauv kev tsuam ntawm 4 –<br />
5<br />
yog 5 –<br />
4 .<br />
multiple/multiple: Tus tsuam tawm ntawm<br />
txhua tus number thiab ib tus number kheej<br />
yog ib tus multiple ntawm tus number ntawd.<br />
mutually exclusive/tshem tawm thooj txij:<br />
Ob qhov txheejxwm puav leej raug tshem<br />
tawm thooj txhij yog nkawd txawm tsis tau<br />
los thaum sim ib tes dejnum.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 57 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
N<br />
negative correlation/kev txuas tig: Ob pawg<br />
data muaj ib zaj kev txuas tig thaum cov nqi<br />
ntawm ib pawg data nce hos cov data ntawm<br />
lwm pawg nqis.<br />
negative integer/integer luv: Ib tus integer<br />
tsawg dua zero<br />
(G6: negative number/number luv)<br />
net/ntxaij: Ib hom kev teeb ntawm cov cev<br />
ob-seem uas muab tais tau kom ua tau ib lub<br />
polyhedron<br />
no correlation/tsis muaj kev txuas haum: Ob<br />
pawg data tsis muaj kev txuas sib haum<br />
thaum tsis muaj kev sib txuas ntawm nkawd<br />
cov data nqi.<br />
nonlinear function/function tsis linear: Ib<br />
tus function uas daim duab teev tsis yog ib<br />
txoj kab ncaj<br />
nonterminating decimal/decimal tsis kawg:<br />
Ib tus decimal uas tsis xaus li<br />
numerator/numerator: Tus number saum toj<br />
ntawm ib tus fraction uas qhia tias muaj pes<br />
tsawg thooj ntawm lub cev kheej tas nrho coj<br />
los tuav xam<br />
Pivtxwv: 4 – numerator<br />
5<br />
numerical expression/zaj ntawv numerical:<br />
Ib zaj ntawv uas zwm tau cov numbers thiab<br />
kev ua lej nkaus xwb<br />
O<br />
obtuse angle/kaum dav: Ib lub kaum uas<br />
ntsuas tau ntau dua 90° tabsis me dua 180°.<br />
obtuse triangle/peb ces dav: Ib lub peb ces<br />
zwm tau ib lub kaum dav<br />
octagon/octagon: Ib lub polygon nrog yim<br />
sab ntsa<br />
octahedron/octahedron: Ib lub polyhedron<br />
nrog yim sab ntsa<br />
odd number/number khib: Ib tus number<br />
kheej uas faib tsis tau rau ob<br />
odds/cov khib: Ib txoj kev piv ntawm yam<br />
tshwmsim ciasiab thiab tsis ciasiab
odds against/tig rov rau: Tus ratio ntawm<br />
yam tshwmsim tsis cia siab thiab yam<br />
tshwmsim ciasiab<br />
odds in favor/tig haum rau: Tus ratio ntawm<br />
yam tshwmsim cia siab thiab yam tshwmsim<br />
tsis ciasiab<br />
opposites/tig, rov: Ob tus number uas muaj<br />
ncua kev ntev tibyam los ntawm lub plawv<br />
zero mus saum ib txoj kab number; thiab hu<br />
ua additive inverse (tus ntxiv tig).<br />
order of operations/seem xam lej: Ib txoj cai<br />
ntsuas cov zaj ntawv: xub ua cov lej hauv<br />
ntug parentheses, ces xam cov zog thiab cov<br />
cag, ces ua tas nrho cov tsuam thiab cov faib<br />
txij sab lauj mus rau sab xis, thiab xam cov<br />
ntxiv thiab rho txij sab lauj mus rau sab xis.<br />
ordered pair/txwm raws seem, nkawm raws<br />
seem: Ib txwm number uas coj mus siv<br />
nrhiav ib lub pob saum ib daim plag pob sib<br />
txuas (coordinate)<br />
origin/plawv, nrog: Lub pob uas txoj kab<br />
x-axis thiab y-axis los sib tshuam saum daim<br />
plag coordinate; (0,0).<br />
orthographic drawing/kev kos orthographic:<br />
Ib txoj kev kos ntawm ib lub cev uas siv kev<br />
tsom kwm tuaj xub ntiag, sab tav, thiab saud<br />
tuaj<br />
outcome (probability)/tshwmsim<br />
(probability): Ib yam tshwmsim tau los<br />
ntawm ib qhov probability hauv kev sim<br />
outlier/tawm dua: Ib tus nqi loj dua lossis<br />
tsawg dua lwm cov nyob hauv ib pawg data<br />
output/tshwm tawm: Tus nqi uas tawm los<br />
ntawm kev hloov cev ntawm ib yam tso-rau<br />
mus hauv ib nqe ntawv lossis ib tus function<br />
overestimate/cuabyees dhau: Ib yam kwvyees<br />
uas loj dua qhov tseem lus teb<br />
parabola/parabola: Daim duab teev ntawm<br />
ib tus quadratic function<br />
parallel lines/kab sib ntxaib: Cov kab saum<br />
ib daim plag uas tsis sib txhuam li<br />
P<br />
parallelogram/parallelogram: Ib lub<br />
quadrilateral nrog ob txwm ntug sib ntxaib<br />
Pascal’s triangle/Pascal lub peb ces: Ib hom<br />
kev tso cov number raws seem peb ces, nyob<br />
hauv, txhua kab pib thiab xaus nrog 1 thiab<br />
txhua lwm tus number yog tus xam ntawm<br />
ob tus number nyob saum toj ntawm nws.<br />
pentagon/pentagon: Ib lub polygon uas muaj<br />
tsib tus ntug<br />
percent/feem pua: Ib tus ratio uas piv ib tus<br />
number rau 100<br />
Pivtxwv: 45% � 45 –––<br />
100<br />
percent of change/feem pua hloov: Qhov nqi<br />
teev ua feem pua tias ib tus number nce lossis<br />
nqis<br />
percent of decrease/feem pua nqis: Ib qhov<br />
feem pua hloov uas teev txog kev nqis ntawm<br />
ib tus nqi<br />
percent of increase/feem pua nce: Ib qhov<br />
feem pua hloov uas teev txog kev nce ntawm<br />
ib tus nqi<br />
perfect square/perfect square: Ib tus square<br />
ntawm ib tus number kheej<br />
Pivtxwvs: 5 � 5 � 25 thiab 7 2 � 49; 25 thiab<br />
49 yog cov perfect square.<br />
perimeter/perimeter: Ncua kev ncig ib lub<br />
polygon<br />
permutation/kev hloov chaw: Ib txoj kev tso<br />
cov timkhawv lossis txheejxwm, nyob hauv,<br />
qhov seem tso tseem ceeb heev<br />
perpendicular bisector/kab perpendicular<br />
txiav nruab nrab: Ib txoj kab uas tshuam ib<br />
yas kab rau nws lub plawv nruab nrab thiab<br />
ho perpendicular rau yas kab ntawd thiab<br />
perpendicular lines/<br />
cov kab perpendicular:<br />
Cov kab uas tshuam los<br />
ua cov kaum raug<br />
perspective/cev sawv:<br />
Ib hom yeebyam siv los ua kom ib lub cev<br />
peb seem sawv tau muaj caj ces tob thiab deb<br />
saum ib daim plag tiaj<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 58 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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pi (�)/phai (�): Tus ratio ntawm txoj kab<br />
ncig (circumference) ntawm ib lub vojvoog<br />
rau yas ntev ntawm nws tus diameter;<br />
� � 3.14 lossis 22 ––<br />
7 .<br />
plane/plag: Ib daim plag tiaj uas txuas mus<br />
tas zog<br />
Platonic solids/cev khov Platonic: Tsib lub<br />
txwm polyhedrons: tetrahedron, cube,<br />
octahedron, dodecahedron, thiab<br />
icosahedron<br />
point/pob: Ib qhov chaw dhos ruaj hauv<br />
nruab ntug<br />
point-slope form/pob-ntxhab txawm: Tus<br />
equation ntawm ib txoj kab kws muab sau<br />
tau raws lub cev y � y1 � m(x � x1 ), uas m<br />
yog tus ntxhab thiab (x1 , y1 ) yog ib lub pob<br />
tshwjxeeb saum txoj kab<br />
point symmetry/pob symmetry: Ib lub cev<br />
muaj pob symmetry yog nws txuam nrog nws<br />
tus kheej tom qab tig ib ncig 180° rov los txog<br />
polygon/polygon: Ib lub cev xaus-plag<br />
txawm los ntawm peb lossis ntau txoj yas kab<br />
uas sib tshuam rau lawv cov pob kawg (hau<br />
kaum) nkaus xwb<br />
polyhedron/polyhedron: Ib lub cev peb<br />
seem, nyob hauv, tas nrho cov plag lossis cov<br />
ntsa yog polygon<br />
polynomial/polynomial: Ib zaj ntawv<br />
algebraic uas yog tus xam lossis tus seem<br />
ntawm ob lossis ntau nqe ntawv<br />
population/pejxeem: Tas nrho cov pawg<br />
timkhawv lossis tib neeg suav los koom nrog<br />
txoj kev tshawb nug<br />
positive correlation/kev txuas haum zoo:<br />
Ob pawg data muaj ib txoj kev txuas haum<br />
zoo thaum lawv cov nqi data nce lossis nqis<br />
thooj txhij.<br />
positive integer/integer ntxiv: Ib tus integer<br />
loj dua zero<br />
(G6: positive number/number ntxiv)<br />
power/zog: Ib tus number tsim los ntawm<br />
kev nce ib tus taw teem rau ib tus exponent<br />
Pivtxwv: 2 3 � 8, ces 8 yog lub zog thij 3<br />
ntawm 2.<br />
precision/raug: Qib tob ntawm cov txhais<br />
hauv ib txoj kev ntsuas, teev los ntawm lub<br />
yeem hauv kev ntsuas<br />
prediction/kwvyees: Tej yam uas ib txwm<br />
raug hais tawm tias yuav tshwmsim rau lub<br />
neej pemsuab<br />
prime factorization/prime factorization: Ib<br />
tus number sau raws li tus tsuam tawm<br />
ntawm nws cov prime factors<br />
Pivtxwvs: 10 � 2 � 5, 24 � 2 3 � 3<br />
prime number/prime number: Ib tus<br />
number kheej loj dua 1 uas muaj txwm nkaus<br />
ob tus factor, nws tus kheej thiab 1<br />
principal/peev: Tus nqi nyiaj xub ntej qiv<br />
lossis tseg cia<br />
principal square root/tuam cag square: Tus<br />
cag square tsis luv (nonnegative) ntawm ib tus<br />
number<br />
Pivtxwv: ��25 � 5. 5 yog tus tuam cag square.<br />
prism/prism: Lub polyhedron uas muaj ob<br />
sab polygon-taw teem sib dhos thiab lwm sab<br />
ntsa uas yog parallelogram tas nrho<br />
probability/probability: Ib tus number txij 0<br />
rau 1 (lossis 0% rau 100%) uas teev tias ib<br />
qhov txheejxwm yuav tshwmsim tau licas<br />
product/tsuam tawm: Qhov tshwmsim<br />
thaum muab ob lossis ntau tus number los<br />
sib tsuam<br />
proper fraction/proper fraction: Ib tus<br />
fraction, nyob hauv, tus numerator me dua<br />
tus denominator<br />
Pivtxwvs: 3 –<br />
4 , 1 ––<br />
12 , 7 –<br />
8<br />
proportion/proportion: Ib tus equation uas<br />
teev tias ob tus ratio sib luag<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 59 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
protractor/protractor: Ib hom twj ntsuas cov<br />
kaum<br />
pyramid/pyramid: Ib lub<br />
polyhedron nrog ib lub taw<br />
teem polygon thiab cov<br />
ntug peb ces uas puav leej<br />
los sib tshuam uake saum<br />
tib lub hau kaum (vertex)<br />
Pythagorean Theorem/Pythagorean tus Cai:<br />
Hauv ib lub peb ces raug, tus square ntawm<br />
txoj hypotenuse loj tib yam li tus xam tawm<br />
ntawm ob tus squares ntawm ob sab ceg<br />
Q<br />
quadrant/suam quadrant: Txoj kab x-axes<br />
thiab y-axes faib daim plag coordinate ua plaub<br />
suam. Txhua suam hu ua ib suam quadrant.<br />
quadratic equation/quadratic equation: Ib<br />
tus equation nrog lub cev ax 2 � bx � c � 0,<br />
uas a � 0.<br />
quadratic function/quadratic function: Ib<br />
tus function nrog lub cev y � ax 2 � bx � c,<br />
uas a � 0.<br />
Pivtxwv: y � 2x 2 � 12x � 10, y ��3x2 quadrilateral/quadrilateral: Ib lub polygon<br />
nrog plaub sab ntug<br />
quarterly/plaub zeeg: Plaub zaug hauv ib<br />
xyoos<br />
quartile/quartile: Peb tus nqi, ib tug ntawd<br />
yog tus median, uas faib ib pawg data ua plaub<br />
pawg. Saib ntxiv first quartile (thawj plaub<br />
theem), third quartile (plaub theem thij peb).<br />
quotient/lej faib tau: Tus tshwmsim thaum<br />
muab ib tus number faib rau lwm tus<br />
R<br />
radical symbol/cim radical: Tus cim � � siv<br />
los sawv cev rau tus cag square tsis luv<br />
(nonnegative) ntawm ib tus number<br />
radius/radius (tes): Ib yas<br />
kab nrog ib lub pob xaus rau<br />
lub plawv vojvoog thiab lub<br />
pob xaus sab tod nyob saum<br />
lub vojvoog, lossis yas ntev<br />
ntawm yas kab ntawd<br />
random numbers/number kwvyees: Hauv ib<br />
pawg number kwv yees, txhua tus number<br />
muaj hmoo tibyam los raug xaiv<br />
random sample/qauv sim kwvyees: Ib tes<br />
dejnum sim, nyob hauv, txhua tus lossis txhua<br />
yam khoom ntawm cov timkhawv tas nrho<br />
muaj hmoo tibyam los raug xaiv<br />
range (in statistics)/suam (hauv statistic):<br />
Qhov txawv los ntawm cov nqi siab tshaj<br />
thiab cov nqi qis tshaj hauv ib pawg data<br />
range (in a function)/rseem (huav ib tus<br />
function): Pawg nqi muaj tau tas nrho ntawm<br />
ib tus function<br />
rate/feem teev: Ib tus ratio uas muab tau ob<br />
hom nqi, ntsuas raws yeem sib txawv, los sib<br />
piv<br />
Pivtxwv: Tus pwm khiav ceev yog 55 mais rau<br />
ib teev, lossis 55mi/h.<br />
rate of interest/feem teev paj laum: Tus feem<br />
pua hloov lossis tau los ntawm cov nyiaj<br />
txiag, saib simple interest (paj laum yoojyim).<br />
ratio/ratio: Ib txoj kev piv ob hom nqi raws<br />
txoj kev faib<br />
Pivtxwv: 12 rau 25, 12:25, 12 ––<br />
25<br />
rational number/rational number: Txhua tus<br />
number uas muab sau tawm tau ua ib tus<br />
ratio ntawm ob tus integer<br />
Pivtxwvs: 6 sau tau ua 6 –<br />
1 thiab 0.5 ua 1 –<br />
2 .<br />
ray/sab kab: Ib tog ntawm ib txoj kab uas pib<br />
ntawm ib lub pob xaus thiab kos mus tsis<br />
txawj kawg<br />
real number/tseem number: Ib tus rational<br />
lossis irrational number<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 60 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
eciprocal/reciprocal: Ib ntawm ob tus<br />
number uas tus tsuam tawm yog 1; thiab hu<br />
ua multiplicative inverse (tus tsuam rov).<br />
Pivtxwvs: Tus reciprocal ntawm 2 – 3 yog 3 – 2 .Tus<br />
reciprocal ntawm n yog 1 – n .<br />
rectangle/rectangle: Ib lub parallelogram<br />
nrog plaub lub kaum raug<br />
rectangular prism/<br />
rectangular prism: Ib lub<br />
polyhedron uas cov taw<br />
teem yog cov rectangle<br />
thiab lwm cov ntsa yog<br />
cov parallelogram<br />
reduction/txo: Ib yam txo luv ntawm ib lub<br />
cev ntau seem<br />
reflection/ci: Ib txoj kev hloov ntawm ib lub<br />
cev uas ntxeev lub cev ntawd rau sab tom ib<br />
txoj kab<br />
regular pyramid/txwm pyramid: Ib lub<br />
pyramid uas tus taw teem yog ib lub txwm<br />
polygon thiab cov ntsa tas nrho sib dhos<br />
regular polygon/txwm polygon: Ib lub<br />
polygon nrog ntug thiab kaum sib dhos<br />
regular tessellation/txwm tessellation:<br />
Ib lub tessellation txawm los ntawm cov<br />
txwm polygon<br />
relatively prime/ze prime: Ob tus number<br />
yog number prime yog nkawd tus koom<br />
factor loj tshaj (GCF) yog 1<br />
Pivtxwv: 7 thiab 15 yog ob tus ze prime.<br />
repeating decimal/decimal txooj: Ib tus<br />
decimal, nyob hauv, ib lossis ntau tus zauv<br />
rov tshwm tas li<br />
Pivtxwv: 0.757575… � 0. ––<br />
75<br />
rhombus/rhombus: Ib lub parallelogram uas<br />
cov ntug tas nrho sib dhos<br />
right angle/kaum raug: Ib lub kaum uas<br />
ntsuas tau 90°<br />
right cylinder/cylinder raug: Ib lub cylinder,<br />
nyob hauv, cov taw teem yog cov vojvoog<br />
parallel uas perpendicular rau tus ntug<br />
ntawm lub cylinder<br />
right cone/cev ntse hau raug: Ib lub cev ntse<br />
hau, nyob hauv, ib txoj kab kos ntawm tu taw<br />
teem rau lub ncov (vertex) txiav dhau lub<br />
plawv ntawm tus taw teem<br />
right triangle/peb ces raug: Ib lub peb ces<br />
uas muaj ib lub kaum raug (right angle)<br />
rise/sawv: Txoj kab ntsug hloov thaum tus<br />
ntxhab ntawm txoj kab raug teev raws li tus<br />
sawv<br />
ratio khiav<br />
, lossis “sawv saum khiav” .<br />
rotation/kiv ncig: Ib txoj kev hloov, nyob<br />
hauv, ib lub cev kiv ncig ib lub pob<br />
rotational symmetry/kev kiv symmetry: Ib<br />
lub cev muaj kev ncig symmetry yog nws kiv<br />
tau tsawg dua 360° ncig ib lub plawv pob<br />
thiab tsuam dhos nrog lub cev keeb txawm.<br />
rounding/ntaus nqi ze: Hloov ib tus number<br />
nrog nws tus nqi kwvyees rau ib qhov chaw<br />
nqi.<br />
Pivtxwv: 2,354 ntaus nqi ze tshaj rau txhiab<br />
yog 2,000 thiab 2,354 354 ntaus nqi<br />
ze tshaj rau 100 yog 2,400.<br />
run/khiav: Txoj kab tav hloov thaum tus<br />
ntxhab ntawm ib txoj kab raug teev raws li<br />
sawv<br />
tus ratio khiav , lossis “sawv saum khiav” .<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 61 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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S<br />
sales tax/se muag: Ib feem pua ntawm tus nqi<br />
ib yam khoom, uas tsoomfwv yog cov tsa tawm<br />
sample/qauv sim: Ib pawg ntawm cov tim<br />
khawv pejxeem<br />
sample space/qauv tshwmsim tau: Txhua yam<br />
txhwmsim tau ntawm ib qhov dejnum sim<br />
scale/teev: Tus ratio ntawm ob pawg ntsuas<br />
scale drawing/teev kos: Ib daim duab kos uas<br />
siv hom teev kos los tsim kom ib yam khoom<br />
me dua (ib txoj kev txo) lossis loj dua (ib txoj<br />
kev nthuav dav) yam tseem khoom ntawd.<br />
scale factor/teev factor: Tus ratio siv los<br />
nthuav lossis txo cov cev sib xws<br />
scale model/teev yeem: Ib hom teev yeem<br />
proportional ntawm ib lub cev peb seem
scalene triangle/peb ces qus: Ib lub peb ces<br />
uas cov ntug tsis sib dhos<br />
scatter plot/daim duab teev pob sw: Ib daim<br />
duab teev nrog cov pob kos uas qhia kev sib<br />
txuas ntawm tej pawg data<br />
scientific notation/kev sau scientific: Ib hom<br />
txuj siv cov zog ntawm tus taw teem 10 los<br />
sau kom cov number loj loj lossis me me<br />
second differences/txawv thij ob: Ib seem<br />
txawm los ntawm kev txawv ntawm kev<br />
txawv hauv ib cov nqe ntawv ntawm ib seem<br />
second quartile/plaub theem thij ob: Tus<br />
median ntawm ib pawg data<br />
sector/suam: Ib thajsam xaus rau ob tus radius<br />
thiab txoj nkoov cob rau lawv cov pob xaus<br />
sector (data)/kem (data): Ib suam ntawm ib<br />
lub vojvoog duab teev qhia txog tej ntu<br />
ntawm pawg data<br />
segment/yas kab: Ib ntu ntawm ib txoj kab<br />
nruab nrab ntawm ob lub pob xaus<br />
semiregular tessellation/txwm nrab<br />
tessellation: Ib lub tessellation txawm los<br />
ntawm ob lossis ntau lub txwm polygon,<br />
nyob hauv, txhua lub hau kaum zoo sib xws<br />
sequence/seem: Ib zaj lus teev raws seem<br />
ntawm cov number<br />
set/pawg: Ib pawg timkhawv<br />
side/ntug: Ib txoj kab thaiv ib lub cev<br />
geometric; ib ntawm cov ntsa uas tsim sab<br />
nraud ntawm ib yam khoom<br />
Side-Angle-Side (SAS)/Ntug-Kaum-Ntug<br />
(SAS): Ib txoj cai teev tias yog ob sab ntug<br />
thiab lub kaum qhwv ntawm ib lub peb ces<br />
sib dhos nrog rau ob sab ntug thiab lub kaum<br />
qhwv ntawm lwm lub peb ces, ces ob lub peb<br />
ces ntawd sib dhos.<br />
Side-Side-Side (SSS)/Ntug-Ntug-Ntug: Ib<br />
txoj cai teev tias yog peb sab ntug ntawm ib<br />
lub peb ces sib dhos nrog rau peb sab ntug<br />
ntawm lwm lub peb ces, ces ob lub peb ces<br />
ntawd sib dhos.<br />
(G7 Side-Side-Side Rule/Cai Ntug-Ntug-Ntug).<br />
significant digits/zauv tseemceeb: Cov zauv<br />
(cev) siv los teev qhov tseem nqi ntawm ib zaj<br />
kev ntsuas<br />
(G6: significant figures/cev tseemceeb).<br />
similar/xws: Cov cev, muaj duab zoo tibyam<br />
tabsis hajkhawv sib tsawv, zoo sib xws.<br />
simple interest/paj laum yoojyim: Ib qhov<br />
feem pua ruaj ntawm tus nqi peev. Nrhiav tau<br />
hauv tus formula I � prt uas p yog tus nqi<br />
peev, r tus nqi paj laum, thiab t lub sij hawm.<br />
simplest form/cev yoojyim: Ib tus fraction<br />
nyob hauv nws lub cev yoojyim tshaj thaum<br />
tus numerator thiab denominator tsis muaj<br />
lwm tus koom factors lawm tsuas tshuav 1<br />
nkaus xwb.<br />
simplify/txo: Sau ib tus fraction lossis nqe<br />
ntawv raws nws lub cev yoojyim tshaj plaws<br />
simulation/yees: Ib yam qauv ntawm tes<br />
dejnum sim, keev yog yam nyuaj thiab siv<br />
sijhawm ntau tshaj los ua thiaj tau<br />
sine (sin)/sine (sin): Hauv ib lub peb ces<br />
raug, tus ratio ntawm yas kab ntug uas tig rau<br />
lub kaum nqaim rau yas kab ntug hypotenuse<br />
skew lines/kab skew: Cov kab uas nyob saum<br />
cov plag sib txawv uas tsis sib parallel lossis<br />
tsis sib tshuam<br />
slant height/kab siab qaij: Ncua kev ntawm tus<br />
taw teem ntawm ib lub cev ntse hau mus saum<br />
nws lub hau kaum, ntsuas raws daim plag tav<br />
slope/ntxhab: Ib tus nqi ntsuas qhov tob<br />
ntawm ib txoj kab saum daim duab teev;<br />
qhov sawv faib rau qhov khiav<br />
slope-intercept form/cev ntxhab tshuam:<br />
Ib tus linear equation sau raws lub cev<br />
y � mx � b,uas m yog tus ntxhab thiab<br />
b yog tus txiav txoj kab ntsug y.<br />
solid figure/cev khov: Ib lub cev peb seem<br />
solution of an equation/lus teb ntawm ib tus<br />
equation: Ib tus lossis ntau tus nqi uas ua rau<br />
ib tus equation tseeb<br />
solution of an inequality/lus teb ntawm ib<br />
tus inequality: Ib tus lossis ntau tus nqi uas<br />
ua rau ib tus inequality tseeb<br />
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solution of a system of equations/lus teb<br />
ntawm ib tus txheejtxheem equation: Ib<br />
pawg nqi uas ua rau tas nrho cov equation<br />
hauv ib tus txheejtxheem tseeb<br />
solution set/pawg lus teb: Pawg nqi uas ua<br />
rau ib zaj lus tseeb<br />
solve/daws: Nrhiav ib qhov lus teb lossis ib<br />
zaj lus daws<br />
space figure/cev kheej: Ib lub cev peb seem<br />
sphere/sphere: Ib lub cev peb seem nrog tas<br />
nrho cov pob nyob tib ncua ntawm lub plawv<br />
square (geometry)/square(geometry): Ib lub<br />
rectangle nrog plaug tus ntug sib dhos<br />
square (numeration)/square (kev suav lej):<br />
Ib tus number tsa mus rau lub zog thij ob<br />
Pivtxwv: Hauv 5 2 ,tus number 5 yog tus raug<br />
square.<br />
square number/number square: Tus tsuam<br />
tawm ntawm ib tus number thiab nws tus<br />
kheej<br />
Pivtxwv: 25 yog ib tus number square.<br />
5 � 5 � 25<br />
square root/cag square: Ib ntawm ob tus<br />
factor sib luag ntawm ib tus number.<br />
Pivtxwv: 16 � 4 � 4, lossis 16 ��4 ��4, ces<br />
4 thiab �4 yog ob tus cag square<br />
ntawm 16.<br />
standard form (in numeration)/cev keev sau<br />
(hauv kev suav lej): Ib tus number siv cov<br />
zauv sau.<br />
Pivtxwv: Tsib txhiab, ob puas kaum raws nws<br />
lus cev keev sau yog 5,210.<br />
stem-and-leaf plot/duab kos kav-thiabnplooj:<br />
Ib daim duab teev siv los tso thiab<br />
nthuav cov data kom muab tau cov frequency<br />
sib piv<br />
straight angle/kaum tav: Ib lub kaum uas<br />
ntsuas tau 180°<br />
stratified sample/qauv sim cais: Ib qhov<br />
qauv sim ntawm ib cov pejxeem uas tau<br />
muab faib ua tej pawg zwm me<br />
subset/pawg zwm: Ib pawg me txawm tau<br />
nyob hauv ib pawg loj<br />
substitute/hloov: Hloov ib tus variable nrog<br />
ib tus number lossis lwm nqe ntawv hauv ib<br />
zaj ntawv algebraic<br />
Subtraction Property of Equality/Cai Rho<br />
ntawm Equality: Tus cai teev tias yog nej rho<br />
tib tug number tawm ntawm ob sab ntawm<br />
ib tus equation, tus equation tshiab yuav<br />
muaj lus teb tibyam<br />
sum/xam tawm: Tus xam tawm thaum muab<br />
ob lossis ntau tus number ntxiv uake<br />
supplementary angles/cov kaum sib pab loj:<br />
Ob lub kaum uas ntsuas tau ua ke rau 180°<br />
surface area/plag area: Tus xam tawm ntawm<br />
cov area phab ntsa, lossis plag, ntawm ib lub<br />
cev peb seem<br />
system of equations/txheejtxheem equation:<br />
Ib pawg ntawm ob lossis ntau tus equation<br />
uas muaj ob lossis ntau tus variable<br />
system of linear equations/txheejtxheem<br />
ntawm cov linear equation: Ob lossis ntau<br />
tus linear equation teev rau saum tib daim<br />
plag coordinate<br />
systematic sample/qauv sim raws<br />
txheejtxheem: Ib yam qauv ntawm cov<br />
pejxeem uas tau siv ib tus txheejtxheem los<br />
xaiv cia<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 63 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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T<br />
tangent (tan)/tangent (tan): Hauv ib lub peb<br />
ces raug, tus ratio ntawm yas kab ntug tig rau<br />
ib lub kaum nqaim rau yas kab ntug npuab<br />
rau lub kaum nqaim ntawd<br />
tangent (to a circle)/tangent (rau ib lub<br />
vojvoog): Ib txoj kab uas chwv lub vojvoog<br />
ntawm tib lub pob xwb<br />
term (in an expression)/nqe (hauv ib zaj<br />
ntawv): Cov ntu ntawm ib zaj ntawv uas raug<br />
muab sib ntxiv lossis sib rho tawm<br />
Pivtxwvs: 5x 2 yog ib zaj ntawv nrog ib nqe, �10<br />
yog ib zaj ntawv nrog ib nqe, thiab<br />
x � 1 yog ib zaj ntawv nrog ob nqe.<br />
term (in a sequence)/nqe (hauv ib seem): Ib<br />
tus timkhawv lossis number hauv ib seem
terminating decimal/decimal xaus tau: Ib<br />
tus number decimal uas xaus lossis kawg<br />
Pivtxwv: 6.75<br />
tessellation/tessellation: Ib theem sib lwv<br />
tawm ntawm cov cev plag uas npog ib daim<br />
plag ntom ntom lossis tsis sib tshuam li.<br />
tetrahedron/tetrahedron: Ib lub polyhedron<br />
nrog plaub sab ntsa<br />
theoretical probability/theoretical<br />
probability: Tus ratio ntawm tus number<br />
ntxim yuav tshwmsim hauv ib qhov<br />
txheejxwm rau tus number tas nrho ntawm<br />
yam yuav tshwmsim tau<br />
third quartile/plaub theem thij peb: Tus<br />
median ntawm ib nrab tshooj siab ntawm ib<br />
pawg data; thiab hu ua upper quartile (plaub<br />
theem siab).<br />
tip/nyiaj pub: Tus nqi nyiaj ntxiv rau daim<br />
ntawv them nqi haujlwm; keev yog feempua<br />
ntawm tus nqi tas nrho<br />
transformation/kev hloov: Ib qhov hloov raws<br />
kev loj hlob lossis raws chaw ntawm ib lub cev<br />
translation/txhais: Ib hom kev nti (txav)<br />
ntawm ib lub cev raws ib txoj kab ncaj<br />
transversal/kab txiav nqaij: Ib txoj kab uas<br />
txiav ob lossis ntau txoj kab<br />
trapezoid/trapezoid: Ib lub quadrilateral<br />
nrog ib txwm kab ntug parallel<br />
tree diagram/duab kos ntoo: Ib daim duab<br />
kos raws ceg ntoo uas qhia tau tas nrho txhua<br />
hom kev dhos lossis yam tshwmsim ntawm ib<br />
qhov txheejxwm<br />
trial/sim: Hauv probability, ib yam keev<br />
tshwmsim dua yoojyim lossis kev tsom kwm<br />
ntawm ib yam dejnum sim<br />
triangle/peb ces: Ib lub polygon nrog peb sab<br />
ntug<br />
Triangle Sum Theorem/Cai Triangle Sum:<br />
Txoj cai teev tias qhov ntsuas ntawm cov<br />
kaum tas nrho hauv ib lub peb ces yog 180°<br />
triangular prism/prism<br />
peb ces: Ib lub polyhedron<br />
uas cov taw teem yog cov<br />
peb ces thiab lwm cov sab<br />
ntsa yog cov parallelogram<br />
trigonometric ratios/ratio trigonometric:<br />
Cov ratio uas piv cov yas kab ntug ntawm ib<br />
lub peb ces raug; cov koom ratio yog tangent,<br />
sine, thiab cosine.<br />
U<br />
unbiased sample/qauv sim siv tau: Ib yam<br />
qauv sim siv tau yog txhua leej ntawm cov<br />
pejxeem muaj ib txoj hmoo sib luag los raug<br />
xaiv.<br />
underestimate/xam dhau: Ib qhov kev xam<br />
uas tsawg dua tus tseem nqi teb lawm<br />
union/sib sau: Pawg timkhawv tas nrho uas<br />
zwm rau ob lossis ntau pawg<br />
unit conversion/yeem hloov: Tus txheejtxheem<br />
hloov ib yeem ntawm kev ntsuas rau lwm yeem<br />
unit conversion factor/factor yeem hloov:<br />
Ib tus fraction siv hauv kev yeem hloov, nyob<br />
hauv, tus numerator thiab denominator muaj<br />
nqi sib npaug tabsis muaj txawv yeem<br />
60 min 1 hr<br />
Pivtxwv: lossis<br />
1 hr 60 min<br />
unit price/nqi yeem: Ib feem teev yeem siv<br />
los piv cov nqi<br />
unit rate/feem teev yeem: Ib feem teev, nyob<br />
hauv, tus nqi thij ob hauv kev sib piv yog ib<br />
yeem<br />
Pivtxwv: 10 cm rau ib feeb<br />
unlike fractions/fraction tsis sib thooj: Cov<br />
fractions nrog cov denominator sib txawv<br />
Pivtxwv: 3 –<br />
4 thiab 1 –<br />
2 yog cov fraction tsis sib<br />
thooj.<br />
upper extreme/tus siab kawg: Tus number loj<br />
tshaj hauv ib pawg data<br />
upper quartile/plaub theem siab kawg: Tus<br />
median ntawm nrab siab ntawm ib pawg<br />
data; thiab hu ua third quartile (plaub theem<br />
thij peb).<br />
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V<br />
vanishing point/pob yaj ntshis: Hauv ib lub<br />
cev kos peb seem, ib lub pob uas cov kab<br />
khiav tawm ntawm tus neeg ntsia sib ntsib<br />
variability/kev hloov cev: Kev hloov nqi<br />
hauv ib pawg data<br />
variable/variable: Ib tus cim siv los sawv cev<br />
ib tus nqi uas hloov tau<br />
Venn diagram/duab kos Venn: Ib daim duab<br />
kos uas siv los qhia cov kev sib txuas ntawm<br />
cov pawg<br />
verbal expression/nqe lus: Ib lo lus lossis<br />
kab lus<br />
vertex/hau kaum: Saum ib lub kaum lossis<br />
polygon, lub pob uas ob kab ntug sib tshuam;<br />
saum ib lub polyhedron, chaw sib tshuam<br />
ntawm peb lossis ntau sab ntsa; saum ib lub<br />
cev hau ntse lossis pyramid, lub pob siab tshaj<br />
vertical angles/<br />
cov kaum ntsug:<br />
a<br />
b<br />
c<br />
Ib txwm kaum tig<br />
sib dhos uas txawm<br />
d<br />
los ntawm cov kab sib tshuam; hauv daim<br />
duab kos �a thiab �c sib dhos thiab �b<br />
thiab �d sib dhos.<br />
volume/volume: Tus number ntawm cov<br />
yeem cubic timtsum los txhaws ib lub cev<br />
nruab ntug muab los<br />
W<br />
withholding tax/se khaws tos: Ib qhov txo<br />
los ntawm ib tus neeg cov nyiaj tau los raws<br />
kev them se nyiaj hli ua ntej<br />
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X<br />
x-axis/x-axis: Txoj kab axis tav saum ib daim<br />
plag coordinate<br />
x-coordinate/x-coordinate: Tus thawj hauv ib<br />
txwm number raws seem; nws qhia ncua kev<br />
tshem rau sab xis lossis sab lauj pib ntawm<br />
lub plawv (0,0) mus.<br />
Pivtxwv: 5 yog tus x-coordinate hauv (5,3).<br />
x-intercept/kab txiav x-axis: Tus<br />
x-coordinate ntawm ib lub pob uas daim duab<br />
teev ntawm ib txoj kab txiav txoj kab x-axis<br />
Y<br />
y-axis/y-axis: Txoj kab axis ntsug saum ib<br />
daim plag coordinate<br />
y-coordinate/y-coordinate: Tus thawj hauv ib<br />
txwm number raws seem; nws qhia ncua kev<br />
tshem rau sab xis lossis sab lauj pib ntawm<br />
lub plawv (0,0) mus.<br />
Pivtxwv: 3 yog tus y-coordinate hauv (5,3).<br />
y-intercept/kab txiav y-axis: Tus y-coordinate<br />
ntawm ib lub pob uas daim duab teev ntawm<br />
ib txoj kab txiav txoj kab y-axis<br />
Z<br />
zero pair/txwm zero: Ib tus number thiab<br />
nws tus tig, uas sib ntxiv mus ua 0<br />
Pivtxwv: 18 thiab –18
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A<br />
absolute value/‡·ÒÓβÚÌÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ:<br />
ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌË ˜ËÒ· ÓÚ ÌÛÎfl ÔÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ ÓÒË;<br />
ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl � �.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: � �5 � � 5<br />
accuracy/ÚÓ˜ÌÓÒÚ¸: èappleË·ÎËÊÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸ ‰‡ÌÌÓ„Ó<br />
ËÁÏÂappleÂÌËfl ËÎË Á̇˜ÂÌËfl Í Ù‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÏÛ<br />
appleÂÁÛθڇÚÛ ËÁÏÂappleÂÌËfl ËÎË Á̇˜ÂÌ˲.<br />
acute angle/ÓÒÚapple˚È Û„ÓÎ: ì„ÓÎ, ÍÓÚÓapple˚È<br />
ÏÂ̸¯Â 90°.<br />
acute triangle/ÓÒÚappleÓÛ„ÓθÌ˚È ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍ:<br />
íappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍ ÒÓ ‚ÒÂÏË Û„Î‡ÏË ÏÂÌ 90°.<br />
addend/Ò·„‡ÂÏÓÂ: óËÒÎÓ, ‰Ó·‡‚ÎflÂÏÓ Í<br />
Ó‰ÌÓÏÛ ËÎË ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËÏ ‰appleÛ„ËÏ ˜ËÒ·Ï<br />
‰Îfl Ó·apple‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÒÛÏÏ˚. ç‡ÔappleËÏÂapple, ‚<br />
‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËË 4 � 6 � 7 ˜ËÒ· 4, 6 Ë 7<br />
fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl Ò·„‡ÂÏ˚ÏË.<br />
Addition Property of Equality/Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó<br />
‡‰‰ËÚË‚ÌÓÒÚË apple‡‚ÂÌÒÚ‚‡ (ÔÓ ÒÎÓÊÂÌ˲):<br />
ë‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó, ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË Ò ÍÓÚÓapple˚Ï ÔappleË<br />
ÔappleË·‡‚ÎÂÌËË Í Ó·ÂËÏ ˜‡ÒÚflÏ Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌËfl<br />
Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó Ë ÚÓ„Ó Ê ˜ËÒ· ÌÓ‚Ó Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌËÂ<br />
·Û‰ÂÚ ËÏÂÚ¸ ÚÓ Ê apple¯ÂÌËÂ.<br />
Addition Property of Opposites/Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó<br />
ÒÎÓÊÂÌËfl ˜ËÒÂÎ Ò ÔappleÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÎÓÊÌ˚ÏË<br />
Á͇̇ÏË: ë‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó, ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË Ò<br />
ÍÓÚÓapple˚Ï ÒÛÏχ ˜ËÒ· Ë Ú‡ÍÓ„Ó ÊÂ<br />
ÔÓ ‡·ÒÓβÚÌÓÈ ‚Â΢ËÌ ˜ËÒ· Ò<br />
ÔappleÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÎÓÊÌ˚Ï Á̇ÍÓÏ apple‡‚̇ ÌÛβ.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 12 � (�12) � 0<br />
additive inverse/Ó·apple‡ÚÌÓ ÔÓ Á̇ÍÛ ˜ËÒÎÓ:<br />
óËÒÎÓ, ÔappleÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÎÓÊÌÓ ÔÓ Á̇ÍÛ ‰‡ÌÌÓÏÛ<br />
˜ËÒÎÛ.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: óËÒÎÓÏ, ÔappleÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÎÓÊÌ˚Ï ÔÓ<br />
Á̇ÍÛ 6, fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl �6.<br />
adjacent angles/ÒÏÂÊÌ˚Â Û„Î˚:<br />
ì„Î˚, apple‡ÒÔÓ·„‡˛˘ËÂÒfl ‚ Ó‰ÌÓÈ<br />
Ë ÚÓÈ Ê ÔÎÓÒÍÓÒÚË, Ëϲ˘ËÂ<br />
Ó·˘Û˛ ‚Âapple¯ËÌÛ Ë Ó·˘Û˛ ÒÚÓappleÓÌÛ.<br />
algebraic expression/‡Î„·apple‡Ë˜ÂÒÍÓÂ<br />
‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËÂ: Ç˚apple‡ÊÂÌËÂ, ÍÓÚÓappleÓ ÒÓ‰ÂappleÊËÚ,<br />
Í‡Í ÏËÌËÏÛÏ, Ó‰ÌÛ ÔÂappleÂÏÂÌÌÛ˛.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: x � 8; 4(m � b)<br />
a<br />
b<br />
algebraic inequality/‡Î„·apple‡Ë˜ÂÒÍÓÂ<br />
ÌÂapple‡‚ÂÌÒÚ‚Ó: çÂapple‡‚ÂÌÒÚ‚Ó, ÍÓÚÓappleÓÂ<br />
ÒÓ‰ÂappleÊËÚ, Í‡Í ÏËÌËÏÛÏ, Ó‰ÌÛ ÔÂappleÂÏÂÌÌÛ˛.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: x � 3 � 10; 5a � b � 3<br />
alternate exterior angles/<br />
‚̯ÌË ̇ÍappleÂÒÚ<br />
ÎÂʇ˘Ë ۄÎ˚: è‡apple‡<br />
a b<br />
Û„ÎÓ‚, Ó·apple‡ÁÛÂχfl<br />
ÒÂÍÛ˘ÂÈ Ë ‰‚ÛÏfl<br />
c d<br />
ÔappleflÏ˚ÏË; ̇ ‰Ë‡„apple‡ÏÏ ԇapple‡ÏË ‚̯ÌËı<br />
̇ÍappleÂÒÚ ÎÂʇ˘Ëı Û„ÎÓ‚ fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl �a Ë �d<br />
Ë �b Ë �c.<br />
alternate interior angles/<br />
‚ÌÛÚappleÂÌÌË ̇ÍappleÂÒÚ<br />
r s<br />
ÎÂʇ˘Ë ۄÎ˚: è‡apple‡<br />
Û„ÎÓ‚, Ó·apple‡ÁÛÂχfl<br />
ÒÂÍÛ˘ÂÈ Ë ‰‚ÛÏfl<br />
t v<br />
ÔappleflÏ˚ÏË; ̇ ‰Ë‡„apple‡ÏÏ ԇapple‡ÏË ‚ÌÛÚappleÂÌÌËı<br />
̇ÍappleÂÒÚ ÎÂʇ˘Ëı Û„ÎÓ‚ fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl �r Ë �v<br />
Ë �s Ë �t.<br />
altitude/‚˚ÒÓÚ‡: ÑÎË̇ ÔÂappleÔẨËÍÛÎflapple‡<br />
ÓÚ ‚Âapple¯ËÌ˚ ÏÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌË͇ ‰Ó<br />
ÔappleÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÎÓÊÌÓ„Ó ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËfl (ËÎË ÎËÌËË,<br />
̇ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ Ì‡ıÓ‰ËÚÒfl ‰‡ÌÌÓ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËÂ).<br />
angle/Û„ÓÎ: îË„Ûapple‡, Ó·apple‡ÁÛÂχfl ‰‚ÛÏfl<br />
ÎÛ˜‡ÏË, ‚˚ıÓ‰fl˘ËÏË ËÁ Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÚÓ˜ÍË,<br />
̇Á˚‚‡ÂÏÓÈ ‚Âapple¯ËÌÓÈ.<br />
angle bisector/·ËÒÒÂÍÚappleËÒ‡:<br />
ãËÌËfl, ÓÚappleÂÁÓÍ ËÎË ÎÛ˜,<br />
‰ÂÎfl˘Ë ۄÓΠ̇ ‰‚‡<br />
ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚ı ۄ·.<br />
Angle-Side-Angle (ASA)/ÔÓ ‰‚ÛÏ Û„Î‡Ï Ë<br />
ÒÚÓappleÓÌÂ: èapple‡‚ËÎÓ, ÛÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡˛˘ÂÂ, ˜ÚÓ<br />
ÂÒÎË ‰‚‡ ۄ· Ë Á‡Íβ˜ÂÌ̇fl ÏÂÊ‰Û ÌËÏË<br />
ÒÚÓappleÓ̇ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌË͇ ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚<br />
‰‚ÛÏ Û„Î‡Ï Ë Á‡Íβ˜ÂÌÌÓÈ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÌËÏË<br />
ÒÚÓappleÓÌ ‰appleÛ„Ó„Ó ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌË͇, Ú‡ÍËÂ<br />
ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍË ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚.<br />
arc/‰Û„‡: ó‡ÒÚ¸ ÓÍappleÛÊÌÓÒÚË, Ó„apple‡Ì˘ÂÌ̇fl<br />
‰‚ÛÏfl ÚӘ͇ÏË.<br />
area/ÔÎÓ˘‡‰¸: äÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó Í‚‡‰apple‡ÚÌ˚ı<br />
‰ËÌˈ ËÁÏÂappleÂÌËfl, ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏ˚ı ‰Îfl<br />
ÔÓÍapple˚ÚËfl ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ÔÎÓ˘‡‰Ë.<br />
M<br />
N<br />
P<br />
O<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 83 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
arithmetic sequence/‡appleËÙÏÂÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl<br />
ÔappleÓ„appleÂÒÒËfl: èÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ ˜ËÒÂÎ,<br />
‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ apple‡ÁÌˈ‡ ÏÂÊ‰Û ‰‚ÛÏfl<br />
ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ˜ËÒ·ÏË ‚Ò„‰‡<br />
Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚‡.<br />
Associative Property/Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó<br />
‡ÒÒӈˇÚË‚ÌÓÒÚË<br />
ëÎÓÊÂÌËÂ: Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó, ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË Ò<br />
ÍÓÚÓapple˚Ï ‰Îfl ‚ÒÂı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ı ˜ËÒÂÎ<br />
a, b Ë c ÒÛÏχ Ì ËÁÏÂÌËÚÒfl ‚Ì Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË<br />
ÓÚ Ëı „appleÛÔÔËappleÓ‚‡ÌËfl:<br />
a � b � c � (a � b) � c � a � (b � c)<br />
ìÏÌÓÊÂÌËÂ: Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó, ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË Ò<br />
ÍÓÚÓapple˚Ï ‰Îfl ‚ÒÂı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ı ˜ËÒÂÎ a,<br />
b Ë c Ëı ÔappleÓËÁ‚‰ÂÌË Ì ËÁÏÂÌËÚÒfl ‚ÌÂ<br />
Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ Ëı „appleÛÔÔËappleÓ‚‡ÌËfl:<br />
a � b � c � (a � b) � c � a � (b � c)<br />
asymmetry/‡ÒËÏÏÂÚappleËfl: çÂˉÂÌÚ˘ÌÓÒÚ¸<br />
ÔÓ Ó·Â ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚ ÓÚ ˆÂÌÚapple‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÎËÌËË.<br />
çÂÒËÏÏÂÚapple˘ÌÓÒÚ¸.<br />
average/Òapple‰Ì Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ: ëÛÏχ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı<br />
ËÁ ̇·Óapple‡, ÔÓ‰ÂÎÂÌ̇fl ̇ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó ˜ÎÂÌÓ‚<br />
‚ ÒÓ‚ÓÍÛÔÌÓÒÚË; Ú‡ÍÊ ̇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl (mean)<br />
Òapple‰ÌÂÈ ‚Â΢ËÌÓÈ.<br />
average deviation/Òapple‰Ì ÓÚÍÎÓÌÂÌËÂ:<br />
ëapple‰Ì apple‡ÒÒÚÓflÌË Á̇˜ÂÌËÈ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı ÓÚ<br />
Òapple‰ÌÂÈ ‚Â΢ËÌ˚.<br />
axes/ÓÒË: Ñ‚Â ‚Á‡ËÏÌÓ ÔÂappleÔẨËÍÛÎflappleÌ˚ı<br />
ÎËÌËË ‚ ÔÎÓÒÍÓÒÚË ÍÓÓapple‰Ë̇Ú, ÍÓÚÓapple˚Â<br />
ÔÂappleÂÒÂ͇˛ÚÒfl ‚ ̇˜‡Î ÍÓÓapple‰Ë̇Ú.<br />
B<br />
back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot/‰Ë‡„apple‡Ïχ<br />
ÒËÏÏÂÚapple˘ÌÓ„Ó apple‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËfl ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı:<br />
Ñˇ„apple‡Ïχ, Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ<br />
ÒÓÔÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ‰‚‡ ̇·Óapple‡ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı,<br />
ÓÚÓ·apple‡Ê‡fl Ó‰ËÌ ËÁ ÌËı Ò΂‡ ÓÚ ÓÒË, ‡<br />
‰appleÛ„ÓÈ ÒÔapple‡‚‡ ÓÚ ÌÂÂ.<br />
bar graph/ÒÚÓηˆÓ‚‡fl ‰Ë‡„apple‡Ïχ:<br />
Ñˇ„apple‡Ïχ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ ‰Îfl ÓÚÓ·apple‡ÊÂÌËfl<br />
‰‡ÌÌ˚ı ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ‚ÂappleÚË͇θÌ˚ ËÎË<br />
„ÓappleËÁÓÌڇθÌ˚ ÒÚÓηˆ˚.<br />
base-10 system/‰ÂÒflÚ˘̇fl ÒËÒÚÂχ<br />
Ò˜ËÒÎÂÌËfl: ëËÒÚÂχ Ò˜ËÒÎÂÌËfl, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ<br />
‚Ò ˜ËÒ· ‚˚apple‡Ê‡˛ÚÒfl Ò ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ<br />
ˆËÙapple ÓÚ 0 ‰Ó 9.<br />
base (in numeration)/ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌË (‚ ÒËÒÚÂÏÂ<br />
Ò˜ËÒÎÂÌËfl): äÓ„‰‡ ˜ËÒÎÓ ‚ÓÁ‚Ó‰ËÚÒfl ‚<br />
ÒÚÂÔÂ̸, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ˜ËÒÎÓ,<br />
ÍÓÚÓappleÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÏÌÓÊËÚÂÎfl.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 3 5 � 3 � 3 � 3 � 3 � 3<br />
base (of a polygon or three-dimensional<br />
figure)/ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌË (ÏÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌË͇ ËÎË<br />
ÚappleÂıÏÂappleÌÓÈ ÙË„Ûapple˚): ëÚÓappleÓ̇<br />
ÏÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌË͇ ËÎË ÒÚÓappleÓ̇ ÚappleÂıÏÂappleÌÓÈ<br />
ÙË„Ûapple˚, ÔÓ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ ÙË„Ûapple‡ ËÁÏÂappleflÂÚÒfl ËÎË<br />
Í·ÒÒËÙˈËappleÛÂÚÒfl.<br />
éÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËfl<br />
ˆËÎË̉apple‡<br />
éÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËfl<br />
ÔappleËÁÏ˚<br />
éÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËÂ<br />
ÍÓÌÛÒ‡<br />
éÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËÂ<br />
ÔËapple‡Ïˉ˚<br />
biased sample/ÒÏ¢ÂÌ̇fl ‚˚·Óapple͇:<br />
Ç˚·Óapple͇, ÍÓÚÓapple‡fl ÌÂÚÓ˜ÌÓ Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ<br />
ÒÓ‚ÓÍÛÔÌÓÒÚ¸.<br />
binary number system/‰‚Ó˘̇fl ÒËÒÚÂχ<br />
Ò˜ËÒÎÂÌËfl: ëËÒÚÂχ Ò˜ËÒÎÂÌËfl, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ<br />
‚Ò ˜ËÒ· ‚˚apple‡Ê‡˛ÚÒfl Ò ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ<br />
ÚÓθÍÓ ‰‚Ûı ˆËÙapple 0 Ë 1.<br />
binomial/‰‚Û˜ÎÂÌ: åÌÓ„Ó˜ÎÂÌ, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘ËÈ<br />
ËÁ ‰‚Ûı Ó‰ÌÓ˜ÎÂÌÓ‚.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 10 � m; 3y � 2<br />
bisect/‰ÂÎÂÌË ÔÓÔÓ·Ï: ÑÂÎÂÌË ̇ ‰‚Â<br />
ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚ ˜‡ÒÚË.<br />
boundary line/Ôapple‰Âθ̇fl ÎËÌËfl:<br />
ëÓ‚ÓÍÛÔÌÓÒÚ¸ ÚÓ˜ÂÍ, „‰Â ‰‚ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚<br />
ÎËÌÂÈÌÓ„Ó ÌÂapple‡‚ÂÌÒÚ‚‡ Ò ‰‚ÛÏfl<br />
ÔÂappleÂÏÂÌÌ˚ÏË apple‡‚Ì˚.<br />
box-and-whisker plot/„apple‡ÙËÍ ‚ ‚ˉÂ<br />
ÔappleflÏÓÛ„ÓθÌË͇ Ò ‚˚ÒÚÛÔ‡ÏË: Éapple‡ÙËÍ, ̇<br />
ÍÓÚÓappleÓÏ ÔÓ͇Á‡Ì˚ ̇˷Óθ¯‡fl Ë Ì‡ËÏÂ̸¯‡fl<br />
˜ÂÚ‚ÂappleÚ¸ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı ‚ ‚ˉ ‚˚ÒÚÛÔÓ‚, ‡ ‰‚Â<br />
ÒÓÒ‰ÌËı Òapple‰ÌËı ˜ÂÚ‚ÂappleÚË ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı - ‚ ‚ˉÂ<br />
ÔappleflÏÓÛ„ÓθÌË͇, ‡ Ú‡Íʠωˇ̇.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 84 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
eak (graph)/apple‡Áapple˚‚ (̇ ‰Ë‡„apple‡ÏÏÂ):<br />
áË„Á‡„ ̇ „ÓappleËÁÓÌڇθÌÓÈ ËÎË ‚ÂappleÚË͇θÌÓÈ<br />
ÓÒË ‰Ë‡„apple‡ÏÏ˚, Û͇Á˚‚‡˛˘ËÈ Ì‡ ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ<br />
applefl‰ ˜ËÒÂÎ ¯Í‡Î˚ ÓÔÛ˘ÂÌ.<br />
C<br />
capacity/‚ÏÂÒÚËÏÓÒÚ¸: äÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó<br />
ÊˉÍÓÒÚË, ÍÓÚÓappleÓ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÓ‰ÂappleʇڸÒfl ‚<br />
Á‡ÔÓÎÌÂÌÌÓÈ ÂÏÍÓÒÚË.<br />
Celsius/„apple‡‰ÛÒ˚ ñÂθÒËfl: åÂÚapple˘ÂÒ͇fl<br />
¯Í‡Î‡ ËÁÏÂappleÂÌËfl ÚÂÏÔÂapple‡ÚÛapple˚, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ<br />
0°C ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÚӘ͠Á‡ÏÂappleÁ‡ÌËfl ‚Ó‰˚, ‡<br />
100°C - ÚӘ͠ÍËÔÂÌËfl ‚Ó‰˚; Ú‡ÍÊÂ<br />
̇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ÒÚÓ„apple‡‰ÛÒÌÓÈ.<br />
center (of a circle)/ˆÂÌÚapple (ÓÍappleÛÊÌÓÒÚË):<br />
íӘ͇ ‚ÌÛÚappleË ÓÍappleÛÊÌÓÒÚË, apple‡‚ÌÓÛ‰‡ÎÂÌ̇fl<br />
ÓÚ ‚ÒÂı ÚÓ˜ÂÍ ÓÍappleÛÊÌÓÒÚË.<br />
center (of dilation)/ˆÂÌÚapple (apple‡ÒÚflÊÂÌËfl,<br />
ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓ„Ó ÔappleÂÓ·apple‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl): íӘ͇<br />
ÔÂappleÂÒ˜ÂÌËfl ÎËÌËÈ ‚ÒÂı Û„ÎÓ‚ ÔappleË ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓÏ<br />
ÔappleÂÓ·apple‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËË.<br />
center (of rotation)/ˆÂÌÚapple (‚apple‡˘ÂÌËfl):<br />
íӘ͇, ‚ÓÍappleÛ„ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ ‚apple‡˘‡ÂÚÒfl ÙË„Ûapple‡.<br />
central angle/ˆÂÌÚapple‡Î¸Ì˚È Û„ÓÎ: ì„ÓÎ Ò<br />
‚Âapple¯ËÌÓÈ, apple‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂÌÌÓÈ ‚ ˆÂÌÚappleÂ<br />
ÓÍappleÛÊÌÓÒÚË.<br />
certain (probability)/‰ÓÒÚÓ‚ÂappleÌÓÂ<br />
(Ó ‚ÂappleÓflÚÌÓÏ ÒÓ·˚ÚËË): íÓ˜ÌÓ ÔappleÓËÁÓȉÂÚ;<br />
ËÏÂÂÚ ‚ÂappleÓflÚÌÓÒÚ¸, apple‡‚ÌÛ˛ 1.<br />
chord/ıÓapple‰‡: éÚappleÂÁÓÍ ÔappleflÏÓÈ,<br />
ÒÓ‰ËÌfl˛˘ÂÈ ‰‚ ÚÓ˜ÍË ÓÍappleÛÊÌÓÒÚË.<br />
circle/ÓÍappleÛÊÌÓÒÚ¸: åÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚Ó<br />
‚ÒÂı ÚÓ˜ÂÍ Ì‡ ÔÎÓÒÍÓÒÚË,<br />
apple‡‚ÌÓÛ‰‡ÎÂÌÌ˚ı ÓÚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ<br />
ÚÓ˜ÍË, ̇Á˚‚‡ÂÏÓÈ ˆÂÌÚappleÓÏ.<br />
circle graph/ÍappleÛ„Ó‚‡fl ‰Ë‡„apple‡Ïχ:<br />
Ñˇ„apple‡Ïχ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ ‰Îfl ÒÓÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl<br />
˜‡ÒÚÂÈ Ò ˆÂÎ˚Ï Ë ˜‡ÒÚÂÈ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒÓ·ÓÈ<br />
ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÒÂÍÚÓapple˚ ÍappleÛ„‡.<br />
circumference/‰ÎË̇ ÓÍappleÛÊÌÓÒÚË: ÑÎË̇<br />
Á‡ÏÍÌÛÚÓ„Ó ÍÓÌÚÛapple‡, Óı‚‡Ú˚‚‡˛˘Â„Ó ÍappleÛ„.<br />
C<br />
clockwise/ÔÓ ˜‡ÒÓ‚ÓÈ<br />
ÒÚappleÂÎÍÂ: äappleÛ„Ó‚Ó ‰‚ËÊÂÌËÂ<br />
‚Ôapple‡‚Ó ‚ ÔÓ͇Á‡ÌÌÓÏ<br />
̇Ôapple‡‚ÎÂÌËË.<br />
clustering/„appleÛÔÔËappleӂ͇:<br />
åÂÚÓ‰, ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÏ˚È ‰Îfl ÓˆÂÌÍË ÒÛÏÏ˚,<br />
ÍÓ„‰‡ ‚Ò Ò·„‡ÂÏ˚ ·ÎËÁÍË Í Ó‰ÌÓÏÛ Ë<br />
ÚÓÏÛ Ê Á̇˜ÂÌ˲.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: óËÒ· 27, 29, 24 Ë 26 Ò„appleÛÔÔËappleÓ‚‡Ì˚<br />
ÔÓ ÔappleËÁ̇ÍÛ ·ÎËÁÓÒÚË Í 25.<br />
coefficient/ÍÓ˝ÙÙˈËÂÌÚ: óËÒÎÓ ‚<br />
‡Î„·apple‡Ë˜ÂÒÍÓÏ ‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËË, ÛÏÌÓʇÂÏÓ ̇<br />
ÔÂappleÂÏÂÌÌÛ˛.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: Ç ‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËË 5b ˜ËÒÎÓ 5 fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl<br />
ÏÌÓÊËÚÂÎÂÏ.<br />
combination/ÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËÂ: ê‡ÁÏ¢ÂÌËÂ<br />
(apple‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËÂ) ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ËÎË ÒÓ·˚ÚËÈ, ÔappleË<br />
ÍÓÚÓappleÓÏ Ëı ÔÓapplefl‰ÓÍ Ì ËÏÂÂÚ Á̇˜ÂÌËfl.<br />
commission/ÍÓÏËÒÒËÓÌÌ˚Â: ëÛÏχ,<br />
‚˚Ô·˜Ë‚‡Âχfl ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍÛ Á‡ ÔappleÓ‰‡ÊÛ<br />
͇ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó ÚÓ‚‡apple‡.<br />
commission rate/ÔappleÓˆÂÌÚ ÍÓÏËÒÒËÓÌÌ˚ı:<br />
ëÛÏχ, ‚˚Ô·˜Ë‚‡Âχfl ˜ÂÎÓ‚ÂÍÛ Á‡<br />
ÔappleÓ‰‡ÊÛ Í‡ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó ÚÓ‚‡apple‡, ‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌ̇fl ‚<br />
ÔappleÓˆÂÌÚ‡ı ÓÚ ˆÂÌ˚ ÔappleÓ‰‡ÊË.<br />
common denominator/Ó·˘ËÈ Á̇ÏÂ̇ÚÂθ:<br />
á̇ÏÂ̇ÚÂθ, ÍÓÚÓapple˚È fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Ó·˘ËÏ ‰Îfl<br />
‰‚Ûı ËÎË ·ÓΠÔappleÓÒÚ˚ı ‰appleÓ·ÂÈ.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: óËÒÎÓ 8 fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Ó·˘ËÏ<br />
Á̇ÏÂ̇ÚÂÎÂÏ ‰Îfl 5 –<br />
8 Ë 2 –<br />
8 .<br />
common difference/apple‡ÁÌÓÒÚ¸<br />
‡appleËÙÏÂÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÔappleÓ„appleÂÒÒËË: ê‡ÁÌˈ‡<br />
ÏÂÊ‰Û ‰‚ÛÏfl ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ˜ÎÂ̇ÏË<br />
‡appleËÙÏÂÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÔappleÓ„appleÂÒÒËË.<br />
common factor/Ó·˘ËÈ ÏÌÓÊËÚÂθ: óËÒÎÓ,<br />
fl‚Îfl˛˘ÂÂÒfl ÏÌÓÊËÚÂÎÂÏ ‰Îfl ‰‚Ûı ËÎË<br />
·ÓΠ˜ËÒÂÎ.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: óËÒÎÓ 8 ˝ÚÓ Ó·˘ËÈ ÏÌÓÊËÚÂθ<br />
16 Ë 40.<br />
common multiple/Ó·˘Â Íapple‡ÚÌÓÂ: óËÒÎÓ,<br />
fl‚Îfl˛˘ÂÂÒfl Íapple‡ÚÌ˚Ï ‰Îfl Í‡Ê‰Ó„Ó ËÁ ‰‚Ûı<br />
ËÎË ·ÓΠ˜ËÒÂÎ.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: óËÒÎÓ 15 fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Ó·˘ËÏ<br />
Íapple‡ÚÌ˚Ï ‰Îfl 3 Ë 5.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 85 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
common ratio/Á̇ÏÂ̇ÚÂθ ÔappleÓ„appleÂÒÒËË:<br />
á̇ÏÂ̇ÚÂθ - ˝ÚÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ, ̇ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÂ<br />
ÛÏÌÓʇÂÚÒfl ͇ʉ˚È ˜ÎÂÌ „ÂÓÏÂÚapple˘ÂÒÍÓÈ<br />
ÔappleÓ„appleÂÒÒËË ‰Îfl ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl  ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘Â„Ó<br />
˜ÎÂ̇.<br />
Commutative Property/Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó<br />
ÍÓÏÏÛÚ‡ÚË‚ÌÓÒÚË<br />
ëÎÓÊÂÌËÂ: Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó, ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË Ò<br />
ÍÓÚÓapple˚Ï ‰‚‡ ËÎË ·ÓΠ˜ËÒÂÎ ÏÓ„ÛÚ<br />
ÒÍ·‰˚‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‚ β·ÓÏ ÔÓapplefl‰Í ·ÂÁ<br />
ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ÒÛÏÏ˚.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 8 � 20 � 20 � 8; a � b � b � a<br />
ìÏÌÓÊÂÌËÂ: Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó, ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË Ò<br />
ÍÓÚÓapple˚Ï ‰‚‡ ËÎË ·ÓΠ˜ËÒÂÎ ÏÓ„ÛÚ<br />
ÛÏÌÓʇڸÒfl ‚ β·ÓÏ ÔÓapplefl‰Í ·ÂÁ<br />
ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ÔappleÓËÁ‚‰ÂÌËfl.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 6 � 12 � 12 � 6; a � b � b � a<br />
compatible numbers/Òapple‡‚ÌËÏ˚ ˜ËÒ·:<br />
óËÒ·, ·ÎËÁÍË ÔÓ Á̇˜ÂÌ˲ Ò<br />
ÓÔapple‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ÏË ˜ËÒ·ÏË, ˜ÚÓ Ó·Î„˜‡ÂÚ<br />
‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌË ӈÂÌÍË ËÎË ÛÒÚÌÓ„Ó<br />
‚˚˜ËÒÎÂÌËfl.<br />
compensation/ÍÓÏÔÂÌÒ‡ˆËfl: äÓ„‰‡ ‚ Á‡‰‡˜Â<br />
˜ËÒÎÓ ·ÎËÁÍÓ ‰appleÛ„ÓÏÛ ˜ËÒÎÛ, Ò ÍÓÚÓapple˚Ï<br />
ÔappleӢ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÚ¸ ‚˚˜ËÒÎÂÌËfl, ÚÓ ˝ÚÓ<br />
ÔÓÒΉÌ ˜ËÒÎÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‰Îfl<br />
̇ıÓʉÂÌËfl ÓÚ‚ÂÚ‡. á‡ÚÂÏ ÓÚ‚ÂÚ<br />
ÍÓappleappleÂÍÚËappleÛÂÚÒfl ‰Ó·‡‚ÎÂÌËÂÏ Í ÌÂÏÛ ËÎË<br />
‚˚˜ËÚ‡ÌËÂÏ ËÁ Ì„Ó.<br />
complementary angles/‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌ˚Â<br />
Û„Î˚: Ñ‚‡ ۄ·, ‰ÓÔÓÎÌfl˛˘Ëı ‰appleÛ„ ‰appleÛ„‡<br />
‰Ó 90° (ÒÛÏχ ÍÓÚÓapple˚ı apple‡‚̇ 90°).<br />
composite number/ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÌÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ: óËÒÎÓ<br />
·ÓΠ‰ËÌˈ˚, ÍÓÚÓappleÓ ËÏÂÂÚ ·ÓΠ‰‚Ûı<br />
ˆÂÎ˚ı ‰ÂÎËÚÂÎÂÈ.<br />
compound event/ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÌÓ ÒÓ·˚ÚËÂ:<br />
ëÓ·˚ÚËÂ, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘Â ËÁ ‰‚Ûı Ë ·ÓÎÂÂ<br />
˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ‡appleÌ˚ı ÒÓ·˚ÚËÈ.<br />
compound inequality/ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÌÓÂ<br />
ÌÂapple‡‚ÂÌÒÚ‚Ó: äÓÏ·Ë̇ˆËfl ·ÓΠ˜ÂÏ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó<br />
ÌÂapple‡‚ÂÌÒÚ‚‡.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: x � �2 ËÎË x � 10, ËÎË<br />
�2 � x � 10. x ·Óθ¯Â ËÎË apple‡‚ÂÌ<br />
�2 Ë ÏÂ̸¯Â 10.<br />
compound interest/ÒÎÓÊÌ˚ ÔappleÓˆÂÌÚ˚:<br />
èappleÓˆÂÌÚ˚, ̇˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ ËÎË ‚˚Ô·˜Ë‚‡ÂÏ˚Â<br />
Ò ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÈ ÒÛÏÏ˚ Ë apple‡Ì ̇˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ı ËÎË<br />
‚˚Ô·˜ÂÌÌ˚ı ÔappleÓˆÂÌÚÓ‚.<br />
concave polygon/‚Ó„ÌÛÚ˚È ÏÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌËÍ:<br />
åÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌËÍ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÏ, Í‡Í ÏËÌËÏÛÏ,<br />
Ó‰ËÌ ‚ÌÛÚappleÂÌÌËÈ Û„ÓÎ ·Óθ¯Â 180°.<br />
cone/ÍÓÌÛÒ: íappleÂıÏÂapplėfl ÙË„Ûapple‡ Ò Ó‰ÌÓÈ<br />
‚Âapple¯ËÌÓÈ Ë Ó‰ÌËÏ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ ‚ ‚ˉ ÍappleÛ„‡.<br />
congruent/ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚È (apple‡‚Ì˚È):<br />
àϲ˘ËÈ Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚Û˛ ÙÓappleÏÛ Ë ‚Â΢ËÌÛ.<br />
congruent angles/ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚ ۄÎ˚:<br />
ì„Î˚, Ëϲ˘Ë ӉË̇ÍÓ‚Û˛ ‚Â΢ËÌÛ.<br />
congruent segments/ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚ ÓÚappleÂÁÍË:<br />
éÚappleÂÁÍË, Ëϲ˘Ë ӉË̇ÍÓ‚Û˛ ‰ÎËÌÛ.<br />
constant/ÍÓÌÒÚ‡ÌÚ‡ (ÔÓÒÚÓflÌ̇fl):<br />
ÇÂ΢Ë̇, ÍÓÚÓapple‡fl Ì ËÁÏÂÌflÂÚÒfl.<br />
constant of proportionality/ÍÓ˝ÙÙˈËÂÌÚ<br />
ÔappleÓÔÓappleˆËÓ̇θÌÓÒÚË: èÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓÂ<br />
ÒÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌË ‰‚Ûı ÔÂappleÂÏÂÌÌ˚ı, Ò‚flÁ‡ÌÌ˚ı<br />
ÔappleÓÔÓappleˆËÓ̇θÌÓ.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 5 � k, 10 � 2k Ë 15 � 3k<br />
convenience sample/ÌÂappleÂÔappleÂÁÂÌÚ‡Ú˂̇fl<br />
‚˚·Óapple͇: Ç˚·Óapple͇ ̇˷ÓΠ‰ÓÒÚÛÔÌ˚ı<br />
Ó·˙ÂÍÚÓ‚ ËÁ ÒÓ‚ÓÍÛÔÌÓÒÚË ‰Îfl ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl<br />
·˚ÒÚapple˚ı appleÂÁÛθڇÚÓ‚.<br />
conversion factor/ÍÓ˝ÙÙˈËÂÌÚ<br />
ÔappleÂÓ·apple‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl: ÑappleÓ·¸, ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθ Ë<br />
Á̇ÏÂ̇ÚÂθ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú ÒÓ·ÓÈ<br />
Ó‰ÌÓ Ë ÚÓ Ê ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó, ÌÓ ‰Îfl ÍÓÚÓapple˚ı<br />
ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl apple‡Á΢Ì˚ ‰ËÌˈ˚<br />
ËÁÏÂappleÂÌËfl; ڇ͇fl ‰appleÓ·¸ ·Û‰ÂÚ apple‡‚̇ 1,<br />
ÔÓÚÓÏÛ ˜ÚÓ Â ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθ Ë Á̇ÏÂ̇ÚÂθ<br />
apple‡‚Ì˚.<br />
24 ˜‡Ò‡<br />
èappleËÏeapple: Ë<br />
1 ‰Ì¸<br />
1 ‰Ì¸<br />
24 ˜‡Ò‡<br />
convex polygon/‚˚ÔÛÍÎ˚È ÏÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌËÍ:<br />
åÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌËÍ, ‚Ò ‚ÌÛÚappleÂÌÌË ۄÎ˚<br />
ÍÓÚÓappleÓ„Ó ÏÂ̸¯Â ËÎË apple‡‚Ì˚ 180°.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 86 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
coordinate plane (coordinate grid)/<br />
ÍÓÓapple‰Ë̇Ú̇fl ÔÎÓÒÍÓÒÚ¸ (ÍÓÓapple‰Ë̇Ú̇fl<br />
ÒÂÚ͇): èÎÓÒÍÓÒÚ¸, Ó·apple‡ÁÛÂχfl<br />
ÔÂappleÂÒ˜ÂÌËÂÏ „ÓappleËÁÓÌڇθÌÓÈ ˜ËÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ<br />
ÓÒË, ̇Á˚‚‡ÂÏÓÈ ÓÒ¸˛ x, Ë ‚ÂappleÚË͇θÌÓÈ<br />
˜ËÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ ÓÒË, ̇Á˚‚‡ÂÏÓÈ ÓÒ¸˛ y.<br />
䂇‰apple‡ÌÚ II<br />
䂇‰apple‡ÌÚ III<br />
ÓÒ¸ y<br />
coordinate/ÍÓÓapple‰Ë̇ڇ: é‰ÌÓ ËÁ ˜ËÒÂÎ<br />
ÛÔÓapplefl‰Ó˜ÂÌÌÓÈ Ô‡apple˚, ÍÓÚÓappleÓ Û͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚ<br />
ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌË ÚÓ˜ÍË Ì‡ „apple‡ÙËÍ ‚ ÒËÒÚÂÏÂ<br />
ÍÓÓapple‰Ë̇Ú.<br />
correlation/ÍÓappleappleÂÎflˆËfl: éÔËÒ‡ÌË ҂flÁË<br />
ÏÂÊ‰Û ‰‚ÛÏfl ̇·Óapple‡ÏË ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı.<br />
correspondence/ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËÂ: éÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ<br />
ÏÂÊ‰Û ‰‚ÛÏfl ËÎË ·ÓΠÒÓÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÏ˚ÏË<br />
Ó·˙ÂÍÚ‡ÏË.<br />
corresponding angles<br />
(for lines)/<br />
ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Â Û„Î˚<br />
(‰Îfl ÎËÌËÈ): è‡apple‡ Û„ÎÓ‚,<br />
Ó·apple‡ÁÛ˛˘ËıÒfl ÒÂÍÛ˘ÂÈ Ë<br />
䂇‰apple‡ÌÚ I<br />
ÓÒ¸ x<br />
䂇‰apple‡ÌÚ IV<br />
q r<br />
s t<br />
m n<br />
o p<br />
‰‚ÛÏfl ÔappleflÏ˚ÏË; ̇ ‰Ë‡„apple‡ÏÏ ԇapple‡ÏË<br />
ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ëı Û„ÎÓ‚ fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl �m Ë<br />
�q, �n Ë �r, �o Ë �s Ë �p Ë �t.<br />
corresponding angles (in polygons)/<br />
ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Â Û„Î˚<br />
(‚ ÏÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌË͇ı): ëÓ‚Ô‡‰‡˛˘Ë ۄÎ˚<br />
‰‚Ûı ËÎË ·ÓΠÏÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌËÍÓ‚.<br />
corresponding sides/ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Â<br />
ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚: ëÓ‚Ô‡‰‡˛˘Ë ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚ ‰‚Ûı ËÎË<br />
·ÓΠÏÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌËÍÓ‚.<br />
cosine (cos)/ÍÓÒËÌÛÒ (cos): Ç<br />
ÔappleflÏÓÛ„ÓθÌÓÏ ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ<br />
‰ÎËÌ˚ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚, ÔappleËÎÂʇ˘ÂÈ Í ÓÒÚappleÓÏÛ<br />
Û„ÎÛ, Í ‰ÎËÌ „ËÔÓÚÂÌÛÁ˚.<br />
counterclockwise/ÔappleÓÚË‚<br />
˜‡ÒÓ‚ÓÈ ÒÚappleÂÎÍË:<br />
äappleÛ„Ó‚Ó ‰‚ËÊÂÌË ‚ÎÂ‚Ó ‚<br />
ÔÓ͇Á‡ÌÌÓÏ Ì‡Ôapple‡‚ÎÂÌËË.<br />
counterexample/<br />
ÔappleÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÎÓÊÌ˚È ÔappleËÏÂapple: èappleËÏÂapple,<br />
ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡˛˘ËÈ, ˜ÚÓ ÛÚ‚ÂappleʉÂÌË ÎÓÊÌÓ.<br />
cross product/‚ÂÍÚÓappleÌÓ ÔappleÓËÁ‚‰ÂÌËÂ:<br />
èappleÓËÁ‚‰ÂÌË ˜ËÒÂÎ ÔÓ ‰Ë‡„Ó̇ÎË ÔappleË<br />
Òapple‡‚ÌÂÌËË ‰‚Ûı ÔappleÓÔÓappleˆËÈ.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 2 –<br />
3 � 4 – 2<br />
6 3 � � 6 4 � � 12<br />
12<br />
cube (geometric figure)/ÍÛ·<br />
(„ÂÓÏÂÚapple˘ÂÒ͇fl ÙË„Ûapple‡):<br />
èappleflÏÓÛ„Óθ̇fl ÔappleËÁχ Ò<br />
¯ÂÒÚ¸˛ ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚ÏË<br />
Í‚‡‰apple‡ÚÌ˚ÏË „apple‡ÌflÏË.<br />
cube (in numeration)/ÍÛ· (‚ Ò˜ËÒÎÂÌËË):<br />
óËÒÎÓ, ‚ÓÁ‚‰ÂÌÌÓ ‚ ÚappleÂÚ¸˛ ÒÚÂÔÂ̸.<br />
cumulative frequency/̇ÍÓÔÎÂÌ̇fl<br />
˜‡ÒÚÓÚ‡: ëÛÏχ ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ı<br />
˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı.<br />
customary system of measurement/<br />
ÔappleË‚˚˜Ì‡fl ÒËÒÚÂχ ËÁÏÂappleÂÌËfl: ëËÒÚÂχ<br />
ËÁÏÂappleÂÌËfl, ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂχfl ‚<br />
ëÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ı òÚ‡Ú‡ı.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: ‰˛ÈÏ˚, ÙÛÚ˚, ÏËÎË, Û̈ËË,<br />
ÙÛÌÚ˚, ÍÓappleÓÚÍË ÚÓÌÌ˚, ˜‡¯ÍË,<br />
Í‚‡appleÚ˚, „‡ÎÎÓÌ˚.<br />
cylinder/ˆËÎË̉apple: íappleÂıÏÂapplėfl<br />
ÙË„Ûapple‡ Ò ‰‚ÛÏfl Ô‡apple‡ÎÎÂθÌ˚ÏË<br />
ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚ÏË ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËflÏË ‚<br />
‚ˉ ÍappleÛ„‡, ÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË<br />
ÍappleË‚ÓÈ ·ÓÍÓ‚ÓÈ ÔÓ‚ÂappleıÌÓÒÚ¸˛.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 87 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
D<br />
decagon/‰ÂÒflÚËÛ„ÓθÌËÍ: åÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌËÍ Ò<br />
‰ÂÒflÚ¸˛ ÒÚÓappleÓ̇ÏË.<br />
decimal system/‰ÂÒflÚ˘̇fl ÒËÒÚÂχ<br />
Ò˜ËÒÎÂÌËfl: ëËÒÚÂχ Ò˜ËÒÎÂÌËfl Ò<br />
ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ 10.<br />
deductive reasoning/‰Â‰ÛÍÚË‚ÌÓÂ<br />
apple‡ÒÒÛʉÂÌËÂ: àÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ÎÓ„ËÍË ‰Îfl<br />
‰Ó͇Á‡ÚÂθÒÚ‚‡ ËÒÚËÌÌÓÒÚË ÛÚ‚ÂappleʉÂÌËfl.
