First International Conference on MOLDAVIAN RISKS – FROM ...

“VASILE ALECSANDRI” UNIVERSITY OF BACAU 

“GHEORGHE ASACHI” TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF IASI 

NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR EARTH PHYSICS 

HABITAT FOR HUMANITY ROMANIA 

<strong>First</strong> <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on 

MOLDAVIAN RISKS – FROM GLOBAL TO 

LOCAL SCALE 

Editors: 

Mioara Mandea 

Gabriel Lazar 

Valentin Nedeff 

16-19 May, 2012 

Bacau, ROMANIA 

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS 

Alma Mater Bacau 2012 

ISBN: 978-606-527-201-9

<strong>First</strong> <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on 

MOLDAVIAN RISKS – FROM GLOBAL TO 

LOCAL SCALE 

16-19 May, 2012 

Bacau, ROMANIA 

<strong>Conference</strong> organized under the patronage of: 

INTERNATIONAL UNION OF GEODESY & GEOPHYSICS 

EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION 

INSTITUTE OF GEODYNAMICS ”SABBA S. 

STEFANESCU”, ROMANIAN ACADEMY 

With the financial support of 

ROMANIAN NATIONAL AUTHORITY FOR SCIENTIFIC 

RESEARCH

Editors: Mioara Mandea, Gabriel Lazar, Valentin Nedeff 

<strong>Conference</strong> Chair 

Mioara Mandea – Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Paris 

Scientific Committee Co-chair 

Gabriel Lazar – „Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Romania 

Scientific Committee 

Maricel Agop – “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Romania 

Peter M. Atkinson – University of Southampton, UK 

Crisan Demetrescu – Romanian Academy, Institute of Geodynamics Sabba S. Stefanescu, 

Romania 

Gerald Duma – Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics, Austria 

Maria Gavrilescu – “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Romania 

Michael Ghil – Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France &. University of California, Los 

Angeles, USA. 

Ion Giurma – “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Romania 

Victor Mocanu – University of Bucuresti, Romania 

Valentin Nedeff – „Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Romania 

Mirela Praisler – “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Romania 

Marcel Radu – CONVERSMIN, Bucuresti, Romania 

Tiberiu Rusu – Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania 

Carmen Teodosiu – “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Romania 

Borbala Vajda - National Commission for Nuclear Activities Control, Romania 

Gheorghe Voicu – Politehnica University of Bucuresti, Romania 

Jochen Zschau – GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany 

Local organizing committee 

Chair: Valentin Nedeff 

Members: Anghelut Marius, Baciu Gheorghe, Barsan Narcis, Bibire Luminita, Caraman 

Iuliana, Chitimus Alexandra-Dana, Cocarcea Andreea, Diaconescu Alina, Faciu Ema, Furdu 

Iulian, Ifrim Irina, Lazar Gabriel, Lazar Iuliana, Mosnegutu Emilian, Panainte Mirela, 

Radulian Mircea, Schnakovszky Carol, Stamate Marius, Teodosiu Carmen, Tirtoaca (Irimia) 

Oana, Tomozei Claudia, Vasilache Traian, Zichil Valentin, Zirnea Sorina 

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României 

MOLDAVIAN RISKS - FROM GLOBAL TO LOCAL SCALE <strong>International</strong> conference (2012; 

Bacău) 

Moldavian risks - from global to local scale : international conference: Bacău, 2012: 

book of abstracts / ed.: Mioara Mandea, Gabriel Lazăr, Valentin Nedeff. - Bacău : Alma 

Mater, 2012 

Index 

ISBN 978-606-527-201-9 

I. Mandea, Mioara (ed.) 

II. Lazăr, Gabriel (ed.) 

III. Nedeff, Valentin (ed.) 

502.58(498.3)(063)

Environmental risks come in many forms. Earthquakes 

and floods are the best known because they are the most 

common. But modern society is also threatened by 

other risks, such as climate change, solar storms, and 

the hazard of impacts from outer space. While the 

risks from these hazards are worldwide, disasters affect 

local communities, and an appropriate response to them 

must engage local communities. World-renowned 

experts in these fields met at Bacau University in May 

of 2012 to discuss these hazards, and engage the local 

community in addressing them. 

This Book of Abstracts contains the abstracts of the 

papers presented with this occasion.

<strong>First</strong> <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on MOLDAVIAN RISKS - FROM GLOBAL TO LOCAL SCALE 

16-19 May 2012, Bacau, Romania 

ABSTRACTS 

INSTABILITY OF THE MANTLE LITHOSPHERE DRIVES INTERMEDIATE- 

DEPTH SEISMICITY BENEATH THE VRANCEA REGION OF ROMANIA 

G. A. Houseman, P. Lorinczi, Y. Ren, G. W. Stuart ......................................... 15 

THE HAZARD OF IMPACTS FROM SPACE 

M. Purucker ....................................................................................................... 16 

CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND COSMIC RAYS 

E. Friis-Christensen ........................................................................................... 17 

CLUSTERING OF EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER DATA BY DISCRETE 

PERFECT SETS ALGORITHM 

A.D Gvishian, S.M. Agayan, M.N. Dobrovolsky, Sh. R. Bogoutdinov, 

M. Mandea ......................................................................................................... 18 

DEVELOPMENT OF EARTHQUAKE-PRONE AREAS PATTERN 

RECOGNITION FROM 1972 TO 2012 

A.D. Gvishiani, A.I. Gorshkov, A. A. Soloviev .................................................. 19 

GEODYNAMICS AND INTERMEDIATE-DEPTH SEISMICITY IN VRANCEA 

A. I. Zadeh, L. Matenco, M. Radulian, S. Cloetingh, G. Panza ....................... 20 

QUESTIONS ABOUT THE GLOBAL WARMING 

J.-L. Le Mouël .................................................................................................... 21 

GEOMAGNETIC STORMS ─ BETWEEN BEAUTY AND RISK 

M. Mandea ......................................................................................................... 22 

PROMOTING CARBON CAPTURE AND GEOLOGICAL STORAGE (CCS) IN 

ROMANIA 

C. S. Sava, C. Constantin, A. Proca, C. Tomescu, A. Dudu, S. Anghel .......... 23 

SEISMOGENIC ZONES AND SEISMIC HAZARD AT LOCAL AND 

REGIONAL SCALES IN MOLDAVIA 

M. Radulian, N. Mandrescu .............................................................................. 24 

CLUSTER ANALYSIS TO SELECT THE SEISMIC ZONES OF ROMANIA 

B. Rashid ............................................................................................................ 25 

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES OF WIND SPEAD AND 

TEMPERATURE 

B. Rashid, G. Spatari ......................................................................................... 26 

IMPROVING MANAGEMENT AND EVALUATION OF RISKS AND 

NATURAL DISASTERS BY REGIONAL GIS DISTRIBUTED APPLICATION 

I. Furdu, C. Tomozei, I. Pandele ....................................................................... 27 

VRANCEA ZONE IN THE FRAME OF GLOBAL SEISMICITY 

I. Sandu .............................................................................................................. 28 

WATER INDUCED GEOHAZARDS MEASURED WITH SPACEBORNE 

INTERFEROMETRY TECHNIQUES 

F. Serban, M. Radu, D. Teleaga, M. Sorin ....................................................... 29 

7



SEISMIC HAZARD WITHIN SE CARPATHIANS AND RELATED 

FORELAND IN THE GEODYNAMIC CONTEXT OF THE BLACK SEA 

OPENING 

L. Besutiu ........................................................................................................... 30 

WHY IT IS SO HARD TO ASSESS LANDSLIDES’ HAZARD AND RISK IN 

ROMANIA? 

R. M. Maftei, C. Filipciuc .................................................................................. 32 

PLIO-PLEISTOCENE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE ‘VRANCEA ZONE’ 

AND THE SOUTHERN END OF THE HARGHITA VOLCANIC CHAIN 

I. Seghedi, A. Szakács ........................................................................................ 33 

THE RELEVANCE OF VOLCANIC HAZARD IN ROMANIA: IS THERE 

ANY?" 

A. Szakács, I. Seghedi ........................................................................................ 34 

UPPER MANTLE STRUCTURES BENEATH THE CARPATHIAN- 

PANNONIAN REGION: IMPLICATIONS FOR ITS GEODYNAMICS 

Y. Ren, G. W. Stuart, G. A. Houseman, B. Dando, C. Ionescu, E.Hegedüs, S. 

Radovanović, Y. Shen, South Carpathian Project working group ................... 35 

SPACE CLIMATE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HELIOSPHERE- 

MAGNETOSPHERE ENVIRONMENT 

C. Demetrescu, V.Dobrica ................................................................................. 36 

LONG-TERM CHANGES IN THE ROMANIAN CLIMATE 

V. Dobrica, C. Demetrescu ................................................................................ 37 

THE SURFACE TECTONICS OF LITHOSPHERIC REMOVAL BENEATH 

THE SOUTH EAST CARPATHIANS 

O. Gogus, G. Houseman .................................................................................... 38 

ANALYSIS OF HAZARD POLLUTION ON OLD PESTICIDE STORAGES IN 

MOLDOVA 

O. Bogdevich, O. Cadocinicov, E. Culighin ...................................................... 39 

GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS ASSESMENT IN REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA 

(CASE STUDY PRUT RIVER VALEY) 

I. Nicoara, O. Bogdevich.................................................................................... 40 

SURLARI GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY: ROLE INTO SPACE AND 

EARTH WEATHER CONCEPT 

A. Isac, M. Mandea, A. Soare ............................................................................ 41 

GEOLOGICAL AND PALEONTOLOGICAL MONUMENTS IN REPUBLIC OF 

MOLDOVA (CASE STUDY VILLAGE NASLAVCEA, DISTRICT OCNIŢA) 

C. Mogorici, I. Nicoara ...................................................................................... 42 

INVESTIGATION OF THE POTENTIAL HAZARDS GENERATORS IN THE 

VICINITY OF THE MUNICIPAL LANDFILLS 

B. Stanescu, M. Petrescu, G. Batrinescu .......................................................... 43 

A COMPARISON OF GPS SOLUTIONS FOR STRAIN AND SKS FAST 

DIRECTIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR MODES OF SHEAR IN THE MANTLE 

