Executive Summary
2017_executive_summary 2017_executive_summary
1 2 3 4 5 6 irreversible accumulation in the atmosphere once emitted. Sulfur hexafluoride is the most potent greenhouse gas the IPCC has evaluated (IPCC 2013). Other emissive sources of these gases include HCFC-22 production, electrical transmission and distribution systems, semiconductor manufacturing, aluminum production, and magnesium production and processing (see Figure ES-10). Figure ES-10: 2015 Sources of HFCs, PFCs, SF6, and NF3 Emissions (MMT CO2 Eq.) 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Some significant trends in U.S. HFC, PFC, SF 6, and NF 3 emissions include the following: Emissions resulting from the substitution of ODS (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons [CFCs]) have been consistently increasing, from small amounts in 1990 to 168.6 MMT CO 2 Eq. in 2015. This increase was in large part the result of efforts to phase out CFCs and other ODS in the United States. In the short term, this trend is expected to continue, and will likely continue over the next decade as hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which are interim substitutes in many applications, are themselves phased out under the provisions of the Copenhagen Amendments to the Montreal Protocol. GWP-weighted PFC, HFC, SF 6, and NF 3 emissions from semiconductor manufacture have increased by 34.3 percent from 1990 to 2015, due to industrial growth and the adoption of emission reduction technologies. Within that time span, emissions peaked in 1999, the initial year of EPA’s PFC Reduction/Climate Partnership for the Semiconductor Industry, but have since declined to 4.8 MMT CO 2 Eq. in 2015 (a 47.1 percent decrease relative to 1999). Sulfur hexafluoride emissions from electric power transmission and distribution systems decreased by 82.0 percent (19.0 MMT CO 2 Eq.) from 1990 to 2015. There are two potential causes for this decrease: (1) a sharp increase in the price of SF 6 during the 1990s and (2) a growing awareness of the environmental impact of SF 6 emissions through programs such as EPA’s SF 6 Emission Reduction Partnership for Electric Power Systems. Perfluorocarbon emissions from aluminum production decreased by 90.7 percent (19.5 MMT CO 2 Eq.) from 1990 to 2015. This decline is due both to reductions in domestic aluminum production and to actions taken by aluminum smelting companies to reduce the frequency and duration of anode effects. 16 DRAFT Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2015
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ES.3 Overview of Sector Emissions and Trends In accordance with the UNFCCC decision to set the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC 2006) as the standard for Annex I countries at the Nineteenth Conference of the Parties (UNFCCC 2014), Figure ES-11 and Table ES-4 aggregate emissions and sinks by the sectors defined by those guidelines. Over the twenty-six-year period of 1990 to 2015, total emissions in the Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use, and Agriculture grew by 215.7 MMT CO 2 Eq. (4.0 percent), 36.7 MMT CO 2 Eq. (10.9 percent), and 27.0 MMT CO 2 Eq. (5.5 percent), respectively. Over the same period, total emissions in the Waste sector decreased by 59.9 MMT CO 2 Eq. (30.1 percent) and estimates of net C sequestration in the Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) sector (magnitude of emissions plus CO 2 removals from all LULUCF source categories) decreased by 82.7 MMT CO 2 Eq. (18.4 percent). Figure ES-11: U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks by Chapter/IPCC Sector (MMT CO2 Eq.) 13 14 15 16 17 Table ES-4: Recent Trends in U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks by Chapter/IPCC Sector (MMT CO2 Eq.) Chapter/IPCC Sector 1990 2005 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Energy 5,333.8 6,279.4 5,721.8 5,506.9 5,659.3 5,703.2 5,549.4 Fossil Fuel Combustion 4,740.7 5,747.1 5,227.7 5,024.7 5,157.6 5,202.1 5,049.2 Natural Gas Systems 234.3 192.2 189.3 190.5 196.4 203.2 202.4 Non-Energy Use of Fuels 117.7 138.3 108.5 105.5 122.0 117.2 127.0 Coal Mining 96.5 64.1 71.2 66.5 64.6 64.8 60.9 Petroleum Systems 61.8 52.0 54.3 52.3 50.3 48.5 45.1 Stationary Combustion 20.4 27.6 28.4 28.0 30.9 31.5 30.1 Mobile Combustion 46.9 38.6 25.1 22.6 20.6 18.6 17.4 Incineration of Waste 8.4 12.9 10.9 10.7 10.7 10.9 11.0 Abandoned Underground Coal Mines 7.2 6.6 6.4 6.2 6.2 6.3 6.4 Industrial Processes and Product Use 338.3 351.6 369.7 359.5 362.4 378.1 375.1 Executive Summary ES-17
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ES.3 Overview of Sector Emissions and Trends<br />
In accordance with the UNFCCC decision to set the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas<br />
Inventories (IPCC 2006) as the standard for Annex I countries at the Nineteenth Conference of the Parties<br />
(UNFCCC 2014), Figure ES-11 and Table ES-4 aggregate emissions and sinks by the sectors defined by those<br />
guidelines. Over the twenty-six-year period of 1990 to 2015, total emissions in the Energy, Industrial Processes and<br />
Product Use, and Agriculture grew by 215.7 MMT CO 2 Eq. (4.0 percent), 36.7 MMT CO 2 Eq. (10.9 percent), and<br />
27.0 MMT CO 2 Eq. (5.5 percent), respectively. Over the same period, total emissions in the Waste sector decreased<br />
by 59.9 MMT CO 2 Eq. (30.1 percent) and estimates of net C sequestration in the Land Use, Land-Use Change, and<br />
Forestry (LULUCF) sector (magnitude of emissions plus CO 2 removals from all LULUCF source categories)<br />
decreased by 82.7 MMT CO 2 Eq. (18.4 percent).<br />
Figure ES-11: U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks by Chapter/IPCC Sector (MMT CO2<br />
Eq.)<br />
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Table ES-4: Recent Trends in U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks by Chapter/IPCC<br />
Sector (MMT CO2 Eq.)<br />
Chapter/IPCC Sector 1990 2005 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015<br />
Energy 5,333.8 6,279.4 5,721.8 5,506.9 5,659.3 5,703.2 5,549.4<br />
Fossil Fuel Combustion 4,740.7 5,747.1 5,227.7 5,024.7 5,157.6 5,202.1 5,049.2<br />
Natural Gas Systems 234.3 192.2 189.3 190.5 196.4 203.2 202.4<br />
Non-Energy Use of Fuels 117.7 138.3 108.5 105.5 122.0 117.2 127.0<br />
Coal Mining 96.5 64.1 71.2 66.5 64.6 64.8 60.9<br />
Petroleum Systems 61.8 52.0 54.3 52.3 50.3 48.5 45.1<br />
Stationary Combustion 20.4 27.6 28.4 28.0 30.9 31.5 30.1<br />
Mobile Combustion 46.9 38.6 25.1 22.6 20.6 18.6 17.4<br />
Incineration of Waste 8.4 12.9 10.9 10.7 10.7 10.9 11.0<br />
Abandoned Underground Coal Mines 7.2 6.6 6.4 6.2 6.2 6.3 6.4<br />
Industrial Processes and Product Use 338.3 351.6 369.7 359.5 362.4 378.1 375.1<br />
<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Summary</strong><br />
ES-17
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