degree/„apple‡‰ÛÒ: Ö‰ËÌˈ‡ ËÁÏÂappleÂÌËfl Û„ÎÓ‚<br />
ËÎË ÚÂÏÔÂapple‡ÚÛapple˚.<br />
denominator/Á̇ÏÂ̇ÚÂθ: Ç ‰appleÓ·Ë ˝ÚÓ<br />
˜ËÒÎÓ, ̇ ÍÓÚÓappleÓ ‰ÂÎflÚ ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθ Ë<br />
ÍÓÚÓappleÓ ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚ, ÒÍÓθÍÓ apple‡‚Ì˚ı ˜‡ÒÚÂÈ<br />
ËÏÂÂÚÒfl ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 3 – 4 Á̇ÏÂ̇ÚÂθ<br />
Density property of real numbers/Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó<br />
ÔÎÓÚÌÓÒÚË ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ı ˜ËÒÂÎ:<br />
ë‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó, ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË Ò ÍÓÚÓapple˚Ï ÏÂʉÛ<br />
‰‚ÛÏfl ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ˜ËÒ·ÏË ‚Ò„‰‡<br />
ËÏÂÂÚÒfl ‰appleÛ„Ó ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ.<br />
dependent events/Á‡‚ËÒËÏ˚ ÒÓ·˚ÚËfl:<br />
ëÓ·˚ÚËfl, ‰Îfl ÍÓÚÓapple˚ı ËÒıÓ‰ ÔÂapple‚Ó„Ó<br />
ÒÓ·˚ÚËfl ‚ÎËflÂÚ Ì‡ ËÒıÓ‰ ‚ÚÓappleÓ„Ó ÒÓ·˚ÚËfl.<br />
diagonal/‰Ë‡„Ó̇θ: éÚappleÂÁÓÍ ÔappleflÏÓÈ,<br />
ÒÓ‰ËÌfl˛˘ËÈ ‰‚ ÌÂÒÏÂÊÌ˚ ‚Âapple¯ËÌ˚<br />
ÏÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌË͇.<br />
diameter/‰Ë‡ÏÂÚapple: éÚappleÂÁÓÍ ÔappleflÏÓÈ,<br />
ÔappleÓıÓ‰fl˘ÂÈ ˜ÂappleÂÁ ˆÂÌÚapple ÓÍappleÛÊÌÓÒÚË, ÍÓ̈˚<br />
ÍÓÚÓappleÓ„Ó apple‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂÌ˚ ̇ ÓÍappleÛÊÌÓÒÚË, ËÎË<br />
‰ÎË̇ Ú‡ÍÓ„Ó ÓÚappleÂÁ͇.<br />
difference/apple‡ÁÌÓÒÚ¸: êÂÁÛÎ¸Ú‡Ú ‚˚˜ËÚ‡ÌËfl<br />
Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ˜ËÒ· ËÁ ‰appleÛ„Ó„Ó.<br />
dilation/apple‡ÒÚflÊÂÌËÂ (ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓÂ<br />
ÔappleÂÓ·apple‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂ): íapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËfl,<br />
ÔappleË‚Ó‰fl˘‡fl Í Û‚Â΢ÂÌ˲ ËÎË ÛÏÂ̸¯ÂÌ˲<br />
ÙË„Ûapple˚.<br />
dimension/apple‡ÁÏÂapple: ÑÎË̇, ¯ËappleË̇ ËÎË<br />
‚˚ÒÓÚ‡ ÙË„Ûapple˚.<br />
direct variation/Ôappleflχfl<br />
ÔappleÓÔÓappleˆËÓ̇θÌÓÒÚ¸: ëÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌË ÏÂʉÛ<br />
‰‚ÛÏfl ÔÂappleÂÏÂÌÌ˚ÏË, ÔappleË ÍÓÚÓappleÓÏ Í‡Ê‰‡fl<br />
ËÁ ÔÂappleÂÏÂÌÌ˚ı Û‚Â΢˂‡ÂÚÒfl ËÎË<br />
ÛÏÂ̸¯‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚ÓÈ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË.<br />
discount/ÒÍˉ͇: ëÛÏχ, ̇ ÍÓÚÓappleÛ˛<br />
ÒÌËʇÂÚÒfl ÔÂapple‚Ó̇˜‡Î¸Ì‡fl ˆÂ̇.<br />
Distributive Property of Multiplication over<br />
Addition/Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó ‰ËÒÚappleË·ÛÚË‚ÌÓÒÚË<br />
ÛÏÌÓÊÂÌËfl ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ ÒÎÓÊÂÌËfl:<br />
ë‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó, ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË Ò ÍÓÚÓapple˚Ï<br />
ÔappleÓËÁ‚‰ÂÌË ÒÛÏÏ˚ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËı ˜ËÒÂΠ̇<br />
͇ÍÓÂ-ÎË·Ó ˜ËÒÎÓ apple‡‚ÌÓ ÒÛÏÏ ÔappleÓËÁ‚‰ÂÌËÈ<br />
Í‡Ê‰Ó„Ó Ò·„‡ÂÏÓ„Ó Ì‡ ˝ÚÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ.<br />
(G6: Distributive Property/Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó<br />
‰ËÒÚappleË·ÛÚË‚ÌÓÒÚË)<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 5 � 21 � 5(20 � 1) � (5 � 20) �<br />
(5 � 1)<br />
dividend/‰ÂÎËÏÓÂ: óËÒÎÓ, ÍÓÚÓappleÓ ‰ÂÎËÚÒfl<br />
ÔappleË ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËË ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: Ç ‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËË 8 � 4 � 2 ˜ËÒÎÓ 8<br />
fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ‰ÂÎËÏ˚Ï.<br />
divisible/‰ÂÎfl˘ÂÂÒfl ·ÂÁ ÓÒÚ‡Ú͇: åÓÊÂÚ<br />
‰ÂÎËÚ¸Òfl ̇ ˜ËÒÎÓ ·ÂÁ ÓÒÚ‡Ú͇.<br />
Division Property of Equality/ë‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó<br />
‰ÂÎÂÌËfl apple‡‚ÂÌÒÚ‚‡: ë‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó, ‚<br />
ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË Ò ÍÓÚÓapple˚Ï ÂÒÎË ‚˚ apple‡Á‰ÂÎËÚÂ<br />
Ó·Â ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚ Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌËfl ̇ Ó‰ÌÓ Ë ÚÓ ÊÂ<br />
˜ËÒÎÓ, ÓÚ΢ÌÓ ÓÚ ÌÛÎfl, ÌÓ‚Ó Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌËÂ<br />
·Û‰ÂÚ ËÏÂÚ¸ ÚÓ Ê apple¯ÂÌËÂ.<br />
divisor/‰ÂÎËÚÂθ: óËÒÎÓ, ̇ ÍÓÚÓappleÓ ‚˚<br />
‰ÂÎËÚ ÔappleË ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËË ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: Ç ‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËË 8 � 4 � 2 ˜ËÒÎÓ 4<br />
fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ‰ÂÎËÚÂÎÂÏ.<br />
dodecahedron/‰Ó‰Â͇˝‰apple: åÌÓ„Ó„apple‡ÌÌËÍ Ò<br />
12 „apple‡ÌflÏË.<br />
domain/ӷ·ÒÚ¸: é·Î‡ÒÚ¸ ‚ÒÂı ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌ˚ı<br />
Á̇˜ÂÌËÈ ‡apple„ÛÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ÙÛÌ͈ËË.<br />
double-bar graph/‰‚ÛıÒÚÓη˜‡Ú˚È<br />
„apple‡ÙËÍ: ëÚÓη˜‡Ú˚È „apple‡ÙËÍ,<br />
Òapple‡‚ÌË‚‡˛˘ËÈ ‰‚‡ Ò‚flÁ‡ÌÌ˚ı ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒÓ·ÓÈ<br />
̇·Óapple‡ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı.<br />
double-line graph/„apple‡ÙËÍ Ò ‰‚ÓÈÌÓÈ<br />
ÎËÌËÂÈ: Éapple‡ÙËÍ, ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡˛˘ËÈ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËÂ<br />
‰‚Ûı Ò‚flÁ‡ÌÌ˚ı ÏÂÊ‰Û ÒÓ·ÓÈ Ì‡·ÓappleÓ‚<br />
‰‡ÌÌ˚ı ‚Ó ‚appleÂÏÂÌË.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 88 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
E<br />
edge/apple·appleÓ: éÚappleÂÁÓÍ<br />
ÔappleflÏÓÈ, Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛˘ÂÈ<br />
ÒÓ·ÓÈ ÔÂappleÂÒ˜ÂÌË ‰‚Ûı<br />
„apple‡ÌÂÈ ÏÌÓ„Ó„apple‡ÌÌË͇.<br />
elements/˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ˚: ëÎÓ‚‡, ˜ËÒ· ËÎË<br />
Ó·˙ÂÍÚ˚ ÒÓ‚ÓÍÛÔÌÓÒÚË.<br />
empirical probability/˝ÏÔËapple˘ÂÒ͇fl<br />
‚ÂappleÓflÚÌÓÒÚ¸: ëÏ. experimental probability<br />
(˝ÍÒÔÂappleËÏÂÌڇθ̇fl ‚ÂappleÓflÚÌÓÒÚ¸).<br />
empty set/ÔÛÒÚ‡fl ÒÓ‚ÓÍÛÔÌÓÒÚ¸:<br />
ëÓ‚ÓÍÛÔÌÓÒÚ¸, Ì ÒÓ‰Âappleʇ˘‡fl ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚.<br />
endpoint/ÍÓ̘̇fl ÚӘ͇: íӘ͇ ‚ ÍÓ̈Â<br />
ÓÚappleÂÁ͇ ËÎË ÎÛ˜‡.<br />
enlargement/Û‚Â΢ÂÌËÂ: ì‚Â΢ÂÌË ‚ÒÂı<br />
apple‡ÁÏÂappleÓ‚ ‚ Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚ÓÈ ÔappleÓÔÓappleˆËË.<br />
equally likely outcomes/apple‡‚ÌÓ‚ÂappleÓflÚÌ˚Â<br />
ËÒıÓ‰˚: àÒıÓ‰˚, Ëϲ˘Ë ӉË̇ÍÓ‚Û˛<br />
‚ÂappleÓflÚÌÓÒÚ¸.<br />
equation/Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌËÂ: å‡ÚÂχÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÂ<br />
Ôapple‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂ, ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡˛˘Â apple‡‚ÂÌÒÚ‚Ó<br />
‰‚Ûı ‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËÈ.<br />
equilateral triangle/apple‡‚ÌÓÒÚÓappleÓÌÌËÈ<br />
ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍ: íappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍ Ò ÚappleÂÏfl<br />
ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚ÏË ÒÚÓappleÓ̇ÏË.<br />
equivalent/˝Í‚Ë‚‡ÎÂÌÚ (˝Í‚Ë‚‡ÎÂÌÚÌ˚È):<br />
àϲ˘ËÈ Ú‡ÍÓ Ê Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ.<br />
equivalent fractions/˝Í‚Ë‚‡ÎÂÌÚÌ˚ ‰appleÓ·Ë:<br />
ÑappleÓ·Ë, Ó·ÓÁ̇˜‡˛˘Ë ӉË̇ÍÓ‚ÓÂ<br />
ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó ËÎË Â„Ó ˜‡ÒÚ¸.<br />
equivalent ratios/˝Í‚Ë‚‡ÎÂÌÚÌ˚Â<br />
ÔappleÓÔÓappleˆËË: èappleÓÔÓappleˆËË, ‚˚apple‡Ê‡˛˘ÂÂ<br />
Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚Ó ÒÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ.<br />
estimate/ÔappleË·ÎËÁËÚÂθ̇fl ÓˆÂÌ͇: éÚ‚ÂÚ,<br />
ÍÓÚÓapple˚È ·ÎËÁÓÍ Í ÚÓ˜ÌÓÏÛ ÓÚ‚ÂÚÛ,<br />
ÓÔapple‰ÂÎflÂÏ˚È ÓÍappleÛ„ÎÂÌËÂÏ, „appleÛÔÔËappleÓ‚ÍÓÈ,<br />
ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ ÓˆÂÌÍË ÔÓ ÔÂapple‚˚Ï ˆËÙapple‡Ï,<br />
Òapple‡‚ÌËÏ˚Ï ˜ËÒÎ‡Ï Ë ‰appleÛ„ËÏË ÒÔÓÒÓ·‡ÏË<br />
‰Îfl ̇ıÓʉÂÌËfl ÓÚ‚ÂÚ‡.<br />
evaluate/‚˚˜ËÒÎflÚ¸: ç‡ıÓ‰ËÚ¸ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ<br />
‡appleËÙÏÂÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ËÎË ‡Î„·apple‡Ë˜ÂÒÍÓ„Ó<br />
‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËfl.<br />
ê·apple‡<br />
even number/˜ÂÚÌÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ: ñÂÎÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ,<br />
ÍÓÚÓappleÓ ‰ÂÎËÚÒfl ̇ ‰‚‡.<br />
event/ÒÓ·˚ÚËÂ: àÒıÓ‰ ËÎË ÒÓ‚ÓÍÛÔÌÓÒÚ¸<br />
ËÒıÓ‰Ó‚ ˝ÍÒÔÂappleËÏÂÌÚ‡ ËÎË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËË.<br />
expanded form/Á‡ÔËÒ¸ ˜ËÒ· ‚ ‚ˉ applefl‰‡:<br />
óËÒÎÓ, Á‡ÔËÒ‡ÌÌÓ ‚ ‚ˉ ÒÛÏÏ˚ Á̇˜ÂÌËÈ<br />
Â„Ó ˆËÙapple.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: óËÒÎÓ 236,536, Á‡ÔËÒ‡ÌÌÓ ‚ ‚ˉÂ<br />
applefl‰‡, ·Û‰ÂÚ ËÏÂÚ¸ ‚ˉ 200,000 �<br />
30,000 � 6,000 � 500 � 30 � 6.<br />
experiment (probability)/˝ÍÒÔÂappleËÏÂÌÚ<br />
(‚ÂappleÓflÚÌÓÒÚ¸): Ç ÚÂÓappleËË ‚ÂappleÓflÚÌÓÒÚË -<br />
β·‡fl ‰ÂflÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸, Ò‚flÁ‡Ì̇fl ÒÓ ÒÎÛ˜‡ÂÏ<br />
(̇ÔappleËÏÂapple, ÔÓ‰·apple‡Ò˚‚‡ÌË ÏÓÌÂÚ˚).<br />
experimental probability/<br />
˝ÍÒÔÂappleËÏÂÌڇθ̇fl ‚ÂappleÓflÚÌÓÒÚ¸:<br />
éÚÌÓ¯ÂÌË ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡ ÔappleÓËÁӯ‰¯Ëı<br />
ÒÓ·˚ÚËÈ Í Ó·˘ÂÏÛ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Û ÔÓÔ˚ÚÓÍ ËÎË<br />
ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Û ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÌ˚ı ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ.<br />
exponent/˝ÍÒÔÓÌÂÌÚ‡, ÒÚÂÔÂ̸: óËÒÎÓ,<br />
ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡˛˘Â ÒÍÓθÍÓ apple‡Á ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËÂ<br />
ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÏÌÓÊËÚÂÎfl.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 23 � 2 � 2 � 2 � 8; ˜ËÒÎÓ 3<br />
fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ˝ÍÒÔÓÌÂÌÚÓÈ.<br />
exponential decay/˝ÍÒÔÓÌÂ̈ˇθÌÓÂ<br />
Á‡ÚÛı‡ÌËÂ: àÏÂÂÚ ÏÂÒÚÓ ‚ ˝ÍÒÔÓÌÂ̈ˇθÌÓÈ<br />
ÙÛÌ͈ËË, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÙÛÌ͈Ëfl f(x) Û·˚‚‡ÂÚ ÔÓ<br />
ÏÂapple ۂÂ΢ÂÌËfl ‡apple„ÛÏÂÌÚ‡ x.<br />
exponential form/˝ÍÒÔÓÌÂ̈ˇθ̇fl<br />
ÙÓappleχ: ùÍÒÔÓÌÂ̈ˇθ̇fl ÙÓappleχ<br />
Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ ÒÓ·ÓÈ Á‡ÔËÒ¸ ˜ËÒ· ‚ ‚ˉÂ<br />
ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËfl Ë ÔÓ͇Á‡ÚÂÎfl ÒÚÂÔÂÌË.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 42 ˝ÚÓ ˝ÍÒÔÓÌÂ̈ˇθ̇fl ÙÓappleχ<br />
‰Îfl 4 � 4.<br />
exponential function/˝ÍÒÔÓÌÂ̈ˇθ̇fl<br />
ÙÛÌ͈Ëfl: çÂÎËÌÂÈ̇fl ÙÛÌ͈Ëfl, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ<br />
ÔÂappleÂÏÂÌ̇fl ̇ıÓ‰ËÚÒfl ‚ ˝ÍÒÔÓÌÂÌÚÂ.<br />
exponential growth/˝ÍÒÔÓÌÂ̈ˇθÌ˚È<br />
appleÓÒÚ: àÏÂÂÚ ÏÂÒÚÓ ‚ ˝ÍÒÔÓÌÂ̈ˇθÌÓÈ<br />
ÙÛÌ͈ËË, ÍÓ„‰‡ Á̇˜ÂÌË f(x) Û‚Â΢˂‡ÂÚÒfl<br />
ÔÓ ÏÂapple ۂÂ΢ÂÌËfl ‡apple„ÛÏÂÌÚ‡ x.<br />
expression/‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËÂ: å‡ÚÂχÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÂ<br />
‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËÂ, ÍÓÚÓappleÓ ÒÓ‰ÂappleÊËÚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl,<br />
˜ËÒ· Ë (ËÎË) ÔÂappleÂÏÂÌÌ˚Â.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 89 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
extrapolation/˝ÍÒÚapple‡ÔÓÎflˆËfl: éˆÂÌ͇ ËÎË<br />
Ôapple‰Ò͇Á‡ÌË ÌÂËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌÓ„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËfl ̇<br />
ÓÒÌÓ‚Â ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌ˚ı Á̇˜ÂÌËÈ.<br />
F<br />
face/„apple‡Ì¸: èÎÓÒ͇fl ÔÓ‚ÂappleıÌÓÒÚ¸<br />
ÏÌÓ„Ó„apple‡ÌÌË͇.<br />
factor/ÏÌÓÊËÚÂθ: óËÒÎÓ, ÛÏÌÓʇÂÏÓ ̇<br />
‰appleÛ„Ó ˜ËÒÎÓ ‰Îfl ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl ÔappleÓËÁ‚‰ÂÌËfl.<br />
factor tree/‰ÂappleÂ‚Ó ÒÓÏÌÓÊËÚÂÎÂÈ:<br />
Ñˇ„apple‡Ïχ, ̇ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ ÔÓ͇Á‡ÌÓ, Í‡Í ˆÂÎÓÂ<br />
˜ËÒÎÓ apple‡Á·Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl ̇ ÔappleÓÒÚ˚ ÏÌÓÊËÚÂÎË.<br />
factorial/Ù‡ÍÚÓappleˇÎ: èappleÓËÁ‚‰ÂÌË ‚ÒÂı<br />
ˆÂÎ˚ı ˜ËÒÂÎ, ÍappleÓÏ ÌÛÎfl, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ apple‡‚Ì˚<br />
ËÎË ÏÂ̸¯Â ‰‡ÌÌÓ„Ó ˜ËÒ·.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 4 Ù‡ÍÚÓappleˇΠ� 4! � 4 � 3 � 2 � 1<br />
0! ÓÔapple‰ÂÎflÂÚÒfl Í‡Í apple‡‚Ì˚È 1.<br />
Fahrenheit/„apple‡‰ÛÒ˚ î‡appleÂÌ„ÂÈÚ‡:<br />
íÂÏÔÂapple‡ÚÛapplėfl ¯Í‡Î‡, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ<br />
ÚÂÏÔÂapple‡ÚÛapple‡ 32°F ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÚÓ˜ÍÂ<br />
Á‡ÏÂappleÁ‡ÌËfl ‚Ó‰˚ Ë 212°F ÚӘ͠ÍËÔÂÌËfl<br />
‚Ó‰˚.<br />
fair/˜ÂÒÚÌ˚È: äÓ„‰‡ ‚Ò ËÒıÓ‰˚<br />
˝ÍÒÔÂappleËÏÂÌÚ‡ ËÏÂ˛Ú Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚˚È ¯‡ÌÒ,<br />
˝ÍÒÔÂappleËÏÂÌÚ Ì‡Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ˜ÂÒÚÌ˚Ï.<br />
fair games/˜ÂÒÚÌ˚ ˄apple˚: à„apple˚, ‚ ÍÓÚÓapple˚ı<br />
‚Ò ˄appleÓÍË ËÏÂ˛Ú apple‡‚Ì˚ ¯‡ÌÒ˚ ̇<br />
‚˚Ë„apple˚¯.<br />
favorable outcome/·Î‡„ÓÔappleËflÚÌ˚È ËÒıÓ‰:<br />
àÒıÓ‰, ÍÓÚÓapple˚È ‚˚ ÒÚ‡apple‡ÂÚÂÒ¸ ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÚ¸ ÔappleË<br />
Ôappleӂ‰ÂÌËË ˝ÍÒÔÂappleËÏÂÌÚ‡.<br />
Fibonacci sequence/ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸<br />
îË·Ó̇˜˜Ë: ÅÂÒÍÓ̘̇fl<br />
ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ ˜ËÒÂÎ (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,<br />
13,…), ͇ʉÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ, ̇˜Ë̇fl Ò<br />
ÚappleÂÚ¸Â„Ó ˜ÎÂ̇, fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÒÛÏÏÓÈ ‰‚Ûı<br />
Ôapple‰˚‰Û˘Ëı; ̇Á‚‡Ì‡ ÔÓ ËÏÂÌË Ï‡ÚÂχÚË͇<br />
ÚappleË̇‰ˆ‡ÚÓ„Ó ‚Â͇ ãÂÓ̇apple‰Ó îË·Ó̇˜˜Ë.<br />
first differences/ÔÂapple‚˚ apple‡ÁÌÓÒÚË:<br />
èÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸, Ó·apple‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì̇fl<br />
ÔÓÒapple‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ ‚˚˜ËÚ‡ÌËfl Í‡Ê‰Ó„Ó ˜ÎÂ̇<br />
ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓÒÚË ËÁ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘Â„Ó ˜ÎÂ̇.<br />
first quartile/ÔÂapple‚‡fl Í‚‡appleÚËθ: å‰ˇ̇<br />
ÌËÊÌÂÈ ÔÓÎÓ‚ËÌ˚ ̇·Óapple‡ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı; Ú‡ÍÊÂ<br />
̇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl lower quartile (ÌËÊÌflfl<br />
Í‚‡appleÚËθ).<br />
formula/ÙÓappleÏÛ·: èapple‡‚ËÎÓ, ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡˛˘ÂÂ<br />
ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌË ÏÂÊ‰Û ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡ÏË.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: A � lw<br />
fractal/‰appleӷ̇fl: ëÚappleÛÍÚÛapple‡ Ò<br />
ÔÓ‚ÚÓapplefl˛˘ËÏËÒfl Ó·apple‡Áˆ‡ÏË, Ëϲ˘ËÏË<br />
Ú‡ÍÓÈ Ê ‚ˉ, Í‡Í Ë ˆÂ·fl, ÚÓθÍÓ ÓÚ΢Ì˚ı<br />
apple‡ÁÏÂappleÓ‚.<br />
fraction/‰appleÓ·¸: óËÒÎÓ ‚ ÙÓappleÏ a – b , „‰Â b � 0.<br />
frequency table/Ú‡·Îˈ‡ ÔÎÓÚÌÓÒÚË<br />
apple‡ÒÔapple‰ÂÎÂÌËfl: 퇷Îˈ‡, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ<br />
‚Â΢ËÌ˚ Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌ˚ ‚ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ<br />
ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â‚ ËÎË ˜‡ÒÚÓÚ˚<br />
‚ÒÚapple˜‡ÂÏÓÒÚË ‚Â΢ËÌ.<br />
front-end estimation/ÓˆÂÌ͇ ÔÓ ÔÂapple‚˚Ï<br />
ˆËÙapple‡Ï: åÂÚÓ‰Ë͇ ÓˆÂÌÍË, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ<br />
ÒÍ·‰˚‚‡˛ÚÒfl ÔÂapple‚˚ ˆËÙapple˚ Ò·„‡ÂÏ˚ı Ë<br />
Á‡ÚÂÏ ÒÛÏχ ÍÓappleappleÂÍÚËappleÛÂÚÒfl ‰Îfl ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl<br />
·ÓΠÚÓ˜ÌÓÈ ÓˆÂÌÍË.<br />
function/ÙÛÌ͈Ëfl: ᇂËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸ ÏÂʉÛ<br />
‚ıÓ‰Ì˚ÏË Ë ‚˚ıÓ‰Ì˚ÏË Á̇˜ÂÌËflÏË, ÍÓ„‰‡<br />
͇ʉÓÏÛ ‚ıÓ‰ÌÓÏÛ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ<br />
‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ‚˚ıÓ‰ÌÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ.<br />
function notation/Á‡ÔËÒ¸ ÙÛÌ͈ËË: á‡ÔËÒ¸,<br />
ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂχfl ‰Îfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ÙÛÌ͈ËË.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: y � 3x 2 f(x) � 3x 2 ; f(x)<br />
˜ËÚ‡ÂÚÒfl “f ÓÚ x.”<br />
function table/Ú‡·Îˈ‡ ÙÛÌ͈ËË: 퇷Îˈ‡<br />
ÛÔÓapplefl‰Ó˜ÂÌÌ˚ı Ô‡apple, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú<br />
Á̇˜ÂÌËfl ÙÛÌ͈ËË ‚ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ<br />
‡apple„ÛÏÂÌÚ‡.<br />
Fundamental Counting Principle/<br />
ÙÛ̉‡ÏÂÌڇθÌ˚È ÔappleË̈ËÔ ÔÓ‰Ò˜ÂÚ‡:<br />
ÖÒÎË ÔÂapple‚ÓÂ ÒÓ·˚ÚËÂ ËÏÂÂÚ m ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌ˚ı<br />
ËÒıÓ‰Ó‚, ‡ ÔÓÒΠÚÓ„Ó, Í‡Í ÔappleÓËÁÓȉÂÚ<br />
ÔÂapple‚ÓÂ ÒÓ·˚ÚËÂ, ‚ÚÓappleÓÂ ÒÓ·˚ÚËÂ ËÏÂÂÚ n<br />
‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌ˚ı ËÒıÓ‰Ó‚, ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó<br />
‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌ˚ı ËÒıÓ‰Ó‚ Ó·ÓËı ÒÓ·˚ÚËÈ ·Û‰ÂÚ<br />
ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÚ¸ m � n.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 90 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
G<br />
geometric probability/„ÂÓÏÂÚapple˘ÂÒ͇fl<br />
‚ÂappleÓflÚÌÓÒÚ¸: ÇÂappleÓflÚÌÓÒÚ¸, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ̇<br />
ÒÓÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËË appleÂÁÛθڇÚÓ‚ ËÁÏÂappleÂÌËÈ<br />
„ÂÓÏÂÚapple˘ÂÒÍËı ÙË„Ûapple.<br />
geometric sequence/„ÂÓÏÂÚapple˘ÂÒ͇fl<br />
ÔappleÓ„appleÂÒÒËfl: ìÔÓapplefl‰Ó˜ÂÌ̇fl<br />
ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ ˜ËÒÂÎ, Ëϲ˘Ëı<br />
Ó·˘ËÈ Á̇ÏÂ̇ÚÂθ ÔappleÓ„appleÂÒÒËË ÏÂʉÛ<br />
ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌ˚ÏË ˜ÎÂ̇ÏË.<br />
Golden Ratio/ÁÓÎÓÚÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ:<br />
éÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ, apple‡‚ÌÓ ÔappleË·ÎËÁËÚÂθÌÓ 1.618.<br />
Ç ÁÓÎÓÚÓÏ ÔappleflÏÓÛ„ÓθÌËÍ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ<br />
‰ÎËÌ˚ Í ¯ËappleËÌ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ<br />
ÔappleË·ÎËÁËÚÂθÌÓ 1.618.<br />
graph of an equation/„apple‡ÙËÍ Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌËfl:<br />
Éapple‡ÙËÍ Ì‡·ÓappleÓ‚ ÛÔÓapplefl‰Ó˜ÂÌÌ˚ı Ô‡apple,<br />
ÍÓÚÓapple˚ fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl apple¯ÂÌËflÏË Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌËfl.<br />
great circle/·Óθ¯ÓÈ ÍappleÛ„: äappleÛ„,<br />
apple‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂÌÌ˚È Ì‡ ÒÙÂapple ڇÍËÏ Ó·apple‡ÁÓÏ,<br />
˜ÚÓ ÔÎÓÒÍÓÒÚ¸, ÒÓ‰Âappleʇ˘‡fl ÍappleÛ„, ÔappleÓıÓ‰ËÚ<br />
˜ÂappleÂÁ ˆÂÌÚapple ÒÙÂapple˚.<br />
greatest common factor (GCF)/̇˷Óθ¯ËÈ<br />
Ó·˘ËÈ ‰ÂÎËÚÂθ (çéÑ): ç‡Ë·Óθ¯ËÈ Ó·˘ËÈ<br />
‰ÂÎËÚÂθ ‰‚Ûı ËÎË ·ÓΠ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı ˜ËÒÂÎ.<br />
H<br />
height/‚˚ÒÓÚ‡<br />
Ç ÔËapple‡Ïˉ ËÎË ÍÓÌÛÒ - ‰ÎË̇<br />
ÔÂappleÔẨËÍÛÎflapple‡ ÓÚ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËfl ‰Ó<br />
ÔappleÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÎÓÊÌÓÈ ‚Âapple¯ËÌ˚.<br />
Ç ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍ ËÎË ˜ÂÚ˚appleÂıÛ„ÓθÌËÍ -<br />
‰ÎË̇ ÔÂappleÔẨËÍÛÎflapple‡ ÓÚ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËfl ‰Ó<br />
ÔappleÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÎÓÊÌÓÈ ‚Âapple¯ËÌ˚ ËÎË ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚.<br />
Ç ÔappleËÁÏ ËÎË ˆËÎË̉apple - ‰ÎË̇<br />
ÔÂappleÔẨËÍÛÎflapple‡ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËflÏË.<br />
hemisphere/ÔÓÎÛÒÙÂapple‡: èÓÎÓ‚Ë̇ ÒÙÂapple˚.<br />
heptagon/ÒÂÏËÛ„ÓθÌËÍ: ëÂÏËÒÚÓappleÓÌÌËÈ<br />
ÏÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌËÍ.<br />
hexagon/¯ÂÒÚËÛ„ÓθÌËÍ: òÂÒÚËÒÚÓappleÓÌÌËÈ<br />
ÏÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌËÍ.<br />
histogram/„ËÒÚÓ„apple‡Ïχ: ëÚÓη˜‡Ú˚È<br />
„apple‡ÙËÍ, ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡˛˘ËÈ ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÛ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı ‚<br />
Ôapple‰Â·ı apple‡‚Ì˚ı ËÌÚÂapple‚‡ÎÓ‚.<br />
horizon line/ÎËÌËfl „ÓappleËÁÓÌÚ‡:<br />
ÉÓappleËÁÓÌڇθ̇fl ÎËÌËfl, Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛˘‡fl<br />
ÛappleÓ‚Â̸ ‚Á„Îfl‰‡ ÒÏÓÚapplefl˘Â„Ó.<br />
hypotenuse/„ËÔÓÚÂÌÛÁ‡: Ç ÔappleflÏÓÛ„ÓθÌÓÏ<br />
ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍ - ÒÚÓappleÓ̇, ÔappleÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÎÓÊ̇fl<br />
ÔappleflÏÓÏÛ Û„ÎÛ.<br />
icosahedron/ËÍÓÒ‡˝‰apple: åÌÓ„Ó„apple‡ÌÌËÍ Ò 20<br />
„apple‡ÌflÏË.<br />
Identity Property of One/Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó<br />
ÛÏÌÓÊÂÌËfl ̇ 1: ë‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó, ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË<br />
Ò ÍÓÚÓapple˚Ï ÔappleÓËÁ‚‰ÂÌË 1 Ë Î˛·Ó„Ó ˜ËÒ·<br />
apple‡‚ÌÓ ˝ÚÓÏÛ ˜ËÒÎÛ.<br />
Identity Property of Zero/Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó<br />
ÒÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ò ÌÛÎÂÏ: ë‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó, ‚<br />
ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË Ò ÍÓÚÓapple˚Ï ÒÛÏχ ÌÛÎfl Ò<br />
β·˚Ï ‰appleÛ„ËÏ ˜ËÒÎÓÏ apple‡‚̇ ˝ÚÓÏÛ ˜ËÒÎÛ.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 91 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
I<br />
if-then statement/ÛÚ‚ÂappleʉÂÌË “ÂÒÎË-ÚÓ”:<br />
ãӄ˘ÂÒÍÓ ÛÚ‚ÂappleʉÂÌËÂ, ÍÓÚÓappleÓÂ<br />
ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚ ÂÒÎË Ë ÚÓ ‰Îfl ÔÓ͇Á‡ Ò‚flÁË<br />
ÏÂÊ‰Û ‰‚ÛÏfl ÛÒÎÓ‚ËflÏË.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: ÖÒÎË ‚Ò ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚ ÏÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌË͇<br />
ËÏÂ˛Ú Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚Û˛ ‰ÎËÌÛ Ë ‚ÒÂ<br />
Û„Î˚ apple‡‚Ì˚, ÚÓ ÏÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌËÍ<br />
fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Ôapple‡‚ËθÌ˚Ï.<br />
image/ÓÚÓ·apple‡ÊÂÌËÂ: îË„Ûapple‡, ÔÓÎÛ˜‡Âχfl ‚<br />
appleÂÁÛθڇÚ Úapple‡ÌÒÙÓappleχˆËË.<br />
impossible (probability)/Ì‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÂ<br />
ÒÓ·˚ÚË (Ó ‚ÂappleÓflÚÌÓÏ ÒÓ·˚ÚËË): çËÍÓ„‰‡<br />
ÌÂ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÔappleÓËÁÓÈÚË; ËÏÂÂÚ ‚ÂappleÓflÚÌÓÒÚ¸,<br />
apple‡‚ÌÛ˛ 0.<br />
improper fraction/ÌÂÔapple‡‚Ëθ̇fl ‰appleÓ·¸:<br />
ÑappleÓ·¸, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθ ·Óθ¯Â<br />
Á̇ÏÂ̇ÚÂÎfl ËÎË apple‡‚ÂÌ ÂÏÛ.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 5 –<br />
5 , 5 –<br />
3<br />
independent events/ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏ˚ ÒÓ·˚ÚËfl:<br />
ëÓ·˚ÚËfl, ËÒıÓ‰ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ËÁ ÍÓÚÓapple˚ı ÌÂ<br />
‚ÎËflÂÚ Ì‡ ‚ÂappleÓflÚÌÓÒÚ¸ ‰appleÛ„Ó„Ó.<br />
indirect measurement/ÍÓÒ‚ÂÌÌÓÂ ËÁÏÂappleÂÌËÂ:<br />
åÂÚÓ‰Ë͇ ËÁÏÂappleÂÌËfl ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ÙË„Ûapple Ë<br />
ÔappleÓÔÓappleˆËÈ ‰Îfl ̇ıÓʉÂÌËfl apple‡ÁÏÂapple‡.
inductive reasoning/Ë̉ÛÍÚË‚ÌÓÂ<br />
apple‡ÒÒÛʉÂÌËÂ: àÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ӷapple‡Áˆ‡ ‰Îfl<br />
ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl ‚˚‚Ó‰‡.<br />
inequality/ÌÂapple‡‚ÂÌÒÚ‚Ó: å‡ÚÂχÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÂ<br />
‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËÂ, ÍÓÚÓappleÓ ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ<br />
ÏÂÊ‰Û ÌÂapple‡‚Ì˚ÏË ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡ÏË.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 5 � 8; 5x � 2 � 12<br />
input/‡apple„ÛÏÂÌÚ: á̇˜ÂÌËÂ, ÔÓ‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÏÓ ‚<br />
‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌË ËÎË ÙÛÌÍˆË˛.<br />
integers/ˆÂÎ˚ ˜ËÒ·: åÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚Ó<br />
ÔÓÎÓÊËÚÂθÌ˚ı ˜ËÒÂÎ Ë ˜ËÒÂÎ,<br />
ÔappleÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÎÓÊÌ˚ı ËÏ ÔÓ Á̇ÍÛ.<br />
interest/ÔappleÓˆÂÌÚ˚: ëÛÏχ ‰ÂÌ„, ÍÓÚÓappleÛ˛<br />
ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ Á‡Ô·ÚËÚ¸ Á‡ Á‡ÂÏ ËÎË<br />
ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ‰ÂÌ„.<br />
interior angles/<br />
‚ÌÛÚappleÂÌÌËÂ Û„Î˚:<br />
ì„Î˚ ̇ ‚ÌÛÚappleÂÌÌËı<br />
ÒÚÓappleÓ̇ı ‰‚Ûı ÔappleflÏ˚ı,<br />
ÔÂappleÂÒÂ͇ÂÏ˚ı ÒÂÍÛ˘ÂÈ.<br />
e f<br />
g h<br />
a b<br />
c d<br />
ç‡ ‰Ë‡„apple‡ÏÏ �c, �d, �e Ë �f fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl<br />
‚ÌÛÚappleÂÌÌËÏË Û„Î‡ÏË.<br />
interquartile range/ËÌÚÂappleÍ‚‡appleÚËθÌ˚È<br />
apple‡Áχı: ê‡ÁÌˈ‡ ÏÂÊ‰Û ‚ÂappleıÌÂÈ Ë ÌËÊÌÂÈ<br />
Í‚‡appleÚËθ˛ ̇·Óapple‡ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı.<br />
intersecting lines/ÔÂappleÂÒÂ͇˛˘ËÂÒfl ÎËÌËË:<br />
ãËÌËË, ÔÂappleÂÒÂ͇˛˘Ë ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÚÓ˜ÍÂ.<br />
intersection (sets)/ÔÂappleÂÒ˜ÂÌË (ӷ·ÒÚÂÈ):<br />
é·Î‡ÒÚ¸ ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚, Ó·˘Ëı ‰Îfl ‰‚Ûı ËÎË<br />
·ÓΠӷ·ÒÚÂÈ.<br />
interval/ËÌÚÂapple‚‡Î: ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌË ÏÂʉÛ<br />
ÓÚϘÂÌÌ˚ÏË Á̇˜ÂÌËflÏË Ì‡ ˜ËÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ<br />
ÎËÌËË ËÎË ¯Í‡Î „apple‡ÙË͇.<br />
inverse operations/Ó·apple‡ÚÌ˚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl:<br />
ÑÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl, ÓÚÏÂÌfl˛˘Ë ‰appleÛ„ ‰appleÛ„‡:<br />
ÒÎÓÊÂÌËÂ Ë ‚˚˜ËÚ‡ÌËÂ, ÛÏÌÓÊÂÌË Ë<br />
‰ÂÎÂÌËÂ.<br />
inverse variation/Ó·apple‡Ú̇fl Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸:<br />
éÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÏ Ó‰Ì‡ ÔÂappleÂÏÂÌ̇fl<br />
Û‚Â΢˂‡ÂÚÒfl ÔÓ ÏÂapple ÛÏÂ̸¯ÂÌËfl ‰appleÛ„ÓÈ<br />
ÔÂappleÂÏÂÌÌÓÈ; ÔappleÓËÁ‚‰ÂÌË ˝ÚËı ÔÂappleÂÏÂÌÌ˚ı<br />
fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌ˚Ï.<br />
irrational number/Ëappleapple‡ˆËÓ̇θÌÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ:<br />
óËÒÎÓ, ÍÓÚÓappleÓ Ì ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ ‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌÓ ‚<br />
‚ˉ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl ‰‚Ûı ˆÂÎ˚ı ˜ËÒÂÎ ËÎË<br />
ÔÂappleËӉ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÎË·Ó ÍÓ̘ÌÓÈ ‰ÂÒflÚ˘ÌÓÈ<br />
‰appleÓ·Ë.<br />
isolate the variable/ÓÚ‰ÂÎËÚ¸ ÔÂappleÂÏÂÌÌÛ˛:<br />
ê‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊËÚ¸ ÔÂappleÂÏÂÌÌÛ˛ Ò Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚<br />
Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌËfl ËÎË ÌÂapple‡‚ÂÌÒÚ‚‡ ‰Îfl apple¯ÂÌËfl<br />
˝ÚÓ„Ó Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌËfl ËÎË ÌÂapple‡‚ÂÌÒÚ‚‡.<br />
isometric drawing/ËÁÓÏÂÚapple˘ÂÒÍËÈ<br />
˜ÂappleÚÂÊ: èapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌË ÚappleÂıÏÂappleÌÓÈ<br />
ÙË„Ûapple˚ ‚ ‚ˉ ËÁÓ·apple‡ÊÂÌËfl ̇ ÒÂÚÍÂ<br />
apple‡‚ÌÓÒÚÓappleÓÌÌËı ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍÓ‚.<br />
isosceles triangle/apple‡‚Ìӷ‰appleÂÌÌ˚È<br />
ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍ: íappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍ, Í‡Í ÏËÌËÏÛÏ, Ò<br />
‰‚ÛÏfl ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚ÏË ÒÚÓappleÓ̇ÏË.<br />
K<br />
kite/“·ÛχÊÌ˚È ÁÏÂÈ”: óÂÚ˚appleÂıÛ„ÓθÌËÍ Ò<br />
‰‚ÛÏfl Ô‡apple‡ÏË ÔappleË΄‡˛˘Ëı ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚ı<br />
ÒÚÓappleÓÌ.<br />
lateral face/·ÓÍÓ‚‡fl „apple‡Ì¸: Ç ÔappleËÁÏ ËÎË<br />
ÔËapple‡Ïˉ - ÔÓ‚ÂappleıÌÓÒÚ¸, ÍÓÚÓapple‡fl ÌÂ<br />
fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ.<br />
L<br />
lateral surface/·ÓÍÓ‚‡fl ÔÓ‚ÂappleıÌÓÒÚ¸: Ç<br />
ˆËÎË̉apple - ÍappleË‚‡fl ÔÓ‚ÂappleıÌÓÒÚ¸,<br />
ÒÓ‰ËÌfl˛˘‡fl ÍappleÛ„Î˚ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËfl; ‚ ÍÓÌÛÒ -<br />
ÍappleË‚‡fl ÔÓ‚ÂappleıÌÓÒÚ¸, Ì fl‚Îfl˛˘‡flÒfl<br />
ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ.<br />
ÅÓÍÓ‚‡fl<br />
ÔÓ‚ÂappleıÌÓÒÚ¸<br />
least common denominator (LCD)/<br />
̇ËÏÂ̸¯ËÈ Ó·˘ËÈ Á̇ÏÂ̇ÚÂθ (çéá):<br />
ç‡ËÏÂ̸¯Â ӷ˘Â Íapple‡ÚÌÓ ‰‚Ûı ËÎË ·ÓÎÂÂ<br />
Á̇ÏÂ̇ÚÂÎÂÈ.<br />
least common multiple (LCM)/̇ËÏÂ̸¯ÂÂ<br />
Ó·˘Â Íapple‡ÚÌÓ (çéä): ç‡ËÏÂ̸¯Â ˜ËÒÎÓ,<br />
ÓÚ΢ÌÓ ÓÚ ÌÛÎfl, ÍÓÚÓappleÓ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl<br />
Íapple‡ÚÌ˚Ï ‰‚Ûı ËÎË ·ÓΠ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı ˜ËÒÂÎ.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 92 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
legs/͇ÚÂÚ˚, ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚: Ç ÔappleflÏÓÛ„ÓθÌÓÏ<br />
ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍ - ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚, ÔappleËÎÂʇ˘Ë Í<br />
ÔappleflÏÓÏÛ Û„ÎÛ; ‚ apple‡‚Ìӷ‰appleÂÌÌÓÏ<br />
ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍ - Ô‡apple‡ ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚ı ÒÚÓappleÓÌ.<br />
like fractions/ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚Â ‰appleÓ·Ë: ÑappleÓ·Ë,<br />
Ëϲ˘Ë ӉË̇ÍÓ‚˚È Á̇ÏÂ̇ÚÂθ.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 5 ––<br />
12 Ë 3 ––<br />
12 fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ÏË<br />
‰appleÓ·flÏË.<br />
like terms/ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ ˜ÎÂÌ˚: Ñ‚‡ ËÎË ·ÓÎÂÂ<br />
˜ÎÂÌÓ‚, Û ÍÓÚÓapple˚ı Ӊ̇ Ë Ú‡ Ê ÔÂappleÂÏÂÌ̇fl<br />
‚ÓÁ‚‰Â̇ ‚ Ó‰ÌÛ Ë ÚÛ Ê ÒÚÂÔÂ̸.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: ‚ ‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËË 3a � 5b � 12a,<br />
3a Ë 12a fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ÏË<br />
˜ÎÂ̇ÏË.<br />
line/Ôappleflχfl: èappleflχfl ÎËÌËfl,<br />
ÔappleÓÒÚËapple‡˛˘‡flÒfl ·ÂÒÍÓ̘ÌÓ ‚<br />
ÔappleÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÎÓÊÌ˚ı ̇Ôapple‡‚ÎÂÌËflı.<br />
line graph/ÎËÌÂÈ̇fl ‰Ë‡„apple‡Ïχ:<br />
Ñˇ„apple‡Ïχ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ ‰Îfl ÓÚÓ·apple‡ÊÂÌËfl<br />
ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ÓÚappleÂÁÍË<br />
ÔappleflÏÓÈ.<br />
line of best fit/ÎËÌËfl ̇ËÎÛ˜¯Â„Ó<br />
ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Ëfl: ãËÌËfl, ÔappleÓıÓ‰fl˘‡fl ·ÎËÊÂ<br />
‚ÒÂ„Ó ÍÓ ‚ÒÂÏ ÚÓ˜Í‡Ï „apple‡ÙË͇ apple‡ÒÒÂË‚‡ÌËfl.<br />
line plot/ÎËÌÂÈÌ˚È „apple‡ÙËÍ: óËÒÎÓ‚‡fl<br />
ÎËÌËfl Ò ÏÂÚ͇ÏË ËÎË ÚӘ͇ÏË,<br />
ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡˛˘ËÏË ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÛ.<br />
line segment/ÓÚappleÂÁÓÍ ÔappleflÏÓÈ: ó‡ÒÚ¸<br />
ÔappleflÏÓÈ ÏÂÊ‰Û ‰‚ÛÏfl ÚӘ͇ÏË.<br />
line of reflection/ÎËÌËfl ÓÚapple‡ÊÂÌËfl: ãËÌËfl,<br />
ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ ÔÓ‚Óapple‡˜Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl<br />
ÙË„Ûapple‡ ‰Îfl ÒÓÁ‰‡ÌËfl ÓÚapple‡ÊÂÌÌÓ„Ó<br />
ËÁÓ·apple‡ÊÂÌËfl ÔÂapple‚Ó̇˜‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÙË„Ûapple˚.<br />
line of symmetry/ÎËÌËfl ÒËÏÏÂÚappleËË:<br />
ÇÓÓ·apple‡Ê‡ÂÏÓ “ÁÂapple͇ÎÓ” ̇ ÎËÌËË<br />
ÒËÏÏÂÚappleËË.<br />
line symmetry/ÎËÌÂÈ̇fl ÒËÏÏÂÚappleËfl:<br />
îË„Ûapple‡ ËÏÂÂÚ ÎËÌÂÈÌÛ˛ ÒËÏÏÂÚapple˲, ÂÒÎË<br />
Ӊ̇  ÔÓÎÓ‚Ë̇ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÁÂapple͇θÌ˚Ï<br />
ÓÚÓ·apple‡ÊÂÌËÂÏ ‰appleÛ„ÓÈ ÔÓÎÓ‚ËÌ˚.<br />
(G6: symmetry/ÒËÏÏÂÚappleËfl)<br />
linear equation/ÎËÌÂÈÌÓ Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌËÂ:<br />
ìapple‡‚ÌÂÌËÂ, apple¯ÂÌËÂÏ ÍÓÚÓappleÓ„Ó fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl<br />
Ôappleflχfl ÎËÌËfl ̇ ÔÎÓÒÍÓÒÚË ÍÓÓapple‰Ë̇Ú.<br />
linear function/ÎËÌÂÈ̇fl ÙÛÌ͈Ëfl;<br />
îÛÌ͈Ëfl, „apple‡ÙËÍÓÏ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl<br />
Ôappleflχfl ÎËÌËfl.<br />
linear inequality/ÎËÌÂÈÌÓ ÌÂapple‡‚ÂÌÒÚ‚Ó:<br />
å‡ÚÂχÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ ‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËÂ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÏ<br />
ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl Á̇ÍË �, �, � ËÎË �,<br />
ÓÚÓ·apple‡Ê‡ÂÏÓ ̇ „apple‡ÙËÍ ‚ ‚ˉ ӷ·ÒÚË Ò<br />
ÔappleflÏÓÎËÌÂÈÌ˚ÏË „apple‡Ìˈ‡ÏË.<br />
lower extreme/ÌËÊÌËÈ ˝ÍÒÚappleÂÏÛÏ:<br />
ç‡ËÏÂ̸¯Â ˜ËÒÎÓ ‚ ̇·Óapple ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı.<br />
lower quartile/ÌËÊÌflfl Í‚‡appleÚËθ: ëapple‰ÌÂÂ<br />
Á̇˜ÂÌË ÌËÊÌÂÈ ÔÓÎÓ‚ËÌ˚ ̇·Óapple‡ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı;<br />
Ú‡ÍÊ ̇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl first quartile (ÔÂapple‚‡fl<br />
Í‚‡appleÚËθ).<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 93 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
M<br />
mean/Òapple‰Ìflfl ‚Â΢Ë̇: ëÛÏχ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı ËÁ<br />
̇·Óapple‡, ‰ÂÎÂÌ̇fl ̇ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚<br />
‚ ̇·Óapple ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı; Ú‡ÍÊ ̇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl average<br />
(Òapple‰Ì Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ).<br />
measure of central tendency/Ô‡apple‡ÏÂÚapple<br />
Ò‰‚Ë„‡: åÂapple‡, ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂχfl ‰Îfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl<br />
ˆÂÌÚapple‡ ̇·Óapple‡ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı; Òapple‰Ì Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ,<br />
ωˇ̇ Ë ÏÓ‰‡ fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl Ô‡apple‡ÏÂÚapple‡ÏË<br />
Ò‰‚Ë„‡.<br />
median/ωˇ̇ (ωˇÌÌÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ):<br />
ëapple‰Ì ˜ËÒÎÓ ËÎË Òapple‰Ì Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ<br />
(Òapple‰Ìflfl ‚Â΢Ë̇) ‰‚Ûı Òapple‰ÌËı ˜ËÒÂÎ ‚<br />
ÛÔÓapplefl‰Ó˜ÂÌÌÓÏ Ì‡·Óapple ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı.<br />
metric system of measurement/<br />
ÏÂÚapple˘ÂÒ͇fl ÒËÒÚÂχ ËÁÏÂappleÂÌËfl:<br />
ÑÂÒflÚ˘̇fl ÒËÒÚÂχ ÏÂapple Ë ‚ÂÒÓ‚, ÍÓÚÓapple‡fl<br />
ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÔÓ‚ÒÂÏÂÒÚÌÓ ‚ ̇ÛÍÂ Ë ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ<br />
‚Ó ‚ÒÂÏ ÏËappleÂ.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: Ò‡ÌÚËÏÂÚapple˚, ÏÂÚapple˚, ÍËÎÓÏÂÚapple˚,<br />
„apple‡ÏÏ˚, ÍËÎÓ„apple‡ÏÏ˚,<br />
ÏËÎÎËÎËÚapple˚ Ë ÎËÚapple˚ - ‚ÒÂ ˝ÚË<br />
‰ËÌˈ˚ ËÁÏÂappleÂÌËfl fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl<br />
ÏÂÚapple˘ÂÒÍËÏË.<br />
midpoint/Òapple‰Ìflfl ÚӘ͇: íӘ͇, ‰ÂÎfl˘‡fl<br />
ÓÚappleÂÁÓÍ Ì‡ ‰‚‡ ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚ı ÓÚappleÂÁ͇.<br />
mixed number/Òϯ‡ÌÌÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ: óËÒÎÓ,<br />
ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘Â ËÁ ˆÂÎÓ„Ó ˜ËÒ·, ÌÂ<br />
fl‚Îfl˛˘Â„ÓÒfl ÌÛÎÂÏ, Ë ‰appleÓ·Ë.