OF A PLATE BOUNDARY ZONE 

8



N. Houlié, T. Stern, C. Chamberlain ................................................................. 44 

SYNERGISTIC EFFECT FOR THE RETENTION OF METAL CATIONS 

OBTAINED BY A COMPLEX ORGANIC - INORGANIC COMPOUND OF 

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLAY 

I. D. Nistor, Gh. Surpateanu, N. D. Miron, A. Ciobanu, I. M. Lazar .............. 45 

ESENTIAL TOOLS TO MITIGATE OF VRANCEA STRONG EARTHQUAKES 

ON MOLDAVIAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT 

Gh. Marmureanu, C. Ionescu, A. Marmureanu ............................................... 46 

A SEISMIC RISK ANALYSIS FOR VRANCEA AND BACAU COUNTIES, 

BASED ON SELENA AND GIS SOFTWARE 

D. Toma Danila .................................................................................................. 48 

A BAYESIAN APPROACH FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF RISK IMPACT CASE 

STUDY FOR DIGITAL RISK IMPACT 

E. Nechita, C. V. Muraru, M. Talmaciu .......................................................... 49 

A NEW APPROACH OF ATMOSPHERIC VORTEX DYNAMICS BY NON- 

DIFFERENTIABILITY 

A. Timofte, M. M. Cazacu, D. Gh. Dimitriu, S. O. Gurlui, M. Agop ............... 50 

STRESS TESTS FOR CERNAVODA NPP - ASSESSMENT OF PROTECTION 

AGAINST EARTHQUAKES 

C. Ciurea-Ercau, E. Dinca, M. Tronea ............................................................. 51 

SOME REMARKS ABOUT THE CLIMATE CHANGES IN SUB-ARCTIC 

SCANDINAVIA 

D. Constantinescu, C. Jonasson, A. Kristofersson, E. Sirbu .......................... 52 

GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSIONS FROM WASTEWATER TREATMENT 

PLANTS 

D. Manea, E. Manea, D. Robescu ..................................................................... 53 

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR 

HARNESSING JIU VALLEY'S HARD COAL ENERGETIC POTENTIAL 

Gh. Chiril, N. Ilias, S. M. Radu, I. Gruneantu, L. Toma, O. Rotea, 

L. Codreanu, M. Stefanie, S. Copaescu ............................................................ 54 

LINKING WATER ACCOUNTING TOOLS: WATER FOOTPRINT 

APPLICATION IN LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT 

S. A. Ene, I. M. Comandaru, G. Barjoveanu, C. Teodosiu ............................. 55 

MODIFFICATION OF GAMMA SPECTROSCOPY ENERGIES IN 

ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATIONS 

M. Stamate, I. M. Lazar, G. Lazar ..................................................................... 56 

USING MULTIVARIATE STATISTICS AND GIS ON ASSESSING HEAVY 

METAL POLLUTION OF SOIL IN 22 CITIES OF MOLDAVIA 

E. Faciu, I. Lazar, I. Ifrim, G. Lazar ................................................................ 57 

RISK OF PHOTOINHIBITION ON BRASSICA NAPUS GROWTH UNDER 

SOLAR RADIATION CORRELATE WITH STRUCTURAL CHANGES OF 

INFRARED MOLECULAR SPECTRUM IN LIPIDS 

I. Lazar, D. Nicuta, I. Ifrim, M. Stamate, G. Lazar .......................................... 58 

9



MATHEMATICAL MODELS DESIGNED TO ASSESS THE RISK 

SITUATIONS CREATED BY RIVER FLOWS 

G. Murariu, M. Praisler, S. Ciochina, A. Stoica ............................................... 59 

DATA INCOHERENCE FOR COMBINATORIAL OPTIMIZATION 

PROBLEMS 

G. C. Crisan, C. M. Pintea, C. Chira ................................................................. 60 

RISKS RELATED TO EXTRACTION OF MINERALS AGGREGATES FROM 

RIVERS 

S. Cartacuzencu, G. Lazar ................................................................................. 61 

IN SITU SOIL FLUSHING – STUDIES ON YIELD OF POLLUTED 

REMEDIATION SANDY SOILS WITH ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ACIDS 

A. D. Chitimus, V. Nedeff, E. Mosnegutu ......................................................... 62 

RESEARCH ON THE HEAT BALANCE COMPONENTS OF A SMALL SBR 

BASIN USED FOR DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT 

N. Barsan, V. Nedeff .......................................................................................... 63 

EXPERIMENTING RIGID AND ELASTIC CLAMPING METHODS OF 

ACOUSTIC SCREENS 

C. Tomozei, V. Nedeff, M. Panainte, G. Andrioai ............................................ 64 

COMPARATIVE STUDY VIEWING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE GRANULAR 

FILTERS DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF THE FILTER MATERIAL 

O. (Irimia) Tirtoaca , V. Nedeff, M. Panainte .................................................. 65 

STUDY UPON THE ADVANTAGES OF PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE IN 

MONITORING OF ROLLING BEARINGS 

D. C. Nadabaica, V. Nedeff, L. Bibire, G. Andrioai ......................................... 66 

STUDIES AND RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF THE CLIMATIC 

FACTORS ON AMMONIA POLLUTION IN BACAU 

D. Capsa, V. Nedeff, M. Panainte, N. Barsan ................................................. 67 

STUDIES AND RESEARCH ON THE DETERMINATION OF HEAVY 

METALS FROM THE BANKS OF THE SIRET RIVER BASIN 

C. Radu, V. Nedeff, N. Barsan, A. Dumitrescu ................................................ 68 

RESEARCH ON THE CAUSES OF TORRENTIAL RAINS IN THE CENTRAL 

SOUTHERN OF MOLDAVIAN REGION ON 05 SEPTEMBER 2007 

M. Vasilica, D. Capsa, I. Covaci, V. Nedeff, N. Barsan ................................... 69 

RESEARCH ON THE USE OF ORGANIC FLOCCULANTS IN TREATING 

THE SLUDGE FROM THE MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT 

PLANTS 

M. Turcu, V. Nedeff, N. Barsan ........................................................................ 70 

THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE RELIABILITY REQUIREMENTS OF 

WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS 

A. Stoicescu ........................................................................................................ 71 

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK DUE TO LEACHATE FROM NON-CONFORMING 

LANDFILLS 

A. Vatra, G. Lazar .............................................................................................. 72 

10



THE CONSEQUENCES OF REDUCING THE AVAILABILITY OF BIOMASS 

IN TIME 

P. Voicu .............................................................................................................. 73 

STUDIES REGARDING THE BEHAVIOR OF SOLID PARTICLES ON A 

FLAT OSCILATING SURFACE 

O. Bontas, V. Nedeff, E. F. Mosnegutu, M. Panainte, O. Tartoaca (Irimia) .. 74 

MODELING HYDRO-MORPHOLOGICAL DATA FROM A HYDROGRAPHIC 

AREA, USING GIS ARCHYDRO 

D. Dascalita ........................................................................................................ 75 

THE IMPACT OF HYDROTECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS ON WATER 

COURSES AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 

D. Dascalita ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 

INFLUENCE OF LAND USES ON WATER FLOW AND NUTRIENTS IN THE 

WATERSHED TAABO: INTEREST OF A MODELING WITH SWAT 

A. Anoh Kouao, J. P. Jourda, K. J. Kouame, J.-J. Tanoh Koua, G. Lazar ..... 77 

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESMENT OF WASTEWATER SLUDGE 

DISPOSAL 

E. Manea, D. Manea, D. Robescu ..................................................................... 78 

VALORIZATION OF WHEY FROM DAIRIES AS FERTILIZER. WHEY 

INFLUENCE ON GERMINATION AND PLANT GROWTH 

L. Grosu, B. Fernandez, C. G. Grigoraş, O. I. Patriciu, I. C. Grig-Alexa, D. 

Nicuţa, D. Ciobanu, V. Nedeff, L. Gavrila, A. L. Finaru ................................. 79 

ASPECTS OF WATER DEMINERALIZATION WITH MIXED-LAYER ION- 

EXCHANGERS 

I. Rogoveanu Radosavlevici, D. N. Robescu ..................................................... 80 

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION. 

ANALYSIS OF THE REGULATIONS OF THE WORLD TRADE 

ORGANIZATION 

Gh. Durac, N. H. Tit .......................................................................................... 81 

INTERACTION BETWEEN TOXIC LEAD IONS AND MODIFIED CALCIUM 

BENTONITES IN ENVIRONMENT DEPOLLUTION 

A. M. Georgescu, I. D. Nistor, C. Penot, F. Nardou ......................................... 82 

HETEROGENEOUS WATER PHASE CATALYSIS AS AN 

ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATION 

N. Platon, I. D. Nistor, I. Siminiceanu .............................................................. 83 

ASSESSMENT OF SEDIMENT AND PHOSPHORUS IN BUYO LAKE, COTE 

D’IVOIRE, USING SWAT (SOIL AND WATER ASSESSMENT TOOL) 

MODEL 

J. J. Tanoh Koua, J. P. Jourda, K. J. Kouamé, A. A. Kouao, G. Lazar .......... 84 

CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND WATER RESOURCES IN RURAL SENEGAL: 

THE CASE OF THE BOROUGH OF FIMELA 

P. Ndour, A. Kane, A. Niang, G. Lazar ............................................................. 85 

PREVENT MAJOR ACCIDENTS INVOLVING HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES 

11



D. C. Felegeanu, V. Nedeff ................................................................................ 86 

RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS ON AIR POLLUTANTS IN 

BACAU CITY 

A. Cocarcea, E. Faciu, I. Lazar, G. Lazar ........................................................ 87 

ASSESSING TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN SIZE OF 

DIFFERENT FISH POPULATIONS RELATED WITH DIFFERENT BIOTIC 

ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES 

C. Ureche, D. Ureche, I. Lazar .......................................................................... 88 

RISK EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS OF SEVERAL FISH 

SPECIES REFLECTS ON ALLOMETRIC SCALING DECREASES 

D. Ureche, C. Ureche, I. Lazar .......................................................................... 89 

INCREASE RISK OF VARY DISEASE FREQUENCY CORRELATED WITH 

AIR POLLUTANTS IN BACAU CITY DURING 2011 YEAR 

A. Diaconescu, I. Lazar, E. Faciu, A. Cocarcea ............................................... 90 

AIIIBVI BASED PHOTOVOLTAIC RECEPTORS FOR EXPERIMENTAL 

DETERMINATION OF CARBON COMPOUNDS IN ATMOSPHERE 

I. Evtodiev, O. Racovet, I. Caraman, M. Stamate ............................................. 91 

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATIONS OF CARBON OXIDES FROM 

