Chapter 5 Robust Performance Tailoring with Tuning - SSL - MIT
Chapter 5 Robust Performance Tailoring with Tuning - SSL - MIT Chapter 5 Robust Performance Tailoring with Tuning - SSL - MIT
two. The effects of this weighting, α, on the design performance predictions are ex- plored by finding the optimal RPTT design for a range of α at a constant uncertainty bound, ∆ = 10%. The nominal performance prediction of each design is evaluated along with the performance at the worst-case uncertainty vertex. The worst-case realization is then tuned to obtain the tuned performance. Performance [µm] 600 500 400 300 200 Nominal Worst−Case Tuned 100 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Weighting, α Figure 5-5: RPTT design performance as a function of weighting (α) for∆=0.10: (–) requirement. The results of this study are shown in Figure 5-5. Nominal, worst-case and tuned performance are depicted by circles, squares and triangles, respectively. At low values of α the tuning authority is weighed heavier than robustness, and, as expected, the tuned performance is best in this region. It is interesting to note that the nominal performance is also very good when α is low, but the worst-case performance is very high. As α increases, robustness becomes more important, and the worst-case performance decreases while the nominal and tuned performance increase. It is clear that, for this model, a trade exists between tuning authority and robustness. Consider a requirement of 220µm, indicated by a solid black line on the figure. The tuned performance meets this requirement only at robustness weight close to zero 168
indicating that this requirement is aggressive for this system at this uncertainty level. Therefore, to guarantee success through tailoring and tuning the system should be designed for maximum tunability with a robustness weight at or near α = 0. However, if this requirement is relaxed to 250µm then less tuning authority is necessary to meet requirements, and a higher weight, up to α =0.4, can be placed on robustness. Placing the maximum weight possible on robustness produces a design with a worst- case performance prediction that is closer to the requirement increasing the chance that the hardware will not need tuning at all. 5.3.2 Hardware Simulations The results presented thus far indicate that the RPTT is more tunable than both the PT and RPT designs at the worst-case uncertainty vertex. This result is not surprising given the formulations of the design optimizations. PT does not consider uncertainty at all, and RPT is only concerned with being robust to uncertainty at the worst-case vertex and does not take advantage of hardware tuning. The RPTT formulation anticipates the decrease in uncertainty effected by building hardware and incorporates that benefit into the design by allowing different tuning configurations at each uncertainty vertex and minimizing the worst-case tuned performance. As a result, it is guaranteed that RPTT is tunable at the uncertainty vertices, but it is unclear if that assumption holds throughout the rest of the uncertainty space. In this final section, a series of hardware simulations are run to evaluate the performance of the designs across all of the uncertainty space. The algorithm used to generate the hardware simulations is given in Figure 5-6. The outer loop in the algorithm is over the number of simulations desired, nsims. For each simulation an uncertainty realization, �pMC, is chosen randomly from the uncertainty model. Recall from Equation 3.1 that the uncertainty values in the SCI development model are assumed to be uniformly distributed about the nominal val- ues within bounds of ±∆%. A hardware simulation is generated for each of the three designs, PT, RPT and RPTT, by applying �pMC to the models and evaluating the performance, σHW. The hardware performance is then compared to the requirement. 169
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two. The effects of this weighting, α, on the design performance predictions are ex-<br />
plored by finding the optimal RPTT design for a range of α at a constant uncertainty<br />
bound, ∆ = 10%. The nominal performance prediction of each design is evaluated<br />
along <strong>with</strong> the performance at the worst-case uncertainty vertex. The worst-case<br />
realization is then tuned to obtain the tuned performance.<br />
<strong>Performance</strong> [µm]<br />
600<br />
500<br />
400<br />
300<br />
200<br />
Nominal<br />
Worst−Case<br />
Tuned<br />
100<br />
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1<br />
Weighting, α<br />
Figure 5-5: RPTT design performance as a function of weighting (α) for∆=0.10:<br />
(–) requirement.<br />
The results of this study are shown in Figure 5-5. Nominal, worst-case and tuned<br />
performance are depicted by circles, squares and triangles, respectively. At low values<br />
of α the tuning authority is weighed heavier than robustness, and, as expected, the<br />
tuned performance is best in this region. It is interesting to note that the nominal<br />
performance is also very good when α is low, but the worst-case performance is<br />
very high. As α increases, robustness becomes more important, and the worst-case<br />
performance decreases while the nominal and tuned performance increase. It is clear<br />
that, for this model, a trade exists between tuning authority and robustness.<br />
Consider a requirement of 220µm, indicated by a solid black line on the figure.<br />
The tuned performance meets this requirement only at robustness weight close to zero<br />
168