mode/ÏÓ‰‡: óËÒÎÓ ËÎË ˜ËÒ·, ÍÓÚÓapple˚Â<br />
˜‡˘Â ‚ÒÂ„Ó ‚ÒÚapple˜‡˛ÚÒfl ‚ ̇·Óapple ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı;<br />
ÍÓ„‰‡ ‚Ò ˜ËÒ· ‚ÒÚapple˜‡˛ÚÒfl Ò Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚ÓÈ<br />
˜‡ÒÚÓÚÓÈ, „Ó‚ÓappleflÚ, ˜ÚÓ ÏÓ‰‡ ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ.<br />
monomial/Ó‰ÌÓ˜ÎÂÌ: ÄappleËÙÏÂÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ ËÎË<br />
‡Î„·apple‡Ë˜ÂÒÍÓ ‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËÂ Ò Ó‰ÌËÏ ˜ÎÂÌÓÏ.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: n,5n2 ,8,�3<br />
Multiplication Property of Equality/<br />
ÏÛθÚËÔÎË͇ÚË‚ÌÓ ҂ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌËfl:<br />
ë‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó, ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË Ò ÍÓÚÓapple˚Ï ÂÒÎË<br />
‚˚ ÛÏÌÓÊËÚ ӷ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚ Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌËfl ̇<br />
Ó‰ÌÓ Ë ÚÓ Ê ˜ËÒÎÓ, ÌÓ‚Ó Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌË ·Û‰ÂÚ<br />
ËÏÂÚ¸ ÚÓ Ê apple¯ÂÌËÂ.<br />
Multiplication Property of Zero/Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó<br />
ÛÏÌÓÊÂÌËfl ̇ ÌÛθ: ë‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó, ‚<br />
ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË Ò ÍÓÚÓapple˚Ï ‰Îfl ‚ÒÂı<br />
‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚ı ˜ËÒÂÎ a ËÏÂÂÚ ÏÂÒÚÓ<br />
a � 0 � 0 Ë 0 � a � 0.<br />
multiplicative inverse/Ó·apple‡Ú̇fl ‚Â΢Ë̇:<br />
èappleÓËÁ‚‰ÂÌË ˜ËÒ· ̇ Â„Ó Ó·apple‡ÚÌÛ˛<br />
‚Â΢ËÌÛ apple‡‚ÌÓ 1; Ú‡ÍÊ ̇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl<br />
reciprocal (Ó·apple‡ÚÌ˚Ï Á̇˜ÂÌËÂÏ).<br />
èappleËÏeapple: é·apple‡Ú̇fl ‚Â΢Ë̇ 4 – 5 ˝ÚÓ 5 – 4 .<br />
multiple/Íapple‡ÚÌÓÂ: èappleÓËÁ‚‰ÂÌË β·Ó„Ó<br />
˜ËÒ· Ë ˆÂÎÓ„Ó ˜ËÒ· fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Íapple‡ÚÌ˚Ï<br />
‰‡ÌÌÓ„Ó ˜ËÒ·.<br />
mutually exclusive/‚Á‡ËÏÓËÒÍβ˜‡˛˘ËÂ:<br />
Ñ‚‡ ÒÓ·˚ÚËfl fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl<br />
‚Á‡ËÏÓËÒÍβ˜‡˛˘ËÏË, ÂÒÎË ÓÌË Ì ÏÓ„ÛÚ<br />
ÔappleÓËÁÓÈÚË ‚ Ó‰ÌÓÏ Ë ÚÓÏ Ê ËÒÔ˚Ú‡ÌËË ‚<br />
ıӉ ˝ÍÒÔÂappleËÏÂÌÚ‡.<br />
N<br />
negative correlation/ÓÚappleˈ‡ÚÂθ̇fl<br />
ÍÓappleappleÂÎflˆËfl: Ñ‚‡ ̇·Óapple‡ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı ËϲÚ<br />
ÓÚappleˈ‡ÚÂθÌÛ˛ ÍÓappleappleÂÎflˆË˛, ÂÒÎË Ó‰ËÌ<br />
̇·Óapple Á̇˜ÂÌËÈ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı Û‚Â΢˂‡ÂÚÒfl, ‚ ÚÓ<br />
‚appleÂÏfl Í‡Í ‰appleÛ„ÓÈ ÛÏÂ̸¯‡ÂÚÒfl.<br />
negative integer/ÓÚappleˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ˆÂÎÓÂ<br />
˜ËÒÎÓ: ñÂÎÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ ÏÂ̸¯Â ÌÛÎfl.<br />
(G6: negative number/ÓÚappleˈ‡ÚÂθÌÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ)<br />
net/apple‡Á‚ÂappleÚ͇: í‡ÍÓ apple‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËÂ<br />
‰‚ÛÏÂappleÌ˚ı ÙË„Ûapple, ˜ÚÓ ËÁ ÌËı ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸<br />
ÒÎÓÊÂÌ ÏÌÓ„Ó„apple‡ÌÌËÍ.<br />
no correlation/ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚Ë ÍÓappleappleÂÎflˆËË: Ñ‚‡<br />
̇·Óapple‡ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı Ì ËÏÂ˛Ú ÍÓappleappleÂÎflˆËË, ÍÓ„‰‡<br />
ÏÂÊ‰Û Á̇˜ÂÌËflÏË ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı ËÁ ̇·ÓappleÓ‚ ÌÂÚ<br />
ÌË͇ÍÓÈ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË.<br />
nonlinear function/ÌÂÎËÌÂÈ̇fl ÙÛÌ͈Ëfl:<br />
îÛÌ͈Ëfl, „apple‡ÙËÍ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ Ì fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl<br />
ÔappleflÏÓÈ ÎËÌËÂÈ.<br />
nonterminating decimal/·ÂÒÍÓ̘̇fl<br />
‰ÂÒflÚ˘̇fl ‰appleÓ·¸: ÑÂÒflÚ˘̇fl ‰appleÓ·¸,<br />
ÍÓÚÓapple‡fl ÌËÍÓ„‰‡ Ì Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl.<br />
numerator/˜ËÒÎËÚÂθ: Ç ‰appleÓ·Ë ˝ÚÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ,<br />
ÍÓÚÓappleÓ ‰ÂÎflÚ Ì‡ Á̇ÏÂ̇ÚÂθ Ë ÍÓÚÓappleÓÂ<br />
ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚ, ÒÍÓθÍÓ ˜‡ÒÚÂÈ ˆÂÎÓ„Ó<br />
apple‡ÒÒχÚappleË‚‡ÂÚÒfl.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 4 – ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθ<br />
5<br />
numerical expression/˜ËÒÎÓ‚ÓÂ<br />
‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËÂ: Ç˚apple‡ÊÂÌËÂ, ÒÓ‰Âappleʇ˘ÂÂ<br />
ÚÓθÍÓ ˜ËÒ· Ë ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl.<br />
O<br />
obtuse angle/ÚÛÔÓÈ Û„ÓÎ: ì„ÓÎ, apple‡ÁÏÂapple<br />
ÍÓÚÓappleÓ„Ó ·Óθ¯Â 90°, ÌÓ ÏÂ̸¯Â 180°.<br />
obtuse triangle/ÚÛÔÓÛ„ÓθÌ˚È ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍ:<br />
íappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍ, Ëϲ˘ËÈ Ó‰ËÌ ÚÛÔÓÈ Û„ÓÎ.<br />
octagon/‚ÓÒ¸ÏËÛ„ÓθÌËÍ: åÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌËÍ Ò<br />
‚ÓÒÂϸ˛ ÒÚÓappleÓ̇ÏË.<br />
octahedron/‚ÓÒ¸ÏË„apple‡ÌÌËÍ: åÌÓ„Ó„apple‡ÌÌËÍ<br />
Ò ‚ÓÒÂϸ˛ „apple‡ÌflÏË.<br />
odd number/̘ÂÚÌÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ: ñÂÎÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ,<br />
ÍÓÚÓappleÓ Ì ‰ÂÎËÚÒfl ̇ ‰‚‡.<br />
odds/¯‡ÌÒ˚: ëÓÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ<br />
·Î‡„ÓÔappleËflÚÌ˚ı Ë Ì··„ÓÔappleËflÚÌ˚ı ËÒıÓ‰Ó‚.<br />
odds against/¯‡ÌÒ˚ Ì··„ÓÔappleËflÚÌ˚ı<br />
ËÒıÓ‰Ó‚: éÚÌÓ¯ÂÌË ˜ËÒ· Ì··„ÓÔappleËflÚÌ˚ı<br />
ËÒıÓ‰Ó‚ Í ˜ËÒÎÛ ·Î‡„ÓÔappleËflÚÌ˚ı ËÒıÓ‰Ó‚.<br />
odds in favor/¯‡ÌÒ˚ ·Î‡„ÓÔappleËflÚÌ˚ı<br />
ËÒıÓ‰Ó‚: éÚÌÓ¯ÂÌË ˜ËÒ· ·Î‡„ÓÔappleËflÚÌ˚ı<br />
ËÒıÓ‰Ó‚ Í ˜ËÒÎÛ Ì··„ÓÔappleËflÚÌ˚ı ËÒıÓ‰Ó‚.<br />
opposites/˜ËÒ· Ò ÔappleÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÎÓÊÌ˚ÏË<br />
Á͇̇ÏË: Ñ‚‡ ˜ËÒ·, ̇ıÓ‰fl˘ËÂÒfl ̇<br />
Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚ÓÏ apple‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËË ÓÚ ÌÛÎfl ̇ ˜ËÒÎÓ‚ÓÈ<br />
ÎËÌËË; Ú‡ÍÊ ̇Á˚‚‡˛ÚÒfl additive inverse<br />
(˜ËÒ·ÏË Ò Ó·apple‡ÚÌ˚ÏË Á͇̇ÏË).<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 94 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
order of operations/ÔÓapplefl‰ÓÍ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ:<br />
èapple‡‚ËÎÓ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËfl ‚˚˜ËÒÎÂÌËÈ ‚<br />
‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËË: Ò̇˜‡Î‡ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌfl˛ÚÒfl ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl<br />
‚ ÒÍӷ͇ı, Á‡ÚÂÏ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌfl˛ÚÒfl ‚ÓÁ‚‰ÂÌË ‚<br />
ÒÚÂÔÂ̸ Ë ËÁ‚ΘÂÌË ÍÓappleÌfl, Á‡ÚÂÏ<br />
‚˚ÔÓÎÌfl˛ÚÒfl ‚Ò ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ÛÏÌÓÊÂÌËfl Ë<br />
‰ÂÎÂÌËfl (Ò΂‡ ̇Ôapple‡‚Ó) Ë Á‡ÚÂÏ ‚ÒÂ<br />
‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl ÒÎÓÊÂÌËfl Ë ‚˚˜ËÚ‡ÌËfl (Ò΂‡<br />
̇Ôapple‡‚Ó).<br />
ordered pair/ÛÔÓapplefl‰Ó˜ÂÌ̇fl Ô‡apple‡: è‡apple‡<br />
˜ËÒÂÎ, ÍÓÚÓapple‡fl ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl ‰Îfl<br />
̇ıÓʉÂÌËfl ÚÓ˜ÍË Ì‡ ÔÎÓÒÍÓÒÚË ÍÓÓapple‰Ë̇Ú.<br />
origin/̇˜‡ÎÓ ÍÓÓapple‰Ë̇Ú: íӘ͇, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ<br />
ÓÒ¸ x Ë ÓÒ¸ y ÔÂappleÂÒÂ͇˛ÚÒfl ̇ ÔÎÓÒÍÓÒÚË<br />
ÍÓÓapple‰Ë̇Ú; (0,0).<br />
orthographic drawing/˜ÂappleÚÂÊ ‚<br />
ÓappleÚÓ„Ó̇θÌ˚ı ÔappleÓÂ͈Ëflı: óÂappleÚÂÊ<br />
Ó·˙ÂÍÚ‡ Ò ‚ˉÓÏ ÒÔÂapple‰Ë, ‚ˉÓÏ Ò·ÓÍÛ Ë<br />
‚ˉÓÏ Ò‚ÂappleıÛ.<br />
outcome (probability)/ËÒıÓ‰ (‚ÂappleÓflÚÌÓÒÚ¸):<br />
ÇÓÁÏÓÊÌ˚È appleÂÁÛÎ¸Ú‡Ú ‚ÂappleÓflÚÌÓÒÚÌÓ„Ó<br />
˝ÍÒÔÂappleËÏÂÌÚ‡.<br />
outlier/‚˚·appleÓÒ (appleÂÁÍÓ ÓÚÍÎÓÌfl˛˘ÂÂÒfl<br />
Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ): á̇˜ÂÌËÂ, ÍÓÚÓappleÓ Á̇˜ËÚÂθÌÓ<br />
·Óθ¯Â ËÎË Á̇˜ËÚÂθÌÓ ÏÂ̸¯Â ‰appleÛ„Ëı<br />
Á̇˜ÂÌËÈ ‚ ̇·Óapple ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı.<br />
output/Á̇˜ÂÌË ÙÛÌ͈ËË: á̇˜ÂÌËÂ,<br />
ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÏÓ ‚ appleÂÁÛθڇÚ ÔÓ‰ÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÍË<br />
‰‡ÌÌÓ„Ó ‡apple„ÛÏÂÌÚ‡ ‚ ‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌË ËÎË<br />
ÙÛÌÍˆË˛.<br />
overestimate/ÔÂappleÂÓˆÂÌ͇ (Á‡‚˚¯ÂÌ̇fl<br />
ÓˆÂÌ͇): éˆÂÌ͇, Ôapple‚˚¯‡˛˘‡fl ÚÓ˜Ì˚È<br />
ÓÚ‚ÂÚ.<br />
P<br />
parabola/Ô‡apple‡·Ó·: Éapple‡ÙËÍ<br />
Í‚‡‰apple‡Ú˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÙÛÌ͈ËË.<br />
parallel lines/Ô‡apple‡ÎÎÂθÌ˚ ÎËÌËË:<br />
çÂÔÂappleÂÒÂ͇˛˘ËÂÒfl ÎËÌËË Ì‡ ÔÎÓÒÍÓÒÚË.<br />
parallelogram/Ô‡apple‡ÎÎÂÎÓ„apple‡ÏÏ:<br />
óÂÚ˚appleÂıÛ„ÓθÌËÍ Ò ‰‚ÛÏfl Ô‡apple‡ÏË ‚Á‡ËÏÌÓ<br />
Ô‡apple‡ÎÎÂθÌ˚ı ÒÚÓappleÓÌ.<br />
Pascal’s triangle/ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍ è‡Ò͇Îfl:<br />
ê‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂÌË ˜ËÒÂÎ ‚ ‚ˉ ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌË͇, ‚<br />
ÍÓÚÓappleÓÏ Í‡Ê‰˚È applefl‰ ̇˜Ë̇ÂÚÒfl Ë<br />
Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡ÂÚÒfl 1 Ë Í‡Ê‰Ó ËÁ ÓÒڇθÌ˚ı<br />
˜ËÒÂÎ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÒÛÏÏÓÈ ‰‚Ûı ÒÓÒ‰ÌËı<br />
˜ËÒÂΠ̇‰ ÌËÏ.<br />
pentagon/ÔflÚËÛ„ÓθÌËÍ: åÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌËÍ Ò<br />
ÔflÚ¸˛ ÒÚÓappleÓ̇ÏË.<br />
percent/ÔappleÓˆÂÌÚ: ëÓÚ‡fl ‰ÓÎfl ͇ÍÓ„Ó-ÎË·Ó<br />
˜ËÒ·.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 45% � 45 –––<br />
100<br />
percent of change/ÔappleÓˆÂÌÚ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl:<br />
äÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó, ‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌÌÓ ‚ ÔappleÓˆÂÌÚ‡ı,<br />
ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡˛˘ÂÂ, ˜ÚÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ Û‚Â΢ËÎÓÒ¸ ËÎË<br />
ÛÏÂ̸¯ËÎÓÒ¸.<br />
percent of decrease/ÔappleÓˆÂÌÚ ÛÏÂ̸¯ÂÌËfl;<br />
èappleÓˆÂÌÚ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl, ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡˛˘ËÈ<br />
ÛÏÂ̸¯ÂÌË ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡.<br />
percent of increase/ÔappleÓˆÂÌÚ Û‚Â΢ÂÌËfl:<br />
èappleÓˆÂÌÚ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌËfl, ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡˛˘ËÈ<br />
Û‚Â΢ÂÌË ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡.<br />
perfect square/ÔÓÎÌ˚È Í‚‡‰apple‡Ú: 䂇‰apple‡Ú<br />
ˆÂÎÓ„Ó ˜ËÒ·.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 5 � 5 � 25 Ë 7 2 � 49; 25 Ë 49<br />
fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÔÓÎÌ˚ÏË Í‚‡‰apple‡Ú‡ÏË.<br />
perimeter/ÔÂappleËÏÂÚapple: ëÛÏχ ‰ÎËÌ ‚ÒÂı<br />
ÒÚÓappleÓÌ ÏÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌË͇.<br />
permutation/ÔÂappleÂÒÚ‡Ìӂ͇: ê‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËÂ<br />
˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ËÎË ÒÓ·˚ÚËÈ ‚ ÌÛÊÌÓÏ ÔÓapplefl‰ÍÂ.<br />
perpendicular bisector/ÔÂappleÔẨËÍÛÎflapple,<br />
‰ÂÎfl˘ËÈ ÓÚappleÂÁÓÍ ÔÓÔÓ·Ï: èappleflχfl,<br />
ÔÂappleÂÒÂ͇˛˘‡fl ÓÚappleÂÁÓÍ ‚ Â„Ó Òapple‰ÌÂÈ ÚÓ˜ÍÂ<br />
Ë ÔÂappleÔẨËÍÛÎflapplėfl ÓÚappleÂÁÍÛ.<br />
perpendicular lines/<br />
ÔÂappleÔẨËÍÛÎflappleÌ˚ ÎËÌËË:<br />
èappleflÏ˚Â ÎËÌËË, ÍÓÚÓapple˚Â ÔappleË<br />
ÔÂappleÂÒ˜ÂÌËË Ó·apple‡ÁÛ˛Ú<br />
ÔappleflÏ˚Â Û„Î˚.<br />
perspective/ÔÂappleÒÔÂÍÚË‚‡: åÂÚÓ‰Ë͇,<br />
ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂχfl ‰Îfl ÓÚÓ·apple‡ÊÂÌËfl ÚappleÂıÏÂappleÌ˚ı<br />
Ó·˙ÂÍÚÓ‚ ̇ ÔÎÓÒÍÓÈ ÔÓ‚ÂappleıÌÓÒÚË Ú‡ÍËÏ<br />
Ó·apple‡ÁÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ˉ̇ Ëı „ÎÛ·Ë̇ Ë apple‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËÂ<br />
‰Ó ÌËı.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 95 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
pi (�)/pi (�): éÚÌÓ¯ÂÌË ‰ÎËÌ˚ ÓÍappleÛÊÌÓÒÚË<br />
Í ‰ÎË̠ ‰Ë‡ÏÂÚapple‡; � � 3.14 ËÎË 22<br />
–– 7 .<br />
plane/ÔÎÓÒÍÓÒÚ¸: èÎÓÒ͇fl ÔÓ‚ÂappleıÌÓÒÚ¸,<br />
Ëϲ˘‡fl ·ÂÒÍÓ̘ÌÛ˛ ÔappleÓÚflÊÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸.<br />
Platonic solids/Ô·ÚÓÌÓ‚˚ Ú·: èflÚ¸<br />
Ôapple‡‚ËθÌ˚ı ÏÌÓ„Ó„apple‡ÌÌËÍÓ‚: ÚÂÚapple‡˝‰apple, ÍÛ·,<br />
ÓÍÚ‡˝‰apple, ‰Ó‰Â͇˝‰apple Ë ËÍÓÒ‡˝‰apple.<br />
point/ÚӘ͇: íÓ˜ÌÓ ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌË ‚<br />
ÔappleÓÒÚapple‡ÌÒÚ‚Â.<br />
point-slope form/Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌË Ô͇ۘ ÔappleflÏ˚ı<br />
Ò ˆÂÌÚappleÓÏ ‚ ÚÓ˜ÍÂ: ãËÌÂÈÌÓ Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌËÂ<br />
‚ˉ‡ y � y 1 � m(x � x 1 ), „‰Â m - ˝ÚÓ<br />
Û„ÎÓ‚ÓÈ ÍÓ˝ÙÙˈËÂÌÚ, ‡ (x 1 , y 1 ) ˝ÚÓ<br />
ÓÔapple‰ÂÎÂÌ̇fl ÚӘ͇ ÎËÌËË.<br />
point symmetry/ˆÂÌÚapple ÒËÏÏÂÚappleËË: îË„Ûapple‡<br />
ËÏÂÂÚ ˆÂÌÚapple ÒËÏÏÂÚappleËË, ÂÒÎË Ó̇ ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡ÂÚ<br />
҇χ Ò ÒÓ·ÓÈ ÔappleË ÔÓ‚ÓappleÓÚ ̇ 180° ‚ÓÍappleÛ„<br />
˝ÚÓÈ ÚÓ˜ÍË.<br />
polygon/ÏÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌËÍ: îË„Ûapple‡,<br />
Ó„apple‡Ì˘ÂÌ̇fl ̇ ÔÎÓÒÍÓÒÚË ÚappleÂÏfl ËÎË ·ÓÎÂÂ<br />
ÓÚappleÂÁ͇ÏË, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ ÔÂappleÂÒÂ͇˛ÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ ‚<br />
Ëı ÍÓ̘Ì˚ı ÚӘ͇ı (‚Âapple¯Ë̇ı).<br />
polyhedron/ÏÌÓ„Ó„apple‡ÌÌËÍ: íappleÂıÏÂapplėfl<br />
ÙË„Ûapple‡, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ ‚ÒÂ ÔÓ‚ÂappleıÌÓÒÚË ËÎË<br />
„apple‡ÌË fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÏÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌË͇ÏË.<br />
polynomial/ÏÌÓ„Ó˜ÎÂÌ: Ä΄·apple‡Ë˜ÂÒÍÓÂ<br />
‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËÂ, ÍÓÚÓappleÓ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÒÛÏÏÓÈ ËÎË<br />
apple‡ÁÌÓÒÚ¸˛ ‰‚Ûı ËÎË ·ÓΠ˜ÎÂÌÓ‚.<br />
population/ÒÓ‚ÓÍÛÔÌÓÒÚ¸ (ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚Ó): ÇÒfl<br />
„appleÛÔÔ‡ Ó·˙ÂÍÚÓ‚ ËÎË Îˈ, apple‡ÒÒχÚappleË‚‡ÂÏ˚ı<br />
‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â Ó·˙ÂÍÚ‡ Ó·ÒΉӂ‡ÌËfl.<br />
positive correlation/ÔÓÎÓÊËÚÂθ̇fl<br />
ÍÓappleappleÂÎflˆËfl: Ñ‚‡ ̇·Óapple‡ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı ËϲÚ<br />
ÔÓÎÓÊËÚÂθÌÛ˛ ÍÓappleappleÂÎflˆË˛, ÂÒÎË Á̇˜ÂÌËfl<br />
Ëı ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı Û‚Â΢˂‡˛ÚÒfl ËÎË<br />
ÛÏÂ̸¯‡˛ÚÒfl ÒÓ‚ÏÂÒÚÌÓ.<br />
positive integer/ÔÓÎÓÊËÚÂθÌÓ ˆÂÎÓÂ<br />
˜ËÒÎÓ: ñÂÎÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ ·Óθ¯Â ÌÛÎfl.<br />
(G6: positive number/ÔÓÎÓÊËÚÂθÌÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ)<br />
power/ÒÚÂÔÂ̸: óËÒÎÓ, ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÏÓÂ<br />
‚ÓÁ‚‰ÂÌËÂÏ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËfl ‚ ÔÓ͇Á‡ÚÂθ<br />
ÒÚÂÔÂÌË.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 2 3 � 8, Á‰ÂÒ¸ 8 ·Û‰ÂÚ 3-È ÒÚÂÔÂ̸˛ 2.<br />
precision/ÚÓ˜ÌÓÒÚ¸: ìappleÓ‚Â̸ ‰ÂÚ‡ÎËÁ‡ˆËË<br />
ËÁÏÂappleÂÌËÈ, ÓÔapple‰ÂÎflÂÏ˚È ‚˚·ÓappleÓÏ<br />
‰ËÌˈ˚ ËÁÏÂappleÂÌËfl.<br />
prediction/Ôapple‰Ò͇Á‡ÌË (ÔappleÓ„ÌÓÁ): óÚÓ-<br />
ÎË·Ó, ˜ÚÓ, Í‡Í Ôapple‰Ò͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl, ÏÓÊÂÚ<br />
ÔappleÓËÁÓÈÚË ‚ ·Û‰Û˘ÂÏ.<br />
prime factorization/apple‡ÁÎÓÊÂÌË ̇<br />
ÔappleÓÒÚ˚ ÒÓÏÌÓÊËÚÂÎË: óËÒÎÓ, Á‡ÔËÒ‡ÌÌÓÂ<br />
‚ ‚ˉ ÔappleÓËÁ‚‰ÂÌËfl ÔappleÓÒÚ˚ı<br />
ÒÓÏÌÓÊËÚÂÎÂÈ.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 10 � 2 � 5, 24 � 23 � 3<br />
prime number/ÔappleÓÒÚÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ: ñÂÎÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ<br />
·Óθ¯Â 1, ÍÓÚÓappleÓ ‰ÂÎËÚÒfl ÚÓθÍÓ Ò‡ÏÓ Ì‡<br />
Ò·fl Ë Ì‡ 1.<br />
principal/ÓÒÌӂ̇fl ÒÛÏχ: èÂapple‚Ó̇˜‡Î¸Ì‡fl<br />
ÒÛÏχ, ‚ÁflÚ‡fl ‚ ‰Ó΄ ËÎË Ò˝ÍÓÌÓÏÎÂÌ̇fl.<br />
principal square root/‡appleËÙÏÂÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÂ<br />
Á̇˜ÂÌË ÍÓappleÌfl: èÓÎÓÊËÚÂθÌÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ<br />
Í‚‡‰apple‡ÚÌÓ„Ó ÍÓappleÌfl ËÁ ˜ËÒ·.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: ��25 � 5. óËÒÎÓ 5 - ˝ÚÓ<br />
‡appleËÙÏÂÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ Á̇˜ÂÌË ÍÓappleÌfl.<br />
prism/ÔappleËÁχ: åÌÓ„Ó„apple‡ÌÌËÍ, Û ÍÓÚÓappleÓ„Ó<br />
ËϲÚÒfl ‰‚‡ ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚ı ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËfl ‚<br />
‚ˉ ÏÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌË͇, ‡ ‚Ò ‰appleÛ„Ë „apple‡ÌË<br />
fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl Ô‡apple‡ÎÎÂÎÓ„apple‡ÏχÏË.<br />
probability/‚ÂappleÓflÚÌÓÒÚ¸: óËÒÎÓ ÓÚ 0 ‰Ó 1<br />
(ËÎË ÓÚ 0% ‰Ó 100%), ÍÓÚÓappleÓ ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÚ,<br />
͇ÍÓ‚‡ ‚ÂappleÓflÚÌÓÒÚ¸ ̇ÒÚÛÔÎÂÌËfl ÒÓ·˚ÚËfl.<br />
product/ÔappleÓËÁ‚‰ÂÌËÂ: êÂÁÛθڇÚ<br />
ÛÏÌÓÊÂÌËfl ‰‚Ûı ËÎË ·ÓΠ˜ËÒÂÎ.<br />
proper fraction/Ôapple‡‚Ëθ̇fl ‰appleÓ·¸: ÑappleÓ·¸,<br />
‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθ ÏÂ̸¯Â Á̇ÏÂ̇ÚÂÎfl.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 3 – 4 , 1 ––<br />
12 , 7 – 8<br />
proportion/ÔappleÓÔÓappleˆËfl: ìapple‡‚ÌÂÌËÂ,<br />
ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡˛˘ÂÂ, ˜ÚÓ ‰‚‡ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl apple‡‚Ì˚.<br />
protractor/Úapple‡ÌÒÔÓappleÚËapple: àÌÒÚappleÛÏÂÌÚ ‰Îfl<br />
ËÁÏÂappleÂÌËfl Û„ÎÓ‚.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 96 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
pyramid/ÔËapple‡Ïˉ‡:<br />
åÌÓ„Ó„apple‡ÌÌËÍ Ò<br />
ÏÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌËÍÓÏ ‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËË<br />
Ë ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌ˚ÏË ÒÚÓappleÓ̇ÏË,<br />
ÍÓÚÓapple˚ ÒıÓ‰flÚÒfl ‚ Ó‰ÌÓÈ Ó·˘ÂÈ ‚Âapple¯ËÌÂ.<br />
Pythagorean Theorem/ÚÂÓappleÂχ èËÙ‡„Óapple‡:<br />
Ç ÔappleflÏÓÛ„ÓθÌÓÏ ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍ ͂‡‰apple‡Ú<br />
„ËÔÓÚÂÌÛÁ˚ apple‡‚ÂÌ ÒÛÏÏ ͂‡‰apple‡ÚÓ‚ ͇ÚÂÚÓ‚.<br />
Q<br />
quadrant/Í‚‡‰apple‡ÌÚ: éÒË ‡·ÒˆËÒÒ (x) Ë<br />
Óapple‰ËÌ‡Ú (y) ‰ÂÎflÚ ÔÎÓÒÍÓÒÚ¸ ÍÓÓapple‰ËÌ‡Ú Ì‡<br />
˜ÂÚ˚apple ӷ·ÒÚË. ä‡Ê‰‡fl ӷ·ÒÚ¸<br />
̇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl Í‚‡‰apple‡ÌÚÓÏ.<br />
quadratic equation/Í‚‡‰apple‡ÚÌÓ Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌËÂ:<br />
ìapple‡‚ÌÂÌË ‚ˉ‡ ax 2 � bx � c � 0, „‰Â a � 0.<br />
quadratic function/Í‚‡‰apple‡Ú˘ÂÒ͇fl<br />
ÙÛÌ͈Ëfl: îÛÌ͈Ëfl ‚ˉ‡ y � ax 2 � bx � c,<br />
„‰Â a � 0.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: y � 2x 2 � 12x � 10, y � �3x 2<br />
quadrilateral/˜ÂÚ˚appleÂıÛ„ÓθÌËÍ:<br />
óÂÚ˚appleÂıÒÚÓappleÓÌÌËÈ ÏÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌËÍ.<br />
quarterly/ÂÊÂÍ‚‡appleڇθÌÓ: óÂÚ˚apple apple‡Á‡ ‚<br />
„Ó‰.<br />
quartile/Í‚‡appleÚËθ: íappleË Á̇˜ÂÌËfl, Ó‰ÌÓ ËÁ<br />
ÍÓÚÓapple˚ı fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ωˇÌÌ˚Ï (Òapple‰ÌËÏ),<br />
ÍÓÚÓapple˚ ‰ÂÎflÚ Ì‡·Óapple ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı ̇ ˜ÂÚ‚ÂappleÚË.<br />
ëÏ. Ú‡ÍÊ first quartile (ÔÂapple‚‡fl Í‚‡appleÚËθ),<br />
third quartile (ÚappleÂÚ¸fl Í‚‡appleÚËθ).<br />
quotient/˜‡ÒÚÌÓÂ: êÂÁÛÎ¸Ú‡Ú ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl<br />
Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ˜ËÒ· ̇ ‰appleÛ„ÓÂ.<br />
R<br />
radical symbol/ÁÌ‡Í apple‡‰Ë͇·: áÌ‡Í � � ,<br />
ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÏ˚È ‰Îfl ÓÚÓ·apple‡ÊÂÌËfl<br />
ÔÓÎÓÊËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËfl Í‚‡‰apple‡ÚÌÓ„Ó<br />
ÍÓappleÌfl.<br />
radius/apple‡‰ËÛÒ: éÚappleÂÁÓÍ<br />
ÔappleflÏÓÈ, Ó‰ËÌ ÍÓ̈ ÍÓÚÓappleÓ„Ó<br />
apple‡ÒÔÓ·„‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ ˆÂÌÚappleÂ<br />
ÓÍappleÛÊÌÓÒÚË, ‡ ‰appleÛ„ÓÈ ÍÓ̈<br />
̇ ÓÍappleÛÊÌÓÒÚË, ËÎË ‰ÎË̇<br />
˝ÚÓ„Ó ÓÚappleÂÁ͇.<br />
random numbers/ÒÎÛ˜‡ÈÌ˚ ˜ËÒ·: Ç<br />
̇·Óapple ÒÎÛ˜‡ÈÌ˚ı ˜ËÒÂΠ͇ʉÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ<br />
ËÏÂÂÚ apple‡‚Ì˚È ¯‡ÌÒ ·˚Ú¸ ‚˚·apple‡ÌÌ˚Ï.<br />
random sample/ÒÎÛ˜‡È̇fl ‚˚·Óapple͇:<br />
Ç˚·Óapple͇, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ Í‡Ê‰˚È<br />
Ë̉˂ˉۇθÌ˚È ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ ËÎË Ó·˙ÂÍÚ<br />
ÒÓ‚ÓÍÛÔÌÓÒÚË ËÏÂÂÚ apple‡‚Ì˚È ¯‡ÌÒ ·˚Ú¸<br />
‚˚·apple‡ÌÌ˚Ï.<br />
range (in statistics)/apple‡Áχı (‚ ÒÚ‡ÚËÒÚËÍÂ):<br />
ê‡ÁÌˈ‡ ÏÂÊ‰Û Ì‡Ë·Óθ¯ËÏ Ë Ì‡ËÏÂ̸¯ËÏ<br />
Á̇˜ÂÌËflÏË ‚Â΢ËÌ ËÁ ̇·Óapple‡ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı.<br />
range (in a function)/‰Ë‡Ô‡ÁÓÌ (‚<br />
ÙÛÌ͈ËË): é·Î‡ÒÚ¸ ‚ÒÂı ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌ˚ı<br />
Á̇˜ÂÌËÈ ÙÛÌ͈ËË.<br />
rate/ÛappleÓ‚Â̸: éÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ, ÒÓÔÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛˘ÂÂ<br />
‰‚‡ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡, ËÁÏÂappleflÂÏ˚ı ‚ apple‡Á΢Ì˚ı<br />
‰ËÌˈ‡ı.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: é„apple‡Ì˘ÂÌË ÒÍÓappleÓÒÚË 55 ÏËθ ‚<br />
˜‡Ò ËÎË 55 ÏËθ/˜‡Ò.<br />
rate of interest/ÔappleÓˆÂÌÚ̇fl ÒÚ‡‚͇:<br />
èappleÓˆÂÌÚ˚, ‚˚Ô·˜Ë‚‡ÂÏ˚ ËÎË ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÏ˚Â<br />
Ò ÒÛÏÏ˚ ‰ÂÌ„; ÒÏ. simple interest (ÔappleÓÒÚ˚Â<br />
ÔappleÓˆÂÌÚ˚).<br />
ratio/ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ: ëÓÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌË ‰‚Ûı<br />
ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚ ÔappleË ÔÓÏÓ˘Ë ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 12 Í 25, 12:25, 12 ––<br />
25<br />
rational number/apple‡ˆËÓ̇θÌÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ:<br />
ã˛·Ó ˜ËÒÎÓ, ÍÓÚÓappleÓ ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸<br />
‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌÓ Í‡Í ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌË ‰‚Ûı ˆÂÎ˚ı ˜ËÒÂÎ.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: óËÒÎÓ 6 ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ ‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌÓ Í‡Í<br />
6–<br />
1 ; ˜ËÒÎÓ 0.5 Í‡Í 1 –<br />
2 .<br />
ray/ÎÛ˜: ó‡ÒÚ¸ ÔappleflÏÓÈ ÎËÌËË, ÍÓÚÓapple‡fl<br />
̇˜Ë̇ÂÚÒfl ‚ Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÚÓ˜ÍÂ Ë ÔappleÓÒÚËapple‡ÂÚÒfl ‚<br />
·ÂÒÍÓ̘ÌÓÒÚ¸.<br />
real number/‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ:<br />
ꇈËÓ̇θÌÓ ËÎË Ëappleapple‡ˆËÓ̇θÌÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ.<br />
reciprocal/Ó·apple‡ÚÌÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ: é‰ÌÓ ËÁ<br />
‰‚Ûı ˜ËÒÂÎ, ÔappleÓËÁ‚‰ÂÌË ÍÓÚÓapple˚ı apple‡‚ÌÓ 1;<br />
Ú‡ÍÊ ̇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl multiplicative inverse<br />
(Ó·apple‡Ú̇fl ‚Â΢Ë̇).<br />
èappleËÏeapple: Ó·apple‡Ú̇fl ‚Â΢Ë̇ 2 – 3 ˝ÚÓ 3 – 2 .<br />
é·apple‡Ú̇fl ‚Â΢Ë̇ n ˝ÚÓ 1 – n .<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 97 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
ectangle/ÔappleflÏÓÛ„ÓθÌËÍ: è‡apple‡ÎÎÂÎÓ„apple‡ÏÏ<br />
Ò ˜ÂÚ˚apple¸Ïfl ÔappleflÏ˚ÏË Û„Î‡ÏË.<br />
rectangular prism/<br />
ÔappleflÏÓÛ„Óθ̇fl ÔappleËÁχ:<br />
åÌÓ„Ó„apple‡ÌÌËÍ,<br />
ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËflÏË ÍÓÚÓappleÓ„Ó<br />
fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÔappleflÏÓÛ„ÓθÌËÍË, ‡ ‰appleÛ„ËÏË<br />
„apple‡ÌflÏË fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl Ô‡apple‡ÎÎÂÎÓ„apple‡ÏÏ˚.<br />
reduction/ÒÓÍapple‡˘ÂÌËÂ: ìÏÂ̸¯ÂÌË ‚ÒÂı<br />
apple‡ÁÏÂappleÓ‚ ‚Ó ‚ÒÂı ̇Ôapple‡‚ÎÂÌËflı.<br />
reflection/ÓÚapple‡ÊÂÌËÂ: èappleÂÓ·apple‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂ<br />
ÙË„Ûapple˚, ÔÂappleÂÏ¢‡˛˘Â Â ̇ ‰appleÛ„Û˛<br />
ÒÚÓappleÓÌÛ ÎËÌËË.<br />
regular pyramid/Ôapple‡‚Ëθ̇fl ÔËapple‡Ïˉ‡:<br />
èËapple‡Ïˉ‡, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl<br />
Ôapple‡‚ËθÌ˚È ÏÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌËÍ Ë ‚Ò ·ÓÍÓ‚˚Â<br />
„apple‡ÌË ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚.<br />
regular polygon/Ôapple‡‚ËθÌ˚È<br />
ÏÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌËÍ: åÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌËÍ Ò<br />
ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚ÏË ÒÚÓappleÓ̇ÏË Ë Û„Î‡ÏË.<br />
regular tessellation/Ôapple‡‚Ëθ̇fl ÏÓÁ‡Ë͇:<br />
åÓÁ‡Ë͇, Ó·apple‡ÁÓ‚‡Ì̇fl Ôapple‡‚ËθÌ˚ÏË<br />
ÏÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌË͇ÏË.<br />
relatively prime/‚Á‡ËÏÌÓ ÔappleÓÒÚÓÂ: Ñ‚‡<br />
˜ËÒ· fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ‚Á‡ËÏÌÓ ÔappleÓÒÚ˚ÏË, ÂÒÎË Ëı<br />
̇˷Óθ¯ËÈ Ó·˘ËÈ ‰ÂÎËÚÂθ (çéÑ) apple‡‚ÂÌ 1.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 7 Ë 15 fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ‚Á‡ËÏÌÓ ÔappleÓÒÚ˚ÏË.<br />
repeating decimal/ÔÂappleËӉ˘ÂÒ͇fl<br />
‰ÂÒflÚ˘̇fl ‰appleÓ·¸: ÑÂÒflÚ˘̇fl ‰appleÓ·¸, ‚<br />
ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ Ó‰Ì‡ ËÎË ·ÓΠˆËÙapple ÔÓ‚ÚÓapplefl˛ÚÒfl<br />
·ÂÒÍÓ̘ÌÓ.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 0.757575… � 0.75 ���<br />
rhombus/appleÓÏ·: è‡apple‡ÎÎÂÎÓ„apple‡ÏÏ, Û<br />
ÍÓÚÓappleÓ„Ó ‚Ò ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚ ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚.<br />
right angle/ÔappleflÏÓÈ Û„ÓÎ: ì„ÓÎ, ÍÓÚÓapple˚È<br />
ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ 90°.<br />
right cylinder/ÔappleflÏÓÈ ˆËÎË̉apple: ñËÎË̉apple, ‚<br />
ÍÓÚÓappleÓÏ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËfl fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl<br />
Ô‡apple‡ÎÎÂθÌ˚ÏË ÍappleÛ„‡ÏË,<br />
ÔÂappleÔẨËÍÛÎflappleÌ˚ÏË ÒÚÓappleÓÌ ˆËÎË̉apple‡.<br />
right cone/Ôapple‡‚ËθÌ˚È ÍÓÌÛÒ: äÓÌÛÒ, ‚<br />
ÍÓÚÓappleÓÏ Ôappleflχfl, Ôappleӂ‰ÂÌ̇fl ÓÚ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËfl<br />
Í Â„Ó ÍÓÌˆÛ (‚Âapple¯ËÌÂ), ÔappleÓıÓ‰ËÚ ˜ÂappleÂÁ ˆÂÌÚapple<br />
ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËfl.<br />
right triangle/ÔappleflÏÓÛ„ÓθÌ˚È ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍ:<br />
íappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÏ ËÏÂÂÚÒfl ÔappleflÏÓÈ<br />
Û„ÓÎ.<br />
rise/ÔÓ‰˙ÂÏ: àÁÏÂÌÂÌË ‚ ‚ÂappleÚË͇θÌÓÏ<br />
̇Ôapple‡‚ÎÂÌËË, ÍÓ„‰‡ ̇ÍÎÓÌ ÎËÌËË<br />
ÔÓ‰˙ÂÏ<br />
ÓÔapple‰ÂÎflÂÚÒfl ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂÏ ÔÂappleÂÏ¢ÂÌË , ËÎË<br />
“ÔÓ‰˙ÂÏ ‚ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ ÔÂappleÂÏ¢ÂÌËfl”.<br />
rotation/‚apple‡˘ÂÌËÂ: èappleÂÓ·apple‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂ, ÔappleË<br />
ÍÓÚÓappleÓÏ ÙË„Ûapple‡ ‚apple‡˘‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ÓÍappleÛ„ ÚÓ˜ÍË.<br />
rotational symmetry/ÒËÏÏÂÚappleËfl<br />
‚apple‡˘ÂÌËfl: îË„Ûapple‡ ËÏÂÂÚ ÒËÏÏÂÚapple˲<br />
‚apple‡˘ÂÌËfl, ÂÒÎË Ó̇ ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ ÔÓ‚ÂappleÌÛÚ‡<br />
̇ Û„ÓÎ ÏÂÌ 360° ‚ÓÍappleÛ„ ˆÂÌÚapple‡Î¸ÌÓÈ<br />
ÚÓ˜ÍË Ë ÔappleË ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÓ‚Ô‡‰‡ÂÚ Ò<br />
ÔÂapple‚Ó̇˜‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÙË„ÛappleÓÈ.<br />
rounding/ÓÍappleÛ„ÎÂÌËÂ: á‡ÏÂ̇ ˜ËÒ·<br />
˜ËÒÎÓÏ, ÓÍappleÛ„ÎÂÌÌ˚Ï ‚ Á‡‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: óËÒÎÓ 2,354, ÓÍappleÛ„ÎÂÌÌÓÂ ‰Ó<br />
·ÎËʇȯÂÈ Ú˚Òfl˜Ë, ·Û‰ÂÚ 2,000, ‡<br />
ÚÓ Ê ˜ËÒÎÓ 2,354, ÓÍappleÛ„ÎÂÌÌÓ ‰Ó<br />
·ÎËʇȯËı 100, ·Û‰ÂÚ 2,400.<br />
run/ÔÂappleÂÏ¢ÂÌËÂ: àÁÏÂÌÂÌË ‚<br />
„ÓappleËÁÓÌڇθÌÓÏ Ì‡Ôapple‡‚ÎÂÌËË, ÍÓ„‰‡ ̇ÍÎÓÌ<br />
ÎËÌËË ÓÔapple‰ÂÎflÂÚÒfl ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂÏ<br />
ÔÓ‰˙ÂÏ<br />
ÔÂappleÂÏ¢ÂÌË , ËÎË“ÔÓ‰˙ÂÏ ‚ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ<br />
ÔÂappleÂÏ¢ÂÌËfl”.<br />
S<br />
sales tax/̇ÎÓ„ Ò ÔappleÓ‰‡Ê: èappleÓˆÂÌÚ<br />
ÒÚÓËÏÓÒÚË ËÁ‰ÂÎËfl, ÍÓÚÓapple˚È ‚ÁËχÂÚÒfl<br />
Ôapple‡‚ËÚÂθÒÚ‚ÓÏ ‰Îfl Ò·Óapple‡ ‰ÂÌ„.<br />
sample/‚˚·Óapple͇: ó‡ÒÚ¸ ÒÓ‚ÓÍÛÔÌÓÒÚË.<br />
sample space/ÔappleÓÒÚapple‡ÌÒÚ‚Ó ‚˚·ÓappleÓÍ: ÇÒÂ<br />
‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌ˚ ËÒıÓ‰˚ ˝ÍÒÔÂappleËÏÂÌÚ‡.<br />
scale/χүڇ·: éÚÌÓ¯ÂÌË ÏÂÊ‰Û ‰‚ÛÏfl<br />
̇·Óapple‡ÏË appleÂÁÛθڇÚÓ‚ ËÁÏÂappleÂÌËÈ.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 98 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
scale drawing/˜ÂappleÚÂÊ, ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÌ˚È ‚<br />
χүڇ·Â: óÂappleÚÂÊ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÏ<br />
ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl χүڇ· ‰Îfl ÛÏÂ̸¯ÂÌËfl ËÎË<br />
Û‚Â΢ÂÌËfl Ó·˙ÂÍÚ‡ ÔÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌ˲ Í Â„Ó<br />
apple‡θÌ˚Ï apple‡ÁÏÂapple‡Ï.<br />
scale factor/χүڇ·Ì˚È ÍÓ˝ÙÙˈËÂÌÚ:<br />
éÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ, ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÏÓ ‰Îfl Û‚Â΢ÂÌËfl<br />
ËÎË ÛÏÂ̸¯ÂÌËfl ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ÙË„Ûapple.<br />
scale model/χүڇ·Ì‡fl ÏÓ‰Âθ:<br />
èappleÓÔÓappleˆËÓ̇θ̇fl ÏÓ‰Âθ ÚappleÂıÏÂappleÌÓ„Ó<br />
Ó·˙ÂÍÚ‡.<br />
scalene triangle/apple‡ÁÌÓÒÚÓappleÓÌÌËÈ<br />
ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍ: íappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍ, ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚<br />
ÍÓÚÓappleÓ„Ó Ì ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚.<br />
scatter plot/‰Ë‡„apple‡Ïχ apple‡ÒÒÂflÌËfl:<br />
Ñˇ„apple‡Ïχ Ò ÚӘ͇ÏË, ̇ÌÂÒÂÌÌ˚ÏË ‰Îfl<br />
ÔÓ͇Á‡ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ„Ó ÒÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl ÏÂʉÛ<br />
‰‚ÛÏfl ̇·Óapple‡ÏË ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı.<br />
scientific notation/˝ÍÒÔÓÌÂ̈ˇθÌÓÂ<br />
Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌË ˜ËÒÂÎ: åÂÚÓ‰Ë͇ Á‡ÔËÒË<br />
Ó˜Â̸ ·Óθ¯Ëı Ë Ó˜Â̸ χÎÂ̸ÍËı ˜ËÒÂÎ Ò<br />
ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ ÒÚÂÔÂÌÂÈ 10.<br />
second differences/‚ÚÓapple˚ apple‡ÁÌÓÒÚË:<br />
èÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸, ÔÓÎÛ˜‡Âχfl ËÁ<br />
apple‡ÁÌÓÒÚË apple‡ÁÌÓÒÚÂÈ ÏÂÊ‰Û ˜ÎÂ̇ÏË<br />
ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓÒÚË.<br />
second quartile/‚ÚÓapple‡fl Í‚‡appleÚËθ: ëapple‰ÌÂÂ<br />
Á̇˜ÂÌË ̇·Óapple‡ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı.<br />
sector/ÒÂÍÚÓapple: é·Î‡ÒÚ¸, Á‡Íβ˜ÂÌ̇fl<br />
ÏÂÊ‰Û ‰‚ÛÏfl apple‡‰ËÛÒ‡ÏË Ë ‰Û„ÓÈ,<br />
ÒÓ‰ËÌfl˛˘ÂÈ Ëı ÍÓ̘Ì˚ ÚÓ˜ÍË.<br />
sector (data)/ÒÂÍÚÓapple (‰‡ÌÌ˚Â): ëÂÍÚÓapple<br />
ÍappleÛ„Ó‚Ó„Ó „apple‡ÙË͇, Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛˘ËÈ ˜‡ÒÚ¸<br />
̇·Óapple‡ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı.<br />
segment/ÓÚappleÂÁÓÍ: ó‡ÒÚ¸ ÔappleflÏÓÈ ÏÂʉÛ<br />
‰‚ÛÏfl ÚӘ͇ÏË.<br />
semiregular tessellation/ÔÓÎÛÔapple‡‚Ëθ̇fl<br />
ÏÓÁ‡Ë͇: åÓÁ‡Ë͇, ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌ̇fl ËÁ ‰‚Ûı ËÎË<br />
·ÓΠÔapple‡‚ËθÌ˚ı ÏÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌËÍÓ‚, Û<br />
ÍÓÚÓapple˚ı ͇ʉ‡fl ‚Âapple¯Ë̇ ˉÂÌÚ˘̇.<br />
sequence/ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸:<br />
ìÔÓapplefl‰Ó˜ÂÌÌ˚È ÒÔËÒÓÍ ˜ËÒÂÎ.<br />
set/̇·Óapple: ÉappleÛÔÔ‡ ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚.<br />
side/ÒÚÓappleÓ̇: ãËÌËfl, Ó„apple‡Ì˘˂‡˛˘‡fl<br />
„ÂÓÏÂÚapple˘ÂÒÍÛ˛ ÙË„ÛappleÛ; Ӊ̇ ËÁ<br />
ÔÓ‚ÂappleıÌÓÒÚÂÈ, Ó·apple‡ÁÛ˛˘Ëı ‚ÌÂ¯Ì˛˛<br />
ÒÚÓappleÓÌÛ Ó·˙ÂÍÚ‡.<br />
Side-Angle-Side (SAS)/ÔÓ ‰‚ÛÏ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ‡Ï Ë<br />
Û„ÎÛ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÌËÏË: èapple‡‚ËÎÓ,<br />
ÛÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡˛˘ÂÂ, ˜ÚÓ ÂÒÎË ‰‚ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚ Ë<br />
Û„ÓÎ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÌËÏË Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌË͇<br />
ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚ ‰‚ÛÏ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ‡Ï Ë Û„ÎÛ ÏÂʉÛ<br />
ÌËÏË ‚ÚÓappleÓ„Ó ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌË͇, ÚÓ Ú‡ÍËÂ<br />
ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍË ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚.<br />
Side-Side-Side (SSS)/ÔÓ ÚappleÂÏ ÒÚÓappleÓ̇Ï:<br />
èapple‡‚ËÎÓ, ÛÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡˛˘ÂÂ, ˜ÚÓ ÂÒÎË ÚappleË<br />
ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚ Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌË͇ ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚<br />
ÚappleÂÏ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ‡Ï ‰appleÛ„Ó„Ó ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌË͇, ÚÓ<br />
Ú‡ÍË ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍË ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚.<br />
(G7: Side-Side-Side Rule/Ôapple‡‚ËÎÓ “ÔÓ ÚappleÂÏ<br />
ÒÚÓappleÓ̇ϔ)<br />
significant digits/Á̇˜ËÏ˚ ˆËÙapple˚:<br />
ñËÙapple˚, ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÏ˚ ‰Îfl ‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËfl<br />
ÚÓ˜ÌÓÒÚË ËÁÏÂappleÂÌËfl.<br />
(G6: significant figures/Á̇˜ËÏ˚ ˆËÙapple˚ )<br />
similar/ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚È: îË„Ûapple˚, Ëϲ˘ËÂ<br />
Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚Û˛ ÙÓappleÏÛ, ÌÓ Ì ӷflÁ‡ÚÂθÌÓ<br />
Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚˚È apple‡ÁÏÂapple, fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ÏË.<br />
simple interest/ÔappleÓÒÚ˚ ÔappleÓˆÂÌÚ˚:<br />
îËÍÒËappleÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ ÔappleÓˆÂÌÚ˚ Ò ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÈ<br />
ÒÛÏÏ˚. éÔapple‰ÂÎfl˛ÚÒfl ÔÓ ÙÓappleÏÛΠI � prt,<br />
„‰Â p - ÓÒÌӂ̇fl ÒÛÏχ, r - ÔappleÓˆÂÌÚ̇fl<br />
ÒÚ‡‚͇ Ë t - ‚appleÂÏfl.<br />
simplest form/ÌÂÒÓÍapple‡ÚËχfl ÙÓappleχ<br />
‰appleÓ·Ë: ÑappleÓ·¸ ̇ıÓ‰ËÚÒfl ‚ ÌÂÒÓÍapple‡ÚËÏÓÈ<br />
ÙÓappleÏÂ, ÂÒÎË Â ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθ Ë Á̇ÏÂ̇ÚÂθ ÌÂ<br />
ËÏÂ˛Ú Ó·˘Ëı ÏÌÓÊËÚÂÎÂÈ, ÍappleÓÏ 1.<br />
simplify/ÛÔappleÓÒÚËÚ¸ (ÒÓÍapple‡ÚËÚ¸): á‡ÔËÒ‡Ú¸<br />
‰appleÓ·¸ ËÎË ‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌË ‚ ÌÂÒÓÍapple‡ÚËÏÓÈ<br />
(ÛÔappleÓ˘ÂÌÌÓÈ) ÙÓappleÏÂ.<br />
simulation/ÏÓ‰ÂÎËappleÓ‚‡ÌËÂ: åÓ‰Âθ<br />
˝ÍÒÔÂappleËÏÂÌÚ‡, ˜‡ÒÚÓ Ú‡ÍÓ„Ó, ÍÓÚÓapple˚È ÚappleÛ‰ÌÓ<br />
ËÎË ÒÎ˯ÍÓÏ ‰ÓÎ„Ó Ù‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË ‚˚ÔÓÎÌËÚ¸.<br />
sine (sin)/ÒËÌÛÒ (sin): Ç ÔappleflÏÓÛ„ÓθÌÓÏ<br />
ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍ - ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌË ‰ÎËÌ˚ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚,<br />
ÔappleÓÚË‚ÓÎÂʇ˘ÂÈ ÓÒÚappleÓÏÛ Û„ÎÛ, Í ‰ÎËÌÂ<br />
„ËÔÓÚÂÌÛÁ˚.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 99 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
skew lines/ÒÍapple¢˂‡˛˘ËÂÒfl ÔappleflÏ˚Â:<br />
èappleflÏ˚Â, ÎÂʇ˘Ë ‚ apple‡Á΢Ì˚ı ÔÎÓÒÍÓÒÚflı<br />
Ë Ì fl‚Îfl˛˘ËÂÒfl ÌË Ô‡apple‡ÎÎÂθÌ˚ÏË, ÌË<br />
ÔÂappleÂÒÂ͇˛˘ËÏËÒfl.<br />
slant height/‰ÎË̇ Ó·apple‡ÁÛ˛˘ÂÈ:<br />
ê‡ÒÒÚÓflÌË ÓÚ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÍÓÌÛÒ‡ ‰Ó „Ó<br />
‚Âapple¯ËÌ˚, ËÁÏÂappleÂÌÌÓ ‚‰Óθ ·ÓÍÓ‚ÓÈ<br />
ÔÓ‚ÂappleıÌÓÒÚË.<br />
slope/Û„ÎÓ‚ÓÈ ÍÓ˝ÙÙˈËÂÌÚ: åÂapple‡<br />
̇ÍÎÓ̇ ÎËÌËË Ì‡ „apple‡ÙËÍÂ; ˜‡ÒÚÌÓ ÓÚ<br />
‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ÔÓ‰˙Âχ ̇ ÔÂappleÂÏ¢ÂÌËÂ.<br />
slope-intercept form/Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌË ÔappleflÏÓÈ Ò<br />
Û„ÎÓ‚˚Ï ÍÓ˝ÙÙˈËÂÌÚÓÏ: ãËÌÂÈÌÓÂ<br />
Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌËÂ, Á‡ÔËÒ‡ÌÌÓ ‚ ÙÓappleÏ y � mx � b,<br />
„‰Â m - ˝ÚÓ Û„ÎÓ‚ÓÈ ÍÓ˝ÙÙˈËÂÌÚ, ‡<br />
b - ÓÚappleÂÁÓÍ, ÓÚÒÂ͇ÂÏ˚È Ì‡ ÓÒË y.<br />
solid figure/ÔappleÓÒÚapple‡ÌÒÚ‚ÂÌ̇fl ÙË„Ûapple‡:<br />
íappleÂıÏÂapplėfl ÙË„Ûapple‡.<br />
solution of an equation/apple¯ÂÌËÂ<br />
Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌËfl: ÇÂ΢Ë̇ ËÎË ‚Â΢ËÌ˚,<br />
ÍÓÚÓapple˚ ‰Â·˛Ú Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌË ËÒÚËÌÌ˚Ï.<br />
solution of an inequality/apple¯ÂÌËÂ<br />
ÌÂapple‡‚ÂÌÒÚ‚‡: ÇÂ΢Ë̇ ËÎË ‚Â΢ËÌ˚,<br />
ÍÓÚÓapple˚ ‰Â·˛Ú ÌÂapple‡‚ÂÌÒÚ‚Ó ËÒÚËÌÌ˚Ï.<br />
solution of a system of equations/apple¯ÂÌËÂ<br />
ÒËÒÚÂÏ˚ Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌËÈ: 燷Óapple ˜ËÒÂÎ, ÍÓÚÓapple˚Â<br />
‰Â·˛Ú ‚Ò Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌËfl ÒËÒÚÂÏ˚ ËÒÚËÌÌ˚ÏË.<br />
solution set/ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚Ó apple¯ÂÌËÈ:<br />
åÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚Ó apple¯ÂÌËÈ, ÍÓÚÓapple˚ ‰Â·˛Ú<br />
ÛÚ‚ÂappleʉÂÌË ËÒÚËÌÌ˚Ï.<br />
solve/apple¯‡Ú¸: ç‡ıÓ‰ËÚ¸ ÓÚ‚ÂÚ ËÎË apple¯ÂÌËÂ.<br />
space figure/Ó·˙ÂÏ̇fl ÙË„Ûapple‡: íappleÂıÏÂapplėfl<br />
ÙË„Ûapple‡.<br />
sphere/ÒÙÂapple‡: íappleÂıÏÂapplėfl ÙË„Ûapple‡, ‚ÒÂ<br />
ÚÓ˜ÍË ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ Ì‡ıÓ‰flÚÒfl ̇ Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚ÓÏ<br />
apple‡ÒÒÚÓflÌËË ÓÚ ˆÂÌÚapple‡.<br />
square (geometry)/Í‚‡‰apple‡Ú („ÂÓÏÂÚappleËfl):<br />
èappleflÏÓÛ„ÓθÌËÍ Ò ˜ÂÚ˚apple¸Ïfl ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚ÏË<br />
ÒÚÓappleÓ̇ÏË.<br />
square (numeration)/Í‚‡‰apple‡Ú<br />
(‚˚˜ËÒÎÂÌËfl): óËÒÎÓ, ‚ÓÁ‚‰ÂÌÌÓ ‚Ó<br />
‚ÚÓappleÛ˛ ÒÚÂÔÂ̸.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: Ç ‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËË 52 ˜ËÒÎÓ 5 ‚ÓÁ‚‰ÂÌÓ<br />
‚ Í‚‡‰apple‡Ú.<br />
square number/Í‚‡‰apple‡Ú ˜ËÒ·:<br />
èappleÓËÁ‚‰ÂÌË ˜ËÒ· ̇ Ò‡ÏÓ„Ó Ò·fl.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 25 - ˝ÚÓ Í‚‡‰apple‡Ú ˜ËÒ·.<br />
5 � 5 � 25<br />
square root/Í‚‡‰apple‡ÚÌ˚È ÍÓappleÂ̸: é‰ËÌ ËÁ<br />
‰‚Ûı apple‡‚Ì˚ı ÒÓÏÌÓÊËÚÂÎÂÈ ˜ËÒ·.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 16 � 4 � 4, ËÎË 16 ��4 ��4, ÚÓ<br />
ÂÒÚ¸ 4 Ë �4 fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl<br />
Í‚‡‰apple‡ÚÌ˚ÏË ÍÓappleÌflÏË ËÁ 16.<br />
standard form (in numeration)/<br />
Òڇ̉‡appleÚ̇fl ÙÓappleχ (‚ ‚˚˜ËÒÎÂÌËflı):<br />
óËÒÎÓ, Á‡ÔËÒ‡ÌÌÓÂ Ò ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ ˆËÙapple.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: èflÚ¸ Ú˚Òfl˜ ‰‚ÂÒÚË ‰ÂÒflÚ¸ ‚<br />
Òڇ̉‡appleÚÌÓÈ ÙÓappleÏ ·Û‰ÂÚ ËÏÂÚ¸<br />
‚ˉ 5,210.<br />
stem-and-leaf plot/‰Ë‡„apple‡Ïχ<br />
ÒËÏÏÂÚapple˘ÌÓ„Ó apple‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËfl ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı:<br />
Éapple‡ÙËÍ, ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÏ˚È ‰Îfl Óapple„‡ÌËÁ‡ˆËË Ë<br />
Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı Ú‡ÍËÏ Ó·apple‡ÁÓÏ,<br />
˜ÚÓ·˚ ÏÓÊÌÓ ·˚ÎÓ ÒÓÔÓÒÚ‡‚ËÚ¸ Ëı ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÛ.<br />
straight angle/apple‡Á‚ÂappleÌÛÚ˚È Û„ÓÎ: ì„ÓÎ,<br />
ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛˘ËÈ 180°.<br />
stratified sample/apple‡ÒÒÎÓÂÌ̇fl ‚˚·Óapple͇:<br />
Ç˚·Óapple͇ ËÁ ÒÓ‚ÓÍÛÔÌÓÒÚË, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ<br />
ËÏÂÂÚÒfl ‰ÂÎÂÌË ̇ ÔÓ‰„appleÛÔÔ˚.<br />
subset/˜‡ÒÚ¸ ̇·Óapple‡ (ÔӉӷ·ÒÚ¸): ó‡ÒÚ¸<br />
̇·Óapple‡ (ÔӉӷ·ÒÚ¸), ‚ıÓ‰fl˘‡fl ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚<br />
‰appleÛ„Ó„Ó Ì‡·Óapple‡ (‰appleÛ„ÓÈ Ó·Î‡ÒÚË).<br />
substitute/Á‡ÏÂ̇: Ç ‡Î„·apple‡Ë˜ÂÒÍÓÏ<br />
‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËË Á‡ÏÂ̇ ÔÂappleÂÏÂÌÌÓÈ ˜ËÒÎÓÏ ËÎË<br />
‰appleÛ„ËÏ ‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËÂÏ.<br />
Subtraction Property of Equality/Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó<br />
‡‰‰ËÚË‚ÌÓÒÚË apple‡‚ÂÌÒÚ‚‡ (ÔÓ ‚˚˜ËÚ‡Ì˲):<br />
ë‚ÓÈÒÚ‚Ó, ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË Ò ÍÓÚÓapple˚Ï ÔappleË<br />
‚˚˜ËÚ‡ÌËË Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó Ë ÚÓ„Ó Ê ˜ËÒ· ËÁ Ó·ÂËı<br />
˜‡ÒÚÂÈ Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌËfl, ÌÓ‚Ó Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌË ·Û‰ÂÚ<br />
ËÏÂÚ¸ ÚÓ Ê apple¯ÂÌËÂ.<br />
sum/ÒÛÏχ: êÂÁÛÎ¸Ú‡Ú ÒÎÓÊÂÌËfl ‰‚Ûı Ë<br />
·ÓΠ˜ËÒÂÎ.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 100 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
supplementary angles/‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌ˚Â<br />
Û„Î˚: Ñ‚‡ ۄ·, ÒÛÏχ ÍÓÚÓapple˚ı ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ<br />
180°.<br />
surface area/ÔÎÓ˘‡‰¸ ÔÓ‚ÂappleıÌÓÒÚË: ëÛÏχ<br />
ÔÎÓ˘‡‰ÂÈ „apple‡ÌÂÈ ËÎË ÔÓ‚ÂappleıÌÓÒÚÂÈ<br />
ÚappleÂıÏÂappleÌÓÈ ÙË„Ûapple˚.<br />
system of equations/ÒËÒÚÂχ Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌËÈ:<br />
ëËÒÚÂχ ‰‚Ûı ËÎË ·ÓΠÛapple‡‚ÌÂÌËÈ,<br />
ÒÓ‰Âappleʇ˘Ëı ‰‚ ËÎË ·ÓΠÔÂappleÂÏÂÌÌ˚ı.<br />
system of linear equations/ÒËÒÚÂχ<br />
ÎËÌÂÈÌ˚ı Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌËÈ: Ñ‚‡ ËÎË ·ÓÎÂÂ<br />
ÎËÌÂÈÌ˚ı Ûapple‡‚ÌÂÌËÈ, ÔÓÒÚappleÓÂÌÌ˚ı ‚ Ó‰ÌÓÈ Ë<br />
ÚÓÈ Ê ÔÎÓÒÍÓÒÚË ÍÓÓapple‰Ë̇Ú.<br />
systematic sample/ÒËÒÚÂχÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl<br />
‚˚·Óapple͇: Ç˚·Óapple͇ ËÁ ÒÓ‚ÓÍÛÔÌÓÒÚË,<br />
҉·Ì̇fl ÔÓ Ó·apple‡ÁˆÛ.<br />
T<br />
tangent (tan)/ڇ̄ÂÌÒ (tg): Ç<br />
ÔappleflÏÓÛ„ÓθÌÓÏ ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍ - ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ<br />
‰ÎËÌ˚ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚, ÔappleÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÎÓÊÌÓÈ ÓÒÚappleÓÏÛ<br />
Û„ÎÛ, Í ‰ÎËÌ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚, ÔappleËÎÂʇ˘ÂÈ Í<br />
ÓÒÚappleÓÏÛ Û„ÎÛ.<br />
tangent (to a circle)/͇҇ÚÂθ̇fl (Í<br />
ÓÍappleÛÊÌÓÒÚË): èappleflχfl, ͇҇˛˘‡flÒfl<br />
ÓÍappleÛÊÌÓÒÚË ÚÓθÍÓ ‚ Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÚÓ˜ÍÂ.<br />
term (in an expression)/˜ÎÂÌ (‚<br />
‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËË): ó‡ÒÚË ‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËfl, ÍÓÚÓapple˚Â<br />
ÒÍ·‰˚‚‡˛ÚÒfl ËÎË ‚˚˜ËÚ‡˛ÚÒfl.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 5x2 - ˝ÚÓ Ó‰ÌÓ˜ÎÂÌÌÓ ‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËÂ,<br />
�10 - ˝ÚÓ Ó‰ÌÓ˜ÎÂÌÌÓ ‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËÂ<br />
Ë x � 1 ˝ÚÓ ‰‚Ûı˜ÎÂÌÌÓÂ<br />
‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËÂ.<br />
term (in a sequence)/˜ÎÂÌ (‚<br />
ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓÒÚË): ùÎÂÏÂÌÚ ËÎË ˜ËÒÎÓ<br />
ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓÒÚË.<br />
terminating decimal/ÍÓ̘̇fl ‰ÂÒflÚ˘̇fl<br />
‰appleÓ·¸: ÑÂÒflÚ˘̇fl ‰appleÓ·¸, ÒÓÒÚÓfl˘‡fl ËÁ<br />
ÍÓ̘ÌÓ„Ó ˜ËÒ· ˆËÙapple.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 6.75<br />
tessellation/ÏÓÁ‡Ë͇: ìÁÓapple ËÁ<br />
ÔÓ‚ÚÓapplefl˛˘ËıÒfl ÔÎÓÒÍËı ÙË„Ûapple, ÍÓÚÓapple˚Â<br />
ÔÓÎÌÓÒÚ¸˛ ÔÓÍapple˚‚‡˛Ú ÔÎÓÒÍÓÒÚ¸ ·ÂÁ<br />
Á‡ÁÓappleÓ‚ ËÎË ÔÂappleÂÍapple˚ÚËÈ.<br />
tetrahedron/ÚÂÚapple‡˝‰apple: åÌÓ„Ó„apple‡ÌÌËÍ,<br />
Ëϲ˘ËÈ ˜ÂÚ˚apple „apple‡ÌË.<br />
theoretical probability/ÚÂÓappleÂÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl<br />
‚ÂappleÓflÚÌÓÒÚ¸: éÚÌÓ¯ÂÌË ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡<br />
ËÒıÓ‰Ó‚ apple‡‚ÌÓ‚ÂappleÓflÚÌ˚ı ÒÓ·˚ÚËÈ Í Ó·˘ÂÏÛ<br />
ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Û ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌ˚ı ËÒıÓ‰Ó‚.<br />
third quartile/ÚappleÂÚ¸fl Í‚‡appleÚËθ: ëapple‰ÌÂÂ<br />
Á̇˜ÂÌË ‚ÂappleıÌÂÈ ÔÓÎÓ‚ËÌ˚ ̇·Óapple‡ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı;<br />
Ú‡ÍÊ ̇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl upper quartile (‚ÂappleıÌflfl<br />
Í‚‡appleÚËθ).<br />
tip/˜‡Â‚˚Â: ëÛÏχ ‰ÂÌ„ Á‡ ÛÒÎÛ„Ë,<br />
‰Ó·‡‚ÎflÂχfl Í Ò˜ÂÚÛ; Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ‚ ‚ˉÂ<br />
ÔappleÓˆÂÌÚ‡ ÓÚ ÒÛÏÏ˚ Ò˜ÂÚ‡.<br />
transformation/ÔappleÂÓ·apple‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂ:<br />
àÁÏÂÌÂÌË apple‡ÁÏÂapple‡ ËÎË ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËfl ÙË„Ûapple˚.<br />
translation/Ò‰‚Ë„: Ñ‚ËÊÂÌË (ÒÍÓθÊÂÌËÂ)<br />
ÙË„Ûapple˚ ‚‰Óθ ÔappleflÏÓÈ ÎËÌËË.<br />
transversal/ÒÂÍÛ˘‡fl: èappleflχfl,<br />
ÔÂappleÂÒÂ͇˛˘‡fl ‰‚ ËÎË ·ÓΠÔappleflÏ˚ı.<br />
trapezoid/Úapple‡ÔˆËfl: óÂÚ˚appleÂıÛ„ÓθÌËÍ, ‚<br />
ÍÓÚÓappleÓÏ ËÏÂÂÚÒfl Î˯¸ Ӊ̇ Ô‡apple‡<br />
Ô‡apple‡ÎÎÂθÌ˚ı ÒÚÓappleÓÌ.<br />
tree diagram/‰apple‚ӂˉ̇fl ÒıÂχ (‰Âapple‚Ó):<br />
ëıÂχ Ò ÓÚ‚ÂÚ‚ÎÂÌËflÏË, ÍÓÚÓapple˚Â<br />
ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡˛Ú ‚Ò ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌ˚ ÍÓÏ·Ë̇ˆËË<br />
ËÎË ËÒıÓ‰˚ ÒÓ·˚ÚËfl.<br />
trial/ËÒÔ˚Ú‡ÌËÂ: Ç ÚÂÓappleËË ‚ÂappleÓflÚÌÓÒÚÂÈ -<br />
‰ËÌ˘ÌÓ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌË ËÎË Ì‡·Î˛‰ÂÌË ‚<br />
˝ÍÒÔÂappleËÏÂÌÚÂ.<br />
triangle/ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍ: íappleÂıÒÚÓappleÓÌÌËÈ<br />
ÏÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌËÍ.<br />
Triangle Sum Theorem/ÚÂÓappleÂχ Ó ÒÛÏÏÂ<br />
Û„ÎÓ‚ ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌË͇: íÂÓappleÂχ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ<br />
‰Ó͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl, ˜ÚÓ ÒÛÏχ Û„ÎÓ‚<br />
ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌË͇ apple‡‚̇ 180°.<br />
triangular prism/<br />
ÚappleÂÛ„Óθ̇fl ÔappleËÁχ:<br />
åÌÓ„Ó„apple‡ÌÌËÍ, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËflÏË<br />
ÍÓÚÓappleÓ„Ó fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl<br />
ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌËÍË, ‡ ‰appleÛ„ËÂ<br />
„apple‡ÌË - Ô‡apple‡ÎÎÂÎÓ„apple‡ÏχÏË.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 101 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
trigonometric ratios/ÚappleË„ÓÌÓÏÂÚapple˘ÂÒÍËÂ<br />
ÙÛÌ͈ËË: îÛÌ͈ËË, ÓÔapple‰ÂÎflÂÏ˚Â<br />
ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂÏ ‰ÎËÌ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ ÔappleflÏÓÛ„ÓθÌÓ„Ó<br />
ÚappleÂÛ„ÓθÌË͇; ¯ËappleÓÍÓ apple‡ÒÔappleÓÒÚapple‡ÌÂÌÌ˚ÏË<br />
ÙÛÌ͈ËflÏË fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ڇ̄ÂÌÒ, ÒËÌÛÒ Ë<br />
ÍÓÒËÌÛÒ.<br />
U<br />
unbiased sample/ÌÂÒÏ¢ÂÌ̇fl ‚˚·Óapple͇:<br />
Ç˚·Óapple͇ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÌÂÒÏ¢ÂÌÌÓÈ, ÂÒÎË<br />
͇ʉ˚È ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚È ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ ÒÓ‚ÓÍÛÔÌÓÒÚË<br />
ËÏÂÂÚ apple‡‚Ì˚È ¯‡ÌÒ ·˚Ú¸ ‚˚·apple‡ÌÌ˚Ï.<br />
underestimate/̉ÓÓˆÂÌ͇ (Á‡ÌËÊÂÌ̇fl<br />
ÓˆÂÌ͇): éˆÂÌ͇, ÍÓÚÓapple‡fl ÌËÊÂ, ˜ÂÏ<br />
ÚÓ˜Ì˚È ÓÚ‚ÂÚ.<br />
union/Ó·˙‰ËÌÂÌËÂ: ëÓ‚ÓÍÛÔÌÓÒÚ¸ ‚ÒÂı<br />
˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚, ÔappleË̇‰ÎÂʇ˘Ëı ‰‚ÛÏ ËÎË ·ÓÎÂÂ<br />
ӷ·ÒÚflÏ (̇·Óapple‡Ï).<br />
unit conversion/ÔappleÂÓ·apple‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌË ‰ËÌˈ:<br />
èappleÓˆÂÒÒ ÔappleÂÓ·apple‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl Ó‰ÌÓÈ Â‰ËÌˈ˚<br />
ËÁÏÂappleÂÌËfl ‚ ‰appleÛ„Û˛.<br />
unit conversion factor/ÍÓ˝ÙÙˈËÂÌÚ<br />
ÔappleÂÓ·apple‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ‰ËÌˈ: ÑappleÓ·¸,<br />
ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂχfl ‚ ÔappleÂÓ·apple‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËË Â‰ËÌˈ, ‚<br />
ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ ˜ËÒÎËÚÂθ Ë Á̇ÏÂ̇ÚÂθ<br />
Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú Ó‰ÌÓ Ë ÚÓ Ê ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó, ÌÓ<br />
‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌÌÓ ‚ apple‡Á΢Ì˚ı ‰ËÌˈ‡ı<br />
ËÁÏÂappleÂÌËfl.<br />
60 ÏËÌ<br />
èappleËÏeapple:<br />
1<br />
ËÎË<br />
˜‡Ò<br />
1 ˜‡Ò<br />
60 ÏËÌ<br />
unit price/ˆÂ̇ Á‡ ‰ËÌˈÛ: ñÂ̇ Á‡<br />
‰ËÌˈÛ, ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂχfl ‰Îfl ÒÓÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËfl<br />
ˆÂÌ.<br />
unit rate/ÓˆÂÌ͇ ‚ apple‡Ò˜ÂÚ ̇ ‰ËÌˈÛ:<br />
éˆÂÌ͇, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ ‚ÚÓappleÓ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó ‚<br />
ÒÓÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËË Ôapple‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ ÒÓ·ÓÈ Â‰ËÌˈÛ.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 10 ÒÏ ‚ ÏËÌÛÚÛ.<br />
unlike fractions/‰appleÓ·Ë, Ì fl‚Îfl˛˘ËÂÒfl<br />
ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ÏË: ÑappleÓ·Ë Ò apple‡Á΢Ì˚ÏË<br />
Á̇ÏÂ̇ÚÂÎflÏË.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 3 –<br />
4 Ë 1 –<br />
2 ÌÂ fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ÏË<br />
‰appleÓ·flÏË.<br />
upper extreme/‚ÂappleıÌËÈ ˝ÍÒÚappleÂÏÛÏ:<br />
ç‡Ë·Óθ¯Â ˜ËÒÎÓ ‚ ̇·Óapple ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı.<br />
upper quartile/‚ÂappleıÌflfl Í‚‡appleÚËθ: ëapple‰ÌÂÂ<br />
Á̇˜ÂÌË ‚ÂappleıÌÂÈ ÔÓÎÓ‚ËÌ˚ ̇·Óapple‡ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı;<br />
Ú‡ÍÊ ̇Á˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl third quartile (ÚappleÂÚ¸fl<br />
Í‚‡appleÚËθ).<br />
V<br />
vanishing point/ÚӘ͇ ÒıÓ‰‡: Ç<br />
ÔÂappleÒÔÂÍÚË‚ÌÓÏ ËÁÓ·apple‡ÊÂÌËË - ÚӘ͇, ‚<br />
ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ ÒıÓ‰flÚÒfl ÎËÌËË, ÛıÓ‰fl˘Ë ÓÚ<br />
̇·Î˛‰‡ÚÂÎfl.<br />
variability/ËÁÏÂ̘˂ÓÒÚ¸: ê‡Á·appleÓÒ Á̇˜ÂÌËÈ<br />
ËÁ ̇·Óapple‡ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı.<br />
variable/ÔÂappleÂÏÂÌ̇fl: é·ÓÁ̇˜ÂÌËÂ,<br />
ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÏÓ ‰Îfl ÓÚÓ·apple‡ÊÂÌËfl ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚‡,<br />
ÍÓÚÓappleÓÂ ÏÓÊÂÚ ÏÂÌflÚ¸Òfl.<br />
Venn diagram/‰Ë‡„apple‡Ïχ ÇÂÌ̇:<br />
Ñˇ„apple‡Ïχ, ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂχfl ‰Îfl ÓÚÓ·apple‡ÊÂÌËfl<br />
ÒÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl ÏÂÊ‰Û Ó·Î‡ÒÚflÏË.<br />
verbal expression/flÁ˚ÍÓ‚Ó ‚˚apple‡ÊÂÌËÂ:<br />
ëÎÓ‚Ó ËÎË Ùapple‡Á‡.<br />
vertex/‚Âapple¯Ë̇: Ç Û„Î ËÎË<br />
ÏÌÓ„ÓÛ„ÓθÌËÍ - ÚӘ͇, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ<br />
ÔÂappleÂÒÂ͇˛ÚÒfl ‰‚ ÒÚÓappleÓÌ˚; ‚ ÏÌÓ„Ó„apple‡ÌÌËÍÂ<br />
- ÔÂappleÂÒ˜ÂÌË ÚappleÂı ËÎË ·ÓΠ„apple‡ÌÂÈ; ‚<br />
ÍÓÌÛÒ ËÎË ÔËapple‡Ïˉ - ̇˂˚Ò¯‡fl ÚӘ͇.<br />
vertical angles/<br />