ATMOSPHERE AFTER ELECTRONIC ABSORPTION SPECTRA 

I. Caraman, O. Racovet, D. Untila, S. Evtodiev, M. Stamate ........................... 92 

RISK OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION REVEALED BY VARIATION OF 

CARDIAC TROPONIN I LEVELS WITH AGE AND GENDER: A STUDY OF 

PATIENTS HOSPITALIZED IN THE CARDIOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF 

BACAU CITY HOSPITAL DURING THE 2008-2011 PERIOD 

L. Vasile, V. Artenie, I. Lazar ............................................................................ 93 

ANALYSIS OF ESSENTIAL MINERAL CONTENT IN DIFFERENT TYPES 

OF FLOUR 

I. Lazar, I. Caraman, A. Moroi.......................................................................... 94 

ASSESSING THE CRACKING RISK AT TUBULAR JUNCTIONS OF THE 

TECHNOLOGICAL ROUTES USED IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS 

A. Judele, V. Zichil ............................................................................................. 95 

AVOIDING RISKS IN SOLID-GAS DEPOLLUTION BY CONTROLLING 

PARAMETERS IN FLUIDIZED BED 

G. Muntianu, I. D. Nistor, C. Jinescu, G. Djelveh ........................................... 96 

FRIENDLY ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNIQUES USED TO IMPROVE THE 

EFFICIENCY OF EXTRACTION FROM LULA (PERSIA AMERICANA) 

B. U. Saha, G. Kansci, E. Fokou, I. M. Lazar, F. X. Etoa ............................... 97 

DIABETES MELLITUS COMPLICATIONS RISK ASSESSED BY RED 

BLOOD CELL FTIR PARAMETERS 

M. Gutu, M. Avadanei, V. Rusu, S. Miron, I. Hurjui, I. Grierosu, 

C. Stefanescu ...................................................................................................... 98 

12



MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DATA 

CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTES WITH POTENTIAL RADIOACTIVE RISK 

NEAR BACAU CITY 

S. Zirnea, I. Lazar, B. U. Saha, G. Lazar .......................................................... 99 

STUDY REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF NUTRIENTS OVER THE 

WATER OF BISTRITA RIVER, ON THE HIGHLY MODIFIED SECTOR 

BETWEEN PIATRA NEAMT AND BACAU 

D. Dascalita, G. Ardeleanu .............................................................................. 100 

RISK EXPOSURE ON NONIONIZING RADIATION ASSOCIATED WITH 

VARIATION OF LACTOSE AND PROTEIN CONCENTRATION IN DAIRY 

PRODUCTS 

I. Ifrim, I. Lazar, M. Stamate .......................................................................... 101 

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES DIFFERENCES OF WATER 

COLLECTED FROM BISTRITA RIVER IN BACAU CITY AREA RELEASED 

BY UNIVARIATE ANALYSES 

A. Rusu, A. Panaite, I. Moian, R. Iancu, S. Herghelegiu, E. Faciu, 

I. Lazar ............................................................................................................. 102 

COMPARATIVE STUDY VIEWING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE GRANULAR 

FILTERS DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF THE FILTER MATERIAL 

M. Stanila, V. Nedeff, M. Panainte, A.D. Chitimus ....................................... 103 

DEFICIENCIES AND POSSIBLE ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF 

PHOTOCATALYSIS USED FOR WATER AND AIR DEPOLLUTION 

T. Vasilache, G. Lazar, M. Stamate ................................................................. 104 

COMPOSITE MATERIALS WITH CARBON CLUSTERS AS ADSORBED 

MICRO-AND MACRO-MOLECULAR ELEMENTS 

P. Lozovanu, M. Caraman, A. Cresciuc .......................................................... 105 

CYBERDYN: A STATE-OF-THE-ART SUPERCOMPUTER FOR 

GEODYNAMIC MODELING OF ACTIVELY SEISMIC ZONES 

M. Pomeran, V.C. Manea, M. Manea, L. Besutiu, L. Zlagnean .................... 107 

FLOODS - A REPETITIVE RISK ON TROTUS VALLEY 

A. Gutas, L. Fedor, A. Balint, L. Misaila ...................................................... 1077 

13



14



INSTABILITY OF THE MANTLE LITHOSPHERE DRIVES 

INTERMEDIATE-DEPTH SEISMICITY BENEATH THE 

VRANCEA REGION OF ROMANIA 

Gregory A. Houseman, Piroska Lorinczi, Yong Ren, Graham W. Stuart 

1 School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK 

Corresponding author: Greg Houseman, G.A.Houseman@leeds.ac.uk 

Abstract: The South Carpathian Project, a major seismological experiment carried out 

during 2009-2011 by the University of Leeds, the National Institute of Earth Physics in 

Bucharest, the Eötvös Loránd Geophysical Institute in Budapest, and the Seismological 

Survey of Serbia in Belgrade, has resulted in the most detailed tomographic images yet 

obtained of the upper mantle structure beneath the Pannonian – Carpathian region (Ren et 

al., 2012). These images illuminate the upper mantle over a wide region, but they 

specifically shed new light on the unique geological structure which is responsible for the 

damaging earthquakes that occur in the upper mantle beneath the Vrancea Zone of the 

South-east Carpathians. Since 1940 there have been four large earthquakes (M > 6.9) in 

this structure. These earthquakes create a major threat to life and infrastructure in 

Bucharest and other Romanian cities. The earthquakes occur at the NE end of an 

asymmetric high velocity structure that extends upward to the SW, oblique to the southern 

edge of the South Carpathians. This sub-vertical high-velocity body is bounded by slow 

anomalies to the NW and SE, which extend down to the top of the Mantle Transition Zone. 

With increasing depth, the fast region becomes more circular in cross-section until about 

400 km where the fast anomaly fades out. The main mass of fast (presumably dense) 

material is located directly beneath the seismic activity. The earthquakes are all 

characterised by near-vertical T-axes, which means they are caused by vertical stretching. 

The seismic moment release rate can be used to estimate vertical strain rates; these strainrates 

imply that the mantle at 200 km is moving downward at about 20 mm/yr relative to 

the surface. The depth distribution of seismic-moment release rate follows a characteristic 

pattern that is most easily explained if this high velocity structure is produced by a 

Rayleigh-Taylor instability acting on an unstable stratification of mantle lithosphere above 

asthenosphere. Three-dimensional numerical experiments of viscous flow confirm that the 

drip-like structure that we image may be a natural consequence of a Rayleigh-Taylor 

instability triggered by recent convergence of Adria and Europe acting on a relatively weak 

Transylvanian lithosphere. The shallow (above 200 km) asymmetry of the fast structure, 

which connects the unstable mass to the relatively rigid Moesian platform, may play a 

significant role in enabling the efficient propagation of seismic energy toward the SW 

(toward Bucharest). One property of Rayleigh-Taylor instability is that rates of 

deformation increase with time during the peak development phase of the instability. The 

present high rate of tectonic activity in this region therefore is probably short-lived on a 

geological scale (< 1 Myr) but is likely to increase in energy before it is abates. 

Key words: South-East Carpathians; Upper Mantle Seismicity; Rayleigh-Taylor instability; Seismic 

Moment Rate. 

15



THE HAZARD OF IMPACTS FROM SPACE 

Michael Purucker 

Planetary Geodynamics Laboratory, GSFC/NASA, Greenbelt, MD USA 

Corresponding author: Michael Purucker, Michael.E.Purucker@nasa.gov 

Abstract: Near-earth objects (NEOs) have been implicated in mass extinctions in Earth 

history. The most recent mass extinction occurred at the End-Cretaceous, and is associated 

with the Chixulub impact structure in Mexico and the Deccan traps in India. NEOs 

comprise both the much more abundant asteroid component, with orbits between 0.98 and 

1.3 astronomical units, and the much rarer cometary component. NASA has now cataloged 

90% of NEOs larger than 1 km (civilization ending) and has begun the task of identifying 

those larger than 140 m (city killers). NEOs are identified by earth-based telescope, but an 

infra-red space-based telescope in an orbit between the Earth and Venus would offer 

superior viewing geometry for these dim objects. NEOs have no substantial gravity well, 

and hence are ideal targets for both NASA’s robotic and human exploration program. The 

natural history of NEOs suggests that they originate via planetary resonances from the 

main asteroid belt and the trans-Neptunian disk, and that their dynamical lifetimes are on 

the order of 10 Myr. Once identified, their threat can be assessed via precise orbit 

determination, and steps might be considered to re-direct them away from Earth. However, 

the complex interaction of science, psychology, politics, and money has hindered attempts 

at an integrated global approach to the problem. The threat from NEOs was much more 

common in the deep past, in what is termed the Late heavy bombardment 4 billion years 

ago. This is a period when most of the Moon’s largest impact basins were formed, and by 

inference the largest impact basins on Mercury and Mars. 

Key words: impacts, hazard, extinction, planetary defense. 

16



CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND COSMIC RAYS 

Eigil Friis-Christensen 

Techncal University of Denmark, National Space Institute 

Eigil Friis-Christensen, efc@space.dtu.dk 

Abstract: Our Climate is changing all the time due to a number of various causes, internal 

as well as external, natural as well as anthropogenic. In addition to the ice ages, which are 

believed to be caused by variations of the Earth’s orbit, paleoclimate records indicate 

significant changes of regional climate that are strongly correlated with solar activity 

variations - both the 11-year period and longer periods. Various hypotheses regarding the 

physical mechanism have been proposed. In this presentation the hypothesis of an effect on 

global cloud cover of cosmic rays modulated by solar activity will be discussed, based on 

results from observations, laboratory experiments and theoretical considerations. A much 

better understanding of the natural variations of climate is a fundamental requirement for a 

credible assessment of the human contribution to climate change, now and in the future. 

Key words: climate, cosmic rays, clouds, atmosphere, observations, experiments. 

