First International Conference on MOLDAVIAN RISKS – FROM ...

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<strong>First</strong> <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on MOLDAVIAN RISKS - FROM GLOBAL TO LOCAL SCALE 16-19 May 2012, Bacau, Romania ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESMENT OF WASTEWATER SLUDGE DISPOSAL Elena Manea, Doru Manea, Dan Robescu “Politehnica” University of Bucharest, Department of Hydraulics, Hydraulic Machines and Environmental Engineering Corresponding author: Elena Manea, estreitferdt@yahoo.com Abstract: Important environmental risks can come from any human activities. Considering wastewater treatment, all stages must be attentively studied and evaluated. The final disposal of wastewater treatment sludge is a disputed subject. In most cases, in Romania, the sludge is stored, and not reused. Many countries, as Switzerland, Sweden and Germany, already have laws and regulations against sludge storage. The immediate conclusion is that a solution for final disposal for each wastewater treatment plant has to be found and applied. An environmental risk assessment for sludge disposal was elaborated. Using sludge with dangerous substances content as an agricultural fertilizer can provide risks for humans and all environmental components. An important risk factor that had to be taken into account is the combination of sludge usage as a fertiliser and agriculture activities that has its own consequences. The most important risk factors in the studied case, wastewater sludge usage as an agriculture fertilizer, comes from heavy metal contents, nutrients contents, the existence and types of irrigation systems for the land on which the fertilizer will be applied on, climate conditions and others. Sludge samples from a wastewater treatment plant were analyzed in order to determine their quality as fertilizer and the contaminants contents. The results showed that the heavy metals content is low, according to the 86/278 EEC Directive requirements. The Calcium, Nitrogen and Magnesium content resulted as being comparable to the sludge contents in other EU countries. In exchange, the main nutrients, Potassium and Phosphorus have low concentrations in the analyzed sludge. From an ecological point of view, the best way would be to eliminate the organic matter and nutrients from the environment. Heavy metals, medical wastes and pathogens often found in wastewater sludge represent a considerable risk against human health and environmental protection. The results led to the conclusion that the environmental risks of using sludge as a fertilizer weren’t high if a careful monitoring of substances contents takes place. Key words: risk assessment, sludge, agriculture, wastewater. 78
<strong>First</strong> <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on MOLDAVIAN RISKS - FROM GLOBAL TO LOCAL SCALE 16-19 May 2012, Bacau, Romania VALORIZATION OF WHEY FROM DAIRIES AS FERTILIZER. WHEY INFLUENCE ON GERMINATION AND PLANT GROWTH L. Grosu 1 , B. Fernandez 2 , C. G. Grigoras 1 , O. I. Patriciu 1 , I. C. Grig-Alexa 1 , D. Nicuta 3 , D. Ciobanu 1 , V. Nedeff 4 , L. Gavrila 1 , A. L. Finaru 1 1 ”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Romania, 2 Ecole Polytechnique Universitaire de Lille, Département Génie Biologique – Industries Agro-alimentaires, Avenue Paul Langevin, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France, 3 ”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Biology, Ecology and Environmental Protection, Romania, 4 ”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mechanical and Environmental Engineering, Romania Corresponding author: L. Grosu, lumig@ub.ro, Abstract: Whey is the main by-product of the dairy industry, the acid whey being seen as a waste product. Each kg of produced cheese generates 8 to 12 kg of whey that contents most of the saccharydes and minerals from the raw milk. Despite the fact that whey is an important raw material for producing dietary food products, proteic concentrates, nutraceuticals, specialty chemicals, etc., large quantities of whey are still unused, being a burden for the wastewater treatment plants. The use of whey as crops fertilizer may enhance agricultural production, thus minimizing the food security risks. The literature concerning recovery and/or valorization of the by-products from the dairy industry reveals that whey represents a product of major interest. From the researches conducted to date has been found that spread as fertilizer on cultivated lands, whey affords the improvement of nutrients flux from plants. Indeed, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, sodium and magnesium, lactose and proteins from whey can play this role and lead to increased crop productivity. The amounts of these compounds from whey can be considered sufficient for plant growth. In the present paper, the possibility of direct valorization of whey as fertilizer was investigated. For this study, the experiments were carried out on three species of plants: broccoli (Brassica oleracea L., var botrytis, subvar. cymosa.), soy (Glicine max (L) Merr) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The acid whey used for these experiments became from the manufacturing process of traditional „telemea” cheese and was provided by a local company. The seeds were wetted with distilled water (for the blank sample), with distilled water/whey mixtures in different ratios (1:1, 1:4) and with whey only. The germination capacity of seeds was examined. The highest values for the germination were obtained in the case of the broccoli seeds, and the most favorable water/whey ratio was 1:1, followed by the mixture 1:4. The accumulation of the fresh and dry biomass after the pot development phase was analyzed. Aerial parts of wheat, soy and broccoli plants and soy roots were harvested, measured, counted and weighed in order to estimate the effect produced by the addition of whey on plants growth and development. The results obtained in the case of the three studied species suggested the positive effect of the whey addition. Harvested plant material was extracted in order to perform qualitative and quantitative analyses concerning the chemical composition. The extraction of plant material was realized by classical methods and under microwaves. The preliminary results of thin layer chromatography (TLC) and UV-VIS spectroscopy analysis of the extracts confirmed the positive influence of whey addition, encouraging further research. 79
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