‚ÂappleÚË͇θÌ˚ ۄÎ˚: a<br />
b<br />
c<br />
è‡apple‡ ÔappleÓÚË‚ÓÎÂʇ˘Ëı<br />
ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚ı Û„ÎÓ‚,<br />
d<br />
Ó·apple‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ı ÔÂappleÂÒÂ͇˛˘ËÏËÒfl ÔappleflÏ˚ÏË;<br />
̇ ‰Ë‡„apple‡ÏÏ �a Ë �c fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl<br />
ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚ÏË Ë �b Ë �d fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl<br />
ÍÓÌ„appleÛ˝ÌÚÌ˚ÏË.<br />
volume/Ó·˙ÂÏ: óËÒÎÓ Í۷˘ÂÒÍËı ‰ËÌˈ,<br />
ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏ˚ı ‰Îfl Á‡ÔÓÎÌÂÌËfl<br />
ÓÔapple‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÔappleÓÒÚapple‡ÌÒÚ‚‡.<br />
W<br />
withholding tax/ÔÓ‰ÓıÓ‰Ì˚È Ì‡ÎÓ„ Û<br />
ËÒÚÓ˜ÌË͇: ç‡ÎÓ„, ‚ÁËχÂÏ˚È ËÁ<br />
Á‡apple‡·ÓÚÌÓÈ Ô·Ú˚ Í‡Í ‡‚‡ÌÒÓ‚˚È Ô·ÚÂÊ<br />
ÔÓ‰ÓıÓ‰ÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÎÓ„‡.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 102 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
X<br />
x-axis/ÓÒ¸ ‡·ÒˆËÒÒ (ÓÒ¸ x): ÉÓappleËÁÓÌڇθ̇fl<br />
ÓÒ¸ ̇ ÔÎÓÒÍÓÒÚË ÍÓÓapple‰Ë̇Ú.<br />
x-coordinate/‡·ÒˆËÒÒ‡ (ÍÓÓapple‰Ë̇ڇ ÔÓ<br />
ÓÒË x): èÂapple‚Ó ˜ËÒÎÓ ‚ ÛÔÓapplefl‰Ó˜ÂÌÌÓÈ Ô‡appleÂ;<br />
ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚ apple‡ÒÒÚÓflÌË ‰Îfl ÔÂappleÂÏ¢ÂÌËfl<br />
‚Ôapple‡‚Ó ËÎË ‚ÎÂ‚Ó ÓÚ Ì‡˜‡Î‡ ÍÓÓapple‰ËÌ‡Ú (0,0).<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 5 - ˝ÚÓ ‡·ÒˆËÒÒ‡ (ÍÓÓapple‰Ë̇ڇ x) ‚<br />
ԇapple (5,3).<br />
x-intercept/ÓÚappleÂÁÓÍ Ì‡ ÓÒË x: Ä·ÒˆËÒÒ‡<br />
ÚÓ˜ÍË, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ „apple‡ÙËÍ ÎËÌËË ÔÂappleÂÒÂ͇ÂÚ<br />
ÓÒ¸ ‡·ÒˆËÒÒ (ÓÒ¸ x).<br />
Y<br />
y-axis/ÓÒ¸ Óapple‰ËÌ‡Ú (ÓÒ¸ y): ÇÂappleÚË͇θ̇fl<br />
ÓÒ¸ ̇ ÔÎÓÒÍÓÒÚË ÍÓÓapple‰Ë̇Ú.<br />
y-coordinate/Óapple‰Ë̇ڇ (ÍÓÓapple‰Ë̇ڇ ÔÓ<br />
ÓÒË y): ÇÚÓappleÓ ˜ËÒÎÓ ‚ ÛÔÓapplefl‰Ó˜ÂÌÌÓÈ Ô‡appleÂ;<br />
ÔÓ͇Á˚‚‡ÂÚ apple‡ÒÒÚÓflÌË ‰Îfl ÔÂappleÂÏ¢ÂÌËfl<br />
‚‚Âappleı ËÎË ‚ÌËÁ ÓÚ Ì‡˜‡Î‡ ÍÓÓapple‰ËÌ‡Ú (0,0).<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 3 - ˝ÚÓ Óapple‰Ë̇ڇ (ÍÓÓapple‰Ë̇ڇ y) ‚<br />
ԇapple (5,3).<br />
y-intercept/ÓÚappleÂÁÓÍ Ì‡ ÓÒË y: éapple‰Ë̇ڇ<br />
ÚÓ˜ÍË, ‚ ÍÓÚÓappleÓÈ „apple‡ÙËÍ ÎËÌËË ÔÂappleÂÒÂ͇ÂÚ<br />
ÓÒ¸ Óapple‰ËÌ‡Ú (ÓÒ¸ y).<br />
Z<br />
zero pair/ÌÛ΂‡fl Ô‡apple‡: óËÒÎÓ Ë<br />
ÔappleÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÎÓÊÌÓ ÂÏÛ ÔÓ Á̇ÍÛ ˜ËÒÎÓ,<br />
ÒÛÏχ ÍÓÚÓapple˚ı apple‡‚̇ 0.<br />
èappleËÏeapple: 18 Ë –18<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 103 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
A<br />
absolute value/valor absoluto: La distancia<br />
en la recta numérica de un número al cero.<br />
El símbolo de valor absoluto es ��.<br />
Ejemplo: � �5 � � 5<br />
accuracy/exactitud: El grado de aproximación<br />
de una medida o valor dado a la medida<br />
o valor real.<br />
acute angle/ángulo agudo: Ángulo que mide<br />
menos de 90°.<br />
acute triangle/triángulo acutángulo:<br />
Triángulo cuyos ángulos miden menos de 90°.<br />
addend/sumando: Número que se suma a<br />
otros números para formar una suma. Por<br />
ejemplo, en la expresión 4 � 6 � 7, los<br />
números 4, 6 y 7 son sumandos.<br />
Addition Property of Equality/propiedad de<br />
igualdad de la suma: Propiedad que dice que<br />
si se suma el mismo número a ambos lados<br />
de una ecuación, la nueva ecuación tendrá la<br />
misma solución.<br />
Addition Property of Opposites/propiedad<br />
de opuestos en la suma: Propiedad que dice<br />
que la suma de un número y su opuesto es<br />
igual a cero.<br />
Ejemplo: 12 � (�12) � 0<br />
additive inverse/inverso aditivo: El opuesto<br />
de un número.<br />
Ejemplo: El inverso aditivo de 6 es �6.<br />
adjacent angles/ángulos<br />
adyacentes: Ángulos en el<br />
b<br />
mismo plano que tienen un a<br />
vértice en común y un lado<br />
en común.<br />
algebraic expression/expresión algebraica:<br />
Expresión que contiene por lo menos una<br />
variable.<br />
Ejemplos: x � 8; 4(m � b)<br />
algebraic inequality/desigualdad algebraica:<br />
Desigualdad que contiene por lo menos una<br />
variable.<br />
Ejemplos: x � 3 � 10; 5a � b � 3<br />
alternate exterior angles/<br />
ángulos exteriores<br />
alternos: Par de ángulos<br />
a b<br />
formados por una<br />
transversal y dos líneas;<br />
c d<br />
en el diagrama, los pares de ángulos<br />
exteriores alternos son �a y �d y �b y �c.<br />
alternate interior angles/<br />
ángulos interiores<br />
r s<br />
alternos: Par de ángulos<br />
formados por una<br />
transversal y dos líneas;<br />
t v<br />
en el diagrama, los pares de ángulos<br />
interiores alternos son �r y �v y �s y �t.<br />
altitude/altura: Distancia perpendicular del<br />
vértice de un polígono a la base opuesta<br />
(o línea que contiene esa base).<br />
angle/ángulo: Figura formada por dos líneas<br />
rectas que se cortan en un extremo común<br />
llamado vértice.<br />
angle bisector/bisectriz:<br />
N<br />
Línea, segmento o rayo que<br />
P<br />
O<br />
divide un ángulo en dos<br />
ángulos congruentes.<br />
M<br />
Angle-Side-Angle (ASA)/regla de<br />
congruencia ángulo-lado-ángulo (A.L.A.):<br />
Establece que si dos de los ángulos y el lado<br />
que los conecta de un triángulo son<br />
congruentes con los de otro triángulo,<br />
entonces los triángulos son congruentes.<br />
arc/arco: Porción de un círculo que se<br />
localiza entre dos puntos extremos.<br />
area/área: Número de unidades cuadradas<br />
necesarias para cubrir una superficie dada.<br />
arithmetic sequence/sucesión aritmética:<br />
Lista ordenada de números en la que la<br />
diferencia entre cualquier par de términos<br />
consecutivos es siempre la misma.<br />
Associative Property/propiedad asociativa<br />
Suma: Propiedad que establece que para<br />
todos los números reales a, b y c, la suma es<br />
siempre la misma, sin importar la forma en<br />
que se agrupan los sumandos:<br />
a � b � c � (a � b) � c � a � (b � c)<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 105 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
Multiplicación: Propiedad que establece que<br />
para todos los números reales a, b y c,el<br />
producto es siempre el mismo, sin importar<br />
el orden en que se agrupan los factores:<br />
a � b � c � (a � b) � c � a � (b � c)<br />
asymmetry/asimetría: Los dos lados<br />
formados por una línea central son<br />
desiguales; sin simetría.<br />
average/promedio: La suma de un conjunto<br />
de datos dividida entre el número de datos<br />
que contiene el conjunto; también se llama<br />
mean (media).<br />
average deviation/desviación promedio:<br />
Distancia promedio entre cada valor de un<br />
conjunto de datos y la media.<br />
axes/ejes: Las dos líneas perpendiculares que<br />
se cruzan en el origen en un plano cartesiano.<br />
B<br />
back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot/tabla<br />
arborescente doble: Tabla arborescente que<br />
compara dos conjuntos de datos, uno a la<br />
izquierda del tallo y el otro a la derecha.<br />
bar graph/gráfica de barras: Gráfica que<br />
muestra datos mediante barras verticales u<br />
horizontales.<br />
base-10 system/sistema en base 10: Sistema<br />
numérico en el que todos los números se<br />
expresan con los dígitos 0 a 9.<br />
base (in numeration)/base (en la<br />
numeración): Cuando un número se eleva a<br />
una potencia, el número que se usa como<br />
factor es la base.<br />
Ejemplo: 3 5 � 3 � 3 � 3 � 3 � 3<br />
base (of a polygon or three-dimensional<br />
figure)/base (de un polígono o figura<br />
tridimensional): Lado de un polígono; cara<br />
de una figura tridimensional mediante la cual<br />
se mide o clasifica la figura.<br />
Bases del<br />
cilindro<br />
Bases del<br />
prisma<br />
Base del<br />
cono<br />
Base de<br />
la pirámide<br />
biased sample/muestra sesgada: Muestra que<br />
no representa la población de forma precisa.<br />
binary number system/sistema numérico<br />
binario: Sistema numérico en el que todos los<br />
números se representan sólo mediante dos<br />
dígitos: 0 y 1.<br />
binomial/binomio: Un polinomio de dos<br />
términos.<br />
Ejemplos: 10 � m; 3y � 2<br />
bisect/bisecar: Dividir una figura en dos<br />
partes congruentes.<br />
boundary line/línea de limíte: Conjunto de<br />
puntos donde los dos lados de una desigualdad<br />
lineal de dos variables son iguales.<br />
box-and-whisker plot/gráfica de mediana y<br />
rango: También conocida como gráfica de caja<br />
y bigotes, muestra el cuartil superior e inferior<br />
como dos “bigotes”, los dos cuartiles del centro<br />
como los lados de una “caja” y la mediana<br />
como una línea vertical que pasa por la caja.<br />
break (graph)/discontinuidad (de gráfica):<br />
Línea zigzag en la escala horizontal o vertical<br />
de una gráfica que indica que se han omitido<br />
algunos números en la escala.<br />
C<br />
capacity/capacidad: Cantidad que puede<br />
contener un recipiente cuando se llena.<br />
Celsius/Celsius: Escala métrica para medir<br />
temperatura en la que 0°C es la temperatura<br />
de congelación del agua y 100°C es la<br />
temperatura de ebullición; también se conoce<br />
como centigrade (escala centígrada).<br />
center (of a circle)/centro (de un círculo):<br />
Punto dentro de un círculo que es equidistante<br />
a todos los puntos de la circunferencia.<br />
center (of dilation)/centro (de dilatación):<br />
Punto de intersección de las líneas que parten<br />
de cada uno de ángulos de una dilatación.<br />
center (of rotation)/centro (de rotación):<br />
Punto sobre el que se gira una figura.<br />
central angle/ángulo central: Ángulo cuyo<br />
vértice está en el centro de un círculo.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 106 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
certain (probability)/seguro (probabilidad):<br />
Que es seguro que suceda; que tiene una<br />
probabilidad de 1.<br />
chord/cuerda: Segmento de recta cuyos<br />
extremos están incluidos en un círculo.<br />
circle/círculo: Conjunto de<br />
todos los puntos que están a la<br />
misma distancia de un punto<br />
dado llamado centro.<br />
circle graph/gráfica circular: Gráfica que usa<br />
sectores de un círculo para comparar las<br />
partes entre sí y con el todo.<br />
circumference/circunferencia: Distancia<br />
alrededor de un círculo.<br />
clockwise/en el sentido<br />
de las manecillas del reloj:<br />
Movimiento circular a la<br />
derecha en la dirección indicada.<br />
clustering/aproximación: Método para<br />
estimar una suma cuando todos los<br />
sumandos se aproximan al mismo valor.<br />
Ejemplo: 27, 29, 24 y 26 se aproximan a 25.<br />
coefficient/coeficiente: Número que<br />
multiplica a la variable en una expresión<br />
algebraica.<br />
Ejemplo: 5 es el coeficiente en 5b.<br />
combination/combinación: Agrupación de<br />
elementos o sucesos en la que el orden no<br />
importa.<br />
commission/comisión: Cantidad que se paga<br />
a una persona por realizar una venta.<br />
commission rate/tasa de comisión: Cantidad<br />
que se paga a una persona por hacer una<br />
venta; se expresa como un porcentaje del<br />
precio de la venta.<br />
common denominator/denominador común:<br />
Denominador que es igual en dos o más<br />
fracciones.<br />
Ejemplo: el denominador común de 5 –<br />
8 y 2 C<br />
–<br />
8 es 8.<br />
common difference/diferencia común: La<br />
diferencia entre dos términos sucesivos en<br />
una sucesión aritmética.<br />
common factor/factor común: Número que<br />
es factor de dos o más números.<br />
Ejemplo: 8 es un factor de 16 y 40.<br />
common multiple/múltiplo común: Número<br />
que es múltiplo de dos o más números.<br />
Ejemplo: 15 es múltiplo común de 3 y 5.<br />
common ratio/razón común: La razón por la<br />
que se multiplica cada término para producir<br />
el siguiente de una sucesión geométrica.<br />
Commutative Property/propiedad<br />
conmutativa<br />
Suma: Propiedad que establece que dos o más<br />
números pueden sumarse en cualquier orden<br />
sin que se altere la suma.<br />
Ejemplos: 8 � 20 � 20 � 8; a � b � b � a<br />
Multiplicación: Propiedad que establece que<br />
dos o más números pueden multiplicarse en<br />
cualquier orden sin que se altere el producto.<br />
Ejemplos: 6 � 12 � 12 � 6; a � b � b � a<br />
compatible numbers/números compatibles:<br />
Números que se aproximan a los números<br />
dados y que facilitan una estimación o cálculo<br />
mental.<br />
compensation/compensación: Cuando en un<br />
problema un número se aproxima a otro que<br />
facilita el cálculo, se utiliza este número para<br />
encontrar la solución, y luego se ajusta el<br />
resultado sumándole o restándole la cantidad<br />
adecuada.<br />
complementary angles/ángulos complementarios:<br />
Dos ángulos cuyas medidas suman 90°.<br />
composite number/número compuesto:<br />
Número mayor que 1 que tiene más de dos<br />
factores enteros.<br />
compound event/suceso compuesto: Suceso<br />
formado por dos o más sucesos simples.<br />
compound inequality/desigualdad<br />
compuesta: Combinación de más de una<br />
desigualdad.<br />
Ejemplo: x � �2 ó x � 10, ó �2 � x � 10.<br />
x es mayor o igual que �2 y menor<br />
que 10.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 107 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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compound interest/interés compuesto:<br />
Interés pagado sobre el capital y el interés<br />
generado anteriormente.<br />
concave polygon/polígono cóncavo: Polígono<br />
que posee, por lo menos, un ángulo interior<br />
mayor que 180°.<br />
cone/cono: Figura tridimensional con un<br />
vértice y una base circular.<br />
congruent /congruente: Que tiene el mismo<br />
tamaño y forma.<br />
congruent angles/ángulos congruentes:<br />
Ángulos que tienen la misma medida.<br />
congruent segments/segmentos congruentes:<br />
Segmentos que tienen la misma longitud.<br />
constant/constante: Valor que no cambia.<br />
constant of proportionality/constante de<br />
proporcionalidad: Razón constante de dos<br />
variables relacionadas proporcionalmente.<br />
Ejemplo: 5 � k, 10 � 2k y 15 � 3k<br />
convenience sample/muestra rápida:<br />
Muestrear los individuos más accesibles de<br />
una población para obtener resultados<br />
rápidos.<br />
conversion factor/factor de conversión:<br />
Fracción cuyo numerador y denominador<br />
representan la misma cantidad pero en<br />
unidades diferentes; la fracción es igual a 1<br />
porque el numerador y el denominador son<br />
iguales.<br />
24 horas<br />
Ejemplo: y<br />
1 día<br />
1 día<br />
24 horas<br />
convex polygon/polígono convexo: Polígono<br />
cuyos ángulos interiores miden 180° ó menos.<br />
coordinate plane (coordinate grid)/plano<br />
cartesiano: Plano formado por la intersección<br />
de una recta numérica horizontal llamada eje<br />
de las x y una recta numérica vertical llamada<br />
eje de las y.<br />
Cuadrante<br />
II<br />
Cuadrante<br />
III<br />
coordinate/coordenada: Uno de los números<br />
del par ordenado que representa un punto en<br />
la gráfica de coordenadas.<br />
correlation/correlación: Descripción de la<br />
relación entre dos conjuntos de datos.<br />
correspondence/correspondencia: Relación<br />
que existe entre dos o más objetos.<br />
corresponding angles<br />
(for lines)/ángulos<br />
correspondientes<br />
(para líneas): Par de<br />
ángulos formados por<br />
eje de las y<br />
Cuadrante<br />
I<br />
Cuadrante<br />
IV<br />
eje de las x<br />
q r<br />
s t<br />
m n<br />
o p<br />
una transversal y dos líneas; en el diagrama,<br />
los pares de ángulos correspondientes son<br />
�m y �q, �n y �r, �o y �s,y �p y �t.<br />
corresponding angles (in polygons)/ángulos<br />
correspondientes (en polígonos): ángulos<br />
semejantes en dos o más polígonos.<br />
corresponding sides/lados correspondientes:<br />
Lados semejantes de dos o más polígonos.<br />
cosine (cos)/coseno (cos): En un triángulo<br />
rectángulo, la razón de la longitud del lado<br />
adyacente a un ángulo agudo a la longitud de<br />
la hipotenusa.<br />
counterclockwise/en el<br />
sentido contrario a las<br />
manecillas del reloj:<br />
Movimiento circular a<br />
la izquierda en la dirección<br />
indicada.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 108 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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counterexample/contraejemplo: Ejemplo<br />
que muestra que un enunciado es falso.<br />
cross product/producto cruzado: El<br />
producto de números en diagonal cuando se<br />
comparan dos razones.<br />
Ejemplo: 2 –<br />
3 � 4 – 2<br />
6 3 � � 6 4 � � 12<br />
12<br />
cube (geometric figure)/<br />
cubo (figura geométrica):<br />
Prisma rectangular con seis<br />
caras cuadradas congruentes.<br />
cube (in numeration)/cubo (en la<br />
numeración): Número elevado a la tercera<br />
potencia.<br />
cumulative frequency/frecuencia<br />
acumulativa: La suma de elementos sucesivos<br />
en una tabla de frequencias.<br />
customary system of measurement/sistema<br />
imperial de medidas: Sistema de unidades de<br />
medida que se utiliza en los Estados Unidos.<br />
Ejemplo: pulgadas, pies, millas, onzas,<br />
toneladas, tazas, cuartos, galones<br />
cylinder/cilindro: Figura<br />
tridimensional con dos bases<br />
circulares que son congruentes y<br />
paralelas y que están conectadas<br />
por una superfice lateral curva.<br />
D<br />
decagon/decágono: Polígono con diez lados.<br />
decimal system/sistema decimal: Sistema<br />
numérico de valores posicionales en base 10.<br />
deductive reasoning/razonamiento<br />
deductivo: Uso de la lógica para demostrar<br />
que un enunciado es verdadero.<br />
degree/grado: Unidad de medida para<br />
ángulos o temperatura.<br />
denominator/denominador: El número de la<br />
parte inferior de una fracción; indica cuántas<br />
partes iguales hay en el entero.<br />
Ejemplo: 3 –<br />
4 denominador<br />
Density property of real numbers/<br />
propiedad de densidad de los números<br />
reales: Propiedad que establece que entre dos<br />
números reales cualesquiera hay siempre otro<br />
número real.<br />
dependent events/sucesos dependientes:<br />
Sucesos en los que el resultado del primer<br />
suceso afecta el resultado del segundo.<br />
diagonal/diagonal: Segmento de recta que<br />
conecta dos vértices no adyacentes de un<br />
polígono.<br />
diameter/diámetro: Segmento de recta que<br />
pasa por el centro de un círculo y tiene sus<br />
extremos en la circunferencia, o la longitud<br />
de ese segmento.<br />
difference/diferencia: Resultado de una resta.<br />
dilation/dilatación: Transformación que<br />
aumenta o reduce una figura.<br />
dimension/dimensión: La longitud, el ancho<br />
o la altura de una figura.<br />
direct variation/variación directa: Relación<br />
entre dos variables en la que los datos<br />
aumentan o disminuyen a la vez siguiendo<br />
una razón constante.<br />
discount/descuento: Cantidad en la que se<br />
reduce el precio original.<br />
Distributive Property of Multiplication over<br />
Addition/propiedad distributiva de la<br />
multiplicación sobre la suma: Propiedad que<br />
establece que si se multiplica una suma por<br />
un número, se obtiene el mismo resultado que<br />
si se multiplica cada sumando por dicho<br />
número y luego se suman los productos.<br />
Ejemplo: 5 � 21 � 5(20 � 1) � (5 � 20) � (5 � 1)<br />
dividend/dividendo: El número que se divide<br />
en un problema de división.<br />
Ejemplo: En 8 � 4 � 2, 8 es el dividendo.<br />
divisible/divisible: Que se puede dividir por<br />
un número sin dejar residuo.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 109 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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Division Property of Equality/propiedad de<br />
igualdad de la división: Propiedad que<br />
establece que si se dividen ambos lados de<br />
una ecuación por un mismo número distinto<br />
de cero, la nueva ecuación tiene la misma<br />
solución.<br />
divisor/divisor: El número por el que se<br />
divide en un problema de división.<br />
Ejemplo: En 8 � 4 � 2, 4 es el divisor.<br />
dodecahedron/dodecaedro: Poliedro con<br />
doce caras.<br />
domain/dominio: El conjunto de todos los<br />
valores de la variable independiente de una<br />
función.<br />
double-bar graph/gráfica de doble barra:<br />
Gráfica de barras que compara dos conjuntos<br />
de datos que estan relacionados.<br />
double-line graph/gráfica de doble línea:<br />
Gráfica que muestra cómo dos conjuntos<br />
relacionados de datos cambian a lo largo del<br />
tiempo.<br />
E<br />
edge/arista: Segmento<br />
de recta a lo largo del<br />
Aristas<br />
cual se intersecan dos<br />
caras de un poliedro.<br />
elements/elementos: Las palabras, números<br />
u objetos de un conjunto.<br />
empirical probability/probabilidad<br />
empírica: Ver experimental probability<br />
(probabilidad experimental).<br />
empty set/conjunto vacío: Conjunto que no<br />
tiene elementos.<br />
endpoint/extremo: Punto al final de un<br />
segmento de línea o rayo.<br />
enlargement/agrandamiento: Aumento del<br />
tamaño de todas las dimensiones en la misma<br />
proporción.<br />
equally likely outcomes/resultados<br />
igualmente probables: Resultados con la<br />
misma probabilidad de ocurrir.<br />
equation/ecuación: Enunciado matemático<br />
que demuestra que dos expresiones son<br />
equivalentes.<br />
equilateral triangle/triángulo equilátero:<br />
Triángulo con tres lados congruentes.<br />
equivalent/equivalente: Que tiene el mismo<br />
valor.<br />
equivalent fractions/fracciones equivalentes:<br />
Fracciones que denominan la misma cantidad<br />
o parte.<br />
equivalent ratios/razones equivalentes:<br />
Razones que denominan la misma<br />
comparación.<br />
estimate/estimación: Solución que se<br />
aproxima a la respuesta exacta y a la que se<br />
llega mediante redondeo, aproximación,<br />
redondeo por partes, números compatibles u<br />
otro método.<br />
evaluate/evaluar: Hallar el valor de una<br />
expresión numérica o algebraica.<br />
even number/numero par: Número entero<br />
divisible entre dos.<br />
event/suceso: Resultado o conjunto de<br />
resultados de un experimento o situación.<br />
expanded form/forma desarrollada: Número<br />
escrito como la suma de los valores de sus<br />
dígitos.<br />
Ejemplo: 236,536 escrito en forma<br />
desarrollada es 200,000 � 30,000 �<br />
6,000 � 500 � 30 � 6.<br />
experiment (probability)/experimento<br />
(probabilidad): En probabilidad, cualquier<br />
actividad basada en el azar (como lanzar una<br />
moneda al aire).<br />
experimental probability/probabilidad<br />
experimental: La relación entre el número de<br />
veces que ocurre un suceso y el número total<br />
de pruebas o veces que se repite un<br />
experimento.<br />
exponent/exponente: Número que indica<br />
cuántas veces se usa la base como factor.<br />
Ejemplo: 2 3 � 2 � 2 � 2 � 8; 3 es el exponente.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 110 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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exponential decay/disminución exponencial:<br />
Ocurre en una función exponencial cuando<br />
el valor de la función f(x) disminuye al<br />
aumentar el valor de la variable x.<br />
exponential form/forma exponencial:<br />
Un número está en forma exponencial<br />
cuando está escrito con una base y un<br />
exponente.<br />
Ejemplo: 4 2 es la forma exponencial de 4 � 4.<br />
exponential function/función exponencial:<br />
Función no lineal en la que la variable está en<br />
el exponente.<br />
exponential growth/crecimiento<br />
exponencial: Ocurre en una función<br />
exponencial cuando el valor de la función<br />
f(x) aumenta al aumentar el valor de la<br />
variable x.<br />
expression/expresión: Enunciado matemático<br />
que contiene operaciones, números y/o<br />
variables.<br />
extrapolation/extrapolación: Estimación o<br />
predicción de valores desconocidos basada en<br />
valores conocidos.<br />
face/cara: Superficie plana de un poliedro.<br />
F<br />
factor/factor: Número que se multiplica por<br />
otro para obtener un producto.<br />
factor tree/árbol de factores: Diagrama que<br />
muestra cómo un número entero se<br />
descompone en sus factores primos.<br />
factorial/factorial: El producto de todos los<br />
números naturales, a excepción del cero, que<br />
son iguales o menores que un número dado.<br />
Ejemplo: factorial 4 � 4! � 4 � 3 � 2 � 1<br />
0! se define como 1.<br />
Fahrenheit/Fahrenheit: Escala de temperatura<br />
en la que 32° es el punto de congelación<br />
del agua y 212° es su punto de ebullición.<br />
fair/justo: Cuando todos los resultados de un<br />
experimento tienen la misma probabilidad, se<br />
dice que el experimento es justo.<br />
fair games/juegos justos: Juegos en los que<br />
todos los participantes tienen la misma<br />
posibilidad de ganar.<br />
favorable outcome/resultado favorable:<br />
Resultado que se busca al realizar un<br />
experimento.<br />
Fibonacci sequence/sucesión de Fibonacci:<br />
La sucesión infinita de números (1, 1, 2, 3,<br />
5, 8, 13,…); a partir del tercer término, cada<br />
número es la suma de los dos anteriores;<br />
recibe su nombre en honor de Leonardo<br />
Fibonacci, matemático del siglo XIII.<br />
first differences/primeras diferencias:<br />
Secuencia formada al restar cada término de<br />
una secuencia del siguiente término.<br />
first quartile/primer cuartil: La mediana de la<br />
mitad inferior de un conjunto de datos, también<br />
llamado lower quartile (cuartil inferior).<br />
formula/fórmula: Regla que muestra las<br />
relaciones entre cantidades.<br />
Ejemplo: A � lw<br />
fractal/fractal: Estructura con patrones<br />
repetidos que contiene formas geométricas<br />
semejantes al total pero de tamaños variables.<br />
fraction/fracción: Un número expresado en<br />
la forma a –<br />
b ,donde b � 0.<br />
frequency table/tabla de frecuencias: Tabla<br />
que muestra los elementos según el número<br />
de veces, o frecuencia, en que ocurren.<br />
front-end estimation/estimación por partes:<br />
Método de estimación que es útil para sumar<br />
decimales. Se suman las primeras cifras de los<br />
sumandos (la parte entera) y después se<br />
redondean las segundas cifras (la parte<br />
decimal) y se suman al total para obtener una<br />
estimación más precisa.<br />
function/función: Relación entre los valores<br />
de entrada y de salida que tiene exactamente<br />
un valor de salida para cada valor de entrada.<br />
function notation/notación de funciones:<br />
Notación que se usa para describir una<br />
función.<br />
Ejemplo: y � 3x 2 f(x) � 3x 2 ; f(x) se lee<br />
“f de x.”<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 111 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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function table/tabla de una función: Tabla de<br />
pares ordenados que representan soluciones<br />
de una función.<br />
Fundamental Counting Principle/principio<br />
fundamental de conteo: Si un suceso tiene m<br />
resultados posibles y un segundo suceso tiene<br />
n resultados posibles después de que ocurre el<br />
primer suceso, entonces existen m � n<br />
resultados posibles para los dos sucesos.<br />
G<br />
geometric probability/probabilidad<br />
geométrica: Probabilidad basada en la<br />
comparación de las medidas de figuras<br />
geométricas.<br />
geometric sequence/sucesión geométrica:<br />
Lista ordenada de números en la que hay una<br />
razón común entre términos consecutivos.<br />
Golden Ratio/razón áurea: Proporción de<br />
aproximadamente 1.618. En un rectángulo<br />
con razón áurea, la relación entre la longitud<br />
y la altura es de aproximadamente 1.618.<br />
graph of an equation/gráfica de una<br />
ecuación: Gráfica del conjunto de pares<br />
ordenados que son soluciones de la ecuación.<br />
great circle/círculo mayor: Círculo trazado en<br />
una esfera de modo que el plano que contiene<br />
al círculo pasa por el centro de la esfera.<br />
greatest common factor (GCF)/máximo<br />
común divisor (MCD): El número mayor que<br />
es factor común de dos o más números dados.<br />
H<br />
height/altura<br />
En una pirámide o cono, la distancia<br />
perpendicular de la base al vértice opuesto.<br />
En un triángulo o cuadrilátero, la distancia<br />
perpendicular de la base al vértice o lado<br />
opuesto.<br />
En un prisma o cilindro, la distancia<br />
perpendicular entre las bases.<br />
hemisphere/hemisferio: La mitad de una<br />
esfera.<br />
heptagon/heptágono: Polígono de siete lados.<br />
hexagon/hexágono: Polígono de seis lados.<br />
histogram/histograma: Gráfica de barras que<br />
muestra la frecuencia de los datos en<br />
intervalos iguales.<br />
horizon line/línea del horizonte: Línea<br />
horizontal que representa el nivel de la vista<br />
de un observador.<br />
hypotenuse/hipotenusa: En un triángulo<br />
rectángulo, el lado opuesto al ángulo recto.<br />
I<br />
icosahedron/icosaedro: Poliedro de 20 caras.<br />
Identity Property of One/propiedad de<br />
identidad del uno: Propiedad que establece<br />
que el producto de 1 y cualquier número es<br />
igual a ese número.<br />
Identity Property of Zero/propiedad de<br />
identidad del cero: Propiedad que establece<br />
que la suma de cero y cualquier número es<br />
igual a ese número.<br />
if-then statement/enunciado de la forma<br />
“si p,entonces q”: Enunciado lógico que usa<br />
si y entonces para mostrar una relación entre<br />
dos condiciones.<br />
Ejemplo: Si todos los lados de un polígono<br />
tienen la misma longitud y todos los<br />
ángulos las mismas medidas,<br />
entonces el polígono es regular.<br />
image/imagen: Figura que resulta de una<br />
transformación.<br />
impossible (probability)/imposible<br />
(probabilidad): Que no puede suceder<br />
nunca, que tiene una probabilidad de 0.<br />
improper fraction/fracción impropia:<br />
Fracción en la que el numerador es mayor o<br />
igual al denominador.<br />
Ejemplos: 5 – 5 , 5 – 3<br />
independent events/sucesos independientes:<br />
Sucesos en los que el resultado de un suceso<br />
no afecta el de los demás.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 112 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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indirect measurement/medición indirecta:<br />
Método para encontrar una medida mediante<br />
figuras semejantes y proporciones.<br />
inductive reasoning/razonamiento inductivo:<br />
Llegar a una conclusión mediante un patrón.<br />
inequality/desigualdad: Enunciado matemático<br />
que muestra la relación entre cantidades<br />
que no son equivalentes.<br />
Ejemplos: 5 � 8; 5x � 2 � 12<br />
input/valor de entrada: Número que<br />
sustituye a una variable en una expresión o<br />
función.<br />
integers/enteros: Conjunto de todos los<br />
números enteros positivos, negativos y el<br />
cero.<br />
interest/interés: Cantidad de dinero cobrada<br />
por un préstamo o por el uso de dinero.<br />
interior angles/ángulos<br />
interiores: Ángulos que<br />
se encuentran entre dos<br />
líneas cortadas por una<br />
transversal. En el diagrama,<br />
e f<br />
g h<br />
a b<br />
c d<br />
�c, �d, �e y �f son ángulos interiores.<br />
interquartile range/rango entre cuartiles:<br />
Diferencia entre los cuartiles superior e<br />
inferior de un conjunto de datos.<br />
intersecting lines/rectas secantes: Líneas que<br />
se intersecan en un punto exacto.<br />
intersection (sets)/intersección (conjuntos):<br />
Conjunto de elementos comunes a dos o más<br />
conjuntos.<br />
interval/intervalo: Espacio entre los valores<br />
marcados en una recta numérica o en la<br />
escala de una gráfica.<br />
inverse operations/operaciones inversas:<br />
Operaciones que se cancelan mutuamente: la<br />
suma y la resta, o la multiplicación y la<br />
división.<br />
inverse variation/variación inversa: Relación<br />
en la que una cantidad variable aumenta<br />
mientras otra cantidad variable disminuye; el<br />
producto de las variables permanece constante.<br />
irrational number/número irracional:<br />
Número que no puede ser expresado como<br />
una razón de dos enteros o como un decimal<br />
periódico o cerrado.<br />
isolate the variable/despejar la variable:<br />
Aislar una variable a un lado de la ecuación o<br />
desigualdad para resolverla.<br />
isometric drawing/representación isométrica:<br />
Representación de una figura tridimensional<br />
trazada en papel triángulado.<br />
isosceles triangle/triángulo isósceles:<br />
Triángulo que tiene, por lo menos, dos lados<br />
congruentes.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 113 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
K<br />
kite/papalote o cometa: Cuadrilátero con dos<br />
pares de lados adyacentes y congruentes.<br />
lateral face/cara lateral: En un prisma o<br />
pirámide, una cara que no es la base.<br />
lateral surface/superficie lateral: En un<br />
cilindro, la superficie curva que conecta las<br />
bases circulares; en un cono, la superficie<br />
curva que no es la base.<br />
L<br />
Superficie<br />
lateral<br />
least common denominator (LCD)/mínimo<br />
común denominador (mcd): El múltiplo<br />
común más pequeño de dos o más<br />
denominadores.<br />
least common multiple (LCM)/mínimo<br />
común múltiplo (mcm): El menor número,<br />
distinto de cero, que es múltiplo de dos o más<br />
números.<br />
legs/catetos: En un triángulo rectángulo, los<br />
lados que incluyen al ángulo recto; en un<br />
triángulo isósceles, los lados congruentes.<br />
like fractions/fracciones semejantes:<br />
Fracciones que tienen el mismo denominador.<br />
Ejemplo: 5 ––<br />
12 y 3 ––<br />
12 son fracciones semejantes.
like terms/términos semejantes: Dos o más<br />
términos que tienen la misma variable<br />
elevada a la misma potencia.<br />
Ejemplo: En la expresión 3a � 5b � 12a,<br />
3a y 12a son términos semejantes.<br />
line/línea: Recta que se extiende infinitamente<br />
en direcciones opuestas.<br />
line graph/gráfica lineal: Gráfica que usa<br />
segmentos de rectas para mostrar cómo<br />
cambian los datos.<br />
line of best fit/línea del mejor ajuste: La línea<br />
que más se acerca a todos los puntos en un<br />
diagrama de dispersión.<br />
line plot/diagrama de acumulación: Recta<br />
numérica con marcas o puntos que muestran<br />
frecuencias.<br />
line segment/segmento de recta: Parte de<br />
una línea limitada entre dos extremos.<br />
line of reflection/línea de reflexión: Línea<br />
sobre la que se da vuelta a una figura para<br />
crear una imagen idéntica de la figura<br />
original.<br />
line of symmetry/eje de simetría: El “espejo”<br />
imaginario en la simetría axial.<br />
line symmetry/simetría axial: Una figura<br />
tiene simetría axial si una mitad es copia<br />
exacta de la otra.<br />
linear equation/ecuación lineal: Ecuación<br />
cuya solución forma una línea recta en un<br />
plano cartesiano.<br />
linear function/función lineal: Función cuya<br />
gráfica es una línea recta.<br />
linear inequality/desigualdad lineal:<br />
Enunciado matemático que usa �, �, � ó �<br />
y cuya gráfica es una región limitada por una<br />
línea recta.<br />
lower extreme/extremo inferior: El número<br />
menor en un conjunto de datos.<br />
lower quartile/cuartil inferior: La mediana<br />
de la mitad inferior en un conjunto de datos;<br />
también llamado first quartile (primer cuartil).<br />
M<br />
mean/media: La suma de un conjunto de<br />
datos dividida entre el número de datos en el<br />
conjunto; también llamada average<br />
(promedio).<br />
measure of central tendency/medida de<br />
tendencia central: Medida que describe la<br />
parte central de un conjunto de datos; la<br />
media, la mediana y la moda son medidas de<br />
tendencia central.<br />
median/mediana: El número que se halla en el<br />
centro o la media (promedio) de dos números<br />
centrales en un conjunto ordenado de datos.<br />
metric system of measurement/sistema<br />
métrico de medidas: Sistema decimal de<br />
pesos y medidas cuyo uso es muy común en<br />
las ciencias y en el mundo.<br />
Ejemplo: Los centímetros, metros, kilómetros,<br />
gramos, kilogramos, mililitros y<br />
litros son unidades de medida del<br />
sistema métrico.<br />
midpoint/punto medio: Punto que divide un<br />
segmento de recta en dos segmentos<br />
congruentes.<br />
mixed number/número mixto: Número<br />
formado por un número entero distinto de<br />
cero y una fracción.<br />
mode/moda: Número o números que ocurren<br />
con mayor frecuencia en un conjunto de datos;<br />
cuando todos los números ocurren con la<br />
misma frecuencia se dice que no hay moda.<br />
monomial/monomio: Expresión numérica o<br />
algebraica con un solo término.<br />
Ejemplos: n,5n 2 ,8,�3<br />
Multiplication Property of Equality/<br />
propiedad de igualdad de la multiplicación:<br />
Propiedad que establece que si se multiplican<br />
ambos lados de una ecuación por el mismo<br />
número, la nueva ecuación tendrá la misma<br />
solución.<br />
Multiplication Property of Zero/propiedad<br />
multiplicativa del cero: Propiedad que<br />
establece que para todos los números reales a,<br />
a � 0 � 0 y 0 � a � 0.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 114 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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multiplicative inverse/inverso multiplicativo:<br />
Un número multiplicado por su inverso es<br />
igual a 1; también se denomina reciprocal<br />
(recíproco).<br />
Ejemplo: El inverso multiplicativo de 4 – 5 es 5 – 4 .<br />
multiple/múltiplo: El producto de cualquier<br />
número y un número entero es un múltiplo<br />
de ese número.<br />
mutually exclusive/mutuamente excluyentes:<br />
Dos sucesos son mutuamente excluyentes si<br />
no pueden ocurrir en la misma prueba<br />
durante un experimento.<br />
N<br />
negative correlation/correlación negativa:<br />
Dos conjuntos de datos tienen una<br />
correlación negativa si en uno de ellos los<br />
valores de los datos aumentan mientras que<br />
en el otro disminuyen.<br />
negative integer/entero negativo: Todos los<br />
enteros menores que cero.<br />
net/plantilla: Representación de varias figuras<br />
bidimensionales que pueden doblarse para<br />
formar un poliedro.<br />
no correlation/sin correlación: No hay<br />
correlación entre dos conjuntos de datos<br />
cuando no hay relación entre los valores de<br />
sus datos.<br />
nonlinear function/función no lineal:<br />
Función cuya gráfica no es una línea recta.<br />
nonterminating decimal/decimal infinito:<br />
Decimal que no termina nunca.<br />
numerator/numerador: El número de la<br />
parte superior de una fracción; representa<br />
cuántas partes del todo se consideran.<br />
Ejemplo: 4 – numerador<br />
5<br />
numerical expression/expresión numérica:<br />
Expresión que sólo contiene números y<br />
operaciones.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 115 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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O<br />
obtuse angle/ángulo obtuso: Ángulo cuya<br />
medida es mayor que 90° pero menor que 180°.<br />
obtuse triangle/triángulo obtusángulo:<br />
Triángulo que tiene un ángulo obtuso.<br />
octagon/octágono: Polígono de ocho lados.<br />
octahedron/octaedro: Poliedro de ocho caras.<br />
odd number/numero impar: Número natural<br />
que no es divisible entre dos.<br />
odds/probabilidades: Comparación de resultados<br />
favorables y resultados desfavorables.<br />
odds against/probabilidades en contra: La<br />
razón de resultados desfavorables a resultados<br />
favorables.<br />
odds in favor/probabilidades a favor:<br />
La razón de resultados favorables a resultados<br />
desfavorables.<br />
opposites/opuestos: Dos números que están<br />
a la misma distancia de cero en la recta<br />
numérica; también llamados additive inverse<br />
(inversos aditivos).<br />
order of operations/orden de las operaciones:<br />
Regla para evaluar expresiones: primero se<br />
realizan las operaciones entre paréntesis,<br />
luego las potencias y raíces, a continuación las<br />
multiplicaciones y divisiones de izquierda a<br />
derecha, y finalmente las sumas y restas de<br />
izquierda a derecha.<br />
ordered pair/par ordenado: Par de números<br />
que sirven para localizar un punto en el plano<br />
cartesiano.<br />
origin/origen: Punto en el que el eje de las x<br />
y el eje de las y se intersecan en el plano<br />
cartesiano; (0, 0).<br />
orthographic drawing/proyección ortogonal:<br />
Representación de un objeto mediante la vista<br />
frontal, lateral y superior.<br />
outcome (probability)/resultado (probabilidad):<br />
Posible resultado de un experimento<br />
de probabilidad.
outlier/valor atípico: Valor mucho mayor o<br />
mucho menor que los demás en un conjunto<br />
de datos.<br />
output/valor de salida: Valor que resulta de<br />
sustituir un valor de entrada en una<br />
expresión o función.<br />
overestimate/sobrestimación: Estimación<br />
que es mayor que el resultado exacto.<br />
P<br />
parabola/parábola: La gráfica de una función<br />
cuadrática.<br />
parallel lines/líneas paralelas: Líneas en un<br />
plano que nunca se cruzan.<br />
parallelogram/paralelogramo: Cuadrilátero<br />
con dos pares de lados paralelos.<br />
Pascal’s triangle/triángulo de Pascal: Arreglo<br />
triangular de números en el que cada fila<br />
comienza y termina con 1 y cada uno de los<br />
demás números es la suma de los dos<br />
números que tiene arriba.<br />
pentagon/pentágono: Polígono de cinco lados.<br />
percent/por ciento: Razón que compara un<br />
número con 100.<br />
Ejemplo: 45% � 45 –––<br />
100<br />
percent of change/porcentaje de cambio:<br />
Cantidad expresada como el porcentaje que<br />
un número aumenta o disminuye.<br />
percent of decrease/porcentaje de disminución:<br />
Porcentaje de cambio que describe una<br />
disminución de una cantidad.<br />
percent of increase/porcentaje de aumento:<br />
Porcentaje de cambio que describe un<br />
aumento de una cantidad.<br />
perfect square/cuadrado perfecto: Cuadrado<br />
de un número entero.<br />
Ejemplos: 5 � 5 � 25 y 7 2 � 49; 25 y 49 son<br />
cuadrados perfectos.<br />
perimeter/perímetro: Distancia alrededor de<br />
un polígono.<br />
permutation/permutación: Agrupación de<br />
elementos o eventos en la que el orden es<br />
importante.<br />
perpendicular bisector/bisectriz perpendicular:<br />
Línea que interseca a un segmento<br />
en su punto medio y que es perpendicular al<br />
segmento.<br />
perpendicular lines/rectas<br />
perpendiculares: Rectas que<br />
se intersecan para formar<br />
ángulos rectos.<br />
perspective/perspectiva:<br />
Método que sirve para dibujar objetos<br />
tridimensionales de manera que parezcan<br />
tener profundidad y distancia sobre una<br />
superficie plana.<br />
pi (�)/pi (�): La razón de la circunferencia<br />
de un círculo a la longitud de su diámetro;<br />
� � 3.14 ó 22<br />
––<br />
7 .<br />
plane/plano: Superficie plana que se extiende<br />
hasta el infinito.<br />
Platonic solids/sólidos platónicos: Los cinco<br />
poliedros regulares: tetraedro, cubo, octaedro,<br />
dodecaedro e icosaedro.<br />
point/punto: Un lugar exacto en el espacio.<br />
point-slope form/forma punto-pendiente:<br />
La ecuación de una línea en la forma<br />
y � y1 � m(x � x1 ), donde m es la pendiente<br />
y (x1 , y1 ) es un punto específico de la línea.<br />
point symmetry/simetría de punto: Una<br />
figura con simetría de punto coincide consigo<br />
misma después de una rotación de 180°.<br />
polygon/polígono: Una figura plana y<br />
cerrada formada por tres o más segmentos de<br />
recta que se intersecan sólo en sus vértices.<br />
polyhedron/poliedro: Figura tridimensional<br />
en la que todas las superficies o caras son<br />
polígonos.<br />
polynomial/polinomio: Expresión algebraica<br />
que es la suma o resta de dos o más términos.<br />
population/población: La totalidad del grupo<br />
de individuos u objetos que se consideran en<br />
un estudio.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 116 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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positive correlation/correlación positiva:<br />
Dos conjuntos de datos tienen una correlación<br />
positiva si los valores de sus datos aumentan o<br />
disminuyen al mismo tiempo.<br />
positive integer/entero positivo: Entero<br />
mayor que cero.<br />
power/potencia: Número generado al elevar<br />
una base a un exponente.<br />
Ejemplo: 2 3 � 8, así que 8 es la tercera potencia<br />
de 2.<br />
precision/precisión: Nivel de detalle en una<br />
medición; está determinada por la unidad de<br />
medida.<br />
prediction/predicción: Se dice de algo que<br />
puede ocurrir en el futuro.<br />
prime factorization/factorización prima:<br />
Número expresado como el producto de sus<br />
factores primos.<br />
Ejemplos: 10 � 2 � 5, 24 � 2 3 � 3<br />
prime number/número primo: Número<br />
entero mayor que 1 que tiene exactamente<br />
dos factores: el número mismo y el 1.<br />
principal/capital: Cantidad inicial de un<br />
préstamo o ahorro.<br />
principal square root/raíz cuadrada principal:<br />
La raíz cuadrada no negativa de un número.<br />
Ejemplo: ��25 � 5. 5 es la raíz principal.<br />
prism/prisma: Poliedro que tiene dos bases<br />
congruentes y poligonales, y otras caras que<br />
son todas paralelogramos.<br />
probability/probabilidad: Número del 0 al 1<br />
(o del 0% al 100%) que describe el porcentaje<br />
de posibilidad de que ocurra un suceso.<br />
product/producto: Resultado de la multiplicación<br />
de dos o más números.<br />
proper fraction/fracción propia: Fracción<br />
en la que el numerador es menor que el<br />
denominador.<br />
Ejemplos: 3 –<br />
4 , 1 ––<br />
12 , 7 –<br />
8<br />
proportion/proporción: Ecuación que<br />
establece que dos razones son equivalentes.<br />
protractor/transportador: Instrumento para<br />
medir ángulos.<br />
pyramid/pirámide: Poliedro<br />
con base poligonal y lados<br />
triangulares que se encuentran<br />
en un vértice común.<br />
Pythagorean Theorem/teorema de Pitágoras:<br />
En un triángulo rectángulo, el cuadrado de la<br />
hipotenusa es igual a la suma de los cuadrados<br />
de los catetos.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 117 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
Q<br />
quadrant/cuadrante: El eje de las x y el de<br />
las y dividen el plano cartesiano en cuatro<br />
regiones. Cada región es un cuadrante.<br />
quadratic equation/ecuación cuadrática:<br />
Ecuación de la forma ax 2 � bx � c � 0,<br />
donde a � 0.<br />
quadratic function/función cuadrática:<br />
Función de la forma y � ax 2 � bx � c,<br />
donde a � 0.<br />
Ejemplos: y � 2x 2 � 12x � 10, y � �3x 2<br />
quadrilateral/cuadrilátero: Polígono de<br />
cuatro lados.<br />
quarterly/trimestral: Cuatro veces al año.<br />
quartile/cuartil: Tres valores, uno de los<br />
cuales es la mediana, que dividen un conjunto<br />
de datos en cuartos. Ver también first quartile<br />
(primer cuartil), third quartile( tercer cuartil).<br />
quotient/cociente: Resultado de la división de<br />
dos números.<br />
R<br />
radical symbol/símbolo de radical: El<br />
símbolo � � que se usa para representar la<br />
raíz cuadrada no negativa de un número.