17



CLUSTERING OF EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER DATA BY 

DISCRETE PERFECT SETS ALGORITHM 

Gvishiani A.D 1 , Agayan S.M. 1 , Dobrovolsky M.N. 1 , Bogoutdinov Sh. R. 1 , 

Mandea M. 2 

1 Geophysical Center of Russian Academy of Sciences (GC RAS), Moscow, Russia 

2 CNES - Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales 

Corresponding author: a.gvishiani@gcras.ru 

Abstract: In the frame of “Discrete Mathematical Analysis” (DMA), launched by A. 

Gvishiani, J. Bonnin and S. Agayan in early 90s, numerous original fuzzy logic-based 

clustering algorithms have been designed. This branch of the DMA is called by DMAclustering. 

A new Discrete Perfect Sets (DPS) algorithm efficiently extends the DMAclustering 

branch. Algorithms of DMA-clustering deal with very noisy data and do not 

require separability of the sets under consideration. They focus on topological filtering of 

multidimensional data sets. This filtering allows efficient cutting off non-essential parts of 

subsets. In this sense, DMA-clustering represents a “postcluster” stage in cluster analysis. 

A formal definition of density of a multidimensional data set in each of its points serves as 

a basis of DMA-clustering algorithms. This formal definition allows us to introduce formal 

concepts of concentration, cluster and track. The paper is devoted to presentation of the 

DPS algorithm, DMA-monitoring of the seismic process in California and some other 

geophysical applications. Prospectives for Romanian and Moldavian territories will be 

depicted as well. 

18



DEVELOPMENT OF EARTHQUAKE-PRONE AREAS 

PATTERN RECOGNITION FROM 1972 TO 2012 

A.D. Gvishiani 1 , A.I. Gorshkov 2 , A. A. Soloviev 2 

1 Geophysical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 

2 Institute of Earthquake Prediction Theory and Mathematical Geophysics, Russian Academy of 

Sciences, Moscow, Russia 

Corresponding author: gvi@wdcb.ru 

Abstract: Accurate definition of earthquake sources plays a main role in development of 

seismic hazard assessment. We present the history of the development and the results of 

long-term implementation of an original methodology dedicated to pattern recognition of 

earthquake prone areas. The methodology was initiated by the pioneering work by 

I.Gelfand, V.Keilis-Borok, E.Rantsman (1972). It was based on the hypothesis, derived 

from the observations, that large earthquakes are associated with nodes, specific structures 

forming around the intersections of the fault zones. The further development and 

implementation of the methodology has been carried out in a close international 

cooperation with well known geologists, seismologists and geophysicists, including 

M.Caputo and G.Panza (Italy), L.Knopoff and F.Press (USA), A.Cisternas, H. Philip, 

C.Weber (France), M.Garcia-Fernandez (Spain). Since 1972 over 150 papers on the 

development and testing the methodology in different seismic regions of the world have 

been published in Russian and international journals and have been presented at 

international conferences. Seismogenic nodes for different target magnitudes have been 

recognized in numerous seismic regions worldwide including most part of the Alpine belt 

from Pyrenees to Himalaya, South America Andes, California, Kamchatka, Iberian 

Peninsula and some others. 86 earthquakes of target magnitudes occurred in the regions 

studied with this pattern recognition approach since 1972 up to now. 71 of them took place 

within the nodes recognized to be potential sites for strong earthquakes prior to their 

occurrence. Note that 22 out of these 71 earthquakes occurred at nodes, where, at the 

moment of the recognition, events of target magnitude have been unknown yet. Six postpublication 

earthquakes took place at nodes defined by pattern recognition as non potential 

sites for target magnitudes. Nine earthquakes happened outside the nodes. This 40 years 

implementation provided strong evidences in favor of reliability of the methodology. The 

results obtained for the mountain regions encouraged us to extend the methodology to 

intraplate regions of moderate seismicity, specifically, the interiors of the Iberian Peninsula 

and some areas within the Russian and West-European platforms. The paper describes the 

stages of development of pattern recognition of earthquake-prone areas during these 40 

years and shows future prospective of the method. Special attention is paid to earthquakeprone 

nodes in Romania and Moldova. 

19



GEODYNAMICS AND INTERMEDIATE-DEPTH SEISMICITY 

IN VRANCEA 

Alik Ismail-Zadeh 1, 2, 3 , Liviu Matenco 4 , Mircea Radulian 5 , Sierd Cloetingh 4 , 

6, 7 

Giuliano Panza 

1 Geophysikalisches Institut, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Germany 

2 <strong>International</strong> Institute of Earthquake Prediction Theory and Mathematical Geophysics, 

Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 

3 Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Paris, France 

4 Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands 

5 National Institute for Earth Physics, Ilfov, Romania 

6 Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy 

7 The Abdus Salam <strong>International</strong> Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy 

Corresponding author: Alik Ismail-Zadeh Alik.Ismail-Zadeh@kit.edu 

Abstract: The Vrancea region of the south-eastern Carpathians is a remarkable site of 

intra-continental intermediate-depth seismicity. A large set of geological, geophysical, and 

geodetic observations have been accumulated for the last few decades and utilised to 

improve our knowledge of the shallow and deep structures beneath Vrancea, the crustal 

and mantle dynamics, and the linkage between deep and surface processes in the region. 

We review geology and tectonics of the Vrancea region including post-collisional to recent 

deformations, syn- to post-collisional magmatism, and orogenic exhumation along the East 

and South Carpathians. The regional seismicity is analysed, and the recent seismic studies 

including reflection, refraction, body and surface wave tomography are reviewed. We 

discuss geodetic measurements of horizontal and vertical movements in the region, 

geoelectric studies, density/gravity and thermal modelling. Qualitative and quantitative 

(including retrospective) geodynamic models developed for Vrancea are analysed. The 

knowledge of regional tectonics, geodynamics, seismicity, lithospheric deformation, and 

stress regime in the Vrancea earthquake-prone region assists in an assessment of strong 

ground motion, seismic hazard and risk. The earthquake simulation, seismic hazard, and 

earthquake forecasting models have also been reviewed providing a link between deep 

geodynamic processes and their manifestation on the surface. Finally we discuss 

unresolved problems in Vrancea in order to improve our understanding of the regional 

evolution, present tectonics, mantle dynamics, intermediate-depth seismicity, and surface 

manifestations of the lithosphere dynamics and to enhance our ability to forecast strong 

earthquakes in the Vrancea region. 

20



QUESTIONS ABOUT THE GLOBAL WARMING 

Jean-Louis Le Mouël 

Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Membre de l'Académie des Sciences 

Corresponding author: Jean-Louis Le Mouël, E-mail address lemouel@ipgp.fr 

Abstract: One first gives a brief presentation of the greenhouse effect, as it is generally 

understood, and of the concentration evolution of one of the greenhouse effect gases 

present in the atmosphere, the carbon dioxide, CO2. The increase of this concentration is 

due, for an essential part, to the burning of oil, natural gas and coal; it is said 

anthropogenic. Is the increase, since 1850, of the global temperature of the lower 

atmosphere layers, widely accepted, due to this increase of the CO2 increase? That is 

currently the dominant view, harshly defended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate 

Change (IPCC). But this is only a hypothesis. The climate indeed, varies, and has varied at 

all time scales, from day to hundreds of million years. The two relevant questions are the 

following: i) Is the temperature elevation observed during the 20 th century exceptional? ii) 

Does it require anthropogenic causes? The two observations on which the thesis of the 

anthropogenic global warming relies upon are: a more rapid increase of the mean 

temperature during the last half or third part of the 20 th century, and temperatures reaching 

higher values over the 20 th century than during the two milenia before. None of them – the 

second “observation” being hampered by poor data – can be considered as proving human 

global warming. The argument in favor of this thesis relays on predictions obtained from 

numerical models. Up to which point can we trust them? The effect of the Sun activity on 

climate variations is claimed to be fairly small. This is not sure at all, the Sun activity 

signature being found in a number of climatological parameters. This aspect is also 

underlined during the presentation. Finally, some aspects of a possible impact of global 

changes on local scales are considered. 

Key words: climate changes, greenhouse gases, temperature evolution, Sun activity. 

21



GEOMAGNETIC STORMS ─ BETWEEN BEAUTY AND RISK 

Mioara Mandea 

Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Directorate for Strategy and Programmes 

Corresponding author: Mioara Mandea, E-mail address mioara.mandea@cnes.fr 

Abstract: The main part of the geomagnetic field is generated by a convective motion in the 

Earth’s iron-rich, electrically conducting, fluid outer core by a process known as the 

geodynamo. This mechanism generates a magnetic field known as the core field or main field, 

characterized by a temporal variation over time-scales from years to millennia, named secular 

variation. The field produced in the core is more than 90% of the field measured at the Earth's 

surface. Another internal contribution is the lithospheric (crustal) magnetic field, with its origin 

in the remanent and induced magnetization parts of the crust and upper mantle, which is not 

only weaker, but also of much smaller spatial scale, when compared to the large scale core 

field. The geomagnetic external fields mainly stem from the interaction with the solar wind, 

due to the Sun activity. The effect is to compress the main magnetic field lines on the sunward 

side and stretches them into a long tail on the night side. Generally, solar wind particles do not 

cross magnetic field lines and are thus primarily deflected around our planet. They may, 

however, enter the magnetosphere when interplanetary and geomagnetic fields merge during 

times of increased solar activity, or close to poles where the field-lines are nearly vertical. 