adius/radio: Segmento de<br />
recta que une el centro de<br />
un círculo con cualquier<br />
punto de la circunferencia; o<br />
la longitud de ese segmento.<br />
random numbers/números aleatorios: En un<br />
conjunto de números aleatorios, cada número<br />
tiene la misma probabilidad de ser elegido.<br />
random sample/muestra aleatoria: Muestra<br />
en la que cada individuo u objeto de la población<br />
tiene la misma probabilidad de ser elegido.<br />
range (in statistics)/rango (en estadística):<br />
Diferencia entre el valor mayor y menor en<br />
un conjunto de datos.<br />
range (in a function)/recorrido o rango<br />
(en una función): El conjunto de todos los<br />
valores posibles de una función.<br />
rate/tasa: Razón que compara dos cantidades<br />
medidas en unidades diferentes.<br />
Ejemplo: El límite de velocidad es de 55 millas<br />
por hora, ó 55 mi/h.<br />
rate of interest/tasa de interés: Porcentaje que<br />
se cobra o se gana sobre una cantidad de<br />
dinero. Ver también simple interest (interés<br />
simple).<br />
ratio/razón: Comparación de dos números<br />
mediante la división.<br />
Ejemplo: 12 a 25, 12:25, 12 ––<br />
25<br />
rational number/número racional: Cualquier<br />
número que pueda expresarse como la razón<br />
de dos enteros.<br />
Ejemplos: 6 puede expresarse como 6 –<br />
1<br />
y 0.5 como 1 –<br />
2 .<br />
ray/rayo: Parte de una línea que inicia en un<br />
extremo y se extiende hasta el infinito.<br />
real number/número real: Número racional<br />
o irracional.<br />
reciprocal/recíproco: Uno de dos números<br />
cuyo producto es igual a 1; también se conoce<br />
como multiplicative inverse (inverso<br />
multiplicativo).<br />
Ejemplos: El recíproco de 2 –<br />
3 es 3 –<br />
2 . El recíproco<br />
de n es 1 n<br />
– .<br />
rectangle/rectángulo: Paralelogramo con<br />
cuatro ángulos rectos.<br />
rectangular prism/<br />
prisma rectangular:<br />
Poliedro cuyas bases son<br />
rectángulos y cuyas otras<br />
caras son paralelogramos.<br />
reduction/reducción: Disminución de<br />
tamaño en todas las dimensiones.<br />
reflection/reflexión: Transformación que<br />
consiste en voltear una figura a través de una<br />
línea.<br />
regular pyramid/pirámide regular: Pirámide<br />
cuya base es un polígono regular y cuyas caras<br />
laterales son congruentes.<br />
regular polygon/polígono regular: Polígono<br />
cuyos lados y ángulos son congruentes.<br />
regular tessellation/teselado regular:<br />
Teselado formado por polígonos regulares.<br />
relatively prime/primos relativos: Dos<br />
números son primos relativos si su máximo<br />
común divisor (MCD) es 1.<br />
Ejemplo: 7 y 15 son primos relativos.<br />
repeating decimal/decimal periódico:<br />
Un decimal en el que uno o más dígitos se<br />
repiten infinitamente.<br />
Ejemplo: 0.757575… � 0.75 ���<br />
rhombus/rombo: Paralelogramo de lados<br />
congruentes.<br />
right angle/ángulo recto: Ángulo que mide 90°.<br />
right cylinder/cilindro recto: Cilindro cuyas<br />
bases son círculos paralelos perpendiculares<br />
al lado del cilindro.<br />
right cone/cono recto: Cono en el que una<br />
línea trazada desde la base hasta la punta o<br />
vértice pasa por el centro de la base.<br />
right triangle/triángulo rectángulo:<br />
Triángulo que contiene un ángulo recto.<br />
rise/cambio vertical: Cambio de la<br />
pendiente de una línea medido en el<br />
eje de las y cuando ésta se expresa como<br />
cambio vertical<br />
.<br />
cambio horizontal<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 118 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
otation/rotación: Transformación en la que<br />
una figura se gira en torno a un punto.<br />
rotational symmetry/simetría de rotación:<br />
Una figura tiene simetría de rotación si puede<br />
girar menos de 360° alrededor de un punto<br />
central y coincidir con la figura original.<br />
rounding/redondeo: Método en el que se<br />
reemplaza un número con una estimación de<br />
ese número redondeado a un decimal<br />
determinado.<br />
Ejemplo: 2,354 redondeado al millar más<br />
cercano es 2,000 y 2,354 redondeado<br />
a la centena más cercana es 2,400.<br />
run/cambio horizontal: Cambio de la<br />
pendiente de una línea medido en el eje<br />
de las x cuando ésta se expresa como<br />
cambio vertical<br />
cambio horizontal<br />
.<br />
S<br />
sales tax/impuesto sobre la venta: Porcentaje<br />
del precio de un producto que el gobierno<br />
cobra para reunir fondos.<br />
sample/muestra: Una parte de la población.<br />
sample space/espacio muestral: Todos los<br />
resultados posibles de un experimento.<br />
scale/escala: La razón entre dos conjuntos de<br />
medidas.<br />
scale drawing/dibujo a escala: Dibujo que usa<br />
una escala para hacer un objeto más pequeño<br />
(reducción) o más grande (agrandamiento)<br />
que el objeto real.<br />
scale factor/proporción de la escala: La razón<br />
utilizada para reducir o agrandar figuras<br />
similares.<br />
scale model/modelo a escala: Modelo<br />
proporcional de un objeto tridimensional.<br />
scalene triangle/triángulo escaleno:<br />
Triángulo que no tiene lados congruentes.<br />
scatter plot/diagrama de dispersión: Gráfica<br />
de puntos que muestra la posible relación<br />
entre dos conjuntos de datos.<br />
scientific notation/notación científica:<br />
Método para escribir números muy grandes o<br />
muy pequeños mediante potencias de 10.<br />
second differences/segundas diferencias:<br />
Sucesión formada por la diferencia de la<br />
diferencia entre los términos de una sucesión.<br />
second quartile/segundo cuartil: La mediana<br />
de un conjunto de datos.<br />
sector/sector: Región delimitada por dos<br />
radios y un arco que une sus extremos.<br />
sector (data)/sector (datos): Sección de una<br />
gráfica circular que representa parte del<br />
conjunto de datos.<br />
segment/segmento: Parte de una línea entre<br />
dos extremos.<br />
semiregular tessellation/teselado semirregular:<br />
Teselado formado por dos o más<br />
polígonos regulares en los que cada vértice<br />
es idéntico.<br />
sequence/sucesión: Lista ordenada de números.<br />
set/conjunto: Grupo de elementos.<br />
side/lado: Línea que delimita a una figura<br />
geométrica; una de las caras que forman la<br />
superficie de un objeto.<br />
Side-Angle-Side (SAS)/regla de congruencia<br />
lado-ángulo-lado (L.A.L.): Regla que establece<br />
que si dos de los lados y el ángulo incluido de<br />
un triángulo son congruentes con los de otro<br />
triángulo, entonces los triángulos son<br />
congruentes.<br />
Side-Side-Side (SSS)/regla de congruencia<br />
lado-lado-lado (L.L.L.): Regla que establece<br />
que si los tres lados de un triángulo son<br />
congruentes con los tres lados de otro,<br />
entonces los triángulos son congruentes.<br />
significant digits/dígitos significativos:<br />
Los dígitos (números) con que se expresa<br />
la precisión de una medida.<br />
similar/semejante: Las figuras que tienen la<br />
misma forma pero no necesariamente el<br />
mismo tamaño son semejantes.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 119 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
simple interest/interés simple: Porcentaje fijo<br />
del capital. Se calcula con la fórmula<br />
I � crt donde c representa el capital, r la tasa<br />
de interés (rédito) y t el tiempo.<br />
simplest form/mínima expresión: Una<br />
fracción está en su mínima expresión cuando<br />
el numerador y el denominador sólo tienen<br />
al 1 como factor común.<br />
simplify/simplificar: Escribir una fracción en<br />
su mínima expresión.<br />
simulation/simulación: Modelo de un experimento,<br />
frecuentemente de un experimento<br />
cuya realización sería demasiado complicada o<br />
llevaría demasiado tiempo.<br />
sine (sin)/seno (sen): En un triángulo<br />
rectángulo, la razón de la longitud del cateto<br />
opuesto a un ángulo agudo a la longitud de la<br />
hipotenusa.<br />
skew lines/rectas oblicuas: Rectas en planos<br />
diferentes que no son paralelas ni se cruzan.<br />
slant height/altura inclinada: Distancia de la<br />
base de un cono a su vértice, medida a lo<br />
largo de la superficie lateral.<br />
slope/pendiente: Medida de la inclinación de<br />
una recta en una gráfica; la distancia vertical<br />
dividida entre la horizontal.<br />
slope-intercept form/forma pendienteintersección:<br />
Ecuación lineal expresada en la<br />
forma y � mx � b,donde m representa la<br />
pendiente y b la intersección en el eje de las y.<br />
solid figure/figura sólida: Figura tridimensional.<br />
solution of an equation/solución de una<br />
ecuación: Valor o valores que hacen verdadera<br />
una ecuación.<br />
solution of an inequality/solución de una<br />
desigualdad: Valor o valores que hacen<br />
verdadera una desigualdad.<br />
solution of a system of equations/soluciones<br />
de un sistema de ecuaciones: Conjunto de<br />
valores que hacen verdaderas a todas las<br />
ecuaciones del sistema.<br />
solution set/conjunto solución: Conjunto de<br />
valores que hacen verdadero a un enunciado.<br />
solve/resolver: Encontrar la solución o<br />
respuesta.<br />
space figure/figura espacial: Figura<br />
tridimensional.<br />
sphere/esfera: Figura tridimensional en la que<br />
todos los puntos son equidistantes del centro.<br />
square (geometry)/cuadrado (geometría):<br />
Rectángulo con cuatro lados congruentes.<br />
square (numeration)/cuadrado (numeración):<br />
Número elevado a la segunda potencia.<br />
Ejemplo: En 5 2 ,el número 5 está al cuadrado.<br />
square number/número al cuadrado:<br />
El producto de un número por sí mismo.<br />
Ejemplo: 25 es un número al cuadrado.<br />
5 � 5 � 25<br />
square root/raíz cuadrada: Uno de los dos<br />
factores iguales de un número.<br />
Ejemplo: 16 � 4 � 4, ó 16 ��4 ��4, por lo<br />
tanto 4 y �4 son raíces cuadradas<br />
de 16.<br />
standard form (in numeration)/forma<br />
estándar (en la numeración): Número<br />
expresado con dígitos.<br />
Ejemplo: Cinco mil doscientos diez en forma<br />
estándar es 5,210.<br />
stem-and-leaf plot/tabla arborescente:<br />
Gráfica que organiza y muestra los datos de<br />
manera que se puedan comparar las<br />
frecuencias.<br />
straight angle/ángulo llano: Ángulo que<br />
mide 180°.<br />
stratified sample/muestra estratificada:<br />
Muestra de una población que ha sido<br />
dividida en subgrupos.<br />
subset/subconjunto: Conjunto que está<br />
dentro de otro conjunto.<br />
substitute/sustituir: Reemplazar una variable<br />
con un número u otra expresión en una<br />
expresión algebraica.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 120 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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Subtraction Property of Equality/propiedad<br />
de igualdad de la resta: Propiedad que<br />
establece que si se resta el mismo número a<br />
ambos lados de la ecuación, la nueva<br />
ecuación tendrá la misma solución.<br />
sum/suma: Resultado que se obtiene al<br />
sumar dos o más números.<br />
supplementary angles/ángulos suplementarios:<br />
Dos ángulos cuyas medidas suman 180°.<br />
surface area/área total: La suma de las áreas<br />
de las caras, o superficies, de una figura<br />
tridimensional.<br />
system of equations/sistema de ecuaciones:<br />
Conjunto de dos o más ecuaciones que<br />
contienen dos o más variables.<br />
system of linear equations/sistema de<br />
ecuaciones lineales: Dos o más ecuaciones<br />
lineales graficadas en el mismo plano<br />
cartesiano.<br />
systematic sample/muestra sistemática:<br />
Muestra de una población seleccionada de<br />
acuerdo a un patrón.<br />
T<br />
tangent (tan)/tangente (tan): En un triángulo<br />
rectángulo, la razón de la longitud del lado<br />
opuesto al ángulo agudo a la longitud del<br />
lado adyacente al ángulo agudo.<br />
tangent (to a circle)/tangente (de un círculo):<br />
Línea que toca la circunferencia en un solo<br />
punto.<br />
term (in an expression)/término (en una<br />
expresión): Las partes de una expresión que<br />
se suman o se restan.<br />
Ejemplos: 5x 2 es una expresión con un<br />
término, �10 es una expresión<br />
con un término y x � 1 es una<br />
expresión con dos términos.<br />
term (in a sequence)/término (en una sucesión):<br />
Elemento o número de una sucesión.<br />
terminating decimal/decimal cerrado: Un<br />
número decimal que termina.<br />
Ejemplo: 6.75<br />
tessellation/teselado: Patrón recurrente de<br />
figuras planas que cubren completamente un<br />
plano sin huecos ni traslapes.<br />
tetrahedron/tetraedro: Poliedro de cuatro<br />
caras.<br />
theoretical probability/probabilidad teórica:<br />
La razón entre el número de resultados<br />
igualmente probables de un suceso y el<br />
número total de posibles resultados.<br />
third quartile/tercer cuartil: La mediana de la<br />
mitad superior de un conjunto de datos; también<br />
llamado upper quartile (cuartil superior).<br />
tip/propina: Cantidad de dinero que se añade<br />
al costo de un servicio; normalmente es un<br />
porcentaje del costo.<br />
transformation/transformación: Cambio en<br />
la posición o tamaño de una figura.<br />
translation/traslación: Movimiento (deslizamiento)<br />
de una figura a lo largo de una recta.<br />
transversal/transversal: Línea que interseca a<br />
dos o más líneas.<br />
trapezoid/trapecio: Cuadrilátero que tiene<br />
exactamente un par de lados paralelos.<br />
tree diagram/diagrama de árbol: Diagrama<br />
ramificado que muestra todas las combinaciones<br />
o resultados posibles de un suceso.<br />
trial/prueba: En la probabilidad, cada<br />
repetición u observación de un experimento.<br />
triangle/triángulo: Polígono de tres lados.<br />
Triangle Sum Theorem/teorema de la suma<br />
de un triángulo: Teorema que dice que la<br />
suma de las medidas de los ángulos de un<br />
triángulo es igual a 180°.<br />
triangular prism/prisma<br />
triangular: Poliedro cuyas<br />
bases son triángulos y<br />
cuyas otras caras son<br />
paralelogramos.<br />
trigonometric ratios/razones<br />
trigonométricas: Razones que comparan la<br />
longitud de los lados de un triángulo<br />
rectángulo; las razones más comunes son<br />
seno, coseno y tangente.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 121 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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U<br />
unbiased sample/muestra no sesgada:<br />
Una muestra es no sesgada si cada individuo<br />
de la población tiene la misma probabilidad<br />
de ser elegido.<br />
underestimate/subestimación: Estimación<br />
menor que el resultado exacto.<br />
union/unión: El conjunto de todos los<br />
elementos que pertenecen a dos o más<br />
conjuntos.<br />
unit conversion/conversión de unidades:<br />
Proceso de transformar las unidades de un<br />
sistema de medidas a otro.<br />
unit conversion factor/factor de conversión<br />
de unidades: Fracción utilizada en la conversión<br />
de unidades en la que el numerador y el<br />
denominador representan la misma cantidad<br />
pero en unidades distintas.<br />
60 min 1 hr<br />
Ejemplo: ó<br />
1 hr 60 min<br />
unit price/precio por unidad: Unidad<br />
utilizada para comparar precios.<br />
unit rate/tasa unitaria: Tasa en la que la<br />
segunda cantidad de la comparación es<br />
una unidad.<br />
Ejemplo: 10 cm por minuto<br />
unlike fractions/fracciones de distinto<br />
denominador: Fracciones cuyos<br />
denominadores son distintos.<br />
Ejemplo: 3 –<br />
4 y 1 –<br />
2 son fracciones de distinto<br />
denominador.<br />
upper extreme/extremo superior: El número<br />
mayor de un conjunto de datos.<br />
upper quartile/cuartil superior: La mediana<br />
de la mitad superior de un conjunto de datos;<br />
también denominado third quartile (tercer<br />
cuartil).<br />
V<br />
vanishing point/punto de fuga: Punto de un<br />
dibujo en perspectiva en el que se encuentran<br />
las líneas que se alejan del espectador.<br />
variability/variabilidad: La dispersión de<br />
valores en un conjunto de datos.<br />
variable/variable: Símbolo que se utiliza para<br />
representar una cantidad que puede cambiar.<br />
Venn diagram/diagrama de Venn: Diagrama<br />
que se utiliza para mostrar las relaciones<br />
entre conjuntos.<br />
verbal expression/expresión verbal: Palabra<br />
o frase.<br />
vertex/vértice: En un ángulo o polígono, el<br />
punto en el que dos lados se intersecan; en un<br />
poliedro, la intersección de tres o más caras;<br />
en un cono o pirámide, el punto más alto.<br />
vertical angles/<br />
b<br />
ángulos opuestos<br />
a c<br />
por el vértice:<br />
d<br />
Par de ángulos<br />
opuestos congruentes formados por la intersección<br />
de líneas; en el diagrama, �a y �c<br />
son congruentes y �b y �d son congruentes.<br />
volume/volumen: Número de unidades<br />
cúbicas necesarias para llenar un espacio<br />
dado.<br />
W<br />
withholding tax/impuesto retenido:<br />
Cantidad de impuesto que se retiene de las<br />
ganacias de una persona como pago<br />
anticipado del impuesto al ingreso.<br />
X<br />
x-axis/eje de las x: El eje horizontal del plano<br />
cartesiano.<br />
x-coordinate/coordenada y (abscisa): Primer<br />
número de un par ordenado; indica la<br />
distancia que hay que recorrer a la derecha o<br />
a la izquierda desde el origen (0, 0).<br />
Ejemplo: 5 es la abscisa del par ordenado<br />
(5, 3).<br />
x-intercept/intersección con el eje de las x:<br />
La abscisa del punto donde la gráfica de una<br />
línea cruza el eje de las x.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 122 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
Y<br />
y-axis/eje de las y: El eje vertical del plano<br />
cartesiano.<br />
y-coordinate/coordenada x (ordenada):<br />
Segundo número de un par ordenado; indica<br />
la distancia que hay que recorrer hacia arriba<br />
o hacia abajo desde el origen (0, 0).<br />
Ejemplo: 3 es la ordenada del par ordenado<br />
(5, 3).<br />
y-intercept/intersección con el eje de las y:<br />
La ordenada del punto donde la gráfica de<br />
una línea cruza el eje de las y.<br />
Z<br />
zero pair/par nulo: Un número y su opuesto,<br />
cuya suma es igual a 0.<br />
Ejemplo: 18 y –18<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 123 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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A<br />
absolute value/ganap na halaga: Ang layo ng<br />
isang bilang sa sero sa isang guhit ng mga<br />
bilang; ipinapakita ng ��.<br />
Halimbawa: � �5 � � 5.<br />
accuracy/kawastuhan: Kung gaano kalapit<br />
ang isang ibinigay na sukat o halaga sa tunay<br />
na sukat o halaga.<br />
acute angle/anggulong kipot: Anggulo na<br />
may sukat na kulang sa 90°.<br />
acute triangle/tatsulok na kipot: Tatsulok na<br />
lahat ng anggulo ay may sukat na kulang sa 90°.<br />
addend/addend: Isang bilang na idinaragdag<br />
sa isa o mas marami pang bilang upang<br />
makagawa ng kabuuan. Halimbawa, sa<br />
pagpapahayag na 4 � 6 � 7, ang 4, 6 at 7 ay<br />
mga addend.<br />
Addition Property of Equality/Katangiang<br />
Pagdaragdag ng Pagkakapareho: Ang<br />
katangian na nagpapahayag na kapag<br />
idinagdag mo ang magkaparehong bilang sa<br />
magkabilang panig ng isang equation,<br />
magkakaroon ng magkaparehong kalutasan<br />
ang bagong equation.<br />
Addition Property of Opposites/Katangiang<br />
Pagdaragdag ng Magkasalungat: Ang<br />
katangian na nagpapahayag na ang kabuuan<br />
ng isang bilang at ng kanyang kasalungat ay<br />
sero.<br />
Halimbawa: 12 � (�12) � 0<br />
additive inverse/kabaligtaran ng<br />
pagdaragdag: Ang kasalungat ng isang bilang.<br />
Halimbawa: Ang kabaligtaran ng pagdaragdag<br />
ng 6 ay �6.<br />
adjacent angles/magkatabing<br />
anggulo: Mga anggulo sa<br />
parehong patag na may iisang<br />
vertex at iisang panig.<br />
algebraic expression/pagpapahayag sa<br />
alhebra: Isang pagpapahayag na may kahit isa<br />
man lamang bariable.<br />
Halimbawa: x � 8; 4(m � b)<br />
a<br />
b<br />
algebraic inequality/di-pagkakapareho sa<br />
alhebra: Isang di-pagkakapantay-pantay na<br />
may kahit isa man lamang bariable.<br />
Halimbawa: x � 3 � 10; 5a � b � 3<br />
alternate exterior angles/<br />
a b<br />
mga halinhinang<br />
anggulo na panlabas:<br />
Isang pares ng mga<br />
c d<br />
anggulo na binubuo<br />
ng isang transversal at<br />
dalawang guhit; sa diagram, ang mga pares<br />
ng mga halinhinang anggulo na panlabas ay<br />
�a at �d at �b at �c.<br />
alternate interior angles/<br />
mga halinhinang<br />
anggulo na panloob:<br />
Isang pares ng mga<br />
anggulo na binubuo<br />
t<br />
r<br />
v<br />
s<br />
ng isang transversal at dalawang guhit; sa<br />
diagram, ang mga pares ng mga halinhinang<br />
anggulo na panlabas ay �r at �v at �s at �t.<br />
altitude/taas: Ang patayong layo mula sa<br />
vertex ng isang poligon hanggang sa kabilang<br />
base (o guhit na naglalaman ng base na ito).<br />
angle/anggulo: Isang pigura na binubuo ng<br />
dalawang rayo na may iisang dulo na<br />
tinatawag na vertex.<br />
angle bisector/naghahati ng N<br />
anggulo: Isang guhit, bahagi,<br />
P<br />
O<br />
o rayo na naghahati ng isang<br />
M<br />
anggulo sa dalawang<br />
magkaparehong anggulo.<br />
Angle-Side-Angle (ASA)/Anggulo-Panig-<br />
Anggulo: Isang patakaran na nagpapahayag<br />
na kapag ang dalawang anggulo at ang<br />
kasamang panig ng isang tatsulok ay<br />
magkapareho sa dalawang anggulo at sa<br />
kasamang panig ng isa pang tatsulok, ang<br />
mga tatsulok ay kongruente o magkapareho.<br />
arc/arco: Bahagi ng isang bilog na tinatawag<br />
sa pamamagitan ng kanyang mga dulo.<br />
area/lawak: Ang bilang ng mga kwadradong<br />
halaga na kinakailangan upang matakpan ang<br />
labas ng isang hugis.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 125 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
arithmetic sequence/aritmetikang<br />
pagkakasunod-sunod: Isang isina-ayos na<br />
listahan ng mga bilang kung saan laging<br />
pareho ang kaibhan ng mga magkakasunod<br />
na termino.<br />
Associative Property/Katangiang Pagsamasamahin<br />
Pagdaragdag: Ang katangiang nagpapahayag<br />
na para sa lahat ng tunay na mga bilang na a,<br />
b at c, palaging pareho ang kabuuan, ano man<br />
ang gawing pagkumpol-kumpol ng mga ito:<br />
a � b � c � (a � b) � c � a � (b � c)<br />
Multiplikasyon: Ang katangiang<br />
nagpapahayag na para sa lahat ng tunay na<br />
bilang na a, b at c, palaging pareho ang<br />
sangkap, ano man ang gawing pagkumpolkumpol<br />
ng mga ito:<br />
a � b � c � (a � b) � c � a � (b � c)<br />
asymmetry/asymmetry: Hindi magkapareho<br />
sa alinmang panig ng isang nasa gitna na<br />
guhit. Walang simetriya.<br />
average/promedyo: Ang kabuuan ng isang<br />
pangkat ng mga datos na hinati sa bilang ng<br />
mga bagay na nasa pangkat ng datos;<br />
tinatawag ding mean (panggitna).<br />
average deviation/katuusang pagkakaiba:<br />
Ang katuusang agwat ng isang halaga ng<br />
datos mula sa mean (panggitna).<br />
axes/axes: Ang dalawang patayong guhit ng<br />
isang coordinate plane na bumabagtas sa<br />
pinagmulan.<br />
B<br />
back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot/<br />
magkabilaang pagbabalangkas ng tangkay at<br />
dahon: Isang pagbabalangkas ng tangkay at<br />
dahon na naghahambing ng dalawang<br />
pangkat ng mga datos sa pamamagitan ng<br />
pagpapakita ng isang pangkat ng datos sa<br />
kaliwa ng tangkay at ang isa naman sa kanan<br />
ng tangkay.<br />
bar graph/talangguhit na trangka:<br />
Talangguhit na gumagamit ng mga patayo o<br />
pahalang na mga trangka upang magpakita<br />
ng mga datos.<br />
base-10 system/base-10 system: Isang<br />
sistema ng mga bilang kung saan<br />
ipinapahayag ang lahat ng mga bilang gamit<br />
ang tambilang na 0–9.<br />
base (in numeration)/base (sa patnubilang):<br />
Kapag ang bilang ay itinaas sa isang antas, ang<br />
bilang na ginagamit bilang sangkap ay ang<br />
base.<br />
Halimbawa: 3 5 � 3 � 3 � 3 � 3 � 3<br />
base (of a polygon or three-dimensional<br />
figure)/base (ng isang poligon o hugis sa<br />
tatlong dimensiyon): Isang panig ng isang<br />
poligon; isang mukha ng isang hugis sa<br />
tatlong dimensiyon na siyang ginagamit<br />
upang sukatin o pag-uri-uriin ang hugis.<br />
Mga base<br />
isang<br />
silindro<br />
Mga base<br />
isang<br />
prisma<br />
Mga base<br />
isang<br />
kono<br />
Mga base<br />
isang<br />
piramido<br />
biased sample/may kinikilingan na sample:<br />
Isang sample na hindi makatwiran na<br />
kumakatawan sa populasyon.<br />
binary number system/binary na sistema ng<br />
bilang: Isang sistema ng bilang kung saan ang<br />
lahat ng mga bilang ay pinapahayag gamit<br />
lamang ang dalawang bilang, 0 at 1.<br />
binomial/binomial: Isang polynomial na may<br />
dalawang termino.<br />
Halimbawa: 10 � m; 3y � 2<br />
bisect/hatiin: Hatiin sa dalawang<br />
kongruenteng bahagi.<br />
boundary line/guhit na hangganan: Ang<br />
pangkat ng mga tuldok kung saan<br />
magkapareho ang dalawang panig ng isang<br />
linear inequality na may dalawang bariable.<br />
box-and-whisker plot/kahon at bigote na<br />
guhit: Talangguhit na ipinapakita ang<br />
pinakamataas at pinakamababang quarters<br />
(pag-apating bahagi) ng datos bilang bigote,<br />
ang nasa gitnang dalawang quarter ng datos<br />
bilang isang kahon, at ang panggitna.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 126 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
eak (graph)/putol (talangguhit): Isang<br />
zigzag sa isang pahalang o patayong iskala ng<br />
isang talangguhit na nagpapakita na hindi<br />
isinama ang ilang bilang sa iskala.<br />
C<br />
capacity/kapasidad: Ang dami na maaaring<br />
mailaman ng isang lalagyan kapag ito’y<br />
pinuno.<br />
Celsius/celsius: Isang metric na iskala upang<br />
sukatin ang temperatura, kung saan ang 0°C<br />
ay ang temperatura ng pagyelo ng tubig at<br />
ang 100°C ay ang temperatura ng pagkulo ng<br />
tubig; tinatawag ding centigrade.<br />
center (of a circle)/sentro (ng isang bilog):<br />
Ang tuldok sa loob ng isang bilog na pareho<br />
ang layo mula sa lahat ng mga tuldok sa bilog.<br />
center (of dilation)/sentro (ng dilation): Ang<br />
tuldok kung saan bumabagtas ang mga guhit<br />
mula sa lahat ng mga anggulo sa isang<br />
dilation.<br />
center (of rotation)/sentro (ng pag-ikot): Ang<br />
tuldok kung saan pinaiikot ang isang hugis.<br />
central angle/panggitnang anggulo: Ang<br />
vertex ng anggulong ito ay nasa sentro ng<br />
isang bilog.<br />
certain (probability)/sigurado (kalamangan):<br />
Siguradong mangyayari; may kalamangan na 1.<br />
chord/kuwerdas: Isang bahagi ng guhit na<br />
ang mga dulo ay nasa bilog.<br />
circle/bilog: Ang pangkat ng<br />
lahat ng mga tuldok sa isang<br />
C<br />
patag na pareho ang layo mula<br />
sa isang nakatakdang lugar na<br />
tinatawag na sentro.<br />
circle graph/talangguhit na bilog: Isang<br />
talangguhit na gumagamit ng mga bahagi ng<br />
isang bilog upang ihambing ang mga parte sa<br />
isang buo at ang mga parte sa ibang mga<br />
parte.<br />
circumference/ikot: Ang sukat ng paligid ng<br />
isang bilog.<br />
clockwise/paikot sa kanan:<br />
Isang pabilog na pagkilos<br />
papunta sa kanan sa dakong<br />
ipinapakita.<br />
clustering/<br />
pagkumpol-kumpol: Isang paraan na<br />
ginagamit upang ipalagay ang isang kabuuan<br />
kapag ang lahat ng mga addend ay malapit sa<br />
parehong halaga.<br />
Halimbawa: ang 27, 29, 24 at 26’ ay lahat<br />
nagkukumpol palibot sa 25.<br />
coefficient/coefficient: Ang bilang na<br />
minumultiplika sa isang bariable sa isang<br />
pagpapahayag sa alhebra.<br />
Halimbawa: ang 5 ay ang coefficient sa 5b.<br />
combination/kombinasyon: Ang pag-aayos<br />
ng mga bagay o pangyayari kung saan hindi<br />
mahalaga ang pagkakasunod-sunod.<br />
commission/komisyon: Ang bayad sa isang<br />
tao para sa kanyang pagbenta.<br />
commission rate/halaga ng komisyon: Ang<br />
bayad sa isang taong nakapagbenta;<br />
ipinapahayag bilang porsyento ng presyo ng<br />
pagbenta.<br />
common denominator/panlahat na<br />
panghatimbilang: Isang panghatimbilang na<br />
magkapareho sa dalawa o higit pa na mga<br />
hatimbilang.<br />
Halimbawa: Ang panlahat na panghatimbilang<br />
ng 5 –<br />
8 at 2 –<br />
8 ay 8.<br />
common difference/parehong kaibhan: Ang<br />
kaibhan sa isa’t-isa ng anumang dalawang<br />
magkasunod na termino sa isang<br />
aritmetikang pagkakasunod-sunod.<br />
common factor/sangkap na panglahat: Isang<br />
bilang na sangkap ng dalawa o higit pang<br />
mga bilang.<br />
Halimbawa: ang 8 ay isang sangkap ng 16 at<br />
40.<br />
common multiple/panlahat na multiplo:<br />
Isang bilang na multiplo ng bawa’t isa ng<br />
dalawa o higit pang mga bilang.<br />
Halimbawa: ang 15 ay isang panlahat na<br />
multiplo ng 3 at 5.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 127 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
common ratio/panlahat na proporsiyon:<br />
Ang proporsiyon na ginagamit sa<br />
pagmultiplika ng bawa’t termino upang<br />
makagawa ng susunod na termino sa isang<br />
pangheometriyang pagkakasunod-sunod.<br />
Commutative Property/Katangiang<br />
Paglipat-lipatin<br />
Pagdaragdag: Ang katangian na nagpapahayag<br />
na maaaring pagsamahin ang dalawa o higit<br />
pang mga bilang sa anumang pagkakasunodsunod<br />
na hindi pinapalitan ang kabuuan.<br />
Halimbawa: 8 � 20 � 20 � 8; a � b � b � a<br />
Pagpaparami: Ang katangian na<br />
nagpapahayag na maaaring imultiplika ang<br />
dalawa o higit pang mga bilang sa anumang<br />
pagkakasunod-sunod na hindi pinapalitan<br />
ang produkto.<br />
Halimbawa: 6 � 12 � 12 � 6; a � b � b � a<br />
compatible numbers/magkabagay na mga<br />
bilang: Mga bilang na malapit sa mga<br />
itinakdang mga bilang na pinadadali ang<br />
pagpapalagay o pagkalkula sa pang-isipan.<br />
compensation/bayad: Kapag ang isang<br />
bilang sa isang problema ay malapit sa isa<br />
pang bilang na mas madaling gamitin sa<br />
pagkalkula, ginagamit ang mas madaling<br />
bilang sa pagkalkula upang hanapin ang<br />
sagot. Pagkatapos ay isinasa-ayos ang sagot sa<br />
pamamagitan ng pagdagdag o pagbawas<br />
mula dito.<br />
complementary angles/magkabagay na<br />
anggulo: Dalawang anggulo na ang kabuuan<br />
ng mga sukat ay 90°.<br />
composite number/composite number:<br />
Isang bilang na higit sa 1 na mayroong higit<br />
sa dalawang buong bilang na sangkap.<br />
compound event/compound event: Isang<br />
pangyayari na binubuo ng dalawa o higit<br />
pang payak na pangyayari.<br />
compound inequality/compound inequality:<br />
Isang kombinasyon ng higit pa sa isang<br />
inequality (di-pagkakapareho).<br />
Halimbawa: x � �2 o x � 10, o �2 � x � 10.<br />
Ang x ay higit pa o kapareho ng<br />
�2 at mas kaunti sa 10.<br />
compound interest/tubong patung-patong:<br />
Tubo na kinita o binayaran sa puhunan at<br />
dati nang kinita o binayaran na patubo.<br />
concave polygon/concave poligon: Isang<br />
poligon na mayroong isa man lamang na<br />
panloob na anggulo na higit sa 180°.<br />
cone/kono o talulo: Isang hugis sa tatlong<br />
dimensiyon na may isang vertex at isang<br />
pabilog na base.<br />
congruent /kongruente: Mayroong<br />
magkaparehong laki at anyo.<br />
congruent angles/mga kongruenteng<br />
anggulo: Mga anggulo na pareho ang sukat.<br />
congruent segments/mga kongruenteng<br />
bahagi: Mga bahagi na pareho ang haba.<br />
constant/palagian: Isang halaga na hindi<br />
nagbabago.<br />
constant of proportionality/palagian ng<br />
pagiging proporsiyonal: Isang hindi<br />
nagbabagong panumbasan ng dalawang<br />
bariable na magkaugnay ang proporsiyon.<br />
Halimbawa: 5 � k, 10 � 2k at 15 � 3k<br />
convenience sample/pinakamadaling<br />
sample: Paggamit ng sample ng<br />
pinakamadaling makuha na mga tao sa<br />
populasyon upang mabilis na makakuha ng<br />
mga resulta.<br />
conversion factor/conversion factor: Isang<br />
hatimbilang na ang kabilangan at<br />
panghatimbilang ay kumakatawan sa<br />
parehong dami, ngunit gumagamit ng<br />
magkakaibang mga yunit; ang hatimbilang ay<br />
kapareho ng 1 dahil ang kabilangan at ang<br />
panghatimbilang ay pareho.<br />
24 oras 1 araw<br />
Halimbawa: at<br />
1 araw 24 oras<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 128 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
convex polygon/convex poligon: Isang<br />
poligon na ang lahat ng panloob na anggulo<br />
ay may sukat ng mas kaunti sa o kapareho ng<br />
180°.<br />
coordinate plane (coordinate<br />
grid)/koordenadang talangguhit<br />
(coordinate grid): Isang patag na binubuo ng<br />
pagbagtas ng isang pahalang na guhit ng mga<br />
bilang na tinatawag na x-axis at isang<br />
patayong guhit ng mga bilang na tinatawag<br />
na y-axis.<br />
Quadrant<br />
II<br />
Quadrant<br />
III<br />
y-axis<br />
Quadrant<br />
I<br />
Quadrant<br />
IV<br />
coordinate/koordenada: Isa sa mga bilang ng<br />
isang isina-ayos na pares na itinuturo ang<br />
isang tuldok sa isang coordinate graph.<br />
correlation/correlation: Ang paglalarawan<br />
ng relasyon ng dalawang pangkat ng datos.<br />
correspondence/pagkakabagay: Ang<br />
relasyon ng dalawa o higit pang mga bagay na<br />
pinagtugma.<br />
corresponding angles (for lines)/mga<br />
magkabagay na anggulo (para sa mga<br />
guhit): Isang pares ng mga anggulo na<br />
binubuo ng isang transversal at dalawang<br />
guhit; sa diagram, ang mga pares ng mga<br />
magkabagay na anggulo ay �m at �q, �n at<br />
�r, �o at �s, at �p at �t.<br />
corresponding angles<br />
(in polygons)/mga<br />
magkabagay na anggulo<br />
(sa mga poligon): Mga<br />
magkatambal na anggulo<br />
ng dalawa o higit pang poligon.<br />
x-axis<br />
q r<br />
s t<br />
m n<br />
o p<br />
corresponding sides/mga magkapares na<br />
panig: Mga magkatambal na mga panig ng<br />
dalawa o higit pang poligon.<br />
cosine (cos)/cosine (cos): Sa isang right<br />
triangle, ang pagkakaugnay ng haba ng panig<br />
na katabi ng isang acute angle (anggulong<br />
kipot) sa haba ng hypotenuse.<br />
counterclockwise/paikot<br />
sa kaliwa: Isang pabilog na<br />
pagkilos papuntang kaliwa<br />
sa dakong ipinapakita.<br />
counterexample/kontrang halimbawa: Isang<br />
halimbawa na nagpapakita na hindi totoo ang<br />
isang pahayag.<br />
cross product/cross product: Ang<br />
kinalabasan ng mga bilang sa diagonal kapag<br />
pinaghahambing ang dalawang proporsiyon.<br />
Halimbawa: 2 –<br />
3 � 4 – 2<br />
6 3 � � 6 4 � � 12<br />
12<br />
cube (geometric figure)/<br />
Kubo (pigurang heometriya):<br />
Isang hugis rektanggulo na<br />
prisma na may anim na<br />
kongruentong kuwadradong<br />
panig.<br />
cube (in numeration)/kubo (sa pagbilang):<br />
Isang bilang na itinaas sa pangatlong antas.<br />
cumulative frequency/natitipong<br />
karagdagan sa kadalasan: Ang kabuuan ng<br />
mga magkakasunod na mga bagay sa datos.<br />
customary system of measurement/<br />
karaniwang sistema ng pagsukat: Ang sistema<br />
ng pagsukat na kadalasang ginagamit sa<br />
Estados Unidos.<br />
Halimbawa: dali, talampakan, milya, onsa,<br />
libra, tonelada, tasa, quart (ikaapat<br />
na bahagi ng isang galon),<br />
galon<br />
cylinder/silindro: Isang hugis sa<br />
tatlong dimensiyon na may<br />
dalawang magkahilera na<br />
parehong pabilog na mga base<br />
na konektado ng isang<br />
kurbadang panlabas sa tagiliran.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 129 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
D<br />
decagon/decagon: Isang poligon na may<br />
sampung panig.<br />
decimal system/sistemang panampuan:<br />
Isang sistemang may halagang base-10.<br />
deductive reasoning/deductive reasoning:<br />
Paggamit ng lohika upang ipakita na totoo<br />
ang isang pahayag.<br />
degree/grado o antas: Ang yunit ng pagsukat<br />
ng mga anggulo o temperatura.<br />
denominator/panghatimbilang: Ang bilang<br />
na nasa ilalim ng isang hatimbilang na<br />
nagsasabi kung ilang magkaparehong bahagi<br />
ang nasa isang buo.<br />
Halimbawa: 3 –<br />
4 Panghatimbilang<br />
Density property of real numbers/Density<br />
property of real numbers: Ang katangian na<br />
nagpapahayag na laging may iba pang tunay<br />
na bilang sa pagitan ng kahit anong dalawang<br />
tunay na bilang.<br />
dependent events/nababatay na mga<br />
pangyayari: Mga pangyayari kung saan ang<br />
kinalabasan ng unang pangyayari ay<br />
nakakaapekto sa kinalabasan ng pangalawang<br />
pangyayari.<br />
diagonal/diagonal: Isang bahagi ng guhit na<br />
nagkakabit sa dalawang hindi magkatabing<br />
mga tuktok ng isang poligon.<br />
diameter/diyametro: Isang bahagi ng guhit na<br />
nagdadaan sa sentro ng isang bilog at may mga<br />
dulo sa bilog, o sa haba ng bahagi na iyon.<br />
difference/pagkakaiba: Ang resulta kapag<br />
ibinawas ang isang bilang sa iba pang bilang.<br />
dilation/pagpapalaki o pagpapaliit: Isang<br />
pagbabago na nagpapalaki o nagpapaliit ng<br />
isang pigura.<br />
dimension/dimensiyon: Ang haba, kitid, o<br />
taas ng isang pigura.<br />
direct variation/tuwirang pagkakaiba: Ang<br />
kaugnayan ng dalawang bariable kung saan<br />
ang mga datos ay sabay na tumataas o<br />
bumababa sa isang palagian na halaga.<br />
discount/tawad: Ang halaga na ibinawas sa<br />
orihinal na presyo<br />
Distributive Property of Multiplication over<br />
Addition/Katangiang Pamamahagi ng<br />
Multiplikasyon sa Pagdaragdag: Ang<br />
katangian na nagpapahayag na kapag<br />
pinarami mo ang isang kabuuan sa isang<br />
bilang, makukuha mo ang parehong resulta<br />
kapag pinarami mo ang bawa’t addend sa<br />
bilang na iyon at pagkatapos ay pinagsama<br />
mo ang mga kinalabasan ng pagpaparami.<br />
Halimbawa: 5 � 21 � 5(20 � 1) � (5 � 20) �<br />
(5 � 1)<br />
dividend/dibidendo: Ang bilang na hahatiin<br />
sa isang paghahati.<br />
Halimbawa: En 8 � 4 � 2, ang 8 ang<br />
dibidendo.<br />
divisible/maaaring hatiin: Maaaring hatiin ng<br />
isang bilang nang walang remainder (naiiwan).<br />
Division Property of Equality/Katangiang<br />
Paghahati ng Pagkakapareho: Ang katangian<br />
na nagpapahayag na kung hatiin mo ang<br />
magkabilang panig ng isang equation gamit<br />
ang parehong bilang na hindi sero, magiging<br />
pareho ang kalutasan sa bagong equation.<br />
divisor/panghati: Ang bilang na iyong<br />
ginagamit paghati sa isang problema ng<br />
paghahati.<br />
Halimbawa: Sa 8 � 4 � 2, ang 4 ay ang<br />
panghati.<br />
dodecahedron/dodecahedron: Isang<br />
polihedron na may 12 mukha.<br />
domain/domain: Ang pangkat ng lahat ng<br />
mga maaaring input values sa isang ginagawa.<br />
double-bar graph/talangguhit na dalawang<br />
trangka: Isang talangguhit na trangka na<br />
naghahambing ng dalawang magkaugnay na<br />
pangkat ng datos.<br />
double-line graph/talangguhit na dalawang<br />
linya: Isang talangguhit na nagpapakita kung<br />
paano nagbabago ang dalawang magkaugnay<br />
na pangkat ng datos sa kahabaan ng<br />
panahon.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 130 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
edge/gilid: Ang bahagi<br />
ng guhit kung saan<br />
bumabagtas ang<br />
dalawang panig ng<br />
isang polihedron.<br />
E<br />
mga<br />
gilid<br />
elements/mga elemento: Ang mga salita,<br />
bilang, o bagay sa isang pangkat.<br />
empirical probability/empirical probability:<br />
Tingnan ang experimental probability<br />
(eksperimento ng kalamangan).<br />
empty set/pangkat na walang laman: Isang<br />
pangkat na walang mga elemento.<br />
endpoint/dulo: Isang tuldok sa dulo ng isang<br />
bahagi ng guhit o rayo.<br />
enlargement/pagpapalaki: Ang pagpapalaki<br />
ng lahat ng mga sukat sa magkaparehong<br />
proporsiyon.<br />
equally likely outcomes/mga kinalabasan na<br />
pare-parehong maaaring mangyari: Mga<br />
kinalabasan na may parehong kalamangan.<br />
equation/equation: Isang pangmatematikang<br />
pangungusap na nagpapakita na<br />
magkatumbas ang dalawang pagpapahayag.<br />
equilateral triangle/equilateral triangle: Isang<br />
tatsulok na may tatlong kongruenteng panig<br />
equivalent/magkatumbas: Magkapareho ang<br />
halaga.<br />
equivalent fractions/mga magkatumbas na<br />
hatimbilang: Mga hatimbilang na<br />
nagpapangalan ng magkaparehong halaga o<br />
bahagi.<br />
equivalent ratios/mga magkaparehong<br />
pagkakaugnay: Mga pagkakaugnay na<br />
nagpapangalan ng magkaparehong<br />
paghambing.<br />
estimate/pagtantiya: Isang sagot na malapit sa<br />
wastong sagot at nakukuha sa pamamagitan<br />
ng pagtantiya sa pinakamalapit na bilang,<br />
pagkumpol-kumpol, paggamit ng mga frontend<br />
na tambilang, mga magkabagay na mga<br />
bilang, o iba pang paraan upang mahanap<br />
ang ganitong sagot.<br />
evaluate/halagahan: Hanapin ang halaga ng<br />
isang pagpapahayag na gumagamit ng<br />
tambilang o alhebra.<br />
even number/tukol na bilang: Isang buong<br />
bilang na maaaring hatiin ng bilang na dalawa.<br />
event/pangyayari: Ang kinalabasan o pangkat<br />
ng mga kinalabasan ng isang pagsubok o<br />
kalagayan.<br />
expanded form/pinalawak na anyo: Isang<br />
bilang na isinulat bilang kabuuan ng mga<br />
halaga ng kanyang mga tambilang.<br />
Halimbawa: 236,536 536 isinulat sa pinalawak<br />
na anyo ay 200,000 � 30,000 �<br />
6,000 � 500 � 30 � 6.<br />
experiment (probability)/pagsubok<br />
(kalamangan): Sa kalamangan, anumang<br />
gawain batay sa pagkakataon (tulad ng<br />
paghagis ng barya).<br />
experimental probability/eksperimentong<br />
kalamangan: Ang proporsiyon kung ilang<br />
beses magaganap ang isang pangyayari sa<br />
kabuuang bilang ng pagsusubok, o beses na<br />
gaganapin ang gawain na ito.<br />
exponent/eksponente: Ang bilang na<br />
nagpapahiwatig kung ilang beses gagamiting<br />
sangkap ang base.<br />
Halimbawa: 2 3 � 2 � 2 � 2 � 8; ang 3 ay ang<br />
eksponente<br />
exponential decay/eksponenteng paghihina:<br />
Nangyayari sa isang eksponenteng gawain<br />
kapag ang output f(x) ay lumiliit habang ang<br />
input x ay lumalaki.<br />
exponential form/eksponenteng anyo: Ang<br />
bilang ay nasa eksponenteng anyo kapag ito ay<br />
nakasulat na mayroong base at eksponente.<br />
Halimbawa: ang 4 2 ay ang eksponenteng anyo<br />
para sa 4 � 4.<br />
exponential function/eksponenteng gawain:<br />
Isang paraan na wala sa guhit kung saan ang<br />
bariable ay ang eksponente.<br />
exponential growth/eksponenteng paglaki:<br />
Nangyayari sa isang eksponente ng gawain<br />
kapag ang output f(x) ay lumalaki habang ang<br />
input x ay lumiliit.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 131 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
expression/pagpapahayag: Isang matematikong<br />
phrase (parirala) na naglalaman ng mga<br />
operasyon, bilang, at/o mga bariable.<br />
extrapolation/extrapolation: Pagtantiya o<br />
paghula ng isang hindi alam na halaga, batay<br />
sa mga nalalamang halaga.<br />
F<br />
face/mukha: Isang patag na kalatagan ng<br />
isang polihedron.<br />
factor/sangkap: Isang bilang na pinarami sa<br />
isa pang bilang upang makakuha ng<br />
kinalabasan ng pagpaparami.<br />
factor tree/puno ng sangkap: Isang diagram<br />
na nagpapakita kung paano hinihiwa-hiwalay<br />
ang isang buong bilang upang makuha ang<br />
kanyang mga prime factor.<br />
factorial/factorial: Ang produkto ng lahat ng<br />
buong bilang, maliban sa sero, na mas kaunti<br />
o katumbas ng isang bilang.<br />
Halimbawa: 4 factorial � 4! � 4 � 3 � 2 � 1<br />
Ang 0! ay nangangahulugang 1.<br />
Fahrenheit/fahrenheit: Isang iskala ng<br />
temperatura kung saan ang 32°F ay ang<br />
temperatura ng pagyelo ng tubig at ang 212°F<br />
ay ang temperatura ng pagkulo ng tubig.<br />
fair/makatarungan: Kapag pare-pareho ang<br />
kalamangang mangyari ng lahat ng mga<br />
kinalabasan ng isang pagsubok, sinasabing<br />
makatarungan ang eksperimento.<br />
fair games/walang kini-kilingang laro: Mga<br />
laro kung saan pare-pareho ang pagkakataon<br />
ng lahat ng kalahok na manalo.<br />
favorable outcome/mabuting kinalabasan:<br />
Isang kinalabasan na hinahanap mo kapag<br />
ikaw ay nag-eeksperimento.<br />
Fibonacci sequence/Fibonacci sequence: Ang<br />
walang katapusang pagkakasunud-sunod ng<br />
mga bilang (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13,…); simula sa<br />
pangatlong termino, ang bawa’t bilang ay ang<br />
kabuuan ng dalawang nauunang bilang;<br />
ipinangalan ito kay Leonardo Fibonacci, isang<br />
matematiko mula sa pang labing-tatlong siglo.<br />
first differences/first differences: Isang<br />
pagkakasunud-sunod na binubuo sa<br />
pamamagitan ng pagbawas ng bawa’t termino<br />
ng isang pagkakasunud-sunod mula sa<br />
kasunod na termino.<br />
first quartile/first quartile: Ang panggitna ng<br />
nasa ibabang kalahati ng isang pangkat ng<br />
datos; tinatawag ding lower quartile (mas<br />
mababang quartile).<br />
formula/pormularyo: Isang patakaran na<br />
nagpapakita ng mga kaugnayan ng mga dami.<br />
Halimbawa: A � lw<br />
fractal/fractal: Isang anyo na may paulit-ulit<br />
na mga dibuho na naglalaman ng mga hugis<br />
na gaya ng buo ngunit iba’t-ibang kalakihan<br />
sa lahat ng parte.<br />
fraction/fraction: Isang bilang sa anyong a –<br />
b ,<br />
kung saan ang b � 0.<br />
frequency table/talaan ng kadalasan: Isang<br />
talaan na naglilista ng mga bagay nang samasama<br />
ayon sa dami ng beses o kadalasan na<br />
nangyayari ang mga bagay.<br />
front-end estimation/front-end estimation:<br />
Isang paraan ng pagtantiya kung saan<br />
pinagsasama ang mga pangharap na<br />
tambilang ng mga addend at pagkatapos ay<br />
iniaakma ang kabuuan para makakuha ng<br />
mas malapit na pagtantiya.<br />
function/gawain: Isang input-output na<br />
kaugnayan na mayroong hustung-hustong<br />
isang output para sa bawa’t input.<br />
function notation/pagtatala ng gawain: Ang<br />
pagtatala na ginagamit upang ilarawan ang<br />
isang function (gawain).<br />
Halimbawa: y � 3x 2 f(x) � 3x 2 ;<br />
f(x) ay binabasang “f ng x.”<br />
function table/talaan ng function: Isang<br />
talaan ng mga isina-ayos na pares na<br />
naglalarawan ng mga kalutasan ng isang<br />
function (gawain).<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 132 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
Fundamental Counting Principle/<br />
Fundamental Counting Principle: Kung ang<br />
isang pangyayari ay may m na posibleng<br />
kinalabasan, at ang pangalawang pangyayari ay<br />
may n na posibleng kinalabasan pagkatapos<br />
mangyari ang unang pangyayari, kung gayon<br />
ay may m � n na pangkalahatang posibleng<br />
kinalabasan para sa dalawang pangyayari.<br />
G<br />
geometric probability/geometric probability:<br />
Isang kalamangan na batay sa paghahambing<br />
ng mga sukat ng mga pangheometriyang<br />
pigura.<br />
geometric sequence/geometric sequence:<br />
Isang isina-ayos na listahan ng mga bilang na<br />
ang mga magkakasunod na termino ay may<br />
common ratio (panlahat na pagkakaugnay).<br />
Golden Ratio/Golden Ratio: Isang<br />
pagkakaugnay na humigit-kumulang na<br />
kapareho ng 1.618. Sa isang golden rectangle,<br />
ang pagkakaugnay ng haba sa lapad ay<br />
humigit-kumulang sa 1.618.<br />
graph of an equation/talangguhit ng isang<br />
equation: Isang talangguhit ng pangkat ng<br />
mga isina-ayos na pares na mga kalutasan ng<br />
equation.<br />
great circle/great circle: Isang bilog sa isang<br />
globo kung saan ang patag na naglalaman ng<br />
bilog ay nagdadaan sa sentro ng globo.<br />
greatest common factor (GCF)/<br />
pinakamalaking panlahat na sangkap: Ang<br />
pinakamalaking panlahat na sangkap ng<br />
dalawa o higit na ibinigay na mga bilang.<br />
H<br />
height/taas<br />
Sa isang piramido o kono, ang patayong layo<br />
mula sa base hanggang sa tapat na tuktok.<br />
Sa isang tatsulok o apatang-gilid, ang<br />
patayong layo mula sa base hanggang sa<br />
kabilang tuktok o panig.<br />
Sa isang prisma o silindro, ang patayong layo<br />
ng mga base sa isa’t isa.<br />
hemisphere/hemisphere: Isang kalahati ng<br />
isang globo.<br />
heptagon/heptagon: Isang poligon na may<br />
pitong panig.<br />
hexagon/hexagon: Isang poligon na may<br />
anim na panig.<br />
histogram/histogram: Isang talangguhit na<br />
trangka na nagpapakita ng kadalasan ng mga<br />
datos sa loob ng pare-parehong mga patlang.<br />
horizon line/horizon line: Isang pahalang na<br />
guhit na kumakatawan sa nakikita ng isang<br />
taong tumitingin at siyang kapantay ng<br />
kanyang mga mata.<br />
hypotenuse/hypotenuse: Sa isang<br />
triyanggulong ayos, ang panig na nasa kabila<br />
ng anggulong ayos.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 133 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
I<br />
icosahedron/icosahedron: Isang polihedron<br />
na may 20 mukha.<br />
Identity Property of One/Katangiang<br />
Pagpare-pareho ng Isa: Ang katangian na<br />
nagpapahayag na ang kinalabasan ng 1 at<br />
kahit na anong bilang ay ang bilang na iyon.<br />
Identity Property of Zero/Katangiang<br />
Pagpare-pareho ng Sero: Ang katangian na<br />
nagpapahayag na ang kabuuan ng sero at<br />
kahit na anong bilang ay ang bilang na iyon.<br />
if-then statement/kung-samakatuwid na<br />
pahayag: Isang makatwirang pahayag na<br />
gumagamit ng ng if (kung) at then<br />
(samakatuwid) upang ipakita ang kaugnayan<br />
ng dalawang kondisyon.<br />
Halimbawa: Kung pare-pareho ang haba ng<br />
lahat ng panig ng poligon at<br />
pare-pareho ang sukat ng lahat<br />
ng mga anggulo, samakatuwid ay<br />
regular ang poligon.<br />
image/image: Isang pigura na resulta ng isang<br />
pagbabago.<br />
impossible (probability)/hindi posible<br />
(kalamangan): Hinding-hindi maaaring<br />
mangyari; may 0 na kalamangan.
improper fraction/di-wastong hatimbilang:<br />
Isang hatimbilang kung saan ang kabilangan ay<br />
mas malaki o kapareho ng panghatimbilang.<br />
Halimbawa: 5 –<br />
5 , 5 –<br />
3<br />
independent events/mga nagsasariling<br />
pangyayari: Mga pangyayari kung saan ang<br />
kinalabasan ng isang pangyayari ay walang<br />
epekto sa kalamangan ng ibang pangyayari.<br />
indirect measurement/di-tuwirang pagsukat:<br />
Ang paraan ng paggamit ng magkatulad na mga<br />
pigura at mga kasukat upang hanapin ang sukat.<br />
inductive reasoning/inductive reasoning: Ang<br />
paggamit ng isang huwaran upang makapasiya.<br />
inequality/di-pagkakapareho: Isang<br />
pangmatematikang pangungusap na<br />
nagpapakita ng kaugnayan ng mga quantities<br />
(dami) na hindi magkatumbas.<br />
Mga halimbawa: 5 � 8; 5x � 2 � 12<br />
input/input: Ang halaga na ipinapalit sa isang<br />
pagpapahayag o function (gawain).<br />
integers/mga pambuong bilang: Ang<br />
pangkat ng mga buong bilang at ang kanilang<br />
mga kasalungat.<br />
interest/tubo: Ang halaga ng salapi na sinisingil<br />
kapag umuutang o gumagamit ng salapi.<br />
interior angles/mga<br />
panloob na mga anggulo:<br />
Mga anggulo ng panloob<br />
na panig ng dalawang<br />
guhit na hinahati ng isang<br />
e f<br />
g h<br />
a b<br />
c d<br />
transversal. Sa diagram, ang �c, �d, �e at �f<br />
ay ang mga panloob na mga anggulo.<br />
interquartile range/interquartile range: Ang<br />
pagkakaiba ng pantaas at pambabang mga<br />
quartile ng isang pangkat ng datos.<br />
intersecting lines/bumabagtas na mga guhit:<br />
Mga guhit na bumabagtas sa iisang tuldok.<br />
intersection (sets)/bagtasan (mga pangkat):<br />
Ang pangkat ng mga elemento na parehong<br />
nakikita sa dalawa o higit pang mga pangkat.<br />
interval/agwat: Ang agwat ng mga markadong<br />
halaga sa isang guhit na pambilang o sa iskala<br />
ng isang talangguhit.<br />
inverse operations/kabaligtad na mga<br />
operasyon: Mga operasyon na nagwawalangbisa<br />
sa isa’t isa: pagdaragdag at pagbawas, o<br />
pagpaparami at paghahati.<br />
inverse variation/kabaligtad na pag-iiba-iba:<br />
Isang relasyon kung saan tumataas ang isang<br />
dami ng bariable habang bumababa naman<br />
ang iba pang dami ng bariable; ang<br />
kinalabasan ng mga bariable ay ang constant<br />
(hindi nagbabago).<br />
irrational number/irrational number: Isang<br />
bilang na hindi maaaring ipahayag bilang<br />
isang pagkakaugnay ng dalawang integer o<br />
bilang isang paulit-ulit o nagtatapos na<br />
panampuan (decimal).<br />
isolate the variable/ihiwalay ang bariable:<br />
Ang paglagay ng isang bariable na nag-iisa sa<br />
isang panig ng equation o inequality upang<br />
malutas ang equation o inequality.<br />
isometric drawing/isometric drawing: Isang<br />
paglalarawan ng isang hugis sa tatlong<br />
dimensiyon na ginuguhit sa isang grid ng mga<br />
triyanggulong parigilid (equilateral triangle).<br />
isosceles triangle/triyanggulong isosiles:<br />
Isang tatsulok na may dalawa man lamang<br />
kongruenteng panig.<br />
K<br />
kite/saranggola: Isang apatang-gilid na may<br />
dalawang pares ng magkatabi na<br />
kongruenteng panig.<br />
L<br />
lateral face/tagilirang mukha: Sa isang prisma<br />
o piramido, isang mukha na hindi base.<br />
lateral surface/tagilirang kalatagan: Sa isang<br />
silindro, ang kurbadang kalatagan na<br />
nagkakabit sa mga pabilog na base, sa isang<br />
kono, ang kurbadang kalatagan na hindi base.<br />
tagilirang<br />
kalatagan<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 134 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
least common denominator (LCD)/<br />
pinakamaliit na panlahat na<br />
panghatimbilang: Ang pinakamaliit na<br />
panlahat na panghatimbilang ng dalawa o<br />
higit pang mga panghatimbilang.<br />
least common multiple (LCM)/pinakamaliit<br />
na panlahat ma multiplo: Ang pinakamaliit<br />
na bilang, maliban sa sero, na multiplo ng<br />
dalawa o higit pa sa dalawang bilang.<br />
legs/mga binti: Sa isang triyanggulong ayos<br />
(right triangle), ang mga panig na may<br />
anggulong ayos; sa isang triyanggulong<br />
isosiles, ang pares ng mga kongruenteng panig.<br />
like fractions/mga magkatulad na<br />
hatimbilang: Mga hatimbilang na may<br />
parehong panghatimbilang.<br />
Halimbawa: ang 5 ––<br />
12 at 3 ––<br />
12 ay mga hatimbilang.<br />
like terms/mga magkatulad na termino:<br />
Dalawa o higit pang mga termino na may<br />
magkaparehong bariable na itinaas sa<br />
parehong antas.<br />
Halimbawa: Sa pahayag na 3a � 5b � 12a,<br />
ang 3a at 12a ay magkatulad na<br />
termino.<br />
line/guhit: Isang deretsong pinagdaraanan na<br />
umaabot nang walang hangganan sa<br />
magkabilang dako.<br />
line graph/talangguhit na guhit: Isang<br />
talangguhit na gumagamit ng mga bahagi ng<br />
guhit upang ipakita kung paano nagbabago<br />
ang datos.<br />
line of best fit/guhit na pinaka-tumatama:<br />
Ang guhit na pinakamalapit sa lahat ng<br />
tuldok sa isang scatter plot.<br />
line plot/guhit na mapa: Isang guhit na<br />
pambilang na may mga marka o tuldok na<br />
nagpapakita ng kadalasan.<br />
line segment/bahagi ng guhit: Isang bahagi<br />
ng isang guhit sa pagitan ng dalawang dulo.<br />
line of reflection/guhit ng pagsasalamin:<br />
Isang guhit kung saan itinitiklop ang isang<br />
pigura upang makagawa ng isang eksaktong<br />
kabaligtaran (mirror image) ng orihinal na<br />
pigura.<br />
line of symmetry/guhit ng simetriya: Isang<br />
ginuguni-guning “salamin” sa isang guhit ng<br />
simetriya.<br />
line symmetry/guhit ng simetriya: Ang isang<br />
pigura ay mayroong line symmetry kapag ang<br />
isang kalahati ay isang eksaktong kabaligtaran<br />
ng kalahati nito.<br />
linear equation/equation sa isang guhit:<br />
Isang equation na ang mga kalutasan ay<br />
bumubuo ng isang tuwid na guhit sa isang<br />
coordinate plane.<br />
linear function/paraang guhit: Isang function<br />
kung saan ang talangguhit ay isang tuwid na<br />
guhit.<br />
linear inequality/hindi magkaparehong<br />
guhit: Isang pangmatematikang pangungusap<br />
na gumagamit ng �, �, � o � na ang<br />
talangguhit ay isang rehiyon na mayroong<br />
straight-line boundary (tuwid na guhit na<br />
hangganan).<br />
lower extreme/mas mababang kaduluhan:<br />
Ang pinakamaliit na bilang sa isang pangkat<br />
ng datos.<br />
lower quartile/mas mababang quartile: Ang<br />
panggitna ng mas mababang kalahati ng<br />
isang pangkat ng datos; tinatawag ding first<br />
quartile (first quartile).<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 135 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
M<br />
mean/mean: Ang kabuuan ng isang pangkat<br />
ng datos na hinahati ng bilang ng mga bagay<br />
sa pangkat ng datos; tinatawag ding<br />
promedyo o average.<br />
measure of central tendency/sukat ng hilig<br />
na mapagitna: Isang sukat na ginagamit<br />
upang ilarawan ang gitna ng pangkat ng<br />
datos; ang mean, median, at mode ay mga<br />
measures of central tendency (sukat ng hilig<br />
na mapagitna).<br />
median/panggitna: Ang panggitnang bilang o<br />
mean (promedyo) ng dalawang panggitnang<br />
bilang sa isang isina-ayos na pangkat ng<br />
datos.
metric system of measurement/metrikong<br />
sistema ng pagsukat: Isang panampuan<br />
(decimal) na sistema ng mga timbang at<br />
sukat na ginagamit sa buong mundo sa<br />
agham at pangkaraniwang gamit.<br />
Halimbawa: Ang sentimetro, metro,<br />
kilometro, gramo, kilogramo,<br />
milimetro, at litro ay lahat na<br />
mga metrikong yunit ng sukat.<br />
midpoint/panggitnang tuldok: Ang tuldok<br />
na naghahati sa isang bahagi ng guhit upang<br />
gawin itong dalawang kongruenteng bahagi<br />
ng guhit.<br />
mixed number/pinaghalong bilang: Isang<br />
bilang na binubuo ng isang buong bilang na<br />
hindi sero at isang hatimbilang.<br />
mode/mode: Ang bilang o mga bilang na<br />
pinakamadalas makita sa isang pangkat ng<br />
datos; kapag pare-pareho ang kadalasan ng<br />
paglabas ng lahat ng mga bilang, sinasabi<br />
natin na walang mode.<br />
monomial/monomial: Isang pahayag sa<br />
bilang o sa alhebra na may isang termino.<br />
Halimbawa: n,5n 2 ,8,�3<br />
Multiplication Property of Equality/<br />
Katangiang Pagpaparami ng Pagkakapareho:<br />
Isang katangian na nagpapahayag na kung<br />
pinarami mo ang dalawang panig ng isang<br />
equation gamit ang parehong bilang,<br />
magiging pareho ang kalutasan ng bagong<br />
equation.<br />
Multiplication Property of Zero/Katangiang<br />
Pagpaparami ng Sero: Katangian na<br />
nagpapahayag na para sa lahat ng tunay na<br />
bilang, a, a � 0 � 0 at 0 � a � 0.<br />
multiplicative inverse/kabaligtaran sa<br />
pagpaparami: Ang isang bilang na pinarami sa<br />
kanyang kabaligtaran sa pagpaparami ay<br />
katumbas ng 1; tinatawag ding reciprocal<br />
(katugon).<br />
Halimbawa: ang kabaligtaran sa pagpaparami<br />
ng 4 –<br />
5 ay 5 –<br />
4 .<br />
multiple/multiplo: Ang produkto ng<br />
anumang bilang at isang buong bilang ay<br />
isang multiplo ng bilang na iyon.<br />
mutually exclusive/kapwa tangi: Ang<br />
dalawang pangyayari ay kapwa tangi kung<br />
hindi sila maaaring mangyari sa parehong<br />
pagsusuri ng isang pagsubok.<br />
N<br />
negative correlation/negatibong kaugnayan:<br />
May negatibong kaugnayan ang dalawang<br />
pangkat ng datos kapag ang isang pangkat ng<br />
mga halaga ng datos ay tumataas habang ang<br />
isa naman ay bumababa.<br />
negative integer/negatibong integer: Isang<br />
integer na mas maliit sa sero.<br />
net/net: Isang pagsasaayos ng hugis sa<br />
dalawang dimensiyon na maaaring itiklop<br />
upang makabuo ng isang polihedron.<br />
no correlation/walang kaugnayan: Walang<br />
kaugnayan ang dalawang pangkat ng datos<br />
kapag walang kaugnayan ang kanilang mga<br />
halaga ng datos sa isa’t isa.<br />
nonlinear function/paraan na wala sa guhit:<br />
Isang paraan na ang talangguhit ay hindi<br />
isang tuwid na guhit.<br />
nonterminating decimal/hindi humihintong<br />
panampuan (decimal): Isang panampuan na<br />
walang katapusan.<br />
numerator/kabilangan: Ang bilang sa ibabaw<br />
ng isang hatimbilang na nagsasabi kung ilang<br />
bahagi sa isang buo ang pinag-iisipan.<br />
Halimbawa: 4 – kabilangan<br />
5<br />
numerical expression/pahayag na bilang:<br />
Isang pahayag na naglalaman lamang ng mga<br />
bilang at mga operasyon.<br />
O<br />
obtuse angle/anggulong bika: Isang anggulo<br />
na may sukat na higit sa 90° ngunit hindi<br />
umaabot ng 180°.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 136 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
obtuse triangle/triyanggulong bika: Isang<br />
tatsulok na may isang anggulong bika.<br />
octagon/waluhang-gilid o oktagon: Isang<br />
poligon na may walong panig.<br />
octahedron/octahedron: Isang polihedron na<br />
may walong mukha.<br />
odd number/bilang na may butal kapag<br />
pinagdalawa: Isang buong bilang na hindi<br />
maaaring hatiin ng bilang na dalawa.<br />
odds/kalamangan: Isang paghahambing ng<br />
mga di-salungat na kinalabasan at salungat<br />
na kinalabasan.<br />
odds against/kalamangan laban sa: Ang<br />
pagkakaugnay ng salungat at di-salungat na<br />
mga kinalabasan.<br />
odds in favor/kalamangan para sa: Ang<br />
pagkakaugnay ng mga kanais-nais na mga<br />
kinalabasan sa mga di-kanais-nais na mga<br />
kinalabasan.<br />
opposites/mga kabaligtaran o kasalungat:<br />
Dalawang bilang na may magkaparehong<br />
kalayuan mula sa sero sa isang guhit na<br />
pambilang; tinatawag ding additive inverse<br />
(kabaligtaran ng pagdaragdag).<br />
order of operations/ayos ng mga operasyon:<br />
Isang patakaran upang pahalagahan ang mga<br />
pahayag: gawin muna ang mga operasyon sa<br />
loob ng panaklong, pagkatapos ay kuwentahin<br />
ang mga antas at ugat, pagkatapos ay gawin<br />
ang lahat ng pagpaparami at paghahati mula<br />
kaliwa hangang kanan, at pagkatapos ay<br />
gawin ang lahat ng mga pagdaragdag at<br />
pagbawas mula kaliwa hanggang kanan.<br />
ordered pair/isina-ayos na pares: Isang pares<br />
ng mga bilang na maaaring gamitin upang<br />
makita ang kinalalagyan ng isang tuldok sa<br />
coordinate plane.<br />
origin/pinagmulan: Ang tuldok kung saan<br />
bumabagtas ang x-axis at y-axis sa isang<br />
coordinate plane; (0, 0).<br />
orthographic drawing/ortograpikong<br />
pagguhit: Isang pagguhit ng isang bagay gamit<br />
ang pagtingin mula sa harap, gilid at ibabaw.<br />
outcome (probability)/kinalabasan<br />
(kalamangan): Isang maaaring kinalabasan<br />
resulta ng pagsubok sa kalamangan.<br />
outlier/outlier: Ang halaga na talagang mas<br />
malaki o talagang mas maliit sa mga iba sa<br />
isang pangkat ng mga datos.<br />
output/output: Ang halaga na resulta ng<br />
isang pagpapalit ng isang ibinigay na input sa<br />
isang pahayag o function (gawain).<br />
overestimate/sobra ng kalkula: Isang<br />
pagkalkula na higit kaysa sa tamang sagot.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 137 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
P<br />
parabola/parabola: Ang talangguhit ng isang<br />
quadratic function.<br />
parallel lines/magkahilerang guhit: Mga<br />
guhit sa isang patag na hindi bumabagtas.<br />
parallelogram/paralelogramo: Isang<br />
apatang-gilid na may dalawang pares ng<br />
magkahilerang panig.<br />
Pascal’s triangle/tatsulok ni Pascal: Isang<br />
tatsulok na pagsasa-ayos ng mga bilang kung<br />
saan ang bawa’t hilera ay nag-uumpisa at<br />
nagtatapos sa 1 at ang bawa’t ikalawang<br />
bilang ay ang kabuuan ng dalawang bilang sa<br />
ibabaw nito.<br />
pentagon/limahang-gilid: Isang poligon na<br />
may limang panig.<br />
percent/porsiyento: Ang proporsiyon na<br />
naghahambing ng isang bilang sa 100.<br />
Halimbawa: 45% � 45 –––<br />
100<br />
percent of change/porsiyento ng pagpbabago:<br />
Ang halaga na ipinapahayag bilang porsiyento<br />
ng pagtaas o pagbaba ng isang bilang.<br />
percent of decrease/porsiyento ng pagbaba:<br />
Isang porsiyento ng pagbabago na<br />
naglalarawan ng pagbawas sa dami.<br />
percent of increase/porsyento ng pagtaas:<br />
Porsiyento ng pagbabago na naglalarawan ng<br />
pagtaas ng dami.
perfect square/perfect square: Ang parirami<br />
ng isang buong bilang.<br />
Halimbawa: 5 � 5 � 25 at 7 2 � 49; ang 25 at<br />
49 ay perfect squares.<br />
perimeter/perimetro: Ang haba paikot sa<br />
isang poligon.<br />
permutation/permutation: Ang pagsasa-ayos<br />
ng mga bagay o pangyayari kung saan<br />
mahalaga ang pagsasa-ayos.<br />
perpendicular bisector/patayong panghati:<br />
Isang guhit na bumabagtas sa gitna ng isang<br />
bahagi at patayo sa bahagi.<br />
perpendicular lines/mga<br />
patayong guhit: Mga guhit na<br />
bumabagtas upang makabuo<br />
ng mga anggulong ayos.<br />
perspective/perspektibo: Isang paraan na<br />
ginagamit upang gawing magmukhang may<br />
lalim at layo sa isang patag na kalatagan ang<br />
mga hugis sa tatlong dimensiyon.<br />
pi (�)/pi (�): Ang pagkakaugnay ng kabilugan<br />
ng isang bilog sa haba ng kanyang diyametro;<br />
� � 3.14 o 22 ––<br />
7 .<br />
plane/patag: Isang patag na kalatagan na<br />
walang katapusan.<br />
Platonic solids/platonic solids: Ang limang<br />
regular na mga polihedron: tetrahedron, cube,<br />
octahedron, dodecahedron, at icosahedron.<br />
point/tuldok: Isang eksaktong lugar sa<br />
kalawakan.<br />
point-slope form/anyo na tuldok-libis: Ang<br />
equation ng isang guhit sa anyo na<br />
y � y1 � m(x � x1 ), kung saan ang m ay ang<br />
slope at ang (x1 , y1 ) ay isang tanging tuldok sa<br />
guhit.<br />
point symmetry/simetriya ng tuldok: Ang<br />
isang hugis ay may point symmetry kapag ito<br />
ay kapareho ng kanyang sarili matapos<br />
paikutin nang 180°.<br />
polygon/poligon: Isang saradong patag na<br />
hugis na binubuo ng tatlo o higit pang bahagi<br />
ng guhit na bumabagtas lamang sa kanilang<br />
mga tuktok.<br />
polyhedron/polihedron: Isang hugis sa<br />
tatlong dimensiyon kung saan ang lahat ng<br />
mga kalatagan o mukha ay mga poligon.<br />
polynomial/polynomial: Isang pagpapahayag<br />
sa alhebra na siyang kabuuan o kaibhan ng<br />
dalawa o higit pang mga termino.<br />
population/populasyon: Ang buong pangkat<br />
ng mga bagay o mga tao na pinag-iisipan<br />
para sa isang pagsisiyasat.<br />
positive correlation/positibong kaugnayan:<br />
Ang dalawang pangkat ng mga datos ay may<br />
positibong kaugnayan kapag ang kanilang<br />
mga halaga ng datos ay tumataas o bumababa<br />
nang magkasabay.<br />
positive integer/positibong integer: Isang<br />
integer na higit sa sero.<br />
power/power: Isang bilang na nakukuha<br />
kapag itinaas ang base sa isang eksponente.<br />
Halimbawa: 2 3 � 8, kaya’t ang 8 ay ang<br />
pangatlong antas ng 2.<br />
precision/katiyakan: Ang antas ng detalye ng<br />
isang sukat, itinakda ng yunit ng pagsukat.<br />
prediction/hula: Bagay na maaaring<br />
mangyari sa kinabukasan.<br />
prime factorization/prime factorization:<br />
Isang bilang na isinulat bilang kinalabasan ng<br />
kanyang mga prime factor.<br />
Halimbawa: 10 � 2 � 5, 24 � 2 3 � 3<br />
prime number/Gansal na bilang: Isang<br />
buong bilang na higit sa 1 na may ganap na<br />
dalawang sangkap, ang kanyang sarili at ang 1.<br />
principal/puhunan: Ang kauna-unahang<br />
halaga ng salapi na hiniram o inipon.<br />
principal square root/pangunahing pariugat:<br />
Ang hindi negatibong pariugat ng isang bilang.<br />
Halimbawa: ��25 � 5. Ang 5 ay ang<br />
pangunahing pariugat.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 138 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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prism/prisma: Isang polihedron na may<br />
dalawang kongruenteng base na hugis<br />
poligon at iba pang mga mukha na lahat ay<br />
mga paralelogramo.<br />
probability/kalamangan: Isang bilang mula 0<br />
hanggang 1 (o 0% hanggang 100%) na<br />
naglalarawan kung gaano kalamang<br />
mangyayari ang isang pangyayari.<br />
product/kinalabasan: Ang resulta kapag<br />
pinarami ang dalawa o higit pang mga bilang.<br />
proper fraction/angkop na hatimbilang:<br />
Isang hatimbilang kung saan ang kabilangan<br />
ay mas maliit sa panghatimbilang.<br />
Halimbawa: 3 –<br />
4 , 1 ––<br />
12 , 7 –<br />
8<br />
proportion/proporsiyon: Isang equation na<br />
nagpapahayag na magkatumbas ang<br />
dalawang pagkakaugnay.<br />
protractor/protractor: Isang kagamitan na<br />
panukat ng mga anggulo.<br />
pyramid/piramido: Isang<br />
polihedron na may poligon<br />
na base at hugis-tatsulok na<br />
mga panig na nagsasalubong<br />
lahat sa iisang tuktok.<br />
Pythagorean Theorem/Pythagorean<br />
Theorem: Sa isang right triangle, ang square<br />
(pagmultiplika sa sarili) ng haba ng<br />
hypotenuse ay katumbas ng kabuuan ng<br />
kabuuan ng mga square ng mga haba ng mga<br />
binti.<br />
Q<br />
quadrant/quadrant: Hinahati ng x- at y-axes<br />
ang coordinate plane sa apat na rehiyon. Ang<br />
bawa’t rehiyon ay tinatawag na quadrant.<br />
quadratic equation/quadratic equation:<br />
Isang equation sa anyo na ax 2 � bx � c � 0,<br />
kung saan ang a � 0.<br />
quadratic function/quadratic function:<br />
Isang function sa anyo na y � ax 2 � bx � c,<br />
kung saan ang a � 0.<br />
Halimbawa: y � 2x 2 � 12x � 10, y � �3x 2<br />
quadrilateral/apatang-gilid: Isang poligon na<br />
may apat na panig.<br />
quarterly/tuwing 3 buwan: Apat na beses sa<br />
isang taon.<br />
quartile/quartile: Tatlong halaga, na ang isa ay<br />
ang median na nagbabahagi sa isang pangkat<br />
ng datos upang gawin itong apat na bahagi.<br />
Tingnan din ang first quartile (first quartile),<br />
third quartile (third quartile).<br />
quotient/kinalabasan ng paghahati: Ang<br />
resulta kapag ang isang bilang ay hinati ng isa<br />
pang bilang.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 139 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
R<br />
radical symbol/radical symbol:Ang simbolo<br />
��na ginagamit upang ilarawan ang hindi<br />
negatibong pariugat ng isang<br />
bilang.<br />
radius/radyo: Isang bahagi<br />
ng guhit na ang isang dulo ay<br />
nasa sentro ng bilog at ang<br />
kabilang dulo ay nasa bilog o nasa haba ng<br />
bahagi na ito.<br />
random numbers/mga pasumalang bilang:<br />
Sa isang pangkat ng mga pasumalang bilang,<br />
ang bawa’t bilang ay may parehong<br />
pagkakataong mapili.<br />
random sample/sapalarang paghugot ng<br />
mga gagamiting batayan sa pagsusuri: Isang<br />
sample kung saan ang bawa’t tao o bagay sa<br />
buong populasyon ay may parehong<br />
pagkakataon na mapili.<br />
range (in statistics)/agwat (sa estadistika):<br />
Ang pagkakaiba ng pinakamalaki at<br />
pinakamaliit na mga halaga sa isang pangkat<br />
ng datos.<br />
range (in a function)/Hanay (sa isang<br />
gawain): Ang pangkat ng lahat ng mga<br />
posibleng halaga ng isang gawain.
ate/halaga: Isang pagkakaugnay na<br />
naghahambing ng dalawang dami na sinukat<br />
gamit ang magkakaibang yunit.<br />
Halimbawa: Ang hangganan ng tulin ay<br />
55 miles bawa’t oras, o 55 mi/h.<br />
rate of interest/halaga ng tubo: Ang<br />
porsiyento na siningil o kinita para sa isang<br />
halaga ng salapi; tingnan ang simple interest<br />
(simpleng tubo).<br />
ratio/pagkakaugnay: Isang paghambing ng<br />
dalawang dami sa pamamagitan ng<br />
pagbabahagi.<br />
Halimbawa: 12 hanggang 25, 12:25, 12 ––<br />
25<br />
rational number/rational number: Anumang<br />
bilang na maaaring ipahayag bilang<br />
panumbasan ng dalawang integer.<br />
Halimbawa: Ang 6ay maaaring ipahayag<br />
bilang 6 –<br />
1 at ang 0.5 bilang 1 –<br />
2 .<br />
ray/rayo: Isang bahagi ng isang guhit na<br />
nagsisimula sa isang dulo at nagpapatuloy<br />
nang walang katapusan.<br />
real number/tunay na bilang: Isang rational<br />
o irrational na bilang.<br />
reciprocal/katugon: Isa sa dalawang bilang na<br />
ang kinalabasan ng pagpaparami ay 1;<br />
tinatawag ding multiplicative inverse<br />
(kabaligtaran sa pagpaparami).<br />
Halimbawa: Ang reciprocal ng 2 –<br />
3 ay 3 –<br />
2 .<br />
Ang reciprocal ng n ay 1 n<br />
– .<br />
rectangle/rektanggulo: Isang paralelogramo<br />
na may apat na anggulong ayos.<br />
rectangular prism/<br />
rektanggulong prisma:<br />
Isang polihedron na ang<br />
mga base ay mga<br />
rektanggulo at ang mga<br />
mukha ay paralelogram.<br />
reduction/pagbawas: Isang pagbawas sa laki<br />
ng lahat ng mga sukat.<br />
reflection/pagsasalamin: Isang pagbabago ng<br />
isang pigura na nag-iikot ng pigura sa isang<br />
guhit.<br />
regular pyramid/regular na piramido: Isang<br />
piramido na ang base ay regular na poligon at<br />
kongruente lahat ng mga tagilirang mukha.<br />
regular polygon/regular na poligon: Isang<br />
poligon na may mga kongruenteng panig at<br />
mga anggulo.<br />
regular tessellation/regular tessellation:<br />
Isang tessellation na binubuo sa pamamagitan<br />
ng paggamit ng mga regular na poligon.<br />
relatively prime/relatively prime: Relatively<br />
prime ang dalawang bilang kapag 1 ang<br />
kanilang pinakamalaking panlahat na<br />
sangkap (GCF).<br />
Halimbawa: Ang 7 at 15 ay relatively prime.<br />
repeating decimal/paulit-ulit na panampuan<br />
(decimal): Isang panampuan kung saan<br />
paulit-ulit nang walang katapusan ang isa o<br />
higit pang mga tambilang.<br />
Halimbawa: 0.757575… � 0.75 ���<br />
rhombus/rhombus: Isang paralelogram na<br />
ang lahat ng panig ay pare-pareho.<br />
right angle/anggulong ayos (anggulong<br />
kwadrado): Isang anggulo na ang sukat ay 90°.<br />
right cylinder/right cylinder: Isang silindro<br />
kung saan ang mga base ay nakahanay na<br />
mga bilog na patayo sa tagiliran ng silindro.<br />
right cone/right cone: Isang kono kung saan<br />
ang isang guhit mula base hanggang dulo<br />
(tuktok) ay dumaraan sa sentro ng base.<br />
right triangle/triyanggulong ayos: Isang<br />
tatsulok na may anggulong ayos.<br />
rise/pagtaas: Ang patayong pagbabago kapag<br />
ang libis ng isang guhit ay ipinapahayag<br />
bilang panumbasan na rise , o “rise over run”.<br />
run<br />
rotation/pag-ikot: Isang pagbabago kung<br />
saan ang isang pigura ay pina-iikot sa isang<br />
tuldok.<br />
rotational symmetry/paikot na simetriya:<br />
Ang isang pigura ay may rotational symmetry<br />
kung ito ay mapapaikot nang hindi lalampas<br />
ng 360° sa isang sentrong tuldok at ito ay<br />
hindi mag-iiba sa orihinal na pigura.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 140 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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ounding/tantiyahin sa pinakamalapit na<br />
bilang: Ang pagpalit ng isang bilang gamit<br />
ang pagtantiya ng bilang na iyon sa isang<br />
itinakdang place value.<br />
Halimbawa: ang 2,354, tinantiya sa<br />
pinakamalapit na libo, ay 2,000,<br />
at 2,354, tinantiya sa<br />
pinakamalapit na 100, ay 2,400.<br />
run/run: Ang pahalang na pagbabago kapag<br />
ang libis ng isang guhit ay pinahayag bilang<br />
pagkakaugnay na rise , o “rise over run”.<br />
run<br />
S<br />
sales tax/buwis sa bilihin: Porsiyento ng<br />
halaga ng isang bagay na siyang sinisingil ng<br />
mga gobyerno upang makakuha ng pera.<br />
sample/sample: Isang bahagi ng populasyon.<br />
sample space/sample space: Lahat ng<br />
maaaring kalabasan ng isang pagsubok.<br />
scale/iskala: Ang panumbasan ng dalawang<br />
pangkat ng mga sukat sa isa’t isa.<br />
scale drawing/guhit sa iskala: Isang guhit na<br />
gumagamit ng isang iskala upang gawing mas<br />
maliit (pagbawas) o mas malaki (paglaki) ang<br />
isang totoong bagay.<br />
scale factor/sangkap na iskala: Ang<br />
pagkakaugnay na ginamit upang palakihin o<br />
paliitin ang mga magkatulad na pigura.<br />
scale model/scale model: Isang proporsyonal<br />
na huwaran ng isang hugis sa tatlong<br />
dimensiyon.<br />
scalene triangle/triyanggulong iskalino:<br />
Isang tatsulok na walang kongruenteng<br />
panig.<br />
scatter plot/scatter plot: Isang talangguhit na<br />
may mga tuldok na nakamapa upang ipakita<br />
ang posibleng kaugnayan ng dalawang<br />
pangkat ng datos sa isa’t isa.<br />
scientific notation/scientific notation: Isang<br />
paraan ng pagsulat ng napakalaki o<br />
napakaliliit na mga bilang gamit ang mga<br />
antas ng 10.<br />
second differences/pangalawang pagkakaiba:<br />
Isang pagkakasunud-sunod na binuo mula sa<br />
pagkakaiba ng mga pagkakaiba ng mga<br />
termino ng pagkakasunud-sunod sa isa’t isa.<br />
second quartile/second quartile: Ang<br />
panggitna ng isang pangkat ng datos.<br />
sector/sector: Isang rehiyon na pinaligiran ng<br />
dalawang radyo at ng arko, at pinagdurugtong<br />
ang kanyang mga dulo.<br />
sector (data)/sector (data): Isang bahagi ng<br />
talangguhit ng bilog na kumakatawan sa<br />
bahagi ng pangkat ng datos.<br />
segment/bahagi: Isang bahagi ng guhit sa<br />
pagitan ng dalawang dulo.<br />
semiregular tessellation/semiregular<br />
tessellation: Isang tessellation na binuo ng<br />
dalawa o higit pang regular na mga poligon<br />
kung saan ang bawa’t tuktok ay magkapareho.<br />
sequence/pagkakasunud-sunod: Isang isinaayos<br />
na listahan ng mga bilang.<br />
set/pangkat: Isang pangkat ng mga bagay.<br />
side/panig: Isang guhit na nakahangganan o<br />
nakadikit sa isang pangheometriyang pigura;<br />
isa sa mga mukha na bumubuo ng panlabas<br />
ng isang bagay.<br />
Side-Angle-Side (SAS)/Side-Angle-Side<br />
(SAS): Patakaran na nagpapahayag na kung<br />
ang dalawang panig at ang kasamang anggulo<br />
ng isang tatsulok ay kongruente sa dalawang<br />
panig at ang kasamang anggulo ng isa pang<br />
tatsulok, kongruente ang mga tatsulok.<br />
Side-Side-Side (SSS)/Side-Side-Side (SSS):<br />
Patakaran na nagpapahayag na kung ang<br />
tatlong panig ng isang tatsulok ay kapareho<br />
ng tatlong panig ng isa pang tatsulok, ang<br />
mga tatsulok ay magkapareho.<br />
significant digits/significant digits: Mga<br />
tambilang (pigura) na ginagamit upang<br />
ipahayag ang kawastuhan ng isang pagsukat.<br />
similar/magkatulad: Mga pigura na may<br />
parehong hugis ngunit hindi kinakailangang<br />
magkasing laki.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 141 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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simple interest/simpleng tubo: Takdang<br />
porsiyento ng puhunan. Ito ay nakukuha<br />
gamit ang pormulang I � prt, kung saan ang<br />
p ay ang puhunan, ang r ay ang halaga ng<br />
tubo, at ang t ay ang panahon.<br />
simplest form/pinakapayak na anyo: Ang<br />
hatimbilang ay nasa pinakapayak na anyo<br />
kapag ang kabilangan at panghatimbilang<br />
ay walang ibang sangkap na panlahat maliban<br />
sa 1.<br />
simplify/gawing payak: Ang pagsulat ng<br />
isang hatimbilang o pahayag sa pinakapayak<br />
na anyo.<br />
simulation/paggaya: Modelo ng isang<br />
pagsubok, kadalasan ay masyadong mahirap o<br />
masyadong matagal ito gawin talaga.<br />
sine (sin)/sine (sin): Sa isang triyanggulong<br />
ayos, ang pagkakaugnay ng haba ng panig na<br />
nasa kabila ng isang anggulong kipot sa haba<br />
ng hypotenuse.<br />
skew lines/skew lines: Mga guhit na nasa<br />
magkakaibang patag na hindi magkahilera at<br />
hindi nagbabagtas.<br />
slant height/slant height: Ang layo mula sa<br />
base ng isang kono hanggang sa kanyang<br />
tuktok, sinukat sa kanyang kahabaan ng labas<br />
sa gilid.<br />
slope/gulod: Sukat ng katarikan ng isang<br />
guhit sa isang talangguhit; ang rise na<br />
binahagi ng run.<br />
slope-intercept form/slope-intercept form:<br />
Isang linear equation na sinulat sa anyong<br />
y � mx � b, kung saan ang m ray ang slope at<br />
ang b ay ang y intercept.<br />
solid figure/buong hugis: Isang hugis sa<br />
tatlong dimensiyon.<br />
solution of an equation/kalutasan ng isang<br />
equation: Halaga o mga halaga na<br />
nagpapatotoo sa isang equation.<br />
solution of an inequality/kalutasan ng isang<br />
di-pagkakapareho: Halaga o mga halaga na<br />
nagpapatotoo sa isang inequality.<br />
solution of a system of equations/kalutasan<br />
ng isang sistema ng equation: Isang pangkat<br />
ng mga halaga na nagpapatotoo sa lahat ng<br />
mga equation sa isang sistema.<br />
solution set/pangkat ng kalutasan: Pangkat<br />
ng mga halaga na nagpapatotoo sa isang<br />
pahayag.<br />
solve/lutasin: Humanap ng sagot o isang<br />
kalutasan.<br />
space figure/space figure: Isang hugis sa<br />
tatlong dimensiyon.<br />
sphere/globo: Isang hugis sa tatlong<br />
dimensiyon na ang lahat ng tuldok ay parepareho<br />
ang layo mula sa sentro.<br />
square (geometry)/parisukat (heometriya):<br />
Isang rektanggulo na may apat na<br />
magkaparehong panig.<br />
square (numeration)/parirami (ng isang<br />
bilang): Isang bilang na itinaas sa ikalawang<br />
antas.<br />
Halimbawa: Sa 5 2 , ang bilang na 5 ay<br />
ginawang parirami.<br />
square number/pariraming bilang: Ang<br />
kinalabasan ng pagpaparami ng isang bilang<br />
at ng kanyang sarili.<br />
Halimbawa: ang 25 ay isang pariraming<br />
bilang. 5 � 5 � 25<br />
square root/pariugat: Isa sa dalawang<br />
magkaparehong sangkap ng isang bilang.<br />
Halimbawa: 16 � 4 � 4, o 16 ��4 ��4, kaya’t ang 4 at �4 ay mga<br />
pariugat ng 16.<br />
standard form (in numeration)/karaniwang<br />
porma (sa pagbibilang): Isang bilang na<br />
sinulat gamit ang mga tambilang.<br />
Halimbawa: Ang limang libo, dalawang daan<br />
at sampo sa karaniwang anyo ay<br />
5,210.<br />
stem-and-leaf plot/stem-and-leaf plot: Isang<br />
talangguhit na ginagamit upang ayusin at<br />
ipakita ang mga datos upang maihambing ang<br />
mga kadalasan.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 142 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
straight angle/tuwid na anggulo: Isang<br />
anggulo na may sukat na 180°.<br />
stratified sample/stratified sample: Isang<br />
halimbawa ng populasyon na pinaghati-hati<br />
pa sa iba pang mga subgroup (maliliit na<br />
mga pangkat).<br />
subset/subset: Isang pangkat na nasa loob ng<br />
isa pang pangkat.<br />
substitute/palitan: Ang pagpapalit sa isang<br />
bariable gamit ang isang bilang o iba pang<br />
pahayag sa isang pangalhebrang pahayag.<br />
Subtraction Property of Equality/<br />
Katangiang Pagbawas ng Di-pagkakapareho:<br />
Ang katangian na nagpapahayag na kung<br />
ibabawas mo ang parehong bilang sa<br />
magkabilang panig ng isang equation,<br />
magiging pareho ang kalutasan ng bagong<br />
equation.<br />
sum/kabuuan: Ang resulta kapag pinagsama<br />
ang dalawa o higit pang mga bilang.<br />
supplementary angles/supplementary<br />
angles: Dalawang anggulo na ang<br />
pinagsamang mga sukat ay 180°.<br />
surface area/lawak ng kalatagan: Ang<br />
kabuuan ng mga lawak ng mga mukha, o<br />
labas, ng isang hugis sa tatlong dimensiyon.<br />
system of equations/system of equations:<br />
Isang pangkat ng dalawa o higit pang mga<br />
equation na naglalaman ng dalawa o higit<br />
pang mga bariable.<br />
system of linear equations/system of linear<br />
equations: Dalawa o higit pang mga linear<br />
equation na tinalangguhit sa parehong<br />
coordinate plane.<br />
systematic sample/systematic sample: Isang<br />
halimbawa ng isang populasyon na pinili<br />
gamit ang isang huwaran.<br />
T<br />
tangent (tan)/tangent (tan): Sa isang<br />
triyanggulong ayos, ang pagkakaugnay ng<br />
haba ng panig sa harap ng isang anggulong<br />
kipot sa haba ng panig na katabi ng<br />
anggulong kipot na iyon.<br />
tangent (to a circle)/tangent (to a circle):<br />
Isang guhit na nakadikit sa isa lamang tuldok<br />
sa bilog.<br />
term (in an expression)/termino (sa isang<br />
pahayag): Ang mga bahagi ng isang pahayag<br />
na pinagsasama o binabawas.<br />
Halimbawa: Ang 5x 2 ay isang pahayag na may<br />
isang termino, ang �10 ay isang<br />
pahayag na may isang termino, at<br />
ang x � 1 ay isang pahayag na<br />
may dalawang termino.<br />
term (in a sequence)/termino (sa isang<br />
pagkakasunud-sunod): Isang elemento o<br />
bilang sa isang pagkakasunud-sunod.<br />
terminating decimal/terminating decimal:<br />
Isang panampuan na bilang na humihinto o<br />
may katapusan.<br />
Halimbawa: 6.75<br />
tessellation/tessellation: Isang paulit-ulit na<br />
huwaran ng mga pigura ng patag na ganap na<br />
sumasaklaw ng isang patag nang walang mga<br />
puwang o overlap (pagsanib).<br />
tetrahedron/tetrahedron: Isang polihedron<br />
na may apat na mukha.<br />
theoretical probability/theoretical<br />
probability: Ang pagkakaugnay ng mga<br />
bilang ng magkasing malamang na mga<br />
kinalabasan sa isang pangyayari sa kabuuan<br />
ng mga maaaring kinalabasan.<br />
third quartile/third quartile: Ang panggitna<br />
ng nasa itaas na kalahati ng pangkat ng datos;<br />
tinatawag ding upper quartile (upper quartile).<br />
tip/tip: Ang halaga ng salapi na idinaragdag<br />
sa isang kwenta para sa serbisyo; karaniwan<br />
ay porsiyento ito ng kwenta.<br />
transformation/pagbabago: Pagbabago sa<br />
laki o lugar ng isang pigura.<br />
translation/translation: Isang pagkilos<br />
(padulas) ng isang pigura sa isang tuwid na<br />
guhit.<br />
transversal/transversal: Isang guhit na<br />
bumabagtas sa dalawa o higit pang mga<br />
guhit.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 143 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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trapezoid/trapezoid: Isang apatang-gilid na<br />
may ganap na isang pares ng magkahanay na<br />
panig.<br />
tree diagram/tree diagram: Isang sumasangay<br />
na diagram na nagpapakita ng lahat ng mga<br />
posibleng kombinasyon o mga kinalabasan ng<br />
isang pangyayari.<br />
trial/trial: Sa kalamangan, isang ulit o<br />
pagmamasid ng isang pagsubok.<br />
triangle/triyanggulo: Isang poligon na may<br />
tatlong panig.<br />
Triangle Sum Theorem/Triangle Sum<br />
Theorem: Ang teorema (palagay) na<br />
nagpapahayag na ang kabuuan ng mga sukat<br />
ng mga anggulo sa isang tatsulok ay 180°.<br />
triangular prism/<br />
triyanggulong prisma:<br />
Isang polihedron na ang<br />
mga base ay mga tatsulok<br />
at ang ibang mga mukha<br />
ay mga paralelogram.<br />
trigonometric ratios/trigonometric ratios:<br />
Ang mga pagkakaugnay na naghahambing ng<br />
mga haba ng mga panig ng isang<br />
triyanggulong ayos; ang mga parehong<br />
pagkakaugnay ay ang tangent, sine, at cosine.<br />
U<br />
unbiased sample/walang kinikilingan na<br />
sample: Walang kinikilingan ang isang<br />
halimbawa kapag ang bawat tao sa<br />
populasyon ay may pare-parehong<br />
pagkakataon na mapili.<br />
underestimate/kulang sa pagtantiya: Isang<br />
pagtantiya na mas mababa sa tamang sagot<br />
union/unyon: Ang pangkat ng lahat ng mga<br />
elemento na kaanib ng dalawa o higit pang<br />
mga pangkat.<br />
unit conversion/unit conversion: Ang paraan<br />
ng pagpalit ng isang yunit ng pagsukat sa<br />
ibang yunit ng pagsukat.<br />
unit conversion factor/unit conversion factor:<br />
Isang hatimbilang na ginagamit sa isang<br />
pagpalit ng yunit kung saan kinakatawan ng<br />
kabilangan at panghatimbilang ang parehong<br />
halaga ngunit sila’y nasa magkaibang mga<br />
yunit.<br />
60 min 1 hr<br />
Halimbawa: o<br />
1 hr 60 min<br />
unit price/halaga ng isa: Isang kabayaran ng<br />
yunit na ginagamit upang ihambing ang mga<br />
presyo.<br />
unit rate/rate bawat yunit: Isang rate kung<br />
saan ang pangalawang dami sa isang<br />
paghahambing ay isang yunit.<br />
Halimbawa: 10 cm bawat minuto<br />
unlike fractions/hindi magkatulad na mga<br />
hatimbilang: Mga hatimbilang na may iba’t<br />
ibang panghatimbilang.<br />
Halimbawa: 3 –<br />
4 at 1 –<br />
2 ay hindi magkatulad na<br />
mga hatimbilang.<br />
upper extreme/pang-itaas na kaduluhan:<br />
Ang pinakamalaking bilang sa isang pangkat<br />
ng datos.<br />
upper quartile/upper quartile: Ang panggitna<br />
ng pang-itaas na kalahati ng isang pangkat ng<br />
datos; tinatawag ding third quartile (third<br />
quartile).<br />
V<br />
vanishing point/vanishing point: Sa isang<br />
perspective drawing, isang tuldok kung saan<br />
nagtatagpo ang mga guhit na paalis mula sa<br />
tumitingin.<br />
variability/pag-iiba-iba: Ang lawak ng mga<br />
halaga sa isang pangkat ng datos.<br />
variable/bariable: Isang simbolo na<br />
ginagamit upang katawanin ang dami na<br />
maaaring maiba.<br />
Venn diagram/venn diagram: Isang diagram<br />
na ginagamit upang ipakita ang mga<br />
kaugnayan ng mga pangkat sa isa’t isa.<br />
verbal expression/verbal expression: Isang<br />
salita o parirala.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 144 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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vertex/tuktok: Sa isang anggulo o poligon,<br />
ang tuldok kung saan bumabagtas ang<br />
dalawang panig; sa isang polihedron, ang<br />
binabagtasan ng tatlo o higit pang mga panig;<br />
sa isang kono o piramido, ang tuldok sa<br />
ibabaw.<br />
vertical angles/mga<br />
b<br />
patayong anggulo:<br />
a c<br />
Isang pares ng<br />
d<br />
magkabilaang<br />
kongruente na anggulo na binuo ng mga<br />
nagbabagtas na guhit; sa diagram, ang<br />
�a at �c ay kongruente at ang �b at �d<br />
say kongruente.<br />
volume/laman o saklaw: Ang mga bilang ng<br />
cubic units na kinakailangan upang punuin<br />
ang isang takdang puwang.<br />
W<br />
withholding tax/withholding tax: Bawas sa<br />
kinikita ng isang tao bilang paunang bayad<br />
para sa buwis sa kinikita.<br />
X<br />
x-axis/x-axis: Ang pahalang na axis sa isang<br />
coordinate plane.<br />
x-coordinate/x-coordinate: Ang unang<br />
bilang sa isang isina-ayos na pares; ibinibigay<br />
ang layo na ikikilos sa kanan o kaliwa mula sa<br />
pinagmulan (0, 0).<br />
Halimbawa: Ang 5 ay ang x-coordinate sa<br />
(5, 3).<br />
x-intercept/x-intercept: Ang x-coordinate ng<br />
tuldok kung saan ang talangguhit ng isang<br />
guhit ay tumatawid sa x-axis.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 145 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
Y<br />
y-axis/y-axis: Ang patayong axis sa isang<br />
coordinate plane.<br />
y-coordinate/y-coordinate: Ang pangalawang<br />
bilang sa isang isina-ayos na pares; ibinibigay<br />
ang layo na ikikilos sa taas o baba mula sa<br />
pinagmulan (0, 0).<br />
Halimbawa: Ang 3 ay ang y-coordinate sa<br />
(5, 3).<br />
y-intercept/y-intercept: Ang y-coordinate ng<br />
tuldok kung saan ang talangguhit ng isang<br />
guhit ay tumatawid sa y-axis.<br />
Z<br />
zero pair/sero na pares: Isang bilang at ang<br />
kanyang kabaligtaran, na ang kabuuan ay 0.<br />
Halimbawa: 18 at –18
A<br />
absolute value/giaù trò tuyeät ñoái: Khoaûng<br />
caùch töø moät soá ñeán soá 0 treân truïc soá, ñöôïc kyù<br />
hieäu laø ��.<br />
Ví duï: � �5 � � 5.<br />
accuracy/ñoä chính xaùc: Ñoä gaàn caän giöõa moät<br />
soá ño hoaëc giaù trò cho saün vôùi soá ño hoaëc giaù<br />
trò thöïc teá cuûa noù.<br />
acute angle/goùc nhoïn: Moät goùc coù soá ño nhoû<br />
hôn 90°.<br />
acute triangle/tam giaùc nhoïn: Moät tam giaùc<br />
maø taát caû caùc goùc nhoû hôn 90°.<br />
addend/soá haïng: Moät soá ñöôïc coäng vaøo moät<br />
hay nhieàu soá khaùc ñeå taïo thaønh moät toång. Ví<br />
duï trong pheùp tính 4 � 6 � 7 thì 4, 6 vaø 7 laø<br />
caùc soá haïng.<br />
Addition Property of Equality/Quy Taéc<br />
Coäng Ñeàu Cuûa Ñaúng Thöùc: Quy taéc noùi raèng<br />
neáu ta theâm cuøng moät soá vaøo hai veá cuûa moät<br />
phöông trình thì phöông trình môùi naøy coù<br />
cuøng nghieäm vôùi phöông trình cuõ.<br />
Addition Property of Opposites/Ñaëc tính<br />
coäng caùc soá ñoái nhau: Nguyeân taéc noùi raèng<br />
toång cuûa moät soá vôùi moät soá ñoái thì baèng 0.<br />
Ví duï: 12 � (�12) � 0<br />
additive inverse/soá traùi daáu; soá ñoái: Soá traùi<br />
daáu cuûa moät soá.<br />
Ví duï: Soá traùi daáu cuûa 6 laø �6.<br />
adjacent angles/goùc keà:<br />
Caùc goùc treân cuøng moät<br />
b<br />
a<br />
maët phaúng coù chung moät<br />
ñænh vaø moät caïnh.<br />
algebraic expression/bieåu thöùc ñaïi soá: Moät<br />
bieåu thöùc trong ñoù coù ít nhaát moät bieán soá.<br />
Ví duï: x � 8; 4(m � b)<br />
algebraic inequality/baát ñaúng thöùc ñaïi soá:<br />
Moät baát ñaúng thöùc trong ñoù coù ít nhaát moät<br />
bieán soá.<br />
Ví duï: x � 3 � 10; 5a � b � 3<br />
alternate exterior angles/<br />
goùc so le ngoaøi: Moät caëp<br />
goùc ñöôïc taïo thaønh bôûi hai<br />
a b<br />
ñöôøng thaúng vaø moät ñöôøng<br />
thaúng thöù ba caét hai ñöôøng<br />
c d<br />
thaúng ñoù. Trong hình veõ, caùc caëp goùc so le<br />
ngoaøi laø �a vaø �d vaø �b vaø �c.<br />
alternate interior angles/<br />
goùc so le trong: Moät caëp<br />
r s<br />
goùc ñöôïc taïo thaønh bôûi hai<br />
ñöôøng thaúng vaø moät ñöôøng<br />
thaúng thöù ba caét hai ñöôøng<br />
t v<br />
thaúng ñoù. Trong hình veõ, caùc caëp goùc so le<br />
trong laø �r vaø �v vaø �s vaø �t.<br />
altitude/ñöôøng cao: Ñöôøng thaúng vuoâng goùc<br />
töø moät ñænh cuûa moät ña giaùc ñeán caïnh ñaùy ñoái<br />
dieän vôùi ñænh (hoaëc ñöôøng thaúng truøng vôùi<br />
caïnh ñaùy ñoù).<br />
angle/goùc: Moät hình ñöôïc taïo ra bôûi hai tia coù<br />
cuøng moät ñieåm goác, ñieåm goác ñoù ñöôïc goïi laø<br />
ñænh.<br />
angle bisector/ñöôøng phaân<br />
giaùc cuûa goùc: Moät ñöôøng<br />
thaúng, moät ñoaïn thaúng,<br />
hoaëc moät tia chia moät goùc<br />
thaønh hai goùc coù cuøng ñoaøn heä.<br />
Angle-Side-Angle (ASA)/Quy Taéc Goùc-<br />
Caïnh-Goùc: Moät quy taéc noùi raèng neáu hai goùc<br />
vaø caïnh naèm giöõa hai goùc ñoù trong moät tam<br />
giaùc coù cuøng ñoaøn heä vôùi hai goùc vaø caïnh<br />
naèm giöõa hai goùc ñoù trong moät tam giaùc khaùc<br />
thì hai tam giaùc ñoù coù cuøng ñoaøn heä.<br />
arc/cung cuûa moät ñöôøng troøn: Moät ñoaïn cuûa<br />
moät ñöôøng troøn ñöôïc goïi teân theo hai ñieåm<br />
keát thuùc cuûa noù treân ñöôøng troøn.<br />
area/dieän tích: Soá ñôn vò vuoâng caàn thieát ñeå<br />
che kín moät maët phaúng cho saün.<br />
arithmetic sequence/daõy soá: Moät daõy caùc soá<br />
maø hieäu soá cuûa caùc soá haïng keà nhau luoân luoân<br />
khoâng ñoåi.<br />
M<br />
N<br />
P<br />
O<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 147 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
Associative Property/Quy Taéc Keát Hôïp<br />
Trong pheùp coäng, quy taéc noùi raèng toång cuûa<br />
caùc soá thöïc a, b vaø c khoâng ñoåi duø cho ta coù<br />
nhoùm caùc soá haïng naøy nhö theá naøo ñi nöõa<br />
a � b � c � (a � b) � c � a � (b � c).<br />
Trong pheùp nhaân, quy taéc naøy noùi raèng tích<br />
cuûa caùc soá thöïc a, b vaø c khoâng ñoåi duø coù<br />
nhoùm caùc soá naøy nhö theá naøo ñi nöõa<br />
a � b � c � (a � b) � c � a � (b � c).<br />
asymmetry/tính khoâng ñoái xöùng: Hai phía<br />
cuûa moät ñöôøng thaúng trung taâm khoâng ñoàng<br />
nhaát vôùi nhau. Khoâng ñoái xöùng.<br />
average/trung bình coäng: Toång cuûa moät daõy<br />
soá chia cho soá löôïng caùc soá trong daõy soá ñoù,<br />
coøn goïi laø mean (giaù trò trung bình).<br />
average deviation/ñoä leäch trung bình:<br />
Khoaûng caùch trung bình giöõa giaù trò cuûa moät<br />
soá ñeán trung bình coäng cuûa caùc giaù trò trong<br />
daõy soá.<br />
axes/truïc: Hai ñöôøng thaúng vuoâng goùc caét<br />
nhau taïi moät ñieåm goác treân cuøng moät maët<br />
phaúng toïa ñoä.<br />
B<br />
back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot/ñoà thò<br />
“caønh-vaø-laù” ñoái xöùng: Loaïi ñoà thò “caønhvaø-laù”<br />
duøng ñeå so saùnh hai nhoùm soá lieäu baèng<br />
caùch bieåu dieãn moät nhoùm soá lieäu ôû beân traùi vaø<br />
nhoùm soá lieäu coøn laïi ôû beân phaûi cuûa “caønh”.<br />
bar graph/ñoà thò coät/bieåu ñoà coät: Moät bieåu<br />
ñoà/ñoà thò duøng caùc coät doïc hay ngang ñeå bieåu<br />
thò soá lieäu.<br />
base-10 system/heä thaäp phaân: Moät heä soá maø<br />
taát caû caùc soá ñöôïc ghi baèng caùch söû duïng caùc<br />
chöõ soá töø 0 ñeán 9.<br />
base (in numeration)/cô soá (trong soá hoïc):<br />
Khi moät soá ñöôïc naâng leân moät luõy thöøa, soá<br />
ñöôïc duøng laøm thöøa soá ñöôïc goïi laø cô soá.<br />
Ví duï: 3 5 � 3 � 3 � 3 � 3 � 3<br />
base (of a polygon or three-dimensional<br />
figure)/ñaùy (cuûa moät ña giaùc hay moät hình<br />
veõ 3 chieàu): Caïnh cuûa moät ña giaùc; maët cuûa<br />
moät hình veõ ba chieàu maø ta döïa vaøo ñeå ño<br />
hoaëc phaân loaïi hình ba chieàu ñoù.<br />
Caùc ñaùy<br />
cuûa hình<br />
truï<br />
Caùc ñaùy<br />
cuûa hình<br />
laêng truï<br />
biased sample/maãu thieân leäch: Moät maãu<br />
khoâng ñaïi dieän moät caùch chính xaùc cho nhoùm<br />
ñoái töôïng.<br />
binary number system/heä nhò phaân: Moät heä<br />
thoáng ghi soá trong ñoù taát caû caùc soá ñeàu ñöôïc<br />
bieåu dieãn baèng hai chöõ soá laø 1 vaø 0.<br />
binomial/nhò thöùc: Moät ña thöùc goàm hai soá<br />
haïng.<br />
Ví duï: 10 � m; 3y � 2<br />
bisect/phaân ñoâi: Chia laøm hai phaàn baèng nhau.<br />
boundary line/ñöôøng bao: Trong moät baát<br />
ñaúng thöùc tuyeán goàm hai bieán soá, ñöôøng bao<br />
laø moät taäp hôïp cuûa caùc ñieåm maø taïi ñoù hai<br />
meänh ñeà baèng nhau.<br />
box-and-whisker plot/ñoà thò “hoäp-vaø-ñöôøng<br />
ngang”: Moät loaïi ñoà thò bieåu dieãn töù phaân vò<br />
coù giaù trò cao nhaát vaø vaø töù phaân vò coù giaù trò<br />
thaáp nhaát cuûa moät nhoùm soá lieäu baèng caùc<br />
ñöôøng thaúng ngang, bieåu dieãn hai töù phaân vò<br />
coøn laïi baèng hình hoäp, vaø giaù trò naèm chính<br />
giöõa daõy soá lieäu baèng ñöôøng thaúng caét doïc hoäp.<br />
break (graph)/ñöôøng gaïch boû (bieåu ñoà): Moät<br />
ñöôøng chöõ chi treân truïc hoaønh hoaëc truïc tung<br />
cuûa moät bieåu ñoà, theå hieän raèng moät vaøi soá<br />
treân truïc naøy ñaõ bò löôïc boû.<br />
C<br />
Ñaùy cuûa<br />
hình noùn<br />
Ñaùy cuûa<br />
hình choùp<br />
capacity/dung tích: Löôïng chaát loûng maø moät<br />
vaät coù theå chöùa khi ñöôïc ñoå ñaày.<br />
Celsius/ñoä C: Moät ñôn vò ño theo heä meùt<br />
duøng ñeå ño nhieät ñoä, theo ñoù nöôùc ñoùng baêng<br />
taïi 0°C vaø soâi taïi 100°C. Ñoä C cuõng coøn ñöôïc<br />
goïi laø centigrade.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 148 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
center (of a circle)/taâm (cuûa moät ñöôøng<br />
troøn): Moät ñieåm naèm trong ñöôøng troøn vaø<br />
caùch ñeàu taát caû caùc ñieåm treân ñöôøng troøn ñoù.<br />
center (of dilation)/taâm (cuûa söï co giaõn):<br />
Giao ñieåm cuûa caùc ñöôøng thaúng theo taát caû<br />
caùc höôùng co giaõn.<br />
center (of rotation)/truïc (quay): Ñieåm maø<br />
moät hình quay ñeàu quanh noù.<br />
central angle/goùc töø taâm: Moät goùc maø ñænh<br />
cuûa noù laø taâm cuûa moät ñöôøng troøn.<br />
certain (probability)/chaéc chaén/chính xaùc<br />
(xaùc suaát): Chaéc chaén seõ xaûy ra; coù xaùc suaát<br />
baèng 1.<br />
chord/ñoaïn thaúng chaén cung: Moät ñoaïn<br />
thaúng noái hai ñieåm treân moät ñöôøng troøn.<br />
circle/ñöôøng troøn: Taäp hôïp<br />
taát caû caùc ñieåm treân moät maët<br />
phaúng coù cuøng khoaûng caùch ñeán<br />
moät ñieåm cho saün goïi laø taâm.<br />
circle graph/ñoà thò hình troøn: Moät loaïi bieåu<br />
ñoà söû duïng caùc phaàn cuûa moät hình troøn ñeå so<br />
saùnh giöõa moät phaàn vôùi toaøn theå cuõng nhö<br />
giöõa caùc phaàn vôùi nhau.<br />
circumference/chu vi ñöôøng troøn: Khoaûng<br />
caùch xung quanh moät ñöôøng troøn.<br />
clockwise/quay theo chieàu kim<br />
ñoàng hoà: Quay troøn töø traùi sang<br />
phaûi theo chieàu kim ñoàng hoà.<br />
clustering/pheùp coäng buø tröø:<br />
Moät phöông phaùp duøng ñeå öôùc tính toång khi<br />
taát caû caùc soá haïng coù giaù trò gaàn vôùi moät giaù<br />
trò chung nhaát ñònh.<br />
Ví duï: 27, 29, 24 vaø 26 ñeàu coù giaù trò gaàn vôùi 25.<br />
coefficient/heä soá: Moät soá ñöôïc nhaân vôùi bieán<br />
soá trong moät bieåu thöùc ñaïi soá.<br />
Ví duï: 5 laø heä soá trong bieåu thöùc 5b.<br />
combination/keát hôïp: Moät caùch saép xeáp caùc<br />
thöù hoaëc söï kieän maø trong ñoù traät töï saép xeáp<br />
khoâng quan troïng.<br />
commission/tieàn hoa hoàng: Khoaûn tieàn traû<br />
cho moät ngöôøi vì ngöôøi ñoù ñaõ baùn ñöôïc haøng.<br />
C<br />
commission rate/tæ leä phaàn traêm hoa hoàng:<br />
Khoaûn tieàn traû cho moät ngöôøi vì ngöôøi ñoù baùn<br />
ñöôïc haøng, ñöôïc quy ñònh döôùi daïng phaàn<br />
traêm cuûa giaù baùn.<br />
common denominator/maãu soá chung: Moät<br />
maãu soá chung cho hai phaân soá trôû leân.<br />
Ví duï: Maãu soá chung cuûa 5 –<br />
8 vaø 2 –<br />
8 laø 8.<br />
common difference/hieäu soá chung: Hieäu cuûa<br />
baát cöù hai soá haïng keà nhau naøo trong moät daõy<br />
soá.<br />
common factor/öôùc soá chung: Moät soá laø thöøa<br />
soá cuûa hai soá trôû leân.<br />
Ví duï: 8 laø öôùc soá chung cuûa 16 vaø 40.<br />
common multiple/boäi soá chung: Moät soá chia<br />
heát cho hai soá hay nhieàu soá khaùc.<br />
Ví duï: 15 laø boäi soá chung cuûa 3 vaø 5.<br />
common ratio/tæ leä chung: Laø tæ leä maø moãi<br />
soá haïng ñöôïc nhaân vôùi ñeå taïo ra soá haïng tieáp<br />
theo trong moät daõy soá trong hình hoïc.<br />
Commutative Property/Quy Taéc Giao Hoaùn<br />
Trong pheùp coäng, duø cho hai hay nhieàu soá<br />
haïng ñöôïc coäng laïi theo thöù töï naøo ñi nöõa thì<br />
toång vaãn khoâng thay ñoåi.<br />
Ví duï: 8 � 20 � 20 � 8; a � b � b � a<br />
Trong pheùp nhaân, duø cho hai hay nhieàu soá<br />
ñöôïc nhaân theo trình töï naøo ñi nöõa thì tích vaãn<br />
khoâng thay ñoåi.<br />
Ví duï: 6 � 12 � 12 � 6; a � b � b � a<br />
compatible numbers/caùc soá töông hôïp: Caùc<br />
soá coù giaù trò gaàn vôùi nhöõng soá cho saün giuùp ta<br />
öôùc tính hoaëc tính nhaåm deã hôn.<br />
compensation/pheùp buø tröø: Khi moät soá trong<br />
moät baøi toaùn gaàn vôùi moät soá khaùc deã tính toaùn<br />
hôn, soá deã tính hôn ñöôïc söû duïng ñeå tìm ra<br />
ñaùp soá. Sau ñoù ñaùp soá ñöôïc ñieàu chænh baèng<br />
caùch coäng theâm hoaëc tröø ñi soá cheânh.<br />
complementary angles/hai goùc buø nhau: Hai<br />
goùc maø toång cuûa chuùng baèng 90°.<br />
composite number/hôïp soá: Moät soá lôùn hôn 1<br />
vaø chia heát cho hai soá nguyeân trôû leân.<br />
compound event/söï kieän phöùc hôïp: Moät söï<br />
kieän bao goàm hai söï kieän ñôn giaûn trôû leân.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 149 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
compound inequality/heä baát ñaúng thöùc:<br />
Taäp hôïp cuûa hai baát ñaúng thöùc trôû leân.<br />
Ví duï: x � �2 hay x � 10, hay �2 � x � 10.<br />
x lôùn hôn hoaëc baèng �2 vaø nhoû hôn 10.<br />
compound interest/laõi goäp/laõi keùp: Khoaûn<br />
laõi ñöôïc tính treân soá voán coäng vôùi laõi phaùt<br />
sinh trong giai ñoaïn tröôùc.<br />
concave polygon/ña giaùc loõm: Moät ña giaùc coù<br />
ít nhaát moät goùc trong lôùn hôn 180°.<br />
cone/hình noùn: Moät hình veõ ba chieàu co moät<br />
ñænh vaø moät ñaùy troøn.<br />
congruent/coù cuøng ñoaøn heä: Coù cuøng kích côõ<br />
hoaëc hình daïng.<br />
congruent angles/caùc goùc coù cuøng ñoaøn heä:<br />
Caùc goùc coù soá ño baèng nhau.<br />
congruent segments/caùc ñoaïn thaúng coù cuøng<br />
ñoaøn heä: Caùc ñoaïn thaúng coù cuøng ñoä daøi.<br />
constant/haèng soá: Moät giaù trò khoâng thay ñoåi<br />
constant of proportionality/haèng soá tæ leä:<br />
Tæ leä khoâng ñoåi cuûa hai bieán soá lieân heä vôùi<br />
nhau theo tæ troïng.<br />
Ví duï: 5 � k, 10 � 2k vaø 15 � 3k<br />
convenience sample/choïn maãu theo möùc ñoä<br />
tieän lôïi: Choïn caùc ñoái töôïng saün coù nhaát trong<br />
toång theå maãu nhaèm ñaït ñöôïc keát quaû nhanh<br />
choùng.<br />
conversion factor/thöøa soá quy ñoåi: Moät phaân<br />
soá maø töû soá vaø maãu soá coù soá löôïng baèng nhau<br />
nhöng söû duïng caùc ñôn vò ño khaùc nhau. Phaân<br />
soá naøy baèng 1 vì töû soá vaø maãu soá baèng nhau.<br />
Ví duï:<br />
24 giôø 1 ngaøy<br />
vaø<br />
1 ngaøy 24 giô<br />
convex polygon/ña giaùc loài: Moät ña giaùc coù<br />
taát caû caùc goùc trong nhoû hôn hoaëc baèng 180°.<br />
coordinate plane (coordinate grid)/maët<br />
phaúng toaï ñoä(heä toïa ñoä): Moät maët phaúng taïo<br />
bôûi söï giao nhau giöõa moät truïc soá naèm ngang<br />
goïi laø truïc x vaø moät truïc soá doïc goïi laø truïc y.<br />
Goùc phaàn<br />
tö II<br />
Goùc phaàn<br />
tö III<br />
coordinate/toaï ñoä: Moät trong hai soá trong<br />
moät caëp soá ñöôïc duøng ñeå ñònh vò moät ñieåm<br />
treân moät maët phaúng toaï ñoä.<br />
correlation/söï töông quan: Mieâu taû moái<br />
quan heä giöõa hai daõy soá lieäu.<br />
correspondence/söï töông öùng: Moái quan heä<br />
giöõa hai hay nhieàu vaät töông öùng vôùi nhau.<br />
corresponding angles<br />
(for lines)/goùc töông öùng<br />
(ñoái vôùi ñöôøng thaúng):<br />
Moät caëp goùc taïo bôûi hai<br />
ñöôøng thaúng vaø moät ñöôøng<br />
thaúng thöù ba caét hai ñöôøng thaúng ñoù. Trong<br />
hình veõ, caùc goùc töông öùng la �m vaø �q,<br />
�n vaø �r, �o vaø �s, vaø �p vaø �t.<br />
corresponding angles (in polygons)/goùc<br />
töông öùng (trong ña giaùc): Caùc goùc töông<br />
öùng cuûa hai hay nhieàu ña giaùc.<br />
corresponding sides/caïnh töông öùng: Caùc<br />
caïnh töông öùng cuûa hai hay nhieàu ña giaùc.<br />
cosine (cos)/coâ-sin: Tæ leä giöõa ñoä daøi caïnh<br />
goùc vuoâng vaø ñoä daøi caïnh huyeàn trong moät<br />
tam giaùc vuoâng.<br />
counterclockwise/<br />
quay ngöôïc chieàu<br />
kim ñoàng hoà: Quay<br />
troøn töø phaûi sang traùi<br />
theo chieàu trong hình veõ.<br />
truïc hoaønh<br />
Goùc phaàn<br />
tö I<br />
Goùc phaàn<br />
tö IV<br />
truïc tung<br />
q r<br />
s t<br />
m n<br />
o p<br />
counterexample/ví duï phaûn bieän: Moät ví duï<br />
chæ roõ moät quan ñieåm xaùc ñònh laø sai.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 150 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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cross product/tích cheùo: Tích cuûa hai soá<br />
cheùo nhau (töû soá cuûa phaân soá naøy nhaân vôùi<br />
maãu soá cuûa moät phaân soá khaùc vaø ngöôïc laïi)<br />
khi so saùnh hai phaân soá.<br />
Ví duï: 2 –<br />
3 � 4 – 2<br />
6 3 � � 6 4 � � 12<br />
12<br />
cube (geometric figure)/<br />
hình laäp phöông(hình veõ<br />
hình hoïc): Moät hình laêng truï<br />
chöõ nhaät coù saùu maët laø saùu<br />
hình vuoâng coù cuøng ñoaøn heä.<br />
cube (in numeration)/laäp phöông (trong soá<br />
hoïc): Luyõ thöøa muõ ba cuûa moät soá.<br />
cumulative frequency/taàn soá tích luyõ: Toång<br />
cuûa caùc soá keá tieáp nhau trong moät daõy soá lieäu.<br />
customary system of measurement/heä ño<br />
löôøng thoâng duïng: Moät heä thoáng ño löôøng<br />
thöôøng ñöôïc söû duïng taïi Hoa Kyø.<br />
Ví duï: inches, feet, miles, ounces, pounds,<br />
tons, cups, quarts, gallons<br />
cylinder/hình truï: Moät hình<br />
veõ ba chieàu coù hai ñaùy troøn<br />
song song coù cuøng ñoaøn heä<br />
ñöôïc noái bôûi moät beà maët cong.<br />
D<br />
decagon/thaäp giaùc: Moät ña giaùc coù möôøi<br />
caïnh.<br />
decimal system/heä thaäp phaân: Heä giaù trò<br />
thaäp phaân.<br />
deductive reasoning/suy luaän: Duøng lyù luaän<br />
ñeå chöùng minh moät quan ñieåm laø ñuùng.<br />
degree/ñoä: Ñôn vò duøng ñeå ño goùc hoaëc nhieät<br />
ñoä.<br />
denominator/maãu soá: Soá naèm phía döôùi<br />
trong moät phaân soá, cho bieát coù bao nhieâu<br />
phaàn baèng nhau trong moät toång theå.<br />
Ví duï: 3 –<br />
4 Maãu soá<br />
Density property of real numbers/Quy Taéc<br />
Maät Ñoä Cuûa Caùc Soá Thöïc: Quy taéc noùi raèng<br />
luoân luoân coù moät soá thöïc giöõa hai soá thöïc.<br />
dependent events/caùc söï vieäc coù quan heä<br />
nhaân quaû: Laø caùc söï kieän maø keát quaû cuûa söï<br />
kieän thöù nhaát seõ aûnh höôûng ñeán keát quaû cuûa<br />
söï kieän thöù hai.<br />
diagonal/ñöôøng cheùo: Moät ñöôøng thaúng noái<br />
hai ñænh khoâng keà nhau cuûa moät ña giaùc.<br />
diameter/ñöôøng kính: Moät ñoaïn thaúng ñi qua<br />
taâm cuûa moät ñöôøng troøn vaø coù hai ñaàu treân<br />
ñöôøng troøn ñoù, hoaëc ñoä daøi cuûa ñoaïn thaúng naøy.<br />
difference/hieäu soá: Keát quaû thu ñöôïc khi ta<br />
tröø moät soá cho moät soá khaùc.<br />
dilation/söï co giaõn: Söï bieán ñoåi laøm phoùng to<br />
hoaëc thu nhoû moät hình veõ.<br />
dimension/soá ño: Chieàu daøi, chieàu roäng hoaëc<br />
chieàu cao cuûa moät hình.<br />
direct variation/bieán ñoåi tröïc tieáp: Moái<br />
quan heä giöõa hai bieán soá trong ñoù soá lieäu cuøng<br />
taêng hay giaûm theo moät tæ leä khoâng ñoåi.<br />
discount/khoaûn tieàn ñöôïc giaûm giaù/khoaûn<br />
chieát khaáu: Khoaûn tieàn ñöôïc giaûm töø giaù goác.<br />
Distributive Property of Multiplication over<br />
Addition/Quy Taéc Phaân Phoái Cuûa Pheùp<br />
Nhaân Ñoái Vôùi Pheùp Coäng: Theo quy taéc naøy,<br />
khi ta nhaân moät soá vôùi moät toång, ta seõ thu<br />
ñöôïc cuøng moät keát quaû neáu ta nhaân soá ñoù vôùi<br />
töøng soá haïng cuûa toång roài coäng caùc tích naøy<br />
laïi vôùi nhau.<br />
Ví duï: 5 � 21 � 5(20 � 1) � (5 � 20) � (5 � 1)<br />
dividend/soá bò chia: Soá bò chia trong moät<br />
pheùp tính chia.<br />
Ví duï: Trong ñaúng thöùc 8 � 4 � 2, thì 8 laø soá<br />
bò chia.<br />
divisible/chia heát: Coù theå chia heát cho moät<br />
soá maø khoâng ñeå laïi soá dö.<br />
Division Property of Equality/Quy Taéc Chia<br />
Ñeàu Cuûa Ñaúng Thöùc: Theo quy taéc naøy, neáu<br />
ta chia caû hai veá cuûa moät phöông trình cho<br />
cuøng moät soá khaùc 0, thì nghieäm cuûa phöông<br />
trình naøy vaãn giöõ nguyeân.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 151 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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divisor/soá chia: Soá chia trong moät pheùp tính<br />
chia.<br />
Ví duï: Trong ñaúng thöùc 8 � 4 � 2, 4 laø soá chia.<br />
dodecahedron/thaäp nhò dieän: Ña giaùc coù<br />
möôøi hai maët.<br />
domain/mieàn soá lieäu: Taäp hôïp taát caû caùc giaù<br />
trò ñaàu vaøo cuûa moät haøm.<br />
double-bar graph/bieåu ñoà coät keùp: Moät bieåu<br />
ñoà so saùnh hai taäp hôïp soá lieäu coù lieân quan<br />
vôùi nhau.<br />
double-line graph/bieåu ñoà ñöôøng thaúng<br />
keùp: Moät bieåu ñoà bieåu dieãn söï thay ñoåi theo<br />
thôøi gian cuûa hai heä soá lieäu.<br />
E<br />
edge/caïnh cuûa hai maët<br />
phaúng: Ñoaïn thaúng<br />
giao nhau cuûa hai maët<br />
phaúng cuûa moät ña giaùc.<br />
Caùc caïnh<br />
maët phaúng<br />
elements/phaàn töû: Töø, soá hoaëc vaät naèm trong<br />
moät taäp hôïp.<br />
empirical probability/xaùc suaát thöïc nghieäm:<br />
Xem muïc experimental probability (xaùc suaát<br />
thöïc nghieäm).<br />
empty set/taäp hôïp roãng: Taäp hôïp maø trong<br />
ñoù khoâng coù phaàn töû naøo.<br />
endpoint/ñieåm goác/ñieåm keát thuùc: Moät<br />
ñieåm keát thuùc moät ñoaïn thaúng hay moät tia.<br />
enlargement/phoùng to: Phoùng to kích côõ cuûa<br />
taát caû caùc chieàu theo cuøng moät tæ leä.<br />
equally likely outcomes/keát quaû khaû dó töông<br />
ñöông: Caùc keát quaû coù cuøng moät xaùc suaát.<br />
equation/phöông trình: Moät caùch dieãn ñaït<br />
toaùn hoïc cho thaáy hai bieåu thöùc baèng nhau.<br />
equilateral triangle/tam giaùc ñeàu: Tam giaùc<br />
coù ba caïnh baèng nhau.<br />
equivalent/töông ñöông/baèng nhau: Coù cuøng<br />
moät giaù trò.<br />
equivalent fractions/caùc phaân soá baèng nhau:<br />
Caùc phaân soá coù cuøng giaù trò.<br />
equivalent ratios/caùc tæ soá baèng nhau: Caùc tæ<br />
soá bieåu dieãn cuøng moät tæ leä.<br />
estimate/ñaùp soá öôùc tính: Moät ñaùp soá gaàn<br />
vôùi ñaùp soá ñuùng, ñöôïc tính baèng caùch laøm<br />
troøn, buø tröø, söû duïng caùc chöõ soá haøng cao<br />
nhaát, söû duïng caùc soá töông hôïp hoaëc moät<br />
phöông phaùp khaùc.<br />
evaluate/tính giaù trò: Tính giaù trò cuûa moät<br />
bieåu thöùc soá hoïc hay ñaïi soá.<br />
even number/soá chaün: Moät soá nguyeân chia<br />
heát cho hai.<br />
event/keát quaû: Keát quaû hay moät nhoùm keát<br />
quaû cuûa moät thöïc nghieäm hay tình huoáng.<br />
expanded form/daïng môû roäng: Moät soá ñöôïc<br />
vieát döôùi daïng toång caùc giaù trò cuûa caùc chöõ soá<br />
maø noù chöùa.<br />
Ví duï: 236,536 ñöôïc vieát theo daïng môû roäng<br />
laø 200,000 � 30,000 � 6,000 � 500 �<br />
30 � 6.<br />
experiment (probability)/thöïc nghieäm<br />
(trong toaùn xaùc suaát): Baát cöù hoaït ñoäng naøo<br />
thöïc hieän treân cô sôû xaùc suaát (nhö tung moät<br />
ñoàng xu leân chaúng haïn) trong toaùn xaùc suaát.<br />
experimental probability/xaùc suaát thöïc<br />
nghieäm: Tæ leä giöõa soá laàn xaûy ra cuûa moät keát<br />
quaû vôùi toång soá laàn thöû hoaëc toång soá laàn thöïc<br />
nghieäâm.<br />
exponent/soá muõ: Laø soá duøng ñeå bieåu dieãn soá<br />
laàn moät cô soá ñöôïc nhaân vôùi chính noù.<br />
Ví duï: 23 � 2 � 2 � 2 � 8; trong ñoù 3 laø<br />
soá muõ.<br />
exponential decay/söï phaân raõ daïng haøm muõ:<br />
Xaûy ra trong moät haøm soá muõ trong tröôøng hôïp<br />
ñaùp soá f(x) giaûm daàn khi aån soá x taêng daàn.<br />
exponential form/daïng luyõ thöøa: Moät soá ôû<br />
daïng luyõ thöøa khi ñöôïc vieát döôùi daïng moät cô<br />
soá vaø moät soá muõ.<br />
Ví duï: 42 laø daïng luyõ thöøa cuûa 4 � 4.<br />
exponential function/haøm soá muõ: Laø moät<br />
haøm soá khoâng tuyeán tính trong ñoù bieán soá ôû<br />
daïng luõy thöøa.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 152 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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exponential growth/luyõ thöøa tieán: Xaûy ra<br />
trong moät haøm soá muõ khi ñaùp soá f(x) taêng daàn<br />
theo möùc taêng cuûa aån soá x.<br />
expression/bieåu thöùc: Moät caùch bieåu dieãn toaùn<br />
hoïc trong ñoù coù pheùp tính, soá vaø/hoaëc bieán soá.<br />
extrapolation/pheùp ngoaïi suy: Söï öôùc tính<br />
hoaëc döï ñoaùn moät giaù trò chöa bieát döïa treân<br />
caùc giaù trò ñaõ bieát.<br />
F<br />
face/maët: Maët phaúng cuûa moät ña giaùc.<br />
factor/thöøa soá: Moät soá ñöôïc nhaân vôùi moät soá<br />
khaùc ñeå coù ñöôïc tích soá.<br />
factor tree/caây thöøa soá/bieåu ñoà thöøa soá: Moät<br />
bieåu ñoà bieåu dieãn caùch moät soá nguyeân ñöôïc<br />
phaân tích thaønh caùc thöøa soá nguyeân toá.<br />
factorial/giai thöøa: Tích cuûa taát caû caùc soá<br />
nguyeân (tröø soá 0) nhoû hôn hoaëc baèng moät soá.<br />
Ví duï: Giai thöøa 4 � 4! � 4 � 3 � 2 � 1 0! ñöôïc<br />
ñònh nghóa laø 1.<br />
Fahrenheit/ñoä F: Moät thang nhieät ñoä maø theo<br />
ñoù nöôùc ñoùng baêng taïi 32°F vaø soâi taïi 212°F.<br />
fair/chính xaùc, ñuùng: Khi taát caû caùc keát quaû<br />
cuûa moät cuoäc thöïc nghieäm töông ñöông nhau,<br />
thöïc nghieäm naøy ñöôïc coi laø chính xaùc.<br />
fair games/cuoäc thi ñaáu hoaëc troø chôi coâng<br />
baèng: Caùc traän thi ñaáu hoaëc troø chôi trong ñoù<br />
moãi ngöôøi tham gia ñeàu coù cô hoäi thaéng cuoäc<br />
nhö nhau.<br />
favorable outcome/keát quaû thuaän: Moät keát<br />
quaû maø ta mong ñôïi khi thöïc hieän moät cuoäc<br />
thöïc nghieäm.<br />
Fibonacci sequence/daõy soá tuaàn hoaøn<br />
Fibonacci: Daõy soá tuaàn hoaøn voâ ñònh (1, 1, 2,<br />
3, 5, 8, 13,…); baét ñaàu baèng soá haïng thöù ba,<br />
moãi soá haïng laø toång cuûa hai soá ñöùng tröôùc noù;<br />
daõy soá naøy ñöôïc goïi theo teân cuûa nhaø toaùn hoïc<br />
theá kyû thöù möôøi ba laø Leonardo Fibonacci.<br />
first differences/daõy hieäu soá thöù nhaát: Moät<br />
daõy soá ñöôïc hình thaønh baèng caùch laáy moãi soá<br />
haïng trong moät daõy soá tröø ñi soá haïng ñöùng<br />
tröôùc noù.<br />
first quartile/töù phaân vò thöù nhaát: Giaù trò<br />
ñöùng giöõa trong phaàn nöûa giaù trò thaáp hôn cuûa<br />
moät daõy soá; coøn ñöôïc goïi laø lower quartile<br />
(ñieåm töù phaân vò döôùi).<br />
formula/coâng thöùc: Moät quy taéc theå hieän<br />
moái quan heä giöõa caùc soá löôïng.<br />
Ví duï: A � lw<br />
fractal/caáu truùc maûnh: Moät caáu truùc vôùi caùc<br />
maãu coù chöùa caùc hình laëp ñi laëp laïi gioáng nhö<br />
hình toång theå, nhöng coù kích côõ khaùc nhau.<br />
fraction/phaân soá: Moät soá ñöôïc vieát döôùi daïng<br />
a –b , trong ñoù b � 0.<br />
frequency table/baûng ghi taàn soá: Moät baûng<br />
lieät keâ caùc söï kieän theo soá laàn hoaëc taàn soá xaûy<br />
ra cuûa söï kieän.<br />
front-end estimation/caùch öôùc tính chöõ soá<br />
haøng cao nhaát: Moät phöông phaùp öôùc tính<br />
theo ñoù caùc chöõ soá haøng cao nhaát cuûa caùc soá<br />
haïng ñöôïc coäng vôùi nhau sau ñoù toång naøy<br />
ñöôïc ñieàu chænh ñeå coù ñöôïc moät ñaùp soá öôùc<br />
löôïng chính xaùc hôn.<br />
function/haøm soá: Moái quan heä trong ñoù<br />
töông öùng vôùi moãi giaù trò ñaàu vaøo ta coù ñöôïc<br />
duy nhaát moät giaù trò ñaàu ra.<br />
function notation/kyù hieäu haøm soá: Kyù hieäu<br />
ñöôïc duøng ñeå mieâu taû moät haøm soá.<br />
Ví duï: y � 3x 2 f(x) � 3x 2 ; f(x) ñöôïc ñoïc<br />
laø haøm “f cuûa x.”<br />
function table/baûng haøm soá: Baûng lieät keâ<br />
caùc caëp nghieäm cuûa moät haøm soá.<br />
Fundamental Counting Principle/Quy Taéc<br />
Ñeám Cô Baûn: Neáu söï kieän thöù nhaát coù<br />
m keát quaû khaû dó vaø söï kieän thöù hai coù n keát<br />
quaû khaû dó sau khi söï kieän thöù nhaát xaûy ra, thì<br />
seõ coù toång coäng m � n keát quaû khaû dó cho caû<br />
hai söï kieän.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 153 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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G<br />
geometric probability/xaùc suaát hình hoïc:<br />
Laø moät xaùc suaát döïa treân vieäc so saùnh caùc soá<br />
ño caùc hình veõ hình hoïc.