Their interaction with the atmosphere then causes the well-known aurora, amazing the viewer 

with the beauty of luminosity. The magnetic variations associated with these phenomena are 

known as geomagnetic storms and during their main phase the electric current in the 

magnetosphere create a magnetic force which pushes out the boundary between the 

magnetosphere and the solar wind. The frequency of geomagnetic storms increases and 

decreases with the sunspot cycle, some 11 years. There are several space-weather issues which 

tend to be associated with large geomagnetic storms which cause radio and radar scintillation, 

disruption of navigation and spacecraft operations, and even aurora displays at much lower 

latitudes than normal. More interestingly, time-varying geomagnetic external fields induce 

electric currents in the conducting ground. These currents create a secondary magnetic field, 

and an electric field at the Earth’s surface is induced, associated with time variations of the 

magnetic field. The surface electric field causes electrical currents, known as geomagnetically 

induced currents (GIC), flowing in any conducting structure, for example, power or pipeline 

grids. Since the largest magnetic field variations are observed at higher magnetic latitudes, GIC 

have been regularly measured in some Northern countries power grids and pipelines since 

some decades. However, GIC have also been recorded at mid-latitudes during major storms, 

and there may even be a risk to low-latitude areas, especially during a storm commencing 

suddenly because of the high, short-period rate of change of the field that occurs on the dayside 

of the Earth. The GIC hazard to pipelines is that these currents cause swings in the pipe-to-soil 

potential, increasing the rate of corrosion during major geomagnetic storms. In these 

circumstances, the GIC risks are not of a catastrophic failure, but a reduced service life of the 

pipeline grids. Considerations on the globally and regionally geomagnetic field variations, with 

some particular space-weather effects (aurora borealis and risks) are given. A special attention 

is paid to a few risks on power grids and pipelines due to geomagnetically induced currents, 

and how this situation can be considering on a regional scale. 

22



PROMOTING CARBON CAPTURE AND GEOLOGICAL 

STORAGE (CCS) IN ROMANIA 

Constantin Stefan Sava 1, 3 , Carmencita Constantin 2 , Amuliu Proca 3 , 

Claudia Tomescu 2 , Alexandra Dudu 1 , Sorin Anghel 1 

1 National Institute for Marine Geology and Geoecology - GeoEcoMar, 

2 Institute for Studies and Power Engineering - ISPE, 3 - Romanian”CO2 Club” Association - CO 2 Club 

Corresponding author: savac@geoecomar.ro 

Abstract: It is now almost unanimously accepted in the international scientific community that 

the Earth’s climate changes have anthropogenic causes, first of them being the greenhouse gas 

(GHG) emissions among which the carbon dioxide occupies the main place. Worldwide efforts 

are made to reduce such emissions. The industrial efforts concentrate on improving the 

efficiency and capturing the emitted CO2. One, probably the only feasible solution of disposing 

of the captured CO2 is its safe storage for long periods of time if not forever, the best being the 

geological storage. Information on 244 CO2 emission sources in Romania, totalizing 74,4 Mt 

was analyzed. Out of those, 64 sources with the CO2 emissions exceeding 0,1 Mt per year was 

identified. Information for those sources was loaded in the database. After having analyzed the 

whole sedimentary succession, several prospective geological sinks have been identified within 

Romanian territory. Some prospective saline aquifer formations were defined for further 

analysis. Relevant data were collected to characterize those formations. Also, the oil and gas 

fields of Romania were inventoried. As almost everywhere in the world the saline aquifers are 

poorly known. The Romanian sedimentary basins potentially containing saline aquifer 

formations have been combined in 4 big zones (Moesian platform and South Carpatians 

foredeep, Moldavian platform and East Carpathians foredeep, Transilvanian basin and 

Pannonian basin). Out of their total surface areas, the surface with sedimentary cover, thinner 

than 800 m, have been eliminated from calculations as such areas are not suitable for CO2 

storage. In December 15, 2011 the European Commission has adopted the “Energy Roadmap - 

2050”. The European Commission has committed to assure more than 80% GHG reduction 

until 2050, in comparison with the year 1990. This challenging target puts a high pressure on 

the energy sector, as it is the main GHG producer. In order EU to assure in 2050 a secure, 

competitive and decarbonized energy system, there have been established ten structural 

changes for the energy system transformation including mainly significant growth of the 

energy efficiency, substantial rise of the RES (Renewable Energy Sources) share, nuclear 

energy important contribution and the acceleration of the CO2 Capture and Storage technology 

deployment. For Romania, implementing CCS technology is one of the most important 

structural changes, which together with significant energy savings and RES use will lead us to 

fulfil our assumed obligations as member state. At national level, the electricity production 

from fossil power plants will be maintained at a relatively constant value of 27,6 mil toe to 21,5 

mil toe for the period 2011-2030. The future implementation of the CCS technologies in 

Romania, as a priority for the energy sector, will contribute to: maintain operational the 

existing fossil power plants, including related mining exploitations sites, life extension for the 

oil and gas reserves exploitation capacities, increase the geopolitical security through the 

national resources consumption of oil and natural gas versus import dependence, develop new 

power plants running on (national) coal, maintain the existing jobs in the energy industry based 

on fossil fuels and create new ones (all along the project stages), integrate Romania within the 

European CO2 transport infrastructure, meet the national CO2 emissions mitigation targets. 

23



SEISMOGENIC ZONES AND SEISMIC HAZARD AT LOCAL 

AND REGIONAL SCALES IN MOLDAVIA 

Mircea Radulian, Neculai Mandrescu 

National Institute for Earth Physics, Magurele, Ilfov, Department of Seismology 

Corresponding author: Mircea Radulian, mircea@infp.ro 

Abstract: The paper is presenting an overall characterization of the seismotectonics and 

seismicity in the Moldavia region as fundamentals to define the seismogenic zones and the 

associated seismic hazard for this region. The hazard level is clearly controlled by the 

earthquake activity in the Vrancea region. Some effects recorded at the southern boundary 

of the Moldavian Platform (Galati – Braila) are induced by the shallow seismicity located 

along the system of NW-SE oriented faults (Peceneaga-Camena, Sfantu Gheorghe, 

Trotus), crossing the northern Dobrogea and terminating in the Barlad Depression. The 

distribution of the seismic hazard due to the Vrancea earthquakes is analyzed in connection 

with the revised macroseismic data and instrumentally recorded accelerograms. The effects 

of the focal depth, source directivity and seismic wave attenuation and their impact on 

hazard level are investigated. The amplification of the ground motion due to the shallow 

geological layers and resonance frequency in the Bacau area and surroundings are 

estimated on the basis of borehole data. Implications on management strategy to mitigate 

earthquake risk are finally discussed. 

Key words: seismogenic zone, Vrancea earthquake, seismic hazard, microzonation, Moldavia, 

Bacau 

24



CLUSTER ANALYSIS TO SELECT THE SEISMIC ZONES OF 

ROMANIA 

Burtiev Rashid 

Institute of Geology and Seismology of Academy of Science of Moldova 

Corresponding author: Burtiev Rashid, burtiev_rashid@mail.ru 

Abstract: Cluster Analysis is a collection of objects similar to one another within the same 

cluster and dissimilar to the objects in other clusters. The epicenters are tendency for 

clustering. Therefore was done the attempt use cluster analysis forr establishing seismic 

zoning of Romania. Applied non-hierarchical k means and agglomerative hierarchical 

clustering algorithms. Determining the optimal number of clusters was carried out 

according to the minimum of the total variance, the average silhouette width, the maximum 

of Calinski-Harabasz; Krzanowski-Lai Index, and the method of Elbow. Methods to 

optimize the quality of clustering solution identified in 4 clusters. Calculated by the 

method of silhouettes and the values of Akaike and Bayesian information criterion optimal 

number of clusters is 3. But the dominant decision be cluster 4. Consequently, in Romania 

there are defined 4 seismic regions. 

Cluster analysis identified 34 seismic zones in Italy. The cluster decision 34 was estimated 

the “Two step”. 

Key words: Seismic regions; cluster analysis; information criterion. 

25



STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES OF WIND SPEAD 

AND TEMPERATURE 

Burtiev Rashid, Ghenadie Spatari 

Institute of Geology and Seismology of Academy of Science of Moldova 

Corresponding author: Burtiev Rashid, burtiev_rashid@mail.ru 

Abstract: The time series of air temperature and wind speed are analyzed. Trend and 

periodical components are defined for both time series with no significant statistical 

relationship between series. The spectral analysis of temperature series without trend 

shows the peak on frequency fc=1/12 that corresponds to seasonal periodical component. 

The graph of spectral density function of wind speed time series doesn’t manifest this type 

of relationship. Future behavior forecasting is carried out on exponential smoothing with 

moving average window approach and ARIMA model for both time series. Prediction until 

2012 is computed using the proposed approach that is based on multiplicative winters and 

ARIMA models. The patterns could be used in the solution of the general water balance 

equation for a comprehensive assessment of water resources in the region. 

Key words: Time series of wind speed and temperature; autocorrelation function; spectral analysis; 

ARIMA models. 

26



IMPROVING MANAGEMENT AND EVALUATION OF RISKS 

AND NATURAL DISASTERS BY REGIONAL GIS 

DISTRIBUTED APPLICATION 

Iulian Furdu, Cosmin Tomozei, Ioana Pandele 

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and 

Educational Sciences 

Corresponding author: Ioana Pandele, ioana.pandele@ub.ro 

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to provide a framework for the improvement of the 

processes of management and evaluation of risks in Central East Moldavian Region, 

regarding the natural disasters occurrence, such as floods, earthquakes, forest fires and 

landslides. Consequently, a GIS Application will be developed, in order to graphically 

reflect and analyze these risks. A Geographic Information System (GIS) is mapping 

software which provides spatial data analysis by linking locations with information about 

them. The main objective of Risk-GIS is the support of decision making and problem 

solving in areas related to community safety and sustainability. Thus, it represents the 

analytical engine that manages the process of evaluation of the risks of natural hazards. A 

crucial feature in the selection of a GIS is the identification of a minimum set of required 

capabilities. The most important ones include: data retrieval, data capture, data storage, 

data management, data analysis, and data display. Recent GIS applications for risk 

management at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency include ORD/ESD, ATtILA, ReVA 

etc. Similar products or projects are LATIS for flood risk management in Flanders, 

Belgium, AGSO- Natural hazards and risk they pose to South East Queensland 

(Geoscience Australia in conjunction with the Bureau of Meteorology) 

http://www.agso.gov.au/urban/factsheets/risk_modelling.jsp), FEMID- Project for 

strengthening of structures in case of disasters etc. Although the Central East region of 

Moldavia is well known as a source of potential high risks of natural disasters, the 

development of software which models such events is still at an early stage. The main 

objective is to bring into light the capabilities of our ArcGIS and .NET based software 

framework, which has a higher level of usability, so as to be accessed by non-expert users. 