geometric sequence/caáp soá nhaân: Moät daõy<br />
caùc soá maø thöông cuûa hai soá lieân tieáp trong<br />
daõy soá ñoù laø nhö nhau.<br />
Golden Ratio/Tæ soá Vaøng: Laø moät tæ leä xaáp xæ<br />
baèng 1.618. Trong moät hình chöõ nhaät vaøng, tæ<br />
leä giöõa chieàu daøi vaø chieàu roäng xaáp xæ 1.618.<br />
graph of an equation/ñoà thò cuûa moät phöông<br />
trình: Laø moät ñoà thò bieåu dieãn moät taäp hôïp<br />
toïa ñoä caùc caëp nghieäm cuûa phöông trình.<br />
great circle/hình troøn lôùn: Laø moät hình troøn<br />
treân moät hình caàu, vaø maët phaúng chöùa hình<br />
troøn ñoù ñi qua taâm cuûa hình caàu ñoù.<br />
greatest common factor (GCF)/öôùc soá chung<br />
lôùn nhaát: Laø moät thöøa soá chung lôùn nhaát cuûa<br />
hai hay nhieàu soá cho tröôùc.<br />
H<br />
height/ñöôøng cao<br />
Trong moät hình choùp hoaëc hình noùn, laø khoaûng<br />
caùch vuoâng goùc töø ñaùy ñeán ñænh ñoái dieän.<br />
Trong moät tam giaùc hoaëc moät töù giaùc, laø<br />
khoaûng caùch vuoâng goùc töø ñaùy tôùi ñænh hoaëc<br />
caïnh ñoái dieän.<br />
Trong hình laêng truï hoaëc hình truï, laø khoaûng<br />
caùch vuoâng goùc giöõa caùc ñaùy.<br />
hemisphere/baùn caàu: Moät nöûa hình caàu.<br />
heptagon/thaát giaùc: Hình ña giaùc baûy caïnh.<br />
hexagon/luïc giaùc: Hình ña giaùc saùu caïnh.<br />
histogram/bieåu ñoà taàn soá: Moät loaïi bieåu ñoà<br />
duøng caùc coät ôû khoaûng caùch baèng nhau ñeå<br />
bieåu dieãn taàn soá xaûy ra cuûa döõ lieäu.<br />
horizon line/ñöôøng ngang: Moät ñöôøng thaúng<br />
ngang theå hieän taàm maét cuûa ngöôøi ngaém.<br />
hypotenuse/caïnh huyeàn: Laø caïnh ñoái dieän<br />
vôùi goùc vuoâng trong moät tam giaùc vuoâng.<br />
icosahedron/khoái hai möôi maët: Moät ña<br />
dieän coù 20 maët.<br />
I<br />
Identity Property of One/Tích Moät Soá Vôùi<br />
Soá 1: Quy taéc noùi raèng khi nhaân moät soá vôùi soá<br />
1 ta ñöôïc chính soá ñoù.<br />
Identity Property of Zero/Toång Cuûa Moät Soá<br />
Vôùi Soá 0: Quy taéc noùi raèng khi coäng soá 0 vôùi<br />
moät soá baát kyø, ta ñöôïc chính soá ñoù.<br />
if-then statement/meänh ñeà ñieàu kieän: Laø<br />
moät meänh ñeà hôïp lyù söû duïng caùc töø neáu vaø thì<br />
ñeå chæ moái quan heä giöõa hai ñieàu kieän.<br />
Ví duï: Neáu taát caû caùc caïnh cuûa moät ña giaùc<br />
ñeàu daøi baèng nhau vaø taát caû caùc goùc coù<br />
soá ño baèng nhau, thì ñoù laø ña giaùc ñeàu.<br />
image/aûnh: Moät hình laø keát quaû cuûa pheùp<br />
bieán ñoåi.<br />
impossible (probability)/xaùc suaát baèng 0:<br />
Khoâng bao giôø xaûy ra; coù xaùc suaát baèng 0.<br />
improper fraction/phaân soá khoâng thöïc söï:<br />
Laø moät phaân soá trong ñoù töû soá lôùn hôn hoaëc<br />
baèng maãu soá.<br />
Ví duï: 5 –<br />
5 , 5 –<br />
3<br />
independent events/söï kieän ñoäc laäp: Laø caùc<br />
söï kieän trong ñoù keát quaû cuûa moät söï kieän<br />
khoâng aûnh höôûng ñeán xaùc suaát xaûy ra cuûa moät<br />
söï kieän khaùc.<br />
indirect measurement/ño giaùn tieáp: Laø<br />
phöông phaùp ño duøng caùc hình hoaëc tæ leä<br />
töông töï ñeå tìm ra moät keát quaû ño.<br />
inductive reasoning/phöông phaùp quy naïp:<br />
Söû duïng moät caáu truùc laëp ñi laëp laïi ñeå ruùt ra<br />
keát luaän.<br />
inequality/baát ñaúng thöùc: Laø moät söï dieãn ñaït<br />
toaùn hoïc chæ ra moái lieân heä giöõa caùc soá löôïng<br />
khoâng töông ñöông.<br />
Ví duï: 5 � 8; 5x � 2 � 12<br />
input/giaù trò ñaàu vaøo: Laø giaù trò ñöôïc thay<br />
vaøo moät bieåu thöùc hoaëc moät haøm soá.<br />
integers/soá nguyeân: Laø taäp hôïp taát caû caùc soá<br />
nguyeân vaø soá ñoái cuûa chuùng.<br />
interest/laõi suaát: Khoaûn tieàn thu ñöôïc töø vieäc<br />
cho vay hoaëc söû duïng voán.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 154 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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interior angles/caùc goùc<br />
trong: Caùc goùc naèm veà<br />
phía beân trong cuûa hai<br />
ñöôøng thaúng bò caét bôûi<br />
moät ñöôøng thaúng thöù ba.<br />
Trong hình veõ, �c, �d,<br />
�e vaø �f laø caùc goùc trong.<br />
interquartile range/khoaûng cheânh giöõa caùc<br />
töù phaân vò: Hieäu giöõa ñieåm töù phaân vò treân vaø<br />
ñieåm töù phaân vò döôùi trong moät nhoùm soá lieäu.<br />
intersecting lines/ñöôøng thaúng caét nhau:<br />
Caùc ñöôøng thaúng caét nhau taïi moät ñieåm.<br />
intersection (sets)/phaàn giao nhau (cuûa caùc<br />
taäp soá): Laø taäp hôïp caùc phaàn töû chung cuûa hai<br />
hay nhieàu taäp hôïp soá.<br />
interval/khoaûng caùch: Laø khoaûng caùch giöõa<br />
caùc vaïch giaù trò ñöôïc ñaùnh daáu treân moät truïc<br />
soá hoaëc treân thöôùc tæ leä cuûa moät bieåu ñoà.<br />
inverse operations/pheùp tính nghòch ñaûo:<br />
Laø caùc pheùp tính ngöôïc nhau: coäng ngöôïc vôùi<br />
tröø, hoaëc nhaân ngöôïc vôùi chia.<br />
inverse variation/caùc giao ñoäng nghòch: Laø<br />
moät moái quan heä trong ñoù giaù trò cuûa bieán soá<br />
naøy taêng khi giaù trò cuûa bieán soá khaùc giaûm;<br />
tích soá cuûa caùc bieán soá naøy khoâng ñoåi.<br />
irrational number/soá voâ tyû: Moät soá khoâng<br />
theå ñöôïc bieåu dieãn döôùi daïng tæ soá giöõa hai soá<br />
nguyeân hoaëc moät soá thaäp phaân tuaàn hoaøn<br />
hoaëc höõu haïn.<br />
isolate the variable/chuyeån veá bieán soá:<br />
Chuyeån bieán soá sang moät beân cuûa phöông<br />
trình hay baát phöông trình ñeå giaûi deã hôn.<br />
isometric drawing/veõ ñaúng cöï: Moät hình ba<br />
chieàu ñöôïc veõ treân moät maët phaúng taïo bôûi taäp<br />
hôïp caùc tam giaùc ñeàu.<br />
isosceles triangle/tam giaùc caân: Laø moät tam<br />
giaùc coù ít nhaát hai caïnh coù cuøng ñoaøn heä.<br />
K<br />
e f<br />
g h<br />
a b<br />
c d<br />
kite/töù giaùc daïng dieàu: Laø moät töù giaùc coù hai<br />
caëp caïnh keà coù cuøng ñoaøn heä.<br />
lateral face/maët beân: Trong hình laêng truï<br />
hoaëc hình choùp, caùc maët khoâng phaûi laø ñaùy<br />
ñöôïc goïi laø maët beân.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 155 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
L<br />
lateral surface/maët beân: Trong hình truï, laø<br />
maët cong noái hai ñaùy troøn; trong hình noùn, laø<br />
maët cong khaùc vôùi ñaùy.<br />
Maët<br />
beân<br />
least common denominator (LCD)/maãu soá<br />
chung nhoû nhaát: Laø boäi soá chung nhoû nhaát<br />
cuûa hai hoaëc nhieàu maãu soá.<br />
least common multiple (LCM)/boäi soá chung<br />
nhoû nhaát: Soá nhoû nhaát (khaùc 0), vaø laø boäi soá<br />
cuûa hai hay nhieàu soá cho saün.<br />
legs/caïnh beân: Trong moät tam giaùc vuoâng, laø<br />
caïnh keà vôùi goùc vuoâng; trong moät tam giaùc<br />
caân, laø caëp caïnh cuøng ñoaøn heä.<br />
like fractions/caùc phaân soá ñoàng maãu: Caùc<br />
phaân soá coù cuøng maãu soá.<br />
Ví duï: 5 ––<br />
12 vaø 3 ––<br />
12 laø caùc phaân soá ñoàng maãu.<br />
like terms/caùc soá haïng ñoàng daïng: Hai hoaëc<br />
nhieàu soá haïng ñöôïc ñi keøm theo bôûi cuøng moät<br />
bieán soá ñöôïc naâng leân cuøng moät luõy thöøa.<br />
Ví duï: Trong bieåu thöùc 3a � 5b � 12a,<br />
3a vaø 12a laø caùc soá haïng ñoàng daïng.<br />
line/ñöôøng thaúng: Moät ñöôøng thaúng môû roäng<br />
theo hai höôùng ngöôïc nhau maø khoâng coù ñieåm<br />
keát thuùc.<br />
line graph/ñoà thò ñöôøng: Moät bieåu ñoà söû<br />
duïng caùc ñoaïn thaúng ñeå bieåu hieän söï thay ñoåi<br />
cuûa döõ lieäu.<br />
line of best fit/ñöôøng caùch ñieåm ngaén nhaát:<br />
Ñöôøng thaúng caùch taát caû caùc ñieåm treân moät<br />
bieåu ñoà phaân taùn moät khoaûng caùch ngaén nhaát.<br />
line plot/ñoà thò ñöôøng ñieåm: Moät ñöôøng<br />
thaúng (coù chia vaïch soá) vôùi caùc daáu hoaëc daáu<br />
chaám ôû phía treân ñeå bieåu dieãn taàn soá.<br />
line segment/ñoaïn thaúng: Moät phaàn cuûa<br />
ñöôøng thaúng ñöôïc giôùi haïn bôûi hai ñieåm.
line of reflection/ñöôøng thaúng phaûn aùnh:<br />
Moät ñöôøng thaúng maø khi moät hình ñöôïc laät<br />
sang phía beân kia cuûa ñöôøng thaúng ñoù thì seõ<br />
taïo thaønh moät aûnh phaûn aùnh hình ban ñaàu.<br />
line of symmetry/ñöôøng ñoái xöùng: Ñöôøng<br />
phaân chia moät hình coù hai phaàn ñoái xöùng.<br />
line symmetry/ñoái xöùng ñöôøng: Moät hình coù<br />
ñoái xöùng ñöôøng neáu moät nöûa cuûa hình ñoù laø<br />
aûnh cuûa nöûa kia.<br />
linear equation/phöông trình tuyeán tính:<br />
Moät phöông trình maø nghieäm cuûa noù hình<br />
thaønh moät ñöôøng thaúng treân maët phaúng toïa ñoä.<br />
linear function/haøm soá tuyeán tính: Moät haøm<br />
soá coù ñoà thò laø moät ñöôøng thaúng.<br />
linear inequality/baát ñaúng thöùc tuyeán tính:<br />
Moät caùch dieãn ñaït toaùn hoïc söû duïng caùc daáu<br />
�, �, � hoaëc � vaø coù ñoà thò laø moät mieàn coù<br />
ranh giôùi laø moät ñöôøng thaúng.<br />
lower extreme/giôùi haïn döôùi: Giaù trò nhoû<br />
nhaát trong moät taäp hôïp soá.<br />
lower quartile/ñieåm töù phaân vò döôùi: Soá<br />
ñöùng giöõa nöûa döôùi cuûa moät daõy soá. Coøn goïi<br />
laø first quartile (ñieåm töù phaân vò thöù nhaát).<br />
M<br />
mean/giaù trò trung bình: Toång cuûa moät taäp<br />
hôïp soá chia cho soá löôïng caùc soá trong moät taäp<br />
hôïp soá; coøn goïi laø average (trung bình coäng).<br />
measure of central tendency/soá ño khuynh<br />
höôùng trung taâm: Moät soá ño ñöôïc duøng ñeå<br />
mieâu taû caùc soá ño trung taâm cuûa moät nhoùm döõ<br />
lieäu; giaù trò trung bình, trung ñieåm, vaø mode<br />
laø caùc soá ño khuynh höôùng trung taâm.<br />
median/ñieåm giöõa: Soá ñöùng giöõa hay giaù trò<br />
trung bình (soá ño trung bình) cuûa hai soá ñöùng<br />
giöõa trong moät nhoùm döõ lieäu ñöôïc xeáp theo<br />
thöù töï.<br />
metric system of measurement/heä ño löôøng<br />
meâtric: Moät heä thoáng thaäp phaân ño troïng<br />
löôïng vaø ñoä daøi ñöôïc söû duïng treân toaøn caàu<br />
trong laõnh vöïc khoa hoïc vaø raát phoå bieán treân<br />
theá giôùi.<br />
Ví duï: centimeùt, meùt, kilomeùt, gram,<br />
kilogram, milimeùt, vaø lít laø taát caû caùc<br />
ñôn vò ño löôøng meâtric.<br />
midpoint/trung ñieåm: Ñieåm chia moät ñoaïn<br />
thaúng ra laøm hai ñoaïn coù cuøng ñoaøn heä.<br />
mixed number/soá hoãn hôïp: Moät soá goàm coù<br />
moät soá nguyeân khaùc 0 vaø moät phaân soá.<br />
mode/mode: Soá hoaëc caùc soá xuaát hieän thöôøng<br />
xuyeân nhaát trong moät taäp hôïp soá; khi taát caû<br />
caùc soá xuaát hieän vôùi taàn soá nhö nhau thì ta noùi<br />
raèng khoâng coù mode trong taäp hôïp soá.<br />
monomial/ñôn thöùc: Moät bieåu thöùc soá hay<br />
bieåu thöùc ñaïi soá vôùi moät soá haïng.<br />
Ví duï: n,5n2 ,8,�3<br />
Multiplication Property of Equality/Quy<br />
Taéc Nhaân Ñeàu Cuûa Ñaúng Thöùc: Quy taéc noùi<br />
raèng neáu ta nhaân caû hai veá cuûa moät phöông<br />
trình cho cuøng moät soá, thì phöông trình môùi<br />
naøy coù cuøng nghieäm vôùi phöông trình cuõ.<br />
Multiplication Property of Zero/Quy Taéc<br />
Nhaân Soá 0: Quy taéc noùi raèng ñoái vôùi taát caû<br />
caùc soá thöïc a, thì a � 0 � 0 vaø 0 � a � 0.<br />
multiplicative inverse/soá ñoái nhaân: Khi nhaân<br />
moät soá vôùi soá ñoái nhaân cuûa noù thì keát quaû laø<br />
1; coøn ñöôïc goïi laø reciprocal (soá nghòch ñaûo)<br />
Ví duï: Soá ñoái nhaân cuûa 4 – 5 laø 5 – 4 .<br />
multiple/boäi soá: Khi nhaân baát cöù soá naøo vôùi<br />
moät soá nguyeân thì tích soá laø boäi soá cuûa soá ñoù.<br />
mutually exclusive/loaïi tröø töông hoã: Hai söï<br />
kieän ñöôïc xem laø loaïi tröø tröông hoã khi khoâng<br />
theå cuøng xaûy ra trong moät laàn thöïc nghieäm.<br />
N<br />
negative correlation/söï töông quan phuû<br />
ñònh: Hai taäp hôïp soá ñöôïc xem laø töông quan<br />
phuû ñònh neáu taäp hôïp naøy taêng khi taäp hôïp kia<br />
giaûm.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 156 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
negative integer/soá nguyeân aâm: Moät soá<br />
nguyeân nhoû hôn 0.<br />
net/löôùi: Moät söï saép xeáp caùc hình hai chieàu<br />
sao cho coù theå gaáp laïi thaønh moät khoái ña dieän.<br />
no correlation/khoâng töông quan: Hai nhoùm<br />
döõ lieäu khoâng töông quan khi caùc giaù trò cuûa<br />
chuùng khoâng coù lieân heä vôùi nhau.<br />
nonlinear function/haøm soá phi tuyeán tính:<br />
Moät haøm soá coù ñoà thò khoâng phaûi laø moät<br />
ñöôøng thaúng.<br />
nonterminating decimal/soá thaäp phaân voâ<br />
haïn: Moät soá thaäp phaân khoâng bao giôø keát thuùc.<br />
numerator/töû soá: Soá phía treân cuûa moät phaân<br />
soá, cho bieát ñang ñeà caäp ñeán bao nhieâu phaàn<br />
trong moät toång theå.<br />
Ví duï: 4 – töû soá<br />
5<br />
numerical expression/bieåu thöùc soá: Moät<br />
bieåu thöùc chæ chöùa caùc soá vaø caùc pheùp toaùn.<br />
O<br />
obtuse angle/goùc tuø: Moät goùc coù soá ño lôùn<br />
hôn 90° nhöng nhoû hôn 180°.<br />
obtuse triangle/tam giaùc tuø: Moät tam giaùc<br />
chöùa moät goùc tuø.<br />
octagon/baùt giaùc: Moät ña giaùc coù taùm caïnh.<br />
octahedron/baùt dieän: Moät khoái ña dieän coù<br />
taùm maët.<br />
odd number/soá leû: Moät soá nguyeân khoâng<br />
chia heát cho hai.<br />
odds/tæ soá troäi: Söï so saùnh giöõa keát quaû<br />
thuaän vaø keát quaû nghòch.<br />
odds against/tæ soá troäi nghòch: Tæ soá cuûa keát<br />
quaû nghòch treân keát quaû thuaän.<br />
odds in favor/tæ soá troäi thuaän: Tæ soá cuûa keát<br />
quaû thuaän treân keát quaû nghòch.<br />
opposites/caëp soá ñoái: Hai soá ñoái nhau qua<br />
goác 0 treân moät truïc soá, coøn ñöôïc goïi laø<br />
additive inverse (soá traùi daáu).<br />
order of operations/traät töï tính toaùn: Ñaây<br />
laø moät quy taéc tính caùc pheùp toaùn. Tröôùc tieân<br />
thöïc hieän caùc pheùp tính trong ngoaëc ñôn, sau<br />
ñoù tính luyõ thöøa vaø khai caên. Tieáp ñoù, thöïc<br />
hieän pheùp nhaân vaø chia theo chieàu töø traùi qua<br />
phaûi vaø cuoái cuøng laø thöïc hieän caùc pheùp coäng<br />
vaø tröø töø traùi qua phaûi.<br />
ordered pair/toaï ñoä moät ñieåm: Moät caëp soá<br />
duøng ñeå xaùc ñònh vò trí cuûa moät ñieåm treân maët<br />
phaúng toaï ñoä.<br />
origin/goác toaï ñoä: Ñieåm caét cuûa truïc hoaønh<br />
vaø truïc tung treân truïc toaï ñoä; (0, 0).<br />
orthographic drawing/veõ tröïc giao: Phöông<br />
phaùp veõ moät vaät theå baøng caùch veõ hình chieáu<br />
caùc maët caét ñöùng, ngang, beân cuûa vaät theå ñoù.<br />
outcome (probability)/keát quaû (xaùc suaát):<br />
Keát quaû khaû dó cuûa moät cuoäc thöïc nghieäm xaùc<br />
suaát.<br />
outlier/giaù trò naèm ngoaøi: Moät giaù trò nhoû hôn<br />
hay lôùn hôn khoaûng giaù trò cuûa moät taäp hôïp soá.<br />
output/giaù trò ñaàu ra: Giaù trò coù ñöôïc khi theá<br />
giaù trò ñaàu vaøo cho saün vaøo moät bieåu thöùc hay<br />
haøm soá.<br />
overestimate/öôùc tính cao hôn thöïc teá: Döï<br />
tính cao hôn thöïc teá.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 157 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
P<br />
parabola/bieåu ñoà phöông trình baäc hai:<br />
Bieåu ñoà moâ taû phöông trình baäc hai.<br />
parallel lines/ñöôøng thaúng song song: Caùc<br />
ñöôøng thaúng khoâng caét nhau.<br />
parallelogram/hình bình haønh: Töù giaùc vôùi<br />
hai caëp caïnh song song.<br />
Pascal’s triangle/tam giaùc Pascal: Moät söï saép<br />
xeáp caùc con soá theo hình tam giaùc trong ñoù<br />
moãi daõy soá baét ñaàu vaø keát thuùc baèng soá 1 vaø<br />
moãi soá khaùc ñöôïc tính baèng toång cuûa hai soá<br />
ñöùng phía treân noù.<br />
pentagon/nguõ giaùc: Moät ña giaùc coù naêm caïnh.<br />
percent/phaàn traêm: Moät tæ soá laáy goác so saùnh<br />
laø 100.<br />
Ví duï: 45% � 45 –––<br />
100
percent of change/phaàn traêm thay ñoåi: Giaù<br />
trò taêng – giaûm tính theo tæ leä phaàn traêm.<br />
percent of decrease/phaàm traêm giaûm: Söï<br />
giaûm veà löôïng tính baèng tæ leä phaàn traêm.<br />
percent of increase/phaàn traêm taêng: Söï taêng<br />
veà löôïng tính baèng tæ leä phaàn traêm.<br />
perfect square/bình phöông soá nguyeân: Soá<br />
bình phöông cuûa moät soá nguyeân.<br />
Ví duï: 5 � 5 � 25 vaø 72 � 49; 25 vaø 49 laø bình<br />
phöông cuûa moät soá nguyeân.<br />
perimeter/chu vi: Khoaûng caùch xung quanh<br />
moät hình ña giaùc.<br />
permutation/pheùp hoaùn vò: Moät söï saép xeáp<br />
caùc thöù hay söï kieän trong ñoù thöù töï laø quan<br />
troïng.<br />
perpendicular bisector/ñöôøng trung tröïc:<br />
Moät ñöôøng thaúng ñi qua trung ñieåm cuûa moät<br />
ñoaïn thaúng vaø vuoâng goùc vôùi ñoaïn thaúng ñoù.<br />
perpendicular lines/<br />
ñöôøng thaúng vuoâng goùc:<br />
Caùc ñöôøng thaúng giao nhau<br />
taïo thaønh moät goùc vuoâng.<br />
perspective/thuaät phoái caûnh:<br />
Moät phöông phaùp cho pheùp veõ caùc vaät theå ba<br />
chieàu treân moät maët phaúng nhöng vaãn theå hieän<br />
caùc chieàu cuûa vaät ñoù.<br />
pi (�)/pi (�): Tæ soá giöõa chu vi vaø ñöôøng<br />
kính cuûa moät ñöôøng troøn;<br />
� � 3.14 hay 22 ––<br />
7 .<br />
plane/maët phaúng: Moät beà maët phaúng khoâng<br />
coù giôùi haïn.<br />
Platonic solids/caùc hình khoái Platonic: Naêm<br />
hình ña dieän ñeàu bao goàm töù dieän, hình laäp<br />
phöông, baùt dieän, thaäp nhò dieän, vaø khoái hai<br />
möôi maët.<br />
point/ñieåm: Vò trí chính xaùc trong khoâng<br />
gian.<br />
point-slope form/phöông trình daïng ñieåmñoä<br />
doác: Phöông trình cuûa moät ñöôøng thaúng coù<br />
daïng y � y 1 � m(x � x 1 ), trong ñoù m laø ñoä<br />
doác vaø (x 1 , y 1 ) laø moät ñieåm xaùc ñònh treân<br />
ñöôøng thaúng.<br />
point symmetry/ñoái xöùng ñieåm: Moät hình veõ<br />
coù ñoái xöùng ñieåm neáu sau khi quay 180° thì<br />
noù truøng khôùp vôùi chính noù.<br />
polygon/ña giaùc: Moät hình kheùp kín treân maët<br />
phaúng ñöôïc taïo bôûi ba ñoaïn thaúng trôû leân, vaø<br />
caùc ñoaïn thaúng naøy chæ giao nhau ôû ñieåm keát<br />
thuùc (ñænh).<br />
polyhedron/ña dieän: Khoái hình hoïc ba chieàu<br />
trong ñoù taát caû caùc maët hay beà maët laø caùc hình<br />
ña giaùc.<br />
polynomial/ña thöùc: Moät bieåu thöùc ñaïi soá<br />
bao goàm caùc toång hoaëc hieäu cuûa hai hay<br />
nhieàu soá haïng.<br />
population/toång theå: Toaøn boä ñoái töôïng<br />
ñöôïc xem xeùt trong moät ñôït thaêm doø.<br />
positive correlation/töông quan khaúng ñònh:<br />
Hai taäp hôïp soá ñöôïc xem laø coù töông quan<br />
khaúng ñònh khi giaù trò cuûa taäp hôïp naøy taêng<br />
(giaûm) keøm theo söï taêng (giaûm) cuûa giaù trò taäp<br />
hôïp kia.<br />
positive integer/soá nguyeân döông: Moät soá<br />
nguyeân lôùn hôn 0.<br />
power/luõy thöøa: Moät soá ñöôïc tính baèng caùch<br />
naâng moät cô soá leân moät soá muõ.<br />
Ví duï: 2 3 � 8, vì theá 8 laø 2 luõy thöøa 3.<br />
precision/ñoä chính xaùc: Möùc ñoä chính xaùc<br />
cuûa moät soá ño, ñöôïc xaùc ñònh baèng ñôn vò ño.<br />
prediction/ñieàu döï ñoaùn: Moät ñieàu gì ñoù<br />
ñöôïc baùo laø coù theå xaûy ra trong töông lai.<br />
prime factorization/daïng phaân tích ra thöøa<br />
soá nguyeân toá: Moät soá ñöôïc vieát döôùi daïng<br />
tích soá cuûa caùc thöøa soá nguyeân toá.<br />
Ví duï: 10 � 2 � 5, 24 � 23 � 3<br />
prime number/soá nguyeân toá: Moät soá nguyeân<br />
lôùn hôn 1 vaø chæ chia heát cho 1 vaø chính noù.<br />
principal/voán goác: Khoaûn tieàn vay hay tích<br />
luõy ñöôïc ban ñaàu.<br />
principal square root/giaù trò caên baäc hai<br />
döông: Soá döông khi bình phöông leân seõ laø<br />
giaù trò döôùi caên.<br />
Ví duï: ��25 � 5. 5 laø giaù trò caên baäc hai döông.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 158 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
prism/hình laêng truï: Moät hình ña dieän coù hai<br />
maët ñaùy laø hai ña giaùc coù cuøng ñoaøn heä vaø<br />
caùc maët beân laø hình bình haønh.<br />
probability/xaùc suaát: Khaû naêng xaûy ra cuûa<br />
moät söï kieän ñöôïc gaùn caùc giaù trò töø 0 ñeán 1<br />
(hay 0% ñeán 100%).<br />
product/tích soá: Keát quaû nhaân cuûa hai hay<br />
nhieàu soá.<br />
proper fraction/phaân soá thöïc söï: Moät phaân<br />
soá coù töû soá nhoû hôn maãu soá.<br />
Ví duï: 3 –<br />
4 , 1 ––<br />
12 , 7 –<br />
8<br />
proportion/tæ leä thöùc: Phöông trình chöùng<br />
minh raèng hai tæ soá töông ñöông nhau.<br />
protractor/thöôùc ño goùc: Coâng cuï ño goùc.<br />
pyramid/hình choùp: Khoái ña<br />
dieän coù ñaùy laø moät ña giaùc vaø<br />
caùc maët beân laø caùc tam giaùc coù<br />
chung moät ñænh.<br />
Pythagorean Theorem/Ñònh Lyù Pitago:<br />
Trong moät tam giaùc vuoâng, bình phöông caïnh<br />
huyeàn baèng toång bình phöông hai caïnh goùc<br />
vuoâng.<br />
Q<br />
quadrant/goùc (cung) phaàn tö: Truïc tung vaø<br />
truïc hoaønh cuûa moät maët phaúng chia maët phaúng<br />
ñoù thaønh 4 mieàn, moãi mieàn ñöôïc goïi laø moät<br />
cung phaàn tö.<br />
quadratic equation/phöông trình baäc hai:<br />
Moät phöông trình coù daïng ax 2 � bx � c � 0,<br />
trong ñoù a � 0.<br />
quadratic function/haøm soá baäc hai: Haøm soá<br />
coù daïng y � ax 2 � bx � c, vôùi a � 0.<br />
Ví duï: y � 2x 2 � 12x � 10, y � �3x 2<br />
quadrilateral/töù giaùc: Ña giaùc coù 4 caïnh.<br />
quarterly/haèng quí: Boán laàn moät naêm.<br />
quartile/töùù phaân vò: Ba giaù trò, bao goàm giaù<br />
trò ñieåm giöõa, chia moät daõy soá laøm boán phaàn.<br />
Xem muïc first quantile (töù phaân vò thöù nhaát),<br />
third quantile (töù phaân vò thöù ba).<br />
quotient/thöông soá: Keát quaû thu ñöôïc khi<br />
ñem chia moät soá cho moät soá khaùc.<br />
R<br />
radical symbol/kyù hieäu caên: Kyù hieäu � �<br />
ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ giaù trò caên baäc hai döông<br />
cuûa moät soá.<br />
radius/baùn kính: Ñoaïn thaúng<br />
noái töø taâm ñöôøng troøn ñeán<br />
moät ñieåm treân ñöôøng troøn ñoù,<br />
hoaëc ñoä daøi ñoaïn thaúng ñoù.<br />
random numbers/soá ngaãu<br />
nhieân: Trong moät taäp hôïp caùc soá ngaãu nhieân,<br />
moãi soá ñöôïc choïn vôùi xaùc suaát nhö nhau.<br />
random sample/maãu ngaãu nhieân: Moät maãu<br />
trong ñoù moãi ñoái töôïng cuûa toång theå maãu ñöôïc<br />
choïn vôùi xaùc suaát nhö nhau.<br />
range (in statistics)/khoaûng giaù trò (trong<br />
thoáng keâ): Laø hieäu giöõa giaù trò cao nhaát vaø<br />
giaù trò nhoû nhaát cuûa moät daõy soá.<br />
range (in a function)/khoaûng giaù trò (haøm<br />
soá): Taäp hôïp taát caû caùc giaù trò khaû dó cuûa moät<br />
haøm soá.<br />
rate/tæ leä: Tæ leä so saùnh hai soá löôïng ôû caùc<br />
ñôn vò ño löôøng khaùc nhau.<br />
Ví duï: Giôùi haïn toác ñoä laø 55 daëm moät giôø hay<br />
55 mi/h.<br />
rate of interest/laõi suaát: Tæ leä phaàn traêm tieàn<br />
lôøi hay chi phí phaûi traû tính treân moät khoaûn<br />
tieàn. Xem simple interest (laõi ñôn).<br />
ratio/tæ soá: So saùnh hai soá löôïng baèng caùch<br />
chia cho nhau.<br />
Ví duï: 12 to 25, 12:25, 12 ––<br />
25<br />
rational number/soá höõu tæ: Baát cöù soá naøo<br />
ñöôïc dieãn ñaït döôùi daïng tæ soá cuûa hai soá<br />
nguyeân.<br />
Ví duï: 6 coù theå ñöôïc dieãn ñaït laø 6 –<br />
1 vaø 0.5 laø 1 –<br />
2 .<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 159 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
ay/tia: Moät phaàn cuûa moät ñöôøng thaúng baét<br />
ñaàu töø moät ñieåm vaø keùo daøi voâ taän.<br />
real number/soá thöïc: Moät soá voâ tæ hay soá<br />
höõu tæ.<br />
reciprocal/soá nghòch ñaûo: Khi moät soá ñöôïc<br />
nhaân vôùi soá nghòch ñaûo cuûa noù thì tích soá<br />
baèng 1; coøn goïi laø multiplicative inverse (soá<br />
ñoái nhaân).<br />
Ví duï: Nghòch ñaûo cuûa 2 – 3 laø 3 – 2 vaø cuûa soá n laø 1 – n .<br />
rectangle/hình chöõ nhaät: Hình bình haønh coù<br />
4 goùc vuoâng.<br />
rectangular prism/<br />
laêng truï chöõ nhaät: Khoái<br />
ña dieän coù hai maët ñaùy laø<br />
hình chöõ nhaät coøn caùc maët<br />
beân laø hình bình haønh.<br />
reduction/ruùt goïn/thu nhoû: Thu nhoû kích côõ<br />
theo moïi chieàu.<br />
reflection/phaûn xaï: Laät moät hình sang phía<br />
beân kia cuûa moät ñöôøng thaúng.<br />
regular pyramid/hình choùp ñeàu: Hình choùp<br />
coù ñaùy laø moät ña giaùc ñeàu vaø caùc maët beân coù<br />
cuøng ñoaøn heä.<br />
regular polygon/ña giaùc ñeàu: Ña giaùc coù caùc<br />
caïnh vaø goùc coù cuøng ñoaøn heä.<br />
regular tessellation/khoái gheùp ñeàu: Moät khoái<br />
gheùp ñöôïc taïo thaønh töø caùc ña giaùc ñeàu.<br />
relatively prime/quan heä nguyeân toá: Hai soá<br />
ñöôïc goïi laø coù quan heä nguyeân toá neáu öôùc soá<br />
chung lôùn nhaát cuûa chuùng laø 1.<br />
Ví duï: 7 vaø 15 laø hai soá coù quan heä nguyeân toá.<br />
repeating decimal/soá thaäp phaân tuaàn hoaøn:<br />
Soá thaäp phaân coù moät trong caùc soá ñuoâi laëp laïi<br />
voâ haïn.<br />
Ví duï: 0.757575… � 0.75 ���<br />
rhombus/hình thoi: Hình bình haønh coù taát caû<br />
caùc caïnh baèng nhau.<br />
right angle/goùc vuoâng: Moät goùc coù soá ño 90°.<br />
right cylinder/hình truï ñöùng: Moät hình truï<br />
coù hai maët ñaùy hình troøn song song vôùi nhau<br />
vaø vuoâng goùc vôùi maët beân.<br />
right cone/hình noùn ñöùng: Moät hình noùn<br />
trong ñoù ñöôøng thaúng ñi xuyeân qua taâm cuûa<br />
ñaùy ñöôïc noái töø ñaùy ñeán ñænh.<br />
right triangle/tam giaùc vuoâng: Tam giaùc coù<br />
moät goùc vuoâng.<br />
rise/bieân ñoä giao ñoäng treân truïc tung: Ñoä<br />
giao ñoäng treân truïc tung khi dòch chuyeån moät<br />
ñieåm doïc theo ñöôøng thaúng coù ñoä doác ñöôïc<br />
tính baèng tæ leä “bieân ñoä giao ñoäng treân truïc<br />
tung”/“bieân ñoä giao ñoäng treân truïc hoaønh”.<br />
rotation/pheùp quay: Pheùp dòch chuyeån trong<br />
ñoù moät hình ñöôïc quay xung quanh moät ñieåm.<br />
rotational symmetry/ñoái xöùng quay: Moät<br />
hình coù ñoái xöùng quay neáu hình ñoù truøng laép<br />
vôùi hình ban ñaàu sau khi quay vôùi moät goùc nhoû<br />
hôn 360° xung quanh moät ñieåm trung taâm.<br />
rounding/laøm troøn: Thay moät soá baèng moät<br />
soá khaùc coù giaù trò gaàn nhaát vôùi noù theo moät<br />
haøng giaù trò cho saün.<br />
Ví duï: 2,354 ñöôïc laøm troøn theo ñôn vò nghìn<br />
(1,000) gaàn nhaát laø 2,000; ñöôïc laøm troøn<br />
ñeán ñôn vò traêm (100) gaàn nhaát laø 2,400.<br />
run/bieân ñoä giao ñoäng treân truïc hoaønh: Ñoä<br />
giao ñoäng treân truïc hoaønh khi dòch chuyeån moät<br />
ñieåm doïc theo ñöôøng thaúng coù ñoä doác ñöôïc<br />
tính baèng tæ leä “bieân ñoä giao ñoäng treân truïc<br />
tung”/ “bieân ñoä giao ñoäng treân truïc hoaønh”.<br />
S<br />
sales tax/thueá doanh thu: Phaàn traêm (%) tính<br />
treân doanh soá haøng hoaù baùn ra nhaèm thu tieàn<br />
cho ngaân saùch cuûa chính phuû.<br />
sample/maãu: Boä phaän cuûa toång theå<br />
sample space/khoâng gian maãu: Taát caû caùc<br />
keát quaû khaû dó trong moät cuoäc thí nghieäm.<br />
scale/thang tæ leä: Tæ soá giöõa hai heä ño löôøng.<br />
scale drawing/veõ theo tæ leä: Phöông phaùp veõ<br />
söû duïng moät thang tæ leä ñeå phoùng to hay thu<br />
nhoû hình goác.<br />
scale factor/heä soá tæ leä: Tæ leä duøng cho vieäc<br />
thu nhoû hay phoùng to caùc hình ñoàng daïng.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 160 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
scale model/moâ hình tæ leä: Moät moâ hình vaät<br />
theå ba chieàu ñöôïc phoùng to – thu nhoû theo tæ<br />
leä naøo ñoù so vôùi vaät maãu thaät.<br />
scalene triangle/tam giaùc leäch: Tam giaùc vôùi<br />
caùc caïnh khoâng cuøng ñoaøn heä.<br />
scatter plot/ñoà thò phaân taùn: Moät ñoà thò coù<br />
caùc ñieåm chaám ñeå theå hieän moái quan heä giöõa<br />
hai nhoùm döõ lieäu.<br />
scientific notation/kyù hieäu khoa hoïc:<br />
Phöông phaùp vieát moät soá cöïc lôùn hay cöïc nhoû<br />
döôùi daïng luyõ thöøa cuûa 10.<br />
second differences/hieäu soá baäc hai: Moät daõy<br />
soá ñöôïc tính töø hieäu cuûa hieäu caùc soá haïng<br />
trong daõy soá.<br />
second quartile/töù phaân vò thöù hai: Giaù trò<br />
ñieåm giöõa cuûa moät taäp hôïp soá.<br />
sector/hình quaït: Phaàn maët phaúng ñöôïc<br />
khoanh laïi bôûi 2 baùn kính vaø moät cung noái hai<br />
ñieåm keát thuùc cuûa baùn kính ñoù.<br />
sector (data)/goùc (döõ lieäu): Moät phaàn cuûa<br />
moät bieåu ñoà hình troøn ñaïi dieän cho moät taäp soá<br />
naøo ñoù.<br />
segment/ñoaïn thaúng: Phaàn cuûa ñöôøng thaúûng<br />
bò giôùi haïn bôûi hai ñieåm.<br />
semiregular tessellation/khoái gheùp baùn ñeàu:<br />
Moät khoái gheùp ñöôïc taïo bôûi hai hay nhieàu ña<br />
giaùc ñeàu coù ñænh truøng nhau.<br />
sequence/chuoãi: Moät daõy caùc soá ñöôïc xeáp<br />
theo moät traät töï naøo ñoù.<br />
set/taäp: Moät nhoùm caùc soá.<br />
side/caïnh: Moät ñoaïn thaúng vieàn moät khoái<br />
hình hoïc, ngaên caùch hình ñoù vôùi phaàn beân<br />
ngoaøi.<br />
Side-Angle-Side (SAS)/Quy Taéc Caïnh-Goùc-<br />
Caïnh: Moät quy taéc noùi raèng neáu hai caïnh vaø<br />
goùc naèm giöõa hai caïnh ñoù trong moät tam giaùc<br />
coù cuøng ñoaøn heä vôùi hai caïnh vaø goùc naèm<br />
giöõa hai caïnh ñoù trong moät tam giaùc khaùc thì<br />
hai tam giaùc ñoù coù cuøng ñoaøn heä.<br />
Side-Side-Side (SSS)/Caïnh-Caïnh-Caïnh:<br />
Theo quy taéc naøy, neáu ba caïnh cuûa moät tam<br />
giaùc coù cuøng ñoaøn heä vôùi ba caïnh cuûa moät<br />
tam giaùc khaùc, thì hai tam giaùc ñoù coù cuøng<br />
ñoaøn heä.<br />
significant digits/chöõ soá coù nghóa: Caùc chöõ<br />
soá (soá lieäu) duøng ñeå dieãn taû ñoä chính xaùc cuûa<br />
moät ñôn vò ño.<br />
similar/ñoàng daïng: Caùc hình coù cuøng hình<br />
daïng nhöng khoâng nhaát thieát coù kích thöôùc<br />
baèng nhau.<br />
simple interest/laõi suaát ñôn: Tæ leä phaàn traêm<br />
tính treân voán goác ñöôïc tính baèng coâng thöùc<br />
I � prt trong ñoù p laø voán ban ñaàu, r laø tæ leä laõi<br />
suaát vaø t laø thôøi gian tính laõi.<br />
simplest form/daïng toái giaûn: Phaân soá döôùi<br />
daïng toái giaûn laø phaân soá coù töû soá vaø maãu soá coù<br />
öôùc soá chung duy nhaát laø 1.<br />
simplify/toái giaûn: Chuyeån moät phaân soá hoaëc<br />
bieåu thöùc veà daïng toái giaûn.<br />
simulation/söï moâ phoûng: Laø moät moâ hình<br />
thöïc nghieäm, thöôøng laø tröôøng hôïp raát khoù<br />
thöïc hieän vaø toán thôøi gian neáu ñöa ra kieåm<br />
nghieäm trong thöïc teá.<br />
sine (sin)/haøm sin: Trong moät tam giaùc<br />
vuoâng, sin laø tæ soá giöõa ñoä daøi caïnh ñoái cuûa<br />
goùc nhoïn vaø caïnh huyeàn.<br />
skew lines/ñöôøng thaúng leäch nhau: Laø caùc<br />
ñöôøng thaúng khoâng caét nhau vaø cuõng khoâng<br />
song song vôùi nhau, naèm treân caùc maët phaúng<br />
khaùc nhau.<br />
slant height/chieàu cao beân cuûa hình noùn:<br />
Khoaûng caùch töø ñaùy cuûa hình noùn ñeán ñænh,<br />
chaïy doïc theo maët beân cuûa hình noùn ñoù.<br />
slope/heä soá doác: Phöông phaùp ño ñoä doác cuûa<br />
moät ñöôøng thaúng treân maët phaúng toaï ñoä baèng<br />
caùch laáy “bieân ñoä giao ñoäng treân truïc tung”<br />
chia cho “bieân ñoä giao ñoäng treân truïc hoaønh”.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 161 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
slope-intercept form/phöông trình ñöôøng<br />
thaúng vôùi heä soá doác: Phöông trình tuyeán tính<br />
vieát döôùi daïng y � mx � b, trong ñoù m laø heä<br />
soá doác vaø b laø ñieåm caét treân truïc tung.<br />
solid figure/hình khoái: Hình aûnh ba chieàu.<br />
solution of an equation/nghieäm phöông<br />
trình: Moät hay nhieàu giaù trò laøm cho phöông<br />
trình caân baèng.<br />
solution of an inequality/nghieäm baát<br />
phöông trình: Moät hay nhieàu giaù trò laøm cho<br />
baát phöông trình phaûn aùnh ñuùng chieàu cuûa noù.<br />
solution of a system of equations/nghieäm<br />
cuûa heä phöông trình: Moät hay nhieàu giaù trò<br />
laø cho heä phöông trình caân baèng.<br />
solution set/taäp nghieäm: Taäp hôïp caùc giaù trò<br />
laøm cho moät baøi toaùn ñuùng.<br />
solve/giaûi: Tìm lôøi giaûi hay nghieäm.<br />
space figure/hình khoâng gian: Hình coù ba<br />
chieàu.<br />
sphere/hình caàu: Moät hình ba chieàu vôùi taát caû<br />
caùc ñieåm caùch ñieåm trung taâm moät khoaûng<br />
caùch nhö nhau.<br />
square (geometry)/hình vuoâng (trong hình<br />
hoïc): Hình chöõ nhaät coù 4 caïnh baèng nhau.<br />
square (numeration)/bình phöông (trong soá<br />
hoïc): Moät soá ñöôïc naâng leân luyõ thöøa baäc hai.<br />
Ví duï: Trong soá 52 , soá 5 ñöôïc bình phöông leân.<br />
square number/soá bình phöông: Laø tích cuûa<br />
moät soá vôùi chính noù.<br />
Ví duï: 25 laø moät soá bình phöông. 5 � 5 � 25<br />
square root/soá khai caên baäc hai: Khi bình<br />
phöông soá ñoù ta coù ñöôïc giaù trò döôùi caên.<br />
Ví duï: 16 � 4 � 4, hay 16 ��4 ��4, neân 4<br />
vaø �4 laø soá khai caên baäc hai cuûa 16.<br />
standard form (in numeration)/daïng chuaån<br />
(trong soá hoïc): Moät soá ñöôïc vieát döôùi daïng<br />
caùc chöõ soá.<br />
Ví duï: daïng chuaån cuûa naêm ngaøn hai traêm<br />
möôøi laø 5,210.<br />
stem-and-leaf plot/ñoà thò thaân-vaø-laù: Moät<br />
loaïi ñoà thò duøng ñeå toå chöùc vaø trình baøy caùc<br />
döõ lieäu nhaèm so saùnh caùc taàn soá xuaát hieän.<br />
straight angle/goùc beït: Goùc coù soá ño 180°.<br />
stratified sample/maãu phaân taàng: Maáu cuûa<br />
moät toång theå ñaõ ñöôïc phaân thaønh caùc nhoùm phuï.<br />
subset/taäp hôïp phuï: Moät taäp hôïp naèm trong<br />
moät taäp hôïp khaùc lôùn hôn.<br />
substitute/pheùp theá: Theá moät soá hoaëc bieåu<br />
thöùc vaøo moät bieán soá trong moät bieåu thöùc ñaïi soá.<br />
Subtraction Property of Equality/Quy Taéc<br />
Tröø Ñeàu Cuûa Ñaúng Thöùc: Theo quy taéc naøy,<br />
khi tröø hai veá cuûa moät phöông trình cho cuøng<br />
moät soá thì phöông trình ñoù coù cuøng nghieäm<br />
vôùi phöông trình cuõ.<br />
sum/toång: Keát quaû coäng cuûa hai hay nhieàu soá.<br />
supplementary angles/goùc phuï: Hai goùc coù<br />
toång baèng 180°.<br />
surface area/dieän tích beà maët: Toång dieän tích<br />
cuûa caùc maët hay beà maët cuûa moät hình ba chieàu.<br />
system of equations/heä phöông trình: Heä<br />
goàm coù hai phöông trình trôû leân vôùi hai hay<br />
nhieàu bieán soá.<br />
system of linear equations/heä phöông trình<br />
tuyeán tính: Hai hay nhieàu phöông trình tuyeán<br />
tính ñöôïc veõ treân cuøng moät maët phaúûng toaï ñoä.<br />
systematic sample/maãu heä thoáng: Moät maãu<br />
choïn töø moät toång theå theo caùch coù söû duïng<br />
moät khuoân maãu löïa choïn nhaát ñònh.<br />
T<br />
tangent (tan)/soá tang: Trong moät tam giaùc<br />
vuoâng, tang baèng chieàu daøi caïnh ñoái dieän cuûa<br />
goùc nhoïn chia cho ñoä daøi caïnh goùc vuoâng keà<br />
vôùi goùc nhoïn ñoù.<br />
tangent (to a circle)/tieáp tuyeán (cuûa moät<br />
ñöôøng troøn): Ñöôøng thaúng tieáp xuùc vôùi ñöôøng<br />
troøn taïi moät ñieåm duy nhaát.<br />
term (in an expression)/soá haïng (trong moät<br />
bieåu thöùc): Phaàn cuûa moät bieåu thöùc ñöôïc<br />
coäng hay tröø.<br />
Ví duï: 5x2 laø moät bieåu thöùc vôùi 1 soá haïng,<br />
�10 laø moät bieåu thöùc coù 1 soá haïng,<br />
vaø x � 1 laø bieåu thöùc coù hai soá haïng.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 162 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
term (in a sequence)/soá (trong moät daõy soá):<br />
Yeáu toá hay moät soá trong moät daõy soá.<br />
terminating decimal/soá thaäp phaân höõu haïn:<br />
Moät soá thaäp phaân coù ñieåm cuoái hay ñieåm keát<br />
thuùc.<br />
Ví duï: 6.75<br />
tessellation/hình laép gheùp: Moät caáu truùc laëp<br />
ñi laëp laïi cuûa caùc hình phaúng che phuû moät<br />
maët phaúng maø khoâng truøng laép hay chöøa moät<br />
keõ hôû naøo.<br />
tetrahedron/töù dieän: Moät ña dieän coù boán maët.<br />
theoretical probability/xaùc suaát lyù thuyeát:<br />
Tæ soá giöõa soá keát quaû khaû dó töông ñöông trong<br />
moät söï kieän so vôùi toång soá keát quaû khaû dó.<br />
third quartile/ñieåm töù phaân vò thöù ba: Giaù<br />
trò ñieåm giöõa nöûa treân cuûa taäp hôïp soá. Coøn goïi<br />
laø upper quantile (ñieåm töù phaân vò treân).<br />
tip/tieàn boa: Tieàn traû theâm cho moät dòch vuï<br />
vaø thöôøng ñöôïc tính theo tæ leä phaàn traêm cuûa<br />
soá tieàn treân hoùa ñôn thanh toaùn.<br />
transformation/pheùp bieán ñoåi: Söï thay ñoåi<br />
veà kích thöôùc vaø vò trí cuûa moät hình.<br />
translation/pheùp tònh tieán: Söï dòch chuyeån<br />
(tröôït) moät hình doïc theo moät ñöôøng thaúng.<br />
transversal/ñöôøng caét: Ñöôøng thaúng caét hai<br />
hay nhieàu ñöôøng thaúng khaùc.<br />
trapezoid/hình thang: Töù giaùc coù ñuùng moät<br />
caëp caïnh song song.<br />
tree diagram/bieåu ñoà hình caây: Bieååu ñoà vôùi<br />
nhieàu nhaùnh, moãi nhaùnh laø taäp hôïp cuûa nhieàu<br />
khaû naêng coù theå xaûy ra cuûa moät söï kieän.<br />
trial/pheùp thöû: Trong xaùc suaát, moät pheùp thöû<br />
laø moät laàn laëp laïi hay moät quan saùt trong moät<br />
cuoäc thöïc nghieäm.<br />
triangle/tam giaùc: Ña giaùc ba caïnh.<br />
Triangle Sum Theorem/Ñònh Lyù Veà Toång<br />
Ba Goùc Cuûa Moät Tam Giaùc: Ñònh lyù noùi<br />
raèng toång ba goùc trong moät tam giaùc baèng<br />
180°.<br />
triangular prism/laêng<br />
truï tam giaùc: Khoái ña<br />
dieän coù caùc ñaùy laø hình<br />
tam giaùc vaø caùc maët beân<br />
laø hình bình haønh.<br />
trigonometric ratios/tæ soá löôïng giaùc: Caùc tæ<br />
soá so saùnh chieàu daøi caùc caïnh cuûa moät tam giaùc<br />
vuoâng. Caùc tæ soá phoå bieán laø sin, tang, vaø cos.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 163 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
U<br />
unbiased sample/maãu khoâng thieân leäch:<br />
Moät maãu khoâng thieân leäch neáu xaùc suaát löïa<br />
choïn töøng ñoái töôïng trong toång theå maãu laø<br />
nhö nhau.<br />
underestimate/öôùc tính thaáp hôn thöïc teá:<br />
Keát quaû öôùc löôïng thaáp hôn thöïc teá.<br />
union/taäp hôïp chung: Moät nhoùm caùc yeáu toá<br />
cuøng thuoäc hai hay nhieàu nhoùm taäp döõ lieäu.<br />
unit conversion/chuyeån ñoåi ñôn vò ño: Quaù<br />
trình chuyeån ñoåi moät ñôn vò ño löôøng sang<br />
moät heä ño khaùc.<br />
unit conversion factor/heä soá chuyeån ñoåi<br />
ñôn vò: Heä soá ñöôïc duøng ñeå chuyeån ñoåi ñôn<br />
vò ño löôøng trong ñoù töû soá vaø maãu soá ñaïi<br />
dieän cho cuøng moät löôïng chaát nhöng ôû caùc<br />
ñôn vò ño khaùc nhau.<br />
60 phuùt 1 giôø<br />
Ví duï: 1 giôø<br />
hay 60 phuùt<br />
unit price/ñôn giaù: Ñôn vò ñöôïc duøng ñeå so<br />
saùnh giaù caû haøng hoaù.<br />
unit rate/tæ leä ñôn vò: Moät tæ leä trong ñoù soá<br />
löôïng thöù hai töông ñöông vôùi moät ñôn vò.<br />
Ví duï: 10 cm/phuùt<br />
unlike fractions/phaân soá khaùc maãu: Caùc<br />
phaân soá coù maãu soá khaùc nhau.<br />
Ví duï: 3 –<br />
4 vaø 1 –<br />
2 laø hai phaân soá khaùc nhau.<br />
upper extreme/giôùi haïn treân: Giaù trò lôùn nhaát<br />
trong moät taäp hôïp soá.<br />
upper quartile/ñieåm töù phaân vò treân: Soá<br />
ñöùng giöõa nöûa treân cuûa moät daõy soá. Coøn goïi<br />
laø third quartile (ñieåm töù phaân vò thöù ba).