Hazard maps have been created in order to indicate landslide hazard, flood hazard or fire 

hazard. Software utility and functionality is extended by using alarms in a distributed 

environment, by computing the shortest terrestrial path etc. It would be important to have 

the support and contribution of the local authorities, which would increase the level of 

efficiency and update our geospatial databases. The development of GIS applications 

proved to become more and more complex, due to the heterogeneous users’ requirements. 

The target group consists of local authorities, e.g. City Council, Prefecture, and 

Inspectorate for Emergency Situations – able to take action, to inform, to react and solve 

these specific situations. The software may be considered as a starting point for a regional 

integrated system, distributed among the branches of the authorized state institutions. 

27



VRANCEA ZONE IN THE FRAME OF GLOBAL SEISMICITY 

Ilie Sandu 

Institute of Geology and Seismology, Acasemy of Science of Moldova 

Corresponding author: Ilie Sandu, ilie_sandu@yahoo.com 

Abstract: Regional investigation of Vrancea area seismicity, as well as quantitative 

estimates of intake in the global seismicity has been done in the frame of <strong>International</strong> 

Seismic Catalogue (ISC) report’s database. The global seismicity has been filtered 

according: magnitude (M≥4.5), depth (1000≥H≥0km), time (1965-2008), and regional 

events specify the area framed by coordinate limits of: 48º≥λ≥44º and 29º≥φ≥24º further. 

Using recurrence relations of different scales: M (magnitude), M0 (seismic moment), E 

(energy), the coefficients of seismic frecvency-power distributions were obtained 

statistically (at global and regional scale). The regional to global seismic activity rate 

KR/G=1:1500 (from global: EG≈1.7×10 19 J, during 44 years range, or PG=13±4GW), one of 

the high density tectonic power release of the Globe. 

Key words: Vrancea seismicity, global statistics, power. 

28



WATER INDUCED GEOHAZARDS MEASURED WITH 

SPACEBORNE INTERFEROMETRY TECHNIQUES 

F. Serban 1 , M. Radu 2 , D. Teleaga 1 , M. Sorin 3 

1 Advanced Studies and Research Center, Bucharest 

2 CONVERSMIN, Bucharest 

3 INCDMRR, Bucharest 

Corresponding author: F. Serban, florin.serban@asrc.ro 

Abstract: Spaceborne interferometry techniques combined with ground data permit 

estimation of the rocks mechanical properties and the development of models and 

scenarios to predict disaster events such as cave-ins, landslides or soil liquefaction in the 

case of an earthquake. The DInSAR (Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture 

Radar), Interferograms Stacking and PSI (Persistent Scatterers Interferometry) techniques 

have been applied to retrieve the displacement information as accurate as possible on three 

sites in Romania, which suffer of ground instability caused by the water component. The 

first site is composed of 4 tailing retention ponds at different stages of their life located in 

Bucovina. The tailing ponds are hydrotechnical structures of permeable type designed for 

the safe deposit of mining detritus byproducts and disposal of the water contained in these 

byproducts. Since 1998 some 550 mines have been closed and introduced in a conservation 

process all over the country. In order to prevent ecological and human damages, all these 

mines and storage ponds for mining tailings are required to be under continuous 

monitoring. Using 15 high-resolution Spotlight TerraSAR-X images, the stability of the 

storage pond was monitored over a five-month period during 2011. Interferometric 

stacking and PSI were applied in order to generate deformation maps and deformation 

profiles. At the same time, GPS measurements and Electrical Tomography for water 

content were used as independent measurements. The second site is Ocnele Mari brine 

extraction area. The extraction of salt through dissolution led to slow ground subsidence 

but the flooding and dissolution of the Roman caves led to catastrophic cave-ins and the 

relocation of an entire village. The ground deformation is presently measured with leveling 

instrumentation and steps are being made to adopt the interferometric results for a better 

spatial and temporal coverage that should refine the existing measurement model. The 

third site is the City of Bucharest. Using ERS data collected over 7 years, ground 

instability was detected on a large area that represents the historical watershed of the 

Dambovita river. A network of water wells shows that the ground instability is directly 

proportional to the groundwater depth. The sites that were analyzed and presented reveal 

important information which can also benefit some other risk areas in Moldova, such as 

mining sites (Targu Ocna, Cacica) and urban areas. 

Key words: spaceborne interferometry, DInSAR, PSI, ground instability. 

29



SEISMIC HAZARD WITHIN SE CARPATHIANS AND 

RELATED FORELAND IN THE GEODYNAMIC CONTEXT OF 

THE BLACK SEA OPENING 

Lucian Besutiu 

Institute of Geodynamics of the Romanian Academy, Solid Earth Dynamics Department 

Corresponding author: Lucian Besutiu, besutiu@geodin.ro 

Abstract: The paper mainly deals with two major aspects revealed by the seismicity map 

of Romania: the unusual craton seismicity of the E Moesian Platform and the strange 

intermediate-depth earthquakes within full continental environment in the bending 

zone of East Carpathians (EC). Both aspects are considered to be closely related to the 

geodynamic evolution of the Black Sea inland following the opening of the west sea basin. 

Unlike some previous models claiming for the Black Sea opening as a consequence of an 

unique geodynamic event (the extensional environment created behind Pontide by 

northward subduction of the Neotethys Ocean floor), geophysical evidence advocate for a 

distinct opening of the west and east basins. Residual geomagnetic and gravity anomalies 

reveal a NE striking rift in the west basin and a NW-SE one in the E Black Sea. Besides, 

off-shore seismics show a slight overthrust of E Pontide over W Pontide advocating for an 

earlier opening of W Black Sea. The opening of the west sea basin had important 

consequences on the NW inland of the Black Sea. Lithosphere expelled by rifting split the 

Moesian Plate (MoP) into several compartments by creating or reactivating major NW 

trending faults, well known on the territory of Romania, SE Ukraine and Bulgaria (e.g. 

Odessa Fault (OdF), Sfântu Gheorghe (Izmail) Fault (SGF), Peceneaga-Camena Fault, 

Ostrov-Sinoe Fault (OSF), Capidava-Ovidiu Fault (COF), Intra-Moesian Fault (IMF), 

Varna-Giurgiu Fault (VGF). This also explains the occurence of the Dobrogean sector of 

the Moesian Platform. Fingerprints of phenomenon are revealed in the seismic tomography 

images showing the large (lithospheric) in-depth extent of some faults (e.g. PCF, COF, 

IMF, VGF). After the Black Sea rifting ended its evolution, the above mentioned 

lithospheric compartments are still pushed towards the Carpathians by northward 

displacement of Arabian Plate (due to the Red Sea and Aden Bay rifts). Part of the Arabian 

Plate movement is transmitted (through the numerous micro-plates located at the contact 

between the major African Plate and Eurasian Plate) towards the Black Sea and further on, 

towards the EC bending zone. Therefore, the above mentioned MoP compartments are 

pushed towards EC staying together by friction. However, from time to time, when 

tectonic forces overpass the friction, they may relatively slip each other and crust 

earthquakes may occur in their upper, brittle part. Geophysical evidence show three major 

lithospheric compartments joining the Vrancea intermediate-depth seismic zone: 130 km 

thick MoP, 90 km thick Intra-Alpine micro-plate (IaP) and more than 150 km thick East 

European Plate (EEP).The Black Sea opening provided the necessary speed excess to 

MoP, thus creating the unstable environment for the Vrancea FFT triple junction (VTJ). 

Consequently, the VTJ central compartment has been pushed down into the hotter upper 

mantle into a thermo-baric disequilibrium to which intermediate-depth seismicity may be 

associated. Among major phenomena that might generate seismic energy in the upper 

30



mantle mention should be made to (i) thermal stress and (ii) phase transform processes 

(with mineral compaction & fluids release). In depth distribution of earthquakes frequency 

(with maxima located at 90 km, 130 km and 150 km) is in full agreement with the 

postulated mechanism, as long as the above mentioned depths correspond with the location 

of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (a well known thermal discontinuity) in the 

three tectonic plates surrounding the area. Numerical modelling revealed the maximum 

thermal stress locates at the depth of the most seismic activity. It is worth mentioning that 

the presence of an oceanic slab relict (as remnant of a paleo-subduction process) may not 

qualify for such earthquakes genesis because phase-transform processes mainly rely on the 

presence of a large amount of quartz in the seismic body (which is not the case of oceanic 

lithosphere). The permanent Vrancea seismicity and large amount of energy released might 

be explained through the active sinking of the central VTJ into the upper mantle due to (i) 

tectonic forces acting on the surrounding plates and (ii) eclogitization of the lower part of 

the crust. The last mentioned aspect seems to be also responsible for the occurrence of 

crustal earthquakes with vertical fault mechanism within VTJ area. 

Key words: Black Sea opening, active faults, earthquakes, unstable triple junction, thermal stress, 

phase transforms. 

31



WHY IT IS SO HARD TO ASSESS LANDSLIDES’ HAZARD 

AND RISK IN ROMANIA? 

Raluca-Mihaela Maftei, Constantina Filipciuc 

Geological Institute of Romania 

Corresponding author: Raluca-Mihaela Maftei, mafteir@yahoo.com 

Abstract: The idea of presenting this paper appeared after reading the article of C.J. van 

Westen et al., from 2005, concerning the difficulties encountered in assessing hazard and 

risk to landslide. As Romania is located in Europe as one of first places, unfortunately, 

regarding the effect of these phenomena, we considered appropriate to deal with the 

subject. According to van Westen, even though in recent years the literature has shown a 

development in hazard and risk estimation with geotechnics, by in situ investigations, 

development of hazard maps and risk assessment to landslides, procedures absolutely 

necessary for regulatory and development planning by authorities, this actions still remain 

a far end goal, especially to medium scale (1:10.000- 1:50.000). In this article we try to 

illustrate the difficulties encountered in our attempt to develop landslide hazard maps at a 

regional scale. Thus, we present the difficulties arising in the inventory of this kind of 

phenomena, including information on the occurrence, type and volume of landslides, 

establishment of spatial and temporal probability of release, vulnerability assessment etc. 

In light of the above, we illustrate the hazard maps developed by our team, presenting 

hence the problems we faced. The major issues to be solved did not regard legislation, 

which is by far thick, but access to the necessary information to elaborate maps, according 

to the Methodological Norms in Force, uncertainty about quality and accuracy of these 

information and the list may go on. 

Key words: landslide hazard, vulnerability, spatial and temporal probability. 

32



PLIO-PLEISTOCENE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE 

‘VRANCEA ZONE’ AND THE SOUTHERN END OF THE 

HARGHITA VOLCANIC CHAIN 

Seghedi Ioan 1 1, 2 

, Szakács Alexandru 

1 Institute of Geodynamics, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania 

2 Sapientia University, Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 

Seghedi Ioan, seghedi@geodin.ro 

Abstract: Miocene convergence at ~ 11 Ma of the Eastern Carpathian orogen of Romania 

caused the tectonic nappes emplacement of the fold - thrust belt. The following postcollisonal 

complex tectonic crustal deformation in this area resulted in Late Miocene to 

Quaternary formation of the Cǎlimani-Gurghiu-Harghita volcanic chain. This was possibly 

related to clockwise rotation and front block-fragmentation of the inner Carpathian (Dacia) 

crustal block. The Carpathian foreland is characterized by a mechanically strong and cold 

European-Scythian Plate welded to the south with weak Moesian plate along the Trotuş 

transverse high angle basement fault system that was reactivated and decoupled from it 

during Late Pliocene-Quaternary. This period was characterized by differential vertical 

movements of the Moesian plate associated with ~5km of contraction restricted roughly 

between the Trotuş and Intramoesian faults and sustained by the apparently folded, shallow 

Moho beneath the orogen and the generation of ‘Vrancea zone’. In the same period after a 

time gap Plio-Quaternary magmatic activity in the interior of the Carpathians area, in close 

proximity to the ‘Vrancea zone’, shows a shift from normal calc-alkaline to a diverse 

compositions (adakite-like calc-alkaline, K-alkalic, in South Harghita Mountains and mafic 

Na-alkalic in Perşani Mountains). This magmatism is interpreted to be in close connection 

to steepening of ‘Vrancea zone’ via tearing or delamination of its eclogitic keel and partial 

melting of this material at mantle depths to explain the peculiar chemistry of adakite-like 

volcanic rocks as a consequence of elevated K2O/Na2O in the protolith and high pressure 

conditions of partial melting. The surface projection of the South Harghita adakite-like 

calc-alkaline volcanism at the edge of ‘Vrancea zone’, as a piece of metasomatised 

lithosphere can be explained by its heating and partial melting during the horizontal 

asthenospheric flow around the steepening zone. The Na-alkalic mafic magmas were 

derived from such an uprised asthenospheric mantle-source by decompression melting that 

correlates with a low-velocity anomaly and with a high attenuation volume, as indicated by 

the geophysical observations. Generation of K and Na alkalic magmas in the similar time 

interval, by interrupting the adakite-like volcanism signifies changes in the source and 

melting mechanism by renewed contraction associated with deep mantle processes 

facilitated by the generalized tectonic inversion event which started during the latest 

Pliocene in the whole Carpathian–Pannonian region. 

Key words: Post-collisional magmatism, slab mechanics, calc-alkaline adakite magmas, K and Na 

alkalic magmas. 

33



THE RELEVANCE OF VOLCANIC HAZARD IN ROMANIA: 

IS THERE ANY?" 

Szakács Alexandru 1, 2 , Seghedi Ioan 2 

1 Sapientia University, Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 

2 Institute of Geodynamics, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania 

Szakács Alexandru, szakacs@sapientia.ro 

Abstract: Volcanic hazard is ignored in natural hazard studies in Romania because no 

active volcano is known on its territory. However, the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull 

volcano in Iceland and its consequences on air traffic safety across Europe and the whole 

northern hemisphere dramatically demonstareted that volcanic hazard in a certain area, 

such as a country, is not necessarily related to the presence of active volcanoes in the same 

territory. Therefore, target-centered approaches to volcanic hazard should also consider 

remotely located hazard sources with respect the target territory. This study aims at 

compiling an inventory of potential volcanic hazard sources for the territory of Romania, 

irrespective of their location inside or outside the country. External volcanic sources 

implying ash-fall hazard from tepha dispersion following explosive volcanic eruptions 

include the Central Italian field of active volcanoes (e.g. Campii Flegreii and Vesuvius), 

the active Eagean volcanic arc (Greece), the Eifel region of Central Europe (Germany), 

and Iceland. Geologic evidence of thick tephra deposition from Campii Flegrei caldera (its 

Campanian ignimbite eruption ca. 39 Ka ago) found in southern Romania clearly indicates 

that such type of volcanic hazard is real. On the other hand, study of the most recent 

volcanic activity in Romania shows that the last eruptive event, of explosive plinian type, 

occurred at Ciomadul volcano at the south-eastern end of the Călimani-Gurghiu-Harghita 

(CGH) volcanic range (East Carpathians) in a poorly-constrained time interval of 10.7 to 

35 Ka in the continuation of a ca. 10.5 Ma southward-shifting volcanic activity along the 

whole CGH range. A number of peculiar features of the Ciomadul volcano and its environs 

strongly suggest that the magma pumbing system of this volcano is not definitely frozen: a 

well-focused and strongest-in-Romania heat-flow anomaly, crustal and sub-crustal local 

seismic activity, seismic wave attenuation patterns recorded in seismic tompography 

images, most intense “post-volcanic activity” including mantle-originated gas emanations. 

Al these symptoms allow one to consider that future eruptions from this volcano cannot be 

ruled out. Dedicated geophysical studies are needed to obtain more basic information on 

the current status of the magma-generating and plumbing systems of Ciomadul volcano, 

which is crucial from the viewpoint of volcanic hazard assesment. 

Key words: Volcanic hazard, East Carpathians, Ciomadul volcano, explosive eruption, tephra. 

34



UPPER MANTLE STRUCTURES BENEATH THE 

CARPATHIAN-PANNONIAN REGION: IMPLICATIONS FOR 

ITS GEODYNAMICS 

Yong Ren 1 , Graham W. Stuart 1 , Gregory A. Houseman 1 , Ben Dando 2 , 

Constantin Ionescu 3 , Endre Hegedüs 4 , Slavica Radovanović 5 , Yang Shen 6 , 

South Carpathian Project working group 

1 School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK; 

2 RockTalk Imaging Ltd, Chacewater, Cornwall TR4 8PN, UK 

3 National Institute of Earth Physics, Bucharest, Romania 

4 Eötvös Loránd Geophysical Institute, Budapest, Hungary 

5 Seismological Survey of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia 

6 Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, USA 

Corresponding author: Yong Ren, earyr@leeds.ac.uk 

Abstract: The Carpathian-Pannonian system of Eastern and Central Europe represents a 

unique opportunity to study the interaction between surface tectonic processes involving 

convergence and extension and convective processes in the upper mantle. Here, we 

present high-resolution images of upper mantle structure beneath the region obtained using 

P- and S-wave finite-frequency teleseismic tomography to help constrain the geodynamical 

interpretation of the region. We have selected earthquakes with magnitude greater than 5.5 

in the distance range 30°-95°, which occurred between 2006 and 2011. The data were 

recorded on 57 temporary stations deployed in the South Carpathian Project (2009-2011), 

56 temporary stations deployed in the Carpathian Basins Project (2005-2007), and 131 

permanent broadband stations of national networks. The relative arrival times are 

measured in high and intermediate frequency bands (0.5-2.0 Hz and 0.1-0.5 Hz for Pwaves, 

0.1-0.5 Hz and 0.05-0.1 Hz for S-waves), and are inverted to produce P- and Swave 

velocity maps in the upper mantle. Our images show a sub-vertical slab of fast 

material beneath the eastern Alps which extends eastward across the Pannonian basin at 

depths below ~300 km. The fast material extends down into the mantle transition zone 

(MTZ), where it spreads out beneath the entire basin. Above ~300 km, the upper mantle 

below the Pannonian basin is dominated by relatively slow velocities, the largest of which 

extends down to ~200 km and underlies the >7km thick sediments of the Mako-Békés rift 

basins. We suggest that cold mantle lithospheric downwelling occurred below the 

Pannonian Basin before detaching in the mid-Miocene. In the Vrancea Zone, intermediatedepth 

seismicity occurs at the NE end of an upper mantle high velocity structure that 

extends SW oblique to the southern edge of the South Carpathians. This sub-vertical highvelocity 

body is bounded by slow anomalies to the NW and SE, which extend down to the 

top of the MTZ. No clear evidence of residual slabs is observed in the mid upper mantle 

beneath Eastern Carpathians; the eastern Carpathians are underlain by slow velocities 

everywhere above the transition zone. These observations suggest that intermediate depth 

seismicity in the Vrancea Zone is unlikely to be due to slab tearing, but rather could be 

explained by either gravitational instability or delamination of mantle lithosphere. 

35



SPACE CLIMATE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE 

HELIOSPHERE-MAGNETOSPHERE ENVIRONMENT 

Crisan Demetrescu, Venera Dobrica 

Institute of Geodynamics, Romanian Academy, Natural Fields Department 

Corresponding author: Crisan Demetrescu, crisan@geodin.ro 

Abstract: The space climate concerns the long-term change in the Sun and its effects in the 

heliosphere and upon the Earth, including the atmosphere and climate. Annual means of 

measured and reconstructed solar, heliospheric, and magnetospheric parameters are used to 

infer solar activity signatures at the Hale and Gleissberg cycles timescales. Available open 

solar flux, modulation strength, cosmic ray flux, total solar irradiance data, reconstructed 

back to 1700, solar wind parameters (speed and density) and the magnitude of the 

heliospheric magnetic field at 1 AU, reconstructed back to 1870, as well as the time series 

of geomagnetic activity indices (aa, IDV, IHV), going back to 1870, have been considered. 

Simple filtering procedures (successive 11-, 22-, and 88-year running averages and 

differences between them) and scaling by the standard deviation from the average value for 

the common interval covered by the data show that the long-discussed variation in the 20 th 

century (a pronounced increase since ~1900, followed by a depression in the ‘60s and a 

new, slower, increase) seen in the 11-year averages of parameters such as geomagnetic 

activity indices and reconstructed heliospheric magnetic field strength, solar wind speed, 

open solar flux, is a result of the superposition in data of solar activity signatures at Hale 

and Gleissberg cycles timescales. The Hale and Gleissberg signals were characterized and 

similarities and differences in the temporal behavior of the analyzed parameters at these 

timescales are discussed. The similarities in the studied parameters point to the common 

pacing source, the solar dynamo. 