V<br />
vanishing point/ñieåm aûo: Trong caùch veõ phoái<br />
caûnh, caùc ñöôøng thaúng chaïy ra voâ taän döôøng<br />
nhö gaëp nhau taïi moät ñieåm goïi laø ñieåm aûo.<br />
variability/söï bieán thieân: Söï giao ñoäng veà<br />
giaù trò cuûa moät nhoùm döõ lieäu.<br />
variable/bieán soá: Bieåu töôïng duøng ñeå ñaïi<br />
dieän cho moät soá löôïng coù theå thay ñoåi.<br />
Venn diagram/bieåu ñoà Ven: Bieåu ñoà duøng ñeå<br />
theå hieän moái quan heä giöõa caùc nhoùm so.<br />
verbal expression/phaàn trình baøy baèng töø<br />
ngöõ: Töø hay cuïm töø.<br />
vertex/ñænh: Trong moät goùc hay moät ña giaùc,<br />
ñænh laø ñieåm giao nhau cuûa hai caïnh beân;<br />
trong moät khoái ña dieän, ñænh laø nôi giao nhau<br />
cuûa ba hay nhieàu maët beân; trong moät hình<br />
choùp hay choùp noùn, ñænh laø ñieåm treân cuøng.<br />
vertical angles/<br />
goùc ñoái ñænh: Hai<br />
a<br />
b<br />
c<br />
goùc coù cuøng ñoaøn<br />
heä ñöôïc hình thaønh<br />
d<br />
bôûi hai ñöôøng thaúng giao nhau. Trong hình<br />
veõ, goùc �a vaø �c coù cuøng ñoaøn heä, �b vaø<br />
�d coù cuøng ñoaøn heä.<br />
volume/theå tích: Soá ñôn vò khoái caàn thieát ñeå<br />
ñoå ñaày moät khoaûng troáng nhaát ñònh.<br />
W<br />
withholding tax/thueá giöõ laïi: Phaàn khaáu tröø<br />
vaøo thu nhaäp cuûa moät ngöôøi nhö laø moät phaàn<br />
thueá thu nhaäp traû tröôùc.<br />
X<br />
x-axis/truïc hoaønh: Truïc naèm ngang treân maët<br />
phaúng toaï ño.<br />
x-coordinate/toaï ñoä truïc hoaønh: Soá thöù nhaát<br />
trong caëp soá xaùc ñònh toaï ñoä cuûa moät ñieåm.<br />
Noù xaùc ñònh khoaûng caùch sang traùi hay phaûi<br />
töø ñieåm goác (0, 0).<br />
Ví duï: 5 laø toaï ñoä treân truïc hoaønh cuûa ñieåm<br />
(5, 3).<br />
x-intercept/ñieåm caét truïc hoaønh: Toaï ñoä cuûa<br />
ñieåm giao nhau giöõa ñoà thò vôùi truïc hoaønh.<br />
Y<br />
y-axis/truïc tung: Truïc ñöùng treân maët phaúng<br />
toaï ñoä.<br />
y-coordinate/toaï ñoä truïc tung: Soá thöù hai<br />
trong caëp soá xaùc ñònh toaï ñoä cuûa moät ñieåm.<br />
Noù xaùc ñònh khoaûng caùch leân hay xuoáng töø<br />
ñieåm goác (0, 0).<br />
Ví duï: 3 laø toaï ñoä treân truïc hoaønh cuûa ñieåm<br />
(5, 3).<br />
y-intercept/ñieåm caét truïc tung: Toaï ñoä cuûa<br />
ñieåm giao nhau giöõa ñoà thò vôùi truïc tung.<br />
Z<br />
zero pair/caëp soá ñoái: Moät soá vaø soá traùi daáu<br />
cuûa noù khi coäng laïi coù toång baèng 0.<br />
Ví duï: 18 vaø –18<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 164 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
A<br />
absolute value/valè absoli: Distans depi zewo<br />
pou rive nan nonm la sou yon dwat nimerik;<br />
senbòl li se � �.<br />
Ekzanp: � �5 � � 5<br />
accuracy/presizyon/ekzaktitid: Kijan yon<br />
mezi, osnon yon valè, pre vre mezi a, osnon<br />
valè ekzat la.<br />
acute angle/ang egi: Ang ki pi piti pase 90°.<br />
acute triangle/triyang egi: Triyang kote tout<br />
ang yo pi piti pase 90°.<br />
addend/tèm adisyon: Yon nonm ou mete sou<br />
yon lòt osnon plizyè lòt pou fè yon sòm.<br />
Ekzanp: Nan ekspresyon 4 � 6 � 7, 4, 6, ak 7<br />
se tèm adisyon an.<br />
Addition Property of Equality/Pwopriyete<br />
adisyon nan ekwasyon: Pwopriyete sa di: Si w<br />
adisyone yon menm nonm nan chak manm<br />
yon ekwasyon, nouvo ekwasyon an genyen<br />
menm solisyon ak ansyen ekwasyon an.<br />
Addition Property of Opposites/Pwopriyete<br />
adisyon envès: Si w adisyone de nonm opoze,<br />
sòm la egal zewo.<br />
Ekzanp: 12 � (�12) � 0; a � (�a) � 0<br />
additive inverse/envès pou adisyon: Nonm<br />
opoze.<br />
Ekzanp: Envès 6 pou adisyon se �6.<br />
adjacent angles/ang adjasan:<br />
Tout ang ki nan yon menm<br />
plan, ki gen yon menm somè,<br />
b<br />
a<br />
epi ki gen yon kote an komen.<br />
algebraic expression/ekspresyon aljebrik:<br />
Yon ekspresyon ki genyen o mwen yon<br />
varyab.<br />
algebraic inequality/inekwasyon aljebrik:<br />
Yon inekwasyon ki genyen o mwen yon<br />
varyab.<br />
Ekzanp: x � 3 � 1; 5a � b � 3<br />
alternate exterior angles/ang altèn ekstèn:<br />
De ang ki plase deyò de<br />
liy paralèl yon liy<br />
transvèsal kwaze yo.<br />
a b<br />
�a ak �d,epi �b ak �c<br />
se de pè ang altèn ekstèn.<br />
c d<br />
alternate interior angles/ang altèn entèn:<br />
De ang ki sou anndan<br />
de liy paralèl yon liy<br />
r s<br />
transvèsal koupe. �r ak<br />
�v epi �s ak �t se ang<br />
altèn entèn.<br />
t v<br />
altitude/altitid: Distans ki genyen depi yon<br />
somè yon polygòn, pou rive nan baz opoze a,<br />
distans sa mezire sou yon dwat ki pèpandikilè<br />
ak baz la, osnon sou pwolonjman baz la.<br />
angle/ang: Figi ki fòme ak de demi dwat ki<br />
genyen yon menm orijin ki rele somè.<br />
angle bisector/bisekstris yon<br />
ang: Liy, segman, osnon demi<br />
N<br />
P<br />
dwat ki divize yon ang an de<br />
O<br />
pati egal.<br />
M<br />
Angle-Side-Angle (ASA)/Ang-Kote-Ang<br />
(AKA): Règ ki di ke si de triyang gen de ang<br />
ki egal epi kote ki antre de ang yo egal, alò de<br />
triyang yo egal.<br />
arc/ak: Yon mòso yon sèk. Non ak la se non<br />
de ekstremite li yo.<br />
area/sifas: Kantite inite mezi sifas ki nesesè<br />
pou kouvri yon zòn.<br />
arithemetic sequence/swit aritmetik: Lis<br />
nonm kote diferans ant de tèm ki youn apre<br />
lòt pa janm chanje.<br />
Associative Property/Pwopriyete<br />
asosyativite: Nan adisyon: Pwopriyete ki di:<br />
pou tout nonm a, b, c sòm nonm sa yo toujou<br />
menm bagay, kelkeswa jan nou gwoupe yo a:<br />
a � b � c � (a � b) � c � a � (b � c)<br />
Nan miltiplikasyon: Pwopriyete ki di: pou<br />
tout nonm a, b, c pwodwi nonm sa yo toujou<br />
menm bagay, kelkeswa jan nou gwoupe yo a:<br />
a · b · c � (a · b) · c � a · (b · c)<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 1 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
asymmetry/asimetrik: Ki pa idantik pa rapò<br />
a yon liy santral. Ki pa simetrik.<br />
average/mwayèn: Sòm tout done ki nan yon<br />
ansanm divize pa nonm done ki genyen nan<br />
ansanm la.<br />
average deviation/eka mwayen: Distans<br />
mwayèn ant yon done epi mwayèn la.<br />
axes/aks: De liy pèpandikilè nan yon plan<br />
koòdone ki kwaze nan orijin la.<br />
B<br />
back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot/dyagram tij<br />
ak fèy dopoudo: Yon dyagram tij ak fèy ki<br />
konpare de ansanm done. Yon ansanm done a<br />
dwat tij la, lòt ansanm done a, a gòch tij la.<br />
bar graph/dyagram an baton: Grafik ki itilize<br />
swa ba orizontal, swa ba vètikal pou<br />
reprezante done yo.<br />
base (in numeration)/baz (nan nimerasyon):<br />
Lè nou leve yon nonm a yon pwisans, nonm<br />
nou itilize tankou faktè a, se baz la.<br />
Ekzanp: 3 2 � 3 · 3; 3 se baz la.<br />
base (of a polygon or three-dimensional<br />
figure)/baz (yon polygòn, osnon yon figi ki<br />
genyen twa dimansyon): Yon kote polygòn;<br />
osnon yon fas solid la yo itilize pou mezire li,<br />
osnon pou klase li.<br />
Baz yon<br />
silend<br />
Baz yon<br />
prism<br />
Baz yon<br />
kone<br />
Baz yon<br />
piramid<br />
base-10 system/sistèm desimal: Sistèn<br />
nimerasyon kote yo itlize dis chif, 0 a 9, pou<br />
ekri tout nonm.<br />
biased sample/echantiyon byeze: Yon<br />
echantiyon ki pa reprezantatif de tout yon<br />
popilasyon.<br />
binary number system/sistèm binè: Sistèm<br />
nonm kote yo itilize de chif 0 ak 1 pou ekri<br />
tout nonm.<br />
binomial/binòm: Polynòm ki genyen de tèm.<br />
Ekzanp: 10 � m; 3y � 2<br />
bisect/koupe egal-ego: Divize an de mòso<br />
egal.<br />
boundary line/liy limit: Ansanm pwen kote<br />
de manm yon inekwasyon ki genyen de<br />
varyab egal.<br />
box-and-whisker plot/dyagram bwat ak tij:<br />
Grafik ki montre pwemye ka epi katriyèm ka<br />
yon ansanm done tankou de tij, de ka ki nan<br />
mitan yo parèt tankou yon bwat.<br />
break (graph)/diskontiniyte (grafik): Zigzag<br />
sou yon echèl orizontal osnon vètikal ki fè<br />
konnen kèk valè pa la.<br />
C<br />
capacity/volim: Kantite bagay yon veso ka<br />
kenbe.<br />
Celsius/Selsius (Celcius): Echèl tanperati nan<br />
systèm metrik kote dlo tounen glas a 0°; epi<br />
dlo bouyi a 100°. Li rele echèl santigrad tou.<br />
center (of a circle)/sant yon sèk: Pwen ki nan<br />
mitan sèk la. Distans ant sant la ak tout pwen<br />
sou sèk la konstan. Distans sa rele reyon.<br />
center (of dilation)/sant omotesi: Pwen<br />
entèseksyon liy tout ang nan yon omotesi.<br />
center (of rotation)/sant rotasyon: Pwen ki<br />
sèvi pou fè yon figi vire nan yon rotasyon.<br />
central angle/ang santral: Yon ang ki genyen<br />
somè li nan sant yon sèk.<br />
certain (probability)/pwobabilite sèten: Kap<br />
rive kan menm, pwobabilite li sè l.<br />
chord/kòd: Segman ki genyen de ekstremite li<br />
yo sou yon sèk.<br />
circle/sèk: Ansanm tout pwen<br />
nan yon plan ki plase nan menm C<br />
distans youn pwen ki rele sant.<br />
circle graph/grafik sikilè: Grafik ki itilize<br />
tranch yon sèk pou konpare yon mòso ak yon<br />
antye osnon plizyè mòso antre yo.<br />
circuit/sikwi: Yon chimen ki kòmanse nan<br />
yon pwen epi ki fini nan menm pwen a nan<br />
yon grafik.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 2 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
circumference/sikonferans: Distans otou yon<br />
sèk.<br />
clockwise/nan menm sans<br />
ak zegwi yon mont: Mouvman<br />
sikilè sou bò dwat la tankou<br />
mouvman zegwi yon mont.<br />
clustering/gwoupman: Metòd pou fè<br />
estimasyon yon sòm lè tout tèm adisyon yo<br />
pre yon menm nonm.<br />
Ekzanp: 27, 29, 24, epi 26 tout nan vwasinaj<br />
25.<br />
coefficient/koefisyan: Nonm ki miltipliye<br />
yon varyab nan yon ekspresyon aljebrik.<br />
Ekzanp: 5 se koyefisyan nan 5b.<br />
combination/konbinezon: Jan pou ranje<br />
bagay osnon evènman kote lòd pa genyen<br />
enpòtans.<br />
commission/komisyon: Lajan yo peye yon<br />
moun lè li vann yon machandiz pou yon lòt<br />
moun.<br />
commission rate/to komisyon: Pousantaj<br />
yon moun touche lè li vann yon machandiz<br />
pou yon lòt moun.<br />
common denominator/denominatè komen:<br />
Denonminatè de osnon plizyè fraksyon<br />
genyen ansanm.<br />
Ekzanp: Denominatè komen � 5<br />
� ak �2 � se 8.<br />
common difference/diferans<br />
komen/(Rezon): Diferans ant de tèm yon vini<br />
apre lòt nan yon swit aritmetik.<br />
common factor/faktè komen: Yon nonm ki<br />
se faktè de, osnon plizyè nonm a la fwa.<br />
Ekzanp: 8 se faktè komen 16 ak 40.<br />
common multiple/miltip komen: Yon nonm<br />
ki se miltip de osnon plizyè nonm a la fwa.<br />
common ratio/rezon yon swit jeometrik:<br />
Nonm nou miltipliye chak tèm pou jwenn<br />
tèm swivan nan yon swit jeometrik.<br />
Commutative Property/Pwopriyete<br />
komitativite: Nan adisyon: pwopriyete ki di<br />
nou ka fè adisyon de osnon plizyè nonm nan<br />
nenpòt ki lòd san nou pa chanje sòm la.<br />
Ekzanp: 8 � 20 � 20 � 8; a � b � b � a<br />
8<br />
8<br />
Nan miltiplikasyon: pwopriyete ki di nou ka<br />
fè miltiplikasyon de osnon plizyè nonm nan<br />
nenpòt ki lòd san nou pa chanje pwodwi a.<br />
Ekzanp: 6 · 12 � 12 ·6;a · b � b · a<br />
compatible numbers/nonm konpatib: Plizyè<br />
nonm ki ase pre yon sèten nonm pou yo<br />
pèmèt fè yon estimasyon osnon kalkil mantal<br />
pi fasil.<br />
compensation/kompansasyon: Lè yon nonm<br />
nan yon pwoblèm pre yon lòt nonm ki rann<br />
kalkil yo pi fasil. Utilize non ki fè kalkil la pi<br />
fasil pou jwenn repons la, epi ajiste repons la<br />
pa adisyon ou pa soustraksyon.<br />
complementary angles/ang konplemantè:<br />
De ang sòm yo egal 90°.<br />
composite number/nonm konpoze: Yon<br />
nonm ki pi gran pase 1 epi ki genyen plis pase<br />
de faktè antye.<br />
compound event/evènman konpoze: Yon<br />
evènmam ki konpoze ak de osnon plizyè<br />
evènman senp.<br />
compound inequality/sistèm inekwasyon:<br />
Konbinezon pi plis pase yon inekwasyon.<br />
Ekzanp: x � �2 oubyen x � 10, oubyen<br />
�2 � x � 10. x pi gran ou egal �2 epi x pi<br />
piti pase 10.<br />
compound interest/enterè konpoze: Enterè<br />
yo peye sou manman lajan epi sou enterè yo<br />
te deja peye yo tou.<br />
compound statement/deklarasyon konpoze:<br />
Deklarasyon ki konbine de osnon plizyè<br />
deklarasyon senp.<br />
concave polygon/polygòn konkav: Yon<br />
polygòn ki genyen o mwen yon ang andedan<br />
ki pi gran pase 180°.<br />
conclusion/konklizyon: Dezyèm pati nan<br />
yon deklarasyon kondisyonèl.<br />
conditional/kondisyonèl (deklarasyon): Yon<br />
deklarasyon konpoze ki sou fòm “Si P alò Q.”<br />
Li rele deklarasyon “Si-Alò” tou.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 3 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
cone/kone: Solid ki genyen yon somè epi yon<br />
baz sikilè.<br />
congruent/egal: Ki genyen menm fòm epi<br />
menm dimansyon.<br />
congruent angles/ang egal: Tout ang ki<br />
genyen menm mezi.<br />
congruent segments/segman egal: Tout<br />
segman ki mezire menm longè.<br />
conjunction/konjonksyon: Yon deklarasyon<br />
konpoze tankou “P ak Q.”<br />
connected graph/grafik branche: Grafik kote<br />
genyen yon chimin ki ekziste ant chak somè<br />
epi tout lòt somè yo.<br />
constant/konstant: Yon valè ki pa janm<br />
chanje.<br />
constant of proportionality/konstant<br />
pwopòsyonalite: Rapò konstan ant de varyab<br />
ki genyen yon relasyon pwopòsyonèl.<br />
Ekzanp: 5 � k; 10 � 2k epi 15 � 3k<br />
convenience sample/echantiyon komòd: Fè<br />
yon echantiyon ak sijè ki pi disponib nan yon<br />
popilasyon pou ka jwenn rezilta yo pi<br />
rapidman.<br />
conversion factor/faktè konvèsyon: Yon<br />
fraksyon kote nimeratè ak denominate<br />
reprezante yon menm kantite ki nan de inite<br />
diferan. Fraksyon an egal 1 paske nimeratè a<br />
egal ak denominate a.<br />
convex polygon/polygòn konvèks:Yon<br />
polygòn ki genyen tout ang andan li yo ki pi<br />
piti pase 180° osnon egal 180°.<br />
coordinate/koòdone: Yon nan de nonm nan<br />
pè nonm ki pèmèt plase yon pwen nan sistèm<br />
koòdone a.<br />
coordinate plane (coordinate grid)/plan<br />
koòdone (griy koòdone): Plan ki fòme pa<br />
entèseksyon yon dwat nimerik orizontal ki<br />
rele aks x ak yon dwat nimerik vètikal ki rele<br />
aks y.<br />
Kadran<br />
II<br />
Kadran<br />
III<br />
aks y<br />
Kadran<br />
I<br />
Kadran<br />
IV<br />
correlation/korelasyon: Deskripsyon<br />
relasyon ant de gwoup done.<br />
correspondence/korespodans: Relasyon ki<br />
ekziste ant de osnon plizyè bagay.<br />
corresponding angles (for lines)/ang<br />
korespodan (pou liy):<br />
Yon pè ang ki fòme<br />
pa de liy epi yon<br />
transvèsal; nan dyagram<br />
la, pè ang korespondan<br />
aks x<br />
q r<br />
s t<br />
m n<br />
o p<br />
yo se: �m ak �q, �n ak �r, �o ak �s,<br />
�p ak �t.<br />
corresponding angles (in polygons)/ang<br />
korespodan nan polygòn: Ang sanblab nan<br />
de polygòn osnon plizyè polygòn.<br />
corresponding sides/kote korespodan: Kote<br />
omològ nan de polygòn osnon plizyè<br />
polygòn.<br />
cosine (cos)/kosinis: Nan yon triyang<br />
rektang, se rapò longè kote adjasan yon ang<br />
egi sou longè ipoteniz la.<br />
counterclockwise/sans kontrè<br />
zegwi yon mont: Mouvman<br />
sikilè a gòch tankou nan figi a.<br />
Nan sans kontrè mouvman<br />
zegwi yon mont.<br />
cross product/pwodwi kwaze: Pwodwi nonm<br />
sou diagonal yo lè nap konpare de fraksyon.<br />
Ekzanp: 2 · 6 � 12<br />
�<br />
3 · 4 � 12<br />
2<br />
� � �4<br />
3 6 �<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 4 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
cube (geometric figure)/<br />
kib (jeometri): Prism rektangilè<br />
ki genyen sis fas kare egal ego.<br />
cube (in numeration)/<br />
okib (nimerasyon): Nonm nan pwisans twa.<br />
cumulative frequency/frekans akimile: Sòm<br />
frekans done yo nan yon tablo frekans.<br />
customary system of measurement/sistèm<br />
mezi koutimye: Sistèm mezi yo sèvi pi<br />
souvan nan Etazini.<br />
Ekzanp: pous, pye, ons, liv, tòn, tas, ka, gallon<br />
cylinder/silend: Solid ki genyen<br />
de baz sikilè egal epi yon sifas<br />
lateral won ki konekte de baz yo.<br />
D<br />
decagon/dekagòn: Polygòn ki genyen dis<br />
kote.<br />
decimal system/sistèm desimal: Sistèm<br />
nimerasyon ki itilize baz 10.<br />
deductive reasoning/rezonman dediktif:<br />
Itilize logic pou montre yon deklarasyon<br />
«vre».<br />
degree/degre: Inite yo sèvi pou mezire ang<br />
osnon tanperati.<br />
degree (of a polynomial)/degre yon<br />
polynòm: Pi gwo pwisans varyab la genyen<br />
nan polynòm la.<br />
degree (of a vertex)/degre yon somè: Nonm<br />
bò yo ki touché somè a.<br />
denominator/denominatè: Nonm ki anba ba<br />
fraksyon an. Li di konbyen mòso egal ki<br />
genyen nan yon inite.<br />
Ekzanp: � 3<br />
� aveèk etikèt pou denominate a.<br />
4<br />
Density Property of Real Numbers/<br />
Pwopriyete densite nonm reyèl: Pwopriyete<br />
sa di: Ant de nonm reyèl kèlkonk, toujou<br />
genyen yon lòt nonm reyèl.<br />
dependent events/evènman depandan:<br />
Evènman kote rezilta pwemye a afekte rezilta<br />
dezyèm la.<br />
diagonal/dyagonal: Liy osnon segman ki<br />
konekte de somè ki pa adjasan nan yon<br />
polygòn.<br />
diameter/dyamèt: Segman ki pase nan sant<br />
yon sèk epi ki genyen ekstremite li yo sou sèk<br />
la, osnon longè segman sa.<br />
difference/diferans: Rezilta yon soustraksyon.<br />
dilation/omotesi: Yon transfòmasyon ki fè<br />
yon figi vini pi gran osnon pi piti.<br />
dimension/dimansyon: Longè, lajè, osnon<br />
wotè yon figi.<br />
direct variation/varyasyon dirèk: Relasyon<br />
ant de varyab kote done yo ogmante osnon<br />
diminye ansanm nan menm rapò.<br />
discount/rabè: Kantite yo wete sou pri<br />
orijinal yon bagay.<br />
disjunction/disjonksyon: Yon deklarasyon<br />
konpoze sou fòm “P osnon Q.”<br />
Distributive Property of Multiplication over<br />
Addition/Pwopriyete distribitivite<br />
miltiplikasyon pa rapò adisyon: Pwopriyete<br />
sa di: si ou miltipliye yon sòm pa yon nonm,<br />
wap jwenn menm rezilta si ou miltipliye chak<br />
tèm sòm pa nonm la epi ou adisyone pwodwi<br />
yo.<br />
Ekzanp: 5 · 21 � 5(20 � 1)<br />
� (5 · 20) � (5 · 1)<br />
dividend/dividand: Nonm pou nou divize<br />
nan pwoblèm divizyon.<br />
Ekzanp: Nan 8 � 4 � 2, dividand la se 8.<br />
divisible/divizib: Divizyon fèt san rès.<br />
Division Property of Equality/Pwopriyete<br />
divizyon nan ekwasyon: Pwopriyete sa di: si<br />
nou divize de manb yon ekwasyon pa yon<br />
menm nonm ki pa zewo, nouvo ekwasyon an<br />
genyen menm solisyon ak ansyen an.<br />
divisor/divizè: Nonm pou divizè pa li nan<br />
pwoblèm divizyon.<br />
Ekzanp: Nan 8 � 4 � 2, divizè a se 4.<br />
dodecahedron/dodekaèd: Polyèd ki genyen<br />
12 fas.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 5 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
domain/domèn: Ansanm tout valè yon<br />
varyab ka pran pou fonksyon an.<br />
double-bar graph/grafik an baton doub:<br />
Grafik an baton ki konpare de ansanm done.<br />
double-line graph/grafik an liy doub: Grafik<br />
ki montre evolisyon de ansanm done an<br />
fonksyon tan.<br />
E<br />
edge/bò: Liy kote de fas<br />
yon polyèd kontre.<br />
edge (graph theory)/bò (teori grafik): Liy<br />
osnon bò yo ki konekte de somè yon grafik.<br />
elements/eleman: Mo,nonm osnon bagay ki<br />
nan yon ansanm.<br />
empirical probability/pwobabilite anpirik:<br />
Pwobabilite eksperimantal.<br />
empty set/ansanm vid: Ansanm ki pa genyen<br />
okenn eleman.<br />
endpoint/ekstremite: Pwen ki nan fen yon<br />
segman osnon nan fen yon demi dwat.<br />
enlargement/omotesi: Ogmantasyon tout<br />
dimansyon nan menm pwopòsyon.<br />
equally likely outcomes/evènman<br />
ekipwobab: Tout rezilta yo genyen menm<br />
chans parèt.<br />
equations/ekwasyon: Fraz matematik ki<br />
montre de ekspresyon ekivalan.<br />
equilateral triangle/triyang ekilateral:<br />
Triyang ki genyen twa kote egal.<br />
Bò<br />
equivalent/ekivalan: Ki genyen menm valè.<br />
equivalent fractions/fraksyon ekivalan:<br />
Fraksyon ki reprezante menm kantite osnon<br />
menm mòso yon bagay.<br />
equivalent ratios/rapò ekivalan: Rapò ki<br />
reprezante yon menm konparezon.<br />
estimate/estimasyon: Yon repons ki pre<br />
repons ekzak la ke yo jwen lè yo arondi, fè<br />
gwoupman, lè yo itilize metòd pwemye chif a<br />
gòch la, nonm konpatib osnon yon lòt metòd<br />
pou jwenn repons la.<br />
Euler circuit/sikwi Euler: Yon sikwi ki pase a<br />
travè tout bò yon grafik liy brize.<br />
evaluate/evalye: Jwenn valè yon ekspresyon<br />
nimerik osnon yon ekspresyon aljebrik.<br />
even number/nonm pè: Yon nonm antye ki<br />
divizib pa de, san rès.<br />
event/evènman: Rezilta osnon ansanm rezilta<br />
yon eksperyans.<br />
expanded form/fòm devlope: Yon nonm ki<br />
ekri tankou sòm valè chak chif ki konpoze li.<br />
Ekzanp: 236,536 nan fòm devlope se<br />
200,000 � 30,000 � 6,000 � 500 � 30 � 6.<br />
experiment (probability)/eksperyans<br />
(pwobabilite): Nan pwobabilite, tout aktivite<br />
ki baze sou chans (tankou pil ou fas).<br />
experimental probability/pwobabilite<br />
eksperimantal: Rapò ant konbyen fwa yon<br />
evènman rive epi nonm total esè ki fèt osnon<br />
kantite fwa aktivite a fèt.<br />
exponent/eksposan: Nonm ki endike<br />
konbyen fwa yo itilize baz la tankou yon faktè.<br />
Ekzanp: 2 3 � 2 � 2 � 2 � 8; 3 se ekspozan<br />
an.<br />
exponential decay/dekwasans eksponansyèl:<br />
Rive nan fonksyon eksponansyèl kote valè<br />
funksyon an f(x) vini pi piti lè valè antre a<br />
ogmante.<br />
exponential form/fòm eksponansyèl: Yon<br />
nonm ekri sou fòm eksponansyèl lè li ekri ak<br />
yon baz epi yon pwisans.<br />
Ekzanp: 4 2 se fòm eksponansyèl 4 · 4.<br />
exponential function/fonksyon<br />
eksponansyèl: Yon fonksyon ki pa lineyè kote<br />
pwisans la se yon varyab.<br />
exponential growth/kwasans eksponansyèl:<br />
Kwasans eksponansyèl rive nan yon fonksyon<br />
eksponansyèl kote valè fonksyon ogmante lè<br />
valè varyab la ogmante.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 6 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
expression/ekspresyon: Fraz matematik ki<br />
genyen operasyon, nonm, avèk ou san varyab.<br />
extrapolation/ekstrapolasyon: Estimasyon<br />
osnon prediksyon yon valè nou pa konen a<br />
pati valè nou konnen yo.<br />
F<br />
face/fas: Yon sifas plat sou yon polygòn.<br />
factor/faktè: Yon nonm ki miltipliye pa yon<br />
lòt pou fòme yon pwodi.<br />
factor tree/dyagram faktorizasyon an fòm<br />
pye bwa: Dyagram ki montre ki jan<br />
dekonpozisyon yon nonm antye fèt pou bay<br />
faktè pwemye nonm sa.<br />
factorial/faktoryèl: Pwodwi yon nonm antye<br />
ak tout lòt nonm antye ki pi piti pase li jiska 1.<br />
Ekzanp: 4! � 4 � 3 � 2 � 1. Pa definisyon 0! � 1.<br />
Fahrenheit/Fahrenheit: Echèl tanperati kote<br />
dlo tounen glas a 32° epi dlo bouyi a 212°.<br />
fair/ekitab: Lè tout rezilta yon eksperyans<br />
genyen menm pwobabilite, nou di eksperyans<br />
la ekitab.<br />
fair games/jwèt ekitab: Jwèt kote tout jwè yo<br />
genyen menm chans pou yo genyen.<br />
favorable outcome/rezilta favorab: Rezilta<br />
nap chèche lè nap fè yon eksperyans.<br />
Fibonacci sequence/sekans Fibonacci:<br />
Sekans ki gen yon nonm tèm ki enfini (1, 1, 2,<br />
3, 5, 8, 13,…). A kòmanse pa twazyèm tèm la,<br />
chak nonm se sòm de tèm ki vini anvan tèm<br />
sa. Yo bay sekans sa non li daprè<br />
matematysyen Leonardo Fibonacci.<br />
finite set/ansanm fini: Yon ansanm ki genyen<br />
yon nonm eleman fini.<br />
first differences/pwemye diferans: Sekans ki<br />
fòme lè ou fè diferans chak tèm nan yon swit<br />
ak tèm ki swiv li a.<br />
first quartile/pwemye katile: Mitan pwemye<br />
mwatye yon ansanm done lè done yo nan lòd;<br />
yo rele pwemye katil la pi piti katil la tou.<br />
FOIL/PDAD: Sig pou tèm yo lè nap miltipliye<br />
de binòm. Li ranplase Pwemye, Deyò,<br />
Andedan, Dènye.<br />
formula/fòmil: Règ ki montre relasyon ki<br />
genyen ant plizyè kantite.<br />
Ekzanp: A � �w<br />
fractal/fraktal: Yon estrikti ki genyen yon<br />
motif kap repete. Motif la sanble ak ansanm<br />
estikti a men dimansyon yo diferan nan<br />
ansanm estrikti.<br />
fraction/fraksyon: Yon nonm ki ekri sou fòm<br />
a<br />
�,kote b � 0.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 7 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
� b<br />
frequency table/tab frekans: Tab ki prezante<br />
chak done, ak konbyen fwa chak done parèt.<br />
Nonm fwa yon done parèt rele frekans done sa.<br />
front-end estimation/estimasyon ak pwemye<br />
chif: Teknik kote yo adisyone pwemye chif<br />
tèm yon sòm epi yo ajiste sòm la pou jwenn<br />
yon pi bon estimasyon.<br />
function/fonksyon: Relasyon kote chak valè<br />
genyen ekzacteman yon sèl imaj.<br />
function notation/notasyon fonksyon:<br />
Notasyon yo itilize pou dekri yon fonksyon.<br />
Ekzanp: y � 3x 2<br />
f(x) � 3x 2 ; li f(x) tankou<br />
“f de x.”<br />
function table/tab yon fonksyon: Tablo pè<br />
nonm ki reprezante solysyon yon fonksyon.<br />
Fundamental Counting Principle/Prensip<br />
fondamantal denonmbreman: Si yon<br />
eksperyans genyen m rezilta posib epi yon<br />
dezyèm eksperyans genyen n rezilta posib apre<br />
pwemye eksperyans fin fèt, alò genyen (m � n)<br />
rezilta posib pou tou de eksperyans yo.<br />
G<br />
geometric probability/pwobabilite<br />
jeometrik: Pwobabilite ki baze sou<br />
konparezon mezi ki fèt sou figi jeometrik.<br />
geometric sequence/swit jeometrik: List<br />
nonm ki nan lòd epi ki genyen yon rapò fiks<br />
ant de tèm konsekitif.<br />
Golden Ratio/Rapò dò: Yon rapò ki vo a pe<br />
prè 1.618. Nan yon rektang dò rapò longe ak<br />
lajè se a pe prè 1.618.
graph (networks)/grafik (rezo): Ansanm<br />
pwen ak segman osnon ak ki konekte pwen sa<br />
yo. Li rele rezo tou.<br />
graph of an equation/grafik yon ekwasyon:<br />
Grafik ansanm pè nonm ki solisyon ekwasyon<br />
an.<br />
great circle/gran sèk: Yon sèk ki nan yon sfè.<br />
Plan ki genyen sèk la ladan li pase nan sant<br />
sfè a.<br />
greatest common factor (GCF)/pi gran faktè<br />
komen (PGFK): Nomn ki pi gran faktè de<br />
osnon plizyè nonm a la fwa.<br />
H<br />
Hamiltonian circuit/sikwi Hamiltonyen: Yon<br />
sikwi ki pase nan tout somè yon grafik liy<br />
brize.<br />
height/wotè: Nan yon pyramid osnon nan<br />
yon kone, wotè a se distans ant somè a ak baz<br />
opoze a. Distans sa mezire sou liy ki<br />
pèpandikilè sou baz la.<br />
Nan yon triyang osnon nan yon kwadrilatè,<br />
wotè a se distans ant baz ak somè opoze.<br />
Distans sa mezire sou liy ki pèpandikilè sou<br />
baz la.<br />
Nan yon prism osnon yon silend, wotè a se<br />
distans ant baz yo mezire sou yon liy ki<br />
pèpandikilè sou baz yo.<br />
hemisphere/emisfè: Mwatye yon sfè.<br />
heptagon/ptagòn: Polygòn ki genyen sèt kote.<br />
hexagon/ekzagòn: Polygòn ki genyen sis kote.<br />
histogram/istogram: Yon grafik ki montre<br />
frekans done yo nan intèval egal.<br />
horizon line/orizon: Yon liy orizontal ki<br />
reprezante nivo zye yon moun kap gade.<br />
hypotenuse/ipoteniz: Nan yon triyang<br />
rektang, kote ki an fas ang dwa a.<br />
hypothesis/ipotèz: Pwemye pati nan yon<br />
deklarasyon kondisyonèl.<br />
icosahedron/ikosaèd: Solid ki genyen 20 fas.<br />
I<br />
Identity Property of One/Pwopriyete<br />
identite chif 1: Lè ou miltipliye yon nonm pa<br />
1 pwodwi a se nonm la.<br />
Identity Property of Zero/Pwopriyete<br />
identite chif 0: Sòm zewo ak yon nonm se<br />
nonm la.<br />
if-then statement/deklarasyon si-alò: Yon<br />
deklarasyon lojik ki itilize si epi alò pou<br />
montre yon relasyon ant de kondisyon.<br />
Ekzanp: Si tout kote yon polygòn egal epi tout<br />
ang yo egal alò polygòn la se yon polygòn<br />
regilye.<br />
if-then statement/deklarasyon si-alò:<br />
Deklarasyon konpoze sou fòm “Si P alò Q.”Li<br />
rele deklarasyon kondisyonèl tou.<br />
image/imaj: Figi ki se rezilta yon<br />
transfòmasyon.<br />
impossible (probability)/enposib<br />
(pwobabilite): Ki pa janm ka rive. Evènman<br />
enposib la genyen yon pwobabilite egal 0.<br />
improper fraction/fraksyon ki pi gran osnon<br />
egal linite: Yon fraksyon kote nimeratè a pi<br />
gran pase denominatè osnon ki men bagay ak li.<br />
Ekzanp: � 5<br />
�, �5<br />
5<br />
3 �<br />
independent events/evènman endepandan:<br />
Seri evènman kote rezilta yon pa afekte rezilta<br />
lòt yo.<br />
indirect measurement/mezi endirèk: Teknik<br />
ki itilize figi ki sanblab epi pwopòsyon pou<br />
jwenn yon lòt mezi.<br />
inductive reasoning/rezonman endiktif:<br />
Itilize yon modèl pou tire konklizyon.<br />
(Rezonnman pa endiksyon.)<br />
inequality/inekwasyon: Fraz matematik ki<br />
montre relasyon ant de kantite ki pa ekivalan.<br />
Ekzanp: 5 � 8; 5x � 2 � 12<br />
infinite set/ansanm enfini: Ansanm ki<br />
genyen yon nonm eleman enfini.<br />
input/valè antre: Valè ki ranplase varyab nan<br />
yon ekspresyon osnon nan yon fonksyon.<br />
integers/antye relatif: Ansanm nonm antye<br />
ak nonm ki opoze a nonm sa yo.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 8 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
interest/enterè: Kantite lajan ou moun peye<br />
lè li prete lajan osnon pou sèvi ak lajan yon<br />
lòt moun.<br />
interior angles/ang<br />
enteryè: Ang ki andedan<br />
de liy yon liy transvèsal<br />
koupe. Nan diagram la,<br />
�c, �d, �e, ak �f se ang<br />
enteryè.<br />
interquartile range/distans ant katil:<br />
Diferans ant twazyèm ak pwemyè katil yon<br />
ansanm done.<br />
intersecting lines/liy sekant: Liy ki kwaze<br />
yon lòt ekzakteman nan yon sèl pwen.<br />
intersection (sets)/entèseksyon (ansanm):<br />
Ansanm tout eleman ki nan de osnon plizyè<br />
ansanm a la fwa.<br />
interval/entèval: Espas ant de valè sou dwat<br />
nimerik la osnon sou echèl yon grafik.<br />
inverse operations/operasyon envès:<br />
Operasyon yon defèt lòt: adisyon ak<br />
soustraksyon, osnon miltiplikasyon ak<br />
divizyon.<br />
inverse variation/varyasyon envès: Yon<br />
relasyon kote yon varyab ap ogmante lè yon<br />
lò ap diminye. Pwodwi de varyab yo se yon<br />
konstant.<br />
irrational number/nonm irasyonèl: Nonm<br />
nou pa ka ekri tankou yon rapò de antye<br />
relatif, osnon ki pa genyen yon pati desimal<br />
kap repete, osnon pati desimal la pa janm fini.<br />
isolate the variable/izole varyab: Mete<br />
varyab la pou kont li nan yon manm<br />
ekwasyon an osnon inekwasyon an pou ka<br />
rezoud ekwasyon an osnon inekwasyon an.<br />
isometric drawing/desen izometrik:<br />
Reprezantasyon yon solid ki fèt nan yon gri ki<br />
fèt ak triyang ekilateral.<br />
isosceles triangle/triyang izosèl: Triyang ki<br />
genyen o mwen de kote egal.<br />
K<br />
e f<br />
g h<br />
a b<br />
c d<br />
kite/kap etranje: Kwadrilatè ki genyen de pè<br />
kote adjasan ki egal.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 9 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
L<br />
lateral face/fas lateral: Fas nan yon prism<br />
osnon yon pyramid ki pa baz la.<br />
lateral surface/sifas lateral: Nan yon silend,<br />
sifas koub ki konekte de baz sikilè yo; nan yon<br />
kone, sifas koub ki pa baz la.<br />
Sifas<br />
lateral<br />
least common denominator (LCD)/pi piti<br />
denominatè komen (PPDK): Pi piti miltipde<br />
osnon plizyè denominatè genyen al la fwa.<br />
least common multiple (LCM)/pi piti miltip<br />
komen (PPMK): Pi piti nonm ki pa zewo ki<br />
se yon miltipde osnon plizyè nonm.<br />
legs/kote an dwa: Nan yon triyang rektang,<br />
de kote ki fòme ang dwa a.<br />
like fractions/fraksyon sanblab: Fraksyon ki<br />
genyen menm denominate.<br />
5 3<br />
Ekzanp: �� ak �� se fraksyon sanblab.<br />
12<br />
12<br />
like terms/tèm omològ: De osnon plizyè tèm<br />
ki genyen menm varyab ki genyen menm<br />
pwisans.<br />
Ekzanp: Nan ekspresyon 3a � 5b �12a, 3a ak<br />
12a se tèm omològ.<br />
line/liy: Chimen dwat sans fen nan lè de sans<br />
(san limit).<br />
line graph/grafik liy: Grafik ki iltilize segman<br />
pou montre jan done chanje anfonksyon tan.<br />
line of best fit/liy meyè apwoksimasyon: Liy<br />
ki pase pi pre pwen yo nan yon dyagram<br />
dispèsyon.<br />
line of reflection/liy refleksyon: Liy ki sèvi<br />
pou kreye refleksion yon figi tankou nan yon<br />
glas.<br />
line of symmetry/liy simetri: Glas imajinè<br />
nan syimetri pa rapò a yon liy.<br />
line plot/dyagram akimilasyon: Yon dwat<br />
nimerik ak mak ki montre frekans yo.<br />
line segment/segman: Mòso yon liy ant de<br />
ektremite.
line symmetry/simetri pa rapò yon liy: Yon<br />
figi genyen yon simetri pa rapò yon liy si yon<br />
mwatye se imaj lòt mwatye a tankou nan<br />
refleksyon nan yon glas.<br />
linear equation/ekwasyon lineyè: Ekwasyon<br />
solisyon li fòme yon liy dwat nan plan<br />
katezyen an.<br />
linear function/fonksyon lineyè: Fonksyon<br />
grafik li se yon liy dwat.<br />
linear inequality/inekwasyon lineyè: Fraz<br />
matematik ki itilize �, �, �, osnon �.<br />
Represantasyon grafik li se yon rejyon epi<br />
lizyè li se yon liy dwat.<br />
lower extreme/pi piti ekstrèm: Nonm ki pi<br />
piti nan yon ansanm done.<br />
lower quartile/pi piti katil: Nonm ki nan<br />
mitan pwemye mwatye yon ansanm done; li<br />
rele pwemye katil tou.<br />
M<br />
major arc/gran ak: Yon ak ki pi long<br />
pasemwatye sikonferans la.<br />
matrix/matris: Yon ranjman done an fom<br />
rektang ki pase ant de kwoche.<br />
mean/mwayèn: Sòm tout nonm ki nan yon<br />
ansanm done divize pa nonm eleman ki nan<br />
ansanm la.<br />
measure of central tendency/mezi tandans<br />
santral: Yon mezi yo itilize pou dekri mitan<br />
yon ansanm done; mwayèn, medyann, ak<br />
mod se mezi tandans santral.<br />
median/medyann: Yon nonm osnon mwayèn<br />
de nonm ki nan mitan yon ansanm done lè<br />
eleman yo nan lòd.<br />
metric system of measurement/sistèm<br />
metrik: Sistèm desimal pwa ak mezi tout<br />
moun itilize nan domèn syantifik; epi ki trè<br />
itilize nan lemond antye.<br />
Ekzanp: Santimèt, mèt, kilomèt, gram,<br />
kilogram, mililit, ak lit se inite mezi nan<br />
system metrik la.<br />
midpoint/mitan yon segman: Pwen ki divize<br />
yon segman an de mòso egal.<br />
mixed number/nonm fraksyonè: Yon nonm<br />
ki genyen yon pati ki se yon nonm antye epi<br />
yon lòt pati ki se yon fraksyon.<br />
mode/mòd: Yon nonm osnon plizyè nonm ki<br />
ekziste pi plis nan yon seri done; lè tout<br />
nonm yo genyen menm frekans, nou di pa<br />
genyen mòd.<br />
monomial/monòm: Yon nonm osnon<br />
pwodwi yon nonm ak varyab ki genyen<br />
ekspozan ki se nonm antye.<br />
multiple/miltip: Pwodwi yon nonm ak yon<br />
lòt nonm antye se miltip nonm sa.<br />
Multiplication Property of<br />
Equality/Pwopriyete miltiplikasyon nan<br />
ekwasyon: Pwopriyete sa di: si ou miltipliye<br />
de manm yon ekwasyon ak yon menm nonm,<br />
nouvo ekwasyon an genyen menm solisyon ak<br />
ansyen ekwasyon a.<br />
Multiplication Property of Zero/Pwopriyete<br />
miltiplikasyon pa zewo: Pwopriyete sa di:<br />
kelkeswa nonm reyèl a, a � 0 � 0 epi 0 �<br />
a � 0.<br />
multiplicative inverse/envès (pou<br />
miltiplikasyon): Yon nonm miltipliye pa<br />
envès li bay 1.<br />
Ekzanp: Pou miltiplikasyon envès � 4<br />
� se �5<br />
mutually exclusive/mityèlman eksklizif: De<br />
evènman mityèlman eksklizif si yo pa kapab<br />
rive an menm tan nan yon menm eksperyans.<br />
N<br />
negative correlation/korelasyon negatif: De<br />
ansanm done genyen yon korelasyon negatif<br />
si valè done yon ansanm ogmante alò ke valè<br />
done lòt la ap bese.<br />
negative integer/antye relatif negatif: Antye<br />
relatif ki pi piti pase zewo.<br />
net/filè: Yon aranjman figi a de dimansyon ki<br />
kapab pliye pou fòme yon polyèd.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 10 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
5<br />
4 �
network/rezo: Yon ansanm pwen ak liy,<br />
osnon ak. Liy yo epi ak yo konekte pwen yo.<br />
Li rele grafik tou.<br />
no correlation/korelasyon zewo: De ansanm<br />
done pa genyen korelasyon lè pa genyen<br />
okenn relasyon ant valè done de ansanm yo.<br />
nonlinear function/fonksyon non lineyè:<br />
Fonksyon grafik li pa yon liy dwat.<br />
nonterminating decimal/devlopman<br />
desimal enfini: Nonm kote pati desimal la pa<br />
janm fini.<br />
numerator/nimeratè: Nonm ki an lè ba yon<br />
fraksyon. Nonm sa di konbyen pati nan yon<br />
antye nap konsidere.<br />
Ekzanp: � 4<br />
� 4 se nimeratè fraksyon an.<br />
5<br />
numerical expression/ekspresyon nimerik:<br />
Yon ekspresyon ki genyen nonm ak operasyon<br />
sèlman.<br />
O<br />
obtuse angle/ang obti: Ang ki pi gran pase<br />
90° men ki pi piti pase 180°.<br />
obtuse triangle/triyang obti: Yon triyang ki<br />
genyen yon ang obti.<br />
octagon/oktagòn: Polygòn ki genyen 8 kote.<br />
octahedron/otaèd: Polyèd ki genyen 8 fas.<br />
odd number/nonm enpè: Yon nonm antye ki<br />
pa divizib pa de.<br />
odds/kòt: Yon konparezon ant rezilta favorab<br />
epi rezilta ki pa favorab.<br />
odds against/kòt kont: Rapò rezilta ki pa<br />
favorab sou rezilta ki favorab.<br />
odds in favor/kòt pou: Rapò rezilta ki<br />
favorab sou rezilta ki pa favorab.<br />
opposites/nonm opoze: De nonm ki plase a<br />
menm distans de zewo sou dwat nimerik la.<br />
Yo rele yo nonm envès pou adisyon.<br />
order of operations/lòd operasyon: Règ pou<br />
evalye ekspresyon: fè tout operasyon ant<br />
parantèz yo anvan; answit kalkile tout<br />
pwisans ak rasin kare, answit fè<br />
miltiplikasyon epi divizyon anfin fè adisyon<br />
ak soustraksyon de gòch a dwat.<br />
ordered pair/koup: De nonm ki ka sèvi pou<br />
plase yon pwen nan plan koòdone katezyen<br />
an.<br />
origin/orijin: Pwen kote aks x ak aks y kwaze<br />
nan plan katezyen an; (0, 0).<br />
orthographic drawing/desen òtografik:<br />
Desen yon bagay yo fè lè yo itilizè vi anfas, vi<br />
sou kote, vi anwo.<br />
outcome (probability)/rezilta (pwobabilite):<br />
Yon nan bagay ki ka rive nan yon eksperyans.<br />
outlier/valè atipik: Yon valè ki bokou pi gran<br />
osnon bokou pi piti pase lòt done nan yon<br />
ansanm.<br />
output/valè yon ekspresyon: Valè w jwenn lè<br />
w ranplase yon varyab ak valè li nan yon<br />
ekspresyon osnon yon fonksyon.<br />
overestimate/sirestimasyon: Yon estimasyon<br />
ki pi gran pase repons ekzak la.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 11 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
P<br />
parabola/parabòl: Grafik yon ekwasyon<br />
kwadratik.<br />
parallel lines/liy paralèl: Liy ki pa kwaze nan<br />
yon plan.<br />
parallelogram/paralelogram: Kwadrilatè ki<br />
genyen de pè kote paralèl.<br />
Pascal’s triangle/triyang Paskal (Pascal):<br />
Aranjman nonm an fòm triyang kote chak liy<br />
kòmanse epi fini ak 1. Lòt nonm yo se sòm de<br />
nonm ki anlè li yo.<br />
path/chimen: Yon fason pou ale de yon somè<br />
yon rezo a yon lòt swivan yon bò osnon<br />
plizyè bò.<br />
pentagon/pentagòn: Polygòn ki genyen senk<br />
kote.
percent/pousantaj: Rapò ki konpare yon<br />
nonm avèk 100.<br />
45<br />
Ekzanp: 45% � �� 100<br />
percent of change/pousantaj chanjman:<br />
Pousantaj yon kantite ogmante osnon<br />
diminye.<br />
percent of decrease/pousantaj diminisyon:<br />
Pousantaj chanjman ki montre ki jan yon<br />
kantite diminye.<br />
percent of increase/pousantaj ogmantasyon:<br />
Pousantaj chanjman ki montre ki jan yon<br />
kantite ogmante.<br />
perfect square/kare pafè: Kare yon nonm<br />
antye.<br />
Ekzanp: 5 · 5 � 25, epi 7 2 � 49; 25 epi 49 se<br />
kare pafè.<br />
perimeter/perimèt: Distans otou yon<br />
polygòn.<br />
permutation/pèmitasyon: Ranjman bagay,<br />
osnon evènmam, kote lòd bagay yo, osnon<br />
evènman yo enpotan.<br />
perpendicular bisector/mediatris: Liy ki<br />
pèpandikilè sou yon segman nan mitan li.<br />
perpendicular lines/liy<br />
pepandikilè: Liy ki fòme yon<br />
ang dwa.<br />
perspective/pèspektiv: Teknik pou fè desen<br />
yon bagay parèt tankou si li genyen twa<br />
dimansyon sou yon sifas plat.<br />
pi/pi (π): Rapò sikonferans yon sèk ak longè<br />
dyamèt sèk la; π � 3.14 osnon � 22<br />
�.<br />
7<br />
plane/plan: Yon sifas plat enfini.<br />
platonic solids/solid platonic: Senk polyèd<br />
regilye yo: tetraèd, kib, oktaèd, dodekaè<br />
epizokaèd.<br />
point/pwen: Yon kote ekzak nan lespas.<br />
point-slope form/ekwasyon yon dawt nou<br />
konnen pant la ak yon pwen: Ekwasyon yon<br />
liy sou fòm y � y 1 � m(x � x 1 ), kote m se<br />
pant dwat la, epi (x 1 , y 1 ) se koòdone yon<br />
pwen sou dwat la.<br />
point symmetry/simetri parapò a yon pwen:<br />
Yon figi prezante simetri parapò a yon pwen<br />
si li koenside ak tèt li apre yon rotasyon 180°.<br />
polygon/polygòn: Figi jeomtrik plat ki fòme<br />
ak segman ki rankontre nan ekstremite yo<br />
sèlman.<br />
polyhedron/polyèd: Figi solid kote tout sifas<br />
yo se polygòn.<br />
polynomial/polynòm: Ekspresyon aljebrik ki<br />
se sòm osnon diferans de osnon plizyè<br />
monòm.<br />
population/popilasyon: Tout gwoup bagay<br />
osnon endividi yo konsidere nan yon ankèt.<br />
positive correlation/korelasyon pozitif: De<br />
ansanm done prezante yon korelasyon pozitif<br />
lè valè done yo ogmante osnon diminye an<br />
menm tan.<br />
positive integer/antye pozitif: Nonm relatif<br />
ki pi gran pase zewo.<br />
power/ekspozan: Yon nonm yo jwenn lè yo<br />
elve yon baz a yon pwisans.<br />
precision/presizyon: Nivo detay yon mezi<br />
genyen. Inite mezi a detèmine nivo sa.<br />
prediction/prediksyon: Yon bagay yo di ki ka<br />
rive alavni.<br />
premise/premis: Deklarasyon kondisyonèl yo<br />
itilize nan rezonman dediktif.<br />
prime factorization/miz en faktè pwemye:<br />
Yon nonm ki ekri tankou pwodwi faktè<br />
pwemye li yo.<br />
prime number/nonm pwemye: Nonm antye<br />
ki pi gran pase 1 epi ki genyen ekzakteman de<br />
faktè 1 ak nonm la li menm.<br />
principal/manman lajan: Lajan ou prete<br />
osnon depose.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 12 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
principal square root/rasin kare prinsipal:<br />
Pati pozitif rasin kare yon nonm.<br />
Ekzanp: �25 � � 5<br />
prism/prism: Polyèd ki genyen de baz egal an<br />
fòm polygòn, tout lòt fas yo se paralelogram.<br />
probability/pwobabilite: Yon nonm ki ant<br />
zewo ak 1 (ant 0% ak 100%) ki di konbyen<br />
chans yon evènman genyen pou li rive.<br />
product/pwodwi: Rezilta lè yo miltipliye de<br />
osnon plizè nonm.<br />
proper fraction/vrè fraksyon: Yon fraksyon<br />
kote nimeratè a pi piti pase denominatè a.<br />
Ekzanp: � 3<br />
4 �, � 1<br />
�, �<br />
12<br />
7<br />
8 �<br />
proportion/pwopòsyon: Ekwasyon ki endike<br />
egalite de rapò.<br />
protractor/rapòtè: Yon enstriman pou mezire<br />
ang.<br />
pyramid/piramid: Polyèd kote<br />
baz la se yon polygòn epi, tout<br />
fas yo se triyang ki rankontre<br />
nan yon menm somè.<br />
Pythagorean Theorem/Teorèm Pythagò<br />
(Pythagore): Nan yon triyang rektang, kare<br />
longè ipoteniz la egal sòm kare longè de kote<br />
ang dwa a.<br />
Q<br />
quadrant/kadran: Aks x ak aks y divize plan<br />
koòdone a an kat rejyon. Yo rele chak rejyon<br />
sa yo kadran.<br />
quadratic equation/ekwasyon kwadratic:<br />
Ekwasyon tankou ax 2 � bx � c � 0, kote<br />
a � 0.<br />
quadratic function/fonksyon kwadratic:<br />
Fonksyon tankou y � ax 2 � bx � c,kote<br />
a � 0.<br />
Ekzanp: y � 2x 2 � 12x � 10, y ��3x 2 .<br />
quadrilateral/kadrilatè: Polygòn ki genyen<br />
kat kote.<br />
quarterly/trimèstiyel: Kat fwa pa ane.<br />
quartile/katil: Twa valè, yon ladan yo rele<br />
medyann, ki dvize yon ansanm done ki nan<br />
lòd an kat ka.<br />
quotient/kosyan: Rezilta divizyon yon nonm<br />
pa yon lòt.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 13 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
R<br />
radical symbol/radikal: Senbòl �� yo itilize<br />
pou reprezanta rasin kare pozitif yon nonm.<br />
radius/reyon: Segman ki<br />
genyen yon ekstremite nan sant<br />
yon sèk, lòt ekstremite a sou sèk<br />
la. Longè segman sa.<br />
random numbers/nonm<br />
aleatwa: Nan yon ansanm nonm aleatwa,<br />
chak nonm genyen menm chans pou yo<br />
chwazi li.<br />
range (in a function)/domèn valè (yon<br />
fonksyon): Ansanm valè fonksyon a ka pran.<br />
range (in statistics)/pòte (nan statistik):<br />
Diferans ant pi gran ak pi piti valè nan yon<br />
ansanm done.<br />
rate/to: Rapò ki konpare de kantite ki mezirz<br />
nan inite diferan.<br />
Ekzanp: Vitès limit la se 55 mil pa è, osnon<br />
55mi/h<br />
rate of interest/to enterè: Pousantaj yo peye<br />
ou osnon ou genyen sou yon lajan; wè enterè<br />
senp.<br />
ratio/rapò: Konparezon ant de kantite pa<br />
divizyon.<br />
Ekzanp: 12 a 25, 12:25, � 12<br />
�<br />
25<br />
rational number/nonm rasyonèl: Tout nonm<br />
nou ka ekri tankou rapò de antye relatif.<br />
Ekzanp: Nou ka ekri 6 tankou � 6<br />
� epi 0.5<br />
1<br />
tankou � 1<br />
2 �<br />
ray/demi dwat: Yon mòso yon dwat ki geyen<br />
yon ekstremite epi ki enfini nan lòt sans la.
eal number/nonm reyèl: Yon nonm rasyonèl<br />
osnon yon nonm irasyonèl.<br />
reciprocal/resipwòk: Yon nan de nonm<br />
pwodwi yo se 1; yo rele nonm sa yo envès pou<br />
miltiplikasyon.<br />
Ekzanp: Resipwòk � 2<br />
� se �3<br />
3 2 �.<br />
1<br />
�.<br />
Resipwòk n se � n<br />
rectangle/rektang: Yon paralelogram ki<br />
genyen kat ang dwa.<br />
rectangular prism/prism<br />
rektangilè: Polyèd kote baz<br />
yo se rektang epi lòt fas yo<br />
se paralelogram.<br />
reduction/rediksyon: Diminisyon tout<br />
dimasyon yo.<br />
reflection/refleksyon: Transfòmasion yon figi<br />
ki tounen pa rapò a yon liy yon liy.<br />
regular polygon/polygòn regilye: Polygòn ki<br />
genyen tout kote li yo egal epi tout ang li yo<br />
egal.<br />
regular pyramid/piramid regilye:<br />
Piramid baz li se yon polygòn regilye<br />
epi tout fas lateral yo egal.<br />
regular tessellation/teselasyon regilye:<br />
Teselasyon ki fòme apati polygòn regilye.<br />
relatively prime/nonm pwemye ant yo: De<br />
nonm pwemye ant yo si pi gran factè komen<br />
(PGFK) yo se 1.<br />
Ekzanp: 7 ak 15 se de nonm pwemye ant yo.<br />
repeating decimal/desimal peryodic:<br />
Desimal kote yon osnon plizyè chif apre vigil<br />
la repete endefiniman<br />
Ekzanp: 0.75757575…<br />
rhombus/losanj: Paralelogram ki genyen tout<br />
kote yo egal.<br />
right angle/ang dwat: Ang ki mezire 90°.<br />
right cone/kone dwat: Kone kote liy dwat ki<br />
ale depi baz la jiska somè a pase nan somè a<br />
pase nan sant baz la.<br />
right cylinder/silend dwat: Silend kote de<br />
baz yo se de sèk ki paralèl. De sèk so yo<br />
pèpandikilè ak sifas lateral la.<br />
right triangle/triyang rektang: Triyang ki<br />
genyen yon ang dwa.<br />
rise/varyasyon vètikal: Chajman vètikal wotè<br />
lè pant yon dwat ekri tankou chajman vètikal/<br />
chajman orizontal.<br />
rotation/rotasyon: Transfòmasyon kote yon<br />
figi vire otou yon pwen.<br />
rotational symmetry/simetri pa rotasyon:<br />
Yon figi prezante yon simetri pa rotasyon si lè<br />
li tounen mwens ke 360° otou yon pwen<br />
santral li koenside avek tèt li.<br />
rounding/arondi: Ranplase yon nonm ak yon<br />
estimasyon nonm sa selon yon sèten<br />
presizyon.<br />
run/varyasyon orizontal: Chanjman<br />
orizontal lè pant yon dwat ekri tankou.<br />
Chanjman vètikal divize pa chanjman<br />
orizontal.<br />
S<br />
sales tax/TCA: Pousantaj pri yon bagay,<br />
gouvènman chaje pou li kreye revni.<br />
sample/echantiyon: Pati yon popilasyon.<br />
sample space/inivè: Ansanm tout rezilta yon<br />
eksperyans.<br />
scale/echèl: Rapò ant de ansanm mezi<br />
diferan.<br />
scale drawing/desen alechèl: Yon desen ki<br />
itilize yon echèl pou fè yon bagay pi piti<br />
(rediksyon) osnon pi gran (dilatasyon) pase<br />
vre grosè bagay la.<br />
scale factor/faktè yon echèl: Rapò ou itilize<br />
pou fè yon dilatasyon osnon yon rediksyon.<br />
scale model/modèl alechèl: Yon modèl ki<br />
pwopòsyonèl ak yon bagay ki genyen twa<br />
dimansyon.<br />
scalene triangle/triyang kèlkonk: Triyang ki<br />
pa genyen okenn kote egal.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 14 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
scatter plot/dyagram dispèsyon: Grafik kote<br />
pwen yo plase pou montre yon relasyon ki<br />
posib ant de ansanm done.<br />
scientific notation/notasyon syantifik: Yon<br />
fason pou ekri nonm, ki trè gran osnon trè<br />
piti. Notasyon syantifik la itilize pwisans 10.<br />
second differences/dezyèm diferans: Swit ki<br />
fòme pa diferans diferans ant tèm yon sekans.<br />
second quartile/dezyèm katil: Medyann yon<br />
ansanm done.<br />
sector/sektè: Rejyon yon sèk ki limite pa de<br />
reyon epi ak ki relye ekstremite de reyon yo.<br />
sector (data)/sektè (done): Pati yon grafik<br />
sikilè ki reprezante yon pati nan done yo.<br />
segment/segman: Mòso yon dwat ant de<br />
ekstremite.<br />
semiregular tessellation/teselasyon<br />
semiregilye: Teselasyon fòme pa de osnon<br />
plizyè polygòn kote tout somè yo idantik.<br />
sequence/swit: Yon list nonm ki nan lòd.<br />
set/ansanm: Group bagay.<br />
side/kote: Liy ki limite yon figi jeometrik. Yon<br />
nan fas ki fòme limit yon bagay.<br />
Side-Angle-Side (SAS)/Kote-Ang-Kote (KAK):<br />
Règ ki di si de triyang genyen de kote egal epi<br />
ang de kote yo fòme a egal alò de triyang sa<br />
yo egal.<br />
Side-Side-Side (SSS)/Kote-Kote-Kote (KKK):<br />
Règ ki di si de triyang genyen twa kote yo egal<br />
de triyang sa yo egal.<br />
significant digits/chif siyikatif: Chif yo itilize<br />
pou montre presizyon yon mezi.<br />
similar/sanblab: Figi ki genyen menm fòm<br />
men pa nesesèman menm dimansyon.<br />
simple interest/enterè senp: Yon pousantaj<br />
fiks yon manman lajan. Pou kalkile li nou<br />
itilize fòmil I � Prt kote p se manman lajan a;<br />
r se to enterè a epi t se tan a.<br />
simplest form/pi senp ekspresyon: Yon<br />
fraksyon redwi lè nimreatè ak denominatè pa<br />
genyen lò faktè komen ki pa 1.<br />
simplify/senplifikasyon: Pou ekri yon<br />
fraksyon osnon yon ekspresyon sou fòm<br />
redwi.<br />
simulation/similasyon: Modèl yon<br />
eksperyans, le pli souvan yon eksperyans ki<br />
twò difisil osnon kap pran twòp tan pou fè li.<br />
sine (sin)/sinis: Nan triyang rektang, rapò<br />
longè kote opoze yon ang egi sou longè<br />
ipoteniz la.<br />
skew lines/liy gòch: Liy ki nan plan diferan<br />
epi ki pa ni paralèl ni sekant.<br />
slant height/altitid enkline: Distans ant baz<br />
yon kone ak somè li. Nou mezire distans sa<br />
sou sifas lateral kone a.<br />
slope/pant: Nonm ki eksprime ki jan yon<br />
dwat osnon yon grafik enkline. Chanjman<br />
vètikal divize pa chanjman orizontal.<br />
slope-intercept form/fòm kanonik: Yon<br />
ekwasyon lineyè ki ekri tankou y � mx � b,<br />
m se pant dwat la, b se kote dwat la koupe aks<br />
y la.<br />
solid figure/solid: Figi ki genyen twa<br />
dimansyon.<br />
solution of a system of equations/solisyon<br />
yon sistem ekwasyon: Yon ansanm valè ki<br />
verifye system la.<br />
solution of an equation/solisyon yon<br />
ekwasyon: Valè ki verifye ekwasyon an.<br />
solution of an inequality/solisyon yon<br />
inekwasyon: Ansanm valè ki verifye<br />
inekwasyon an.<br />
solution set/ansanm solisyon: Ansanm valè<br />
ki fè yon deklarasyon vre.<br />
solve/rezoud: Jwenn yon repons osnon yon<br />
solisyon.<br />
space figure/figi nan espas: Figi ki genyen<br />
twa dimansyon.<br />
sphere/sfè: Figi ki genyen twa dimansyon.<br />
Tout pwen sfè a plase a menm distans de sant<br />
sfè a.<br />
square (geometry)/kare (jeometri): Rektang<br />
ki genyen kat kote egal.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 15 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
square (numeration)/okare (nimerasyon):<br />
Yon nonm elve nan pwisans de.<br />
Ekzanp: Nan 5 2 , nou elve 5 nan pwisans 2.<br />
square number/kare: Pwodwi yonm nonm<br />
pa li menm.<br />
Ekzanp: 25 se kare 5; 5 · 5 � 25<br />
square root/rasin kare: Yon nan de faktè egal<br />
yon nonm genyen.<br />
standard form (in numeration)/fòm standa<br />
(nimerasyon): Yon nonm ke yo itilize chif<br />
pou ekri li.<br />
Ekzanp: senk mil de san dis nan fòm standa<br />
se 5.210<br />
stem-and-leaf plot/grafik an tij ak fèy:<br />
Grafik yo itilize pou òganize epi montre done<br />
konsa nou ka konpare frekans done yo.<br />
straight angle/ang pla: Ang ki mezire 180°.<br />
stratified sample/echantiyon stratifye:<br />
Echantiyon divize an sougroup.<br />
subset/souzansanm: Yon ansanm ki andedan<br />
yon lòt ansanm.<br />
substitute/sisbtitiye: Ranplase yon varyab ak<br />
yon nonm, osnon yon lòt ekspresyon, nan<br />
yon ekspresyon aljebrik.<br />
Subtraction Property of Equality/<br />
Pwopriyete soustraksyon nan ekwasyon:<br />
Pwopriyete ki di si nou soustrè yon menm<br />
nonm nan de manb yon ekwasyon, nouvo<br />
ekwasyon an genyen menm solisyon avèk<br />
ansyen an.<br />
sum/sòm: Rezilta lè nou fè adisyon de osnon<br />
plizyè nonm.<br />
supplementary angles/ang siplemantè: De<br />
ang sòm yo egal 180°.<br />
surface area/sifas total: Sòm sifas tout fas<br />
yon solid.<br />
system of equations/sistèm ekwasyon:<br />
Ansanm de osnon plizyè ekwasyon ki genyen<br />
de osnon plizyè varyab.<br />
system of linear equations/sistèm ekwasyon<br />
lineyè: De osnon plizyè ekwasyon lineyè ki<br />
reprezante nan menm system koòdone a.<br />
systematic sample/echantiyon sistematik:<br />
Yon echantiyon yon popilasyon ke yo<br />
seleksyone swivan yon modèl.<br />
T<br />
tangent (tan)/tanjant (tj): Nan yon triyang<br />
rektang, rapò longè kote opoze yon ang egi a<br />
sou longè kote adjasan ang egi sa.<br />
tangent (to a circle)/tanjant yon sèk: Dwat ki<br />
touché sèk la nan yon sèl pwen.<br />
term (in a sequence)/tèm (yon swit): Yon<br />
eleman osnon yon nonm nan yon swit la.<br />
term (in an expression)/tèm (nan yon<br />
ekspresyon): Pati yon ekspresyon yo ajoute<br />
osnon soustrè.<br />
Ekzanp: 5x 2 se yon ekspresyon ki genyen yon<br />
tèm, �10 se yon ekspresyon ki genyen yon<br />
tèm; x � 1 se yon ekspresyon ki genyen de<br />
tèm<br />
terminating decimal/desimal fini: Yon nonm<br />
desimal ki genyen yon nonm chif desimal<br />
fini.<br />
Ekzanp: 6, 75<br />
tessellation/teselasyon: Repetisyon yon<br />
modèl ki fèt ak figi plat ki kouvri yon plan<br />
konplètman san kite espas vid.<br />
tetrahedron/tetraèd: Polyèd ki genyen kat<br />
fas.<br />
theoretical probability/pwobabilite teorik:<br />
Rapò ant nonm rezilta ekipwobab yon<br />
evenman ak nonm tout rezilta posib yo.<br />
third quartile/twazyèm katil: Medyann<br />
dezyèm mwatye yon ansanm done; li rele katil<br />
siperyè tou.<br />
tip/poubwa: Kantite lajan yo adisyone sou<br />
yon fakti pou moun kap sèvi a; an jeneral yon<br />
pousantaj fakti a.<br />
transformation/transfòmasyon: Chanjman<br />
nan dimansyon osnon pozisyon yon figi.<br />
translation/translasyon: Mouvman yon figi<br />
swivan yon liy dwat.<br />
transversal/transvèsal: Liy ki kwaze de osnon<br />
plizyè liy.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 16 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.
trapezoid/trapèz: Yon kwadrilatèki genyen<br />
ekzakteman de kote paralèl.<br />
tree diagram/dyagram an fòm pye bwa: Yon<br />
diagram ki genyen branch ki montre tout<br />
kobinezon, osnon rezilta posib yon evènman.<br />
trial/esè: Nan pwobabilite yon sèl repetisyon<br />
osnon obsèvasyon yon evènman.<br />
triangle/triyang: Yon polygòn ki genyen twa<br />
kote.<br />
Triangle Sum Theorem/Theorèm sòm ang<br />
yon triyang: Teorèm sa di: sòm ang yon<br />
triyang egal 180°.<br />
triangular prism/prism triyangilè: Polyèd ki<br />
genyen yon baz triyangilè epi fas yo se<br />
paralelogram.<br />
trigonometric ratios/rapò trigonometric:<br />
Rapò ki konpare longè kote yon triyang<br />
rektang; rapò ki pi kouran yo se tanjant, sinis,<br />
epi kosinis.<br />
trinomial/trinòm: Polynòm ki genyen twa<br />
tèm.<br />
truth table/valè lojik: Vre osnon pa vre.<br />
truth value/tab verite: Yon mwayen pou<br />
montre ke yon deklarasyon konpoze vre.<br />
U<br />
unbiased sample/echantiyon non byeze: Yon<br />
echantiyon pa byeze si chak eleman nan inivè<br />
a genyen menm chans pou yo chwazi li.<br />
underestimate/souzestime: Estimasyon ki pi<br />
piti pase repons ekzak la.<br />
union/inyon: Ansanm tout eleman ki nan de<br />
ansanm oson plizyè ansanm.<br />
unit conversion/chanjman inite: Pwosesis ki<br />
chanje yon inite mezi ak yon lòt.<br />
unit conversion factor/faktè chanjman inite:<br />
Yon fraksyon yo itilize lè yap chanje inite.<br />
Nimeratè ak denominatè a reprezante yon<br />
menm kantite men yo nan de inite diferan.<br />
Ekzanp: � 60 min<br />
1 hr<br />
� osnon �� 1 hr 60 min<br />
unit price/pri linite: To pa inite yo itilize pou<br />
konpare pri.<br />
unlike fractions/fraksyon ki pa sanblab:<br />
Fraksyon ki pa genyen menm denominatè.<br />
Ekzanp: � 3<br />
� epi �1 � se fraksyon ki pa sanblab.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 17 Holt Middle School Math<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
4<br />
2<br />
upper extreme/ekstrèmite siperyè: Nonm ki<br />
pi gran nan yon ansanm done.<br />
upper quartile/katil siperyè: Medyann<br />
dezyèm mwatye yon ansanm done; yo rele li<br />
twazyèm katil tou.<br />
V<br />
vanishing point/echantiyon ekipwobab: Yon<br />
echantiyon ekipwobab si chak manb genyen<br />
menm chans pou yo chwazi li.<br />
vanishing point/pwen de fwit: Nan desen an<br />
pèspektiv, pwen kote tout liy kap elwanye de<br />
moun kap gade a rankotre.<br />
variability/varyabilite: Dispèsyon valè yo<br />
nan yon ansanm.<br />
variable/varyab: Yon senbòl yo itilize pou<br />
ranplase yon kantite ki ka chanje.<br />
Venn diagram/dyagram Vèn (Venn):<br />
Dyagram yo itlize pou montre relasyon ant de<br />
osnon plizyè ansanm.<br />
verbal expression/ekspresyon vèbal: Yon mo<br />
osnon yon fraz.<br />
vertex/somè: Nan yon ang osnon yon<br />
polygòn se pwen kote de kote rankontre.<br />
Nan yon polyèd, se entèseksyon twa osnon<br />
plizyè fas. Nan kone epi nan pyramid, pwen<br />
ki pi wo a.<br />
vertex (networks)/ne (rezo): Pwen nan yon<br />
rezo.<br />
vertical angles/ang<br />
b<br />
opoze pa somè yo:<br />
a c<br />
Yon pè ang egal ego<br />
d<br />
ki fòme pa de dwat<br />
ki kwaze; nan diagram<br />
la ang a ak ang c egal; ang b ak ang d egal.<br />
volume/volim: Kantite inite volim nesesè pou<br />
ranpli yon espas.
W<br />
withholding tax/retni: Yon jeretyen sou kòb<br />
yon moun fè, yo pran li davans pou peye<br />
enpo sou revni.<br />
X<br />
x-axis/aks x: Dwat nimerik orizontal nan yon<br />
systèm koòdone.<br />
x-coordinate/absis: Pwemye nan de nonm ki<br />
reprezante yon pwen. Li di ki distans pou<br />
pakouri a dwat osnon a goch orijin la.<br />
Ekzanp: 5 se absispwen (5, 3).<br />
x-intercept/absis a lorijin: Absis pwen kote<br />
grafik la kwaze aks x.<br />
Y<br />
y-axis/aks y: Dwat nimerik vètikal nan yon<br />
systèm koòdone.<br />
y-coordinate/òdone: Dezyèm nan de nonm<br />
ki reprezante yon pwen. Li di ki distans pou<br />
pakouri en wo osnon anba orijin la (0, 0).<br />
Ekzanp: 3 se òdone nan (5, 3).<br />
y-intercept/òdone a lorijin: Òdone pwen<br />
kote grafik la kwaze aks y la.<br />
Z<br />
zero pair/ansanm net: Yon nonm ak envès li;<br />
sò yo bay zewo.<br />
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 18 Holt Middle School Math<br />
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