Key words: heliosphere, magnetosphere, long-term variations, space climate. 

36



LONG-TERM CHANGES IN THE ROMANIAN CLIMATE 

Venera Dobrica, Crisan Demetrescu 

Institute of Geodynamics, Romanian Academy, Natural Fields Department 

Corresponding author: Venera Dobrica, venera@geodin.ro 

Abstract: It is well known that the observed changes in global climate are likely to be due 

to a combination of both natural and human forcings. Solar/geomagnetic variability as 

external natural forcing on terrestrial climate is investigated in this study, by means of 

long-term statistical correlations between climatic parameters and solar/geomagnetic 

indices at local and regional scales. For the Romanian territory a robust and reliable data 

set of long records of air temperature and precipitation (14 stations, 1850-2004) is 

available. We analyze these records in connection with long-term trends in solar and 

geomagnetic activities. The comparison of solar (sunspot number) and geomagnetic (aa 

index) parameters with the mean air temperature over the Romanian territory, at 

interdecadal timescales, shows positive correlation coefficients, while the comparison with 

the mean precipitation shows negative correlation coefficients. The correlation of climatic 

parameters seems to be stronger for geomagnetic activity than for solar activity. The 

Romanian temperature series are examined in the context of other European stations and of 

averages on the European, northern hemisphere, and global scale, respectively. Long-term 

(inter-decadal and centennial) trends and differences between local trends and average 

trends for larger areas are discussed. The study indicates that solar and geomagnetic 

activity effects are present on the 22-year Hale cycle timescale. The temperature variation 

on this timescale lags the solar/geomagnetic ones by 5-9 years. 

Key words: solar-terrestrial relationship, solar/geomagnetic activity, surface air temperature and 

precipitation 

37



THE SURFACE TECTONICS OF LITHOSPHERIC REMOVAL 

BENEATH THE SOUTH EAST CARPATHIANS 

Oguz Gogus, Gregory Houseman 

University of Leeds, Institute of Geophysics and Tectonics 

Corresponding author: Oguz Gogus, O.Gogus@leeds.ac.uk 

Abstract: The lithosphere beneath the South Carpathians-Transylvania-Focsani region has 

been the focus of a number of modeling studies and various geological and geophysical 

observations are provided to understand its evolution. Namely, lithospheric thinning, 

extensional deformation, widespread volcanism and seismic activity are primary 

observations associated with tectonic deformation in this region. Using numerical 

geodynamic experiments, we test the hypothesis that the tectonic anomalies for the south 

east Carpathians are due to the delamination of the mantle lithosphere. We explore a range 

of rheological parameters and boundary conditions to determine controls on the style of 

lithospheric delamination. Our models predict that tectonic subsidence of 3 km can occur 

above the delaminating hinge and surface elevations as great as 2 km may develop in the 

narrow zone of delamination. The surface topography of delaminating lithosphere is 

distinctly asymmetric with a localized and migrating zone of subsidence at the 

delaminating hinge as well as surface uplift due to the isostatic/dynamic response to the 

lithospheric removal. Detachment of the delaminating lithosphere modifies the topography 

near the delamination hinge. Delamination progresses more rapidly when mantle 

lithosphere has higher yield stresses compared to less rigid mantle lithosphere. Our results 

are tested against the present day topography and seismic velocities determined by 

tomography beneath the Focsani basin and South East Carpathian mountains. 

Key words: South East Carpathians, anomalous topography, migrating subsidence, young 

volcanism, delamination. 

38



ANALYSIS OF HAZARD POLLUTION ON OLD PESTICIDE 

STORAGES IN MOLDOVA 

Oleg Bogdevich, Oleg Cadocinicov, Culighin Elena 

Academy of Science of Moldova, Institute of Geology and Seismology 

Corresponding author: Oleg Bogdevich, bogdevicholeg@yahoo.com 

Abstract: The inventory of old pesticide storages in Moldova executed by Ministry of 

Environment and World Bank showed a large quantity of polluted sites (near 1500) 

remains after the repacking and evacuation project. More that 15 % sites were determined 

as extra high polluted territory with the POPs concentration in soil more 50,0 mg/kg. They 

include some of the world’s most harmful chemicals including highly toxic pesticides such 

as HCH, DDT and industrial chemicals such as PCBs. The aim of this work is to determine 

all pollution spectrums on 50 polluted sites for Environmental Risk Assessment procedure 

and the remediation action development. GC and GC/MS equipment and international 

analytical methods (EPA, ISO, etc.) were used in accredited laboratory by ISO17025 for 

the determination of toxic substances in soil and other environmental samples. Five POPs 

compound groups namely ∑ DDT, ∑ HCH, Chlordane, Heptachlor and Toxaphene have 

been found on studied sites. They have an additional pollution by trifluraline, triazines, 

perithroids, PAHs and other old pesticides. Small number of sites has high heavy metal 

pollution. All sites were distributed on five pollution clusters for the risk assessment 

procedure and the ranking of investigated sites: 0.10 – 1.0 mg/kg; 1.0 – 10.0 mg/kg; 10.0 – 

50.0 mg/kg; 50.0 – 250.0 mg/kg; and more 250.0 mg/kg. The toxicity level, MAC and 

possible synergism effect were used for the risk assessment procedure of polluted sites. 

The conclusion is that pollution spectrum is complex on investigated sites and it can be 

extrapolated for all polluted sites in Moldova. The possible remediation action should to be 

developed after the complex study of pollution spectrum and geotechnical conditions for 

every site. Created database of polluted territories is used actually by local and central 

authorities for the waste management and planning of remediation action in Republic of 

Moldova. 

Key words: Toxic Substances, GC, GC/MS, Environmental Impact Assessment. 

39



GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS ASSESMENT IN REPUBLIC OF 

MOLDOVA (CASE STUDY PRUT RIVER VALEY) 

Igor Nicoara, Oleg Bogdevich 

Academy of Science of Moldova, Institute of Geology and Seismology 

Corresponding author: Igor NICOARA, nicoaraigor@gmail.com 

Abstract: The mitigation of the negative impact of geological hazards to the 

environmental, economic and population is very important for the sustainable development 

of every country. The risk of natural hazards like landslides, erosion, drought, inundation is 

growing last time by the climate change in European country and Moldova. The feasibility 

study for the assessment of the possible negative impact of natural hazards, including 

geological, was carried out in Republic of Moldova by UNDP project “Moldova Disaster 

and Climate Risk Reduction”. The aim of this work is to evaluate a possible risk from 

geological hazards on example of some villages from Prut river valley. This region is 

characterized by the complex geologic, geomorphologic and climatic conditions. The 

unfavorable geological processes are presented by soil erosion, landslides, and sensitive 

rocks to the inundation. Digital maps of natural disasters, including pollution sources, ware 

elaborated for every pilot communities by ArcGIS software with the utilization of the 

electronic map from www.geoportal.md. The evaluation of the spacial distribution of 

geological hazards and other geoprocessing was made for the risk assessment and territory 

development plans. These maps are proposed for the geodatabase as a part of scientific 

support system by the decision making for emergency preparedness plans in region for the 

prevention and negative impact reduction in the case of natural and anthropogenic 

accidents. The complex environmental data can be used also for transboundary 

cooperative projects between Republic of Moldova, Romania and Ukraine in the regional 

monitoring programs by the disaster prevention and environmental impact assessment. The 

concrete proposals for the reduction of soil erosion and landslide hazard are made for pilot 

localities on the basis of GIS elaboration. The results of the study will be presented to the 

local authorities and other interested stakeholders (ecological, hydrological, meteorological 

and sanitary service agencies etc). 

Key words: ArcGIS, digital map, geological hazards. 

40



SURLARI GEOMAGNETIC OBSERVATORY: ROLE INTO 

SPACE AND EARTH WEATHER CONCEPT 

Anca Isac 1 , Mioara Mandea 2 , Andrei Soare 1 

1 Geological Institute of Romania, Surlari Geomagnetic Observatory 

2 Centre National d'Etudes Spatiale, Earth Observation / Directorate for Strategy and Programmes 

Corresponding author: Anca Isac, margoisac@yahoo.com 

Abstract: Surlari (SUA) is the unique national magnetic observatory, established near the 

capital, Bucharest, in 1943. Since then it is a research facility of the Geological Institute of 

Romania. From 1997, SUA is member of the worldwide network of magnetic observatories - 

INTERMAGNET, which monitors in real-time the Earth’s magnetic field variations. Space 

weather reflects physical processes, beginning at the Sun’s surface, and can influence the 

performance and reliability of space-borne and ground-based technological systems. Space 

weather can threat human life or health too, according to the recent studies. The Sun emits 

energy (flares of electromagnetic radiation: radio waves, infra-red, light, ultraviolet, X-rays) 

and energetic electrically charged particles through coronal mass ejections. The 

electromagnetic radiation travels at the speed of light and takes minutes to move from the Sun’ 

surface to the Earth, whereas the charged particles which travel outwards (the solar wind) 

travel more slowly, taking from a few hours to several days to reach the Earth. Solar wind 

interacts with the Earth's magnetic field and outer atmosphere in complex ways: concentrations 

of energetic particles and electric currents flowing in magnetosphere and ionosphere. These can 

result in geomagnetic more rapid variations opposite to the main geomagnetic field, which is 

slowly varying and originates within the Earth. The ground-based magnetic observatories 

provide a wide range of information, including the time and intensity of magnetic storms, substorms 

and pulsations. Of particular importance for monitoring space weather conditions from 

a ground observatory is the real-time observation of typical storms, which often start with a 

“sudden commencement”, a positive perturbation in the horizontal magnetic field. The sudden 

impulses (SI) usually exert no subsequent storms. The sudden storm commencements (SSC) 

are followed by a general increase in the magnetic northward field as an initial phase (that may 

continue minutes up to several hours), and after that the main and recovery storm magnetic 

field pattern are observed, studied and sometimes subject of a warming alert. Scientists, 

decision-makers from aeronautics and communication, and the public are informed about Sun- 

Earth system phenomena that might impact human survival. A quantitative analysis of storm 

time magnetic disturbance and the local geomagnetic disturbance index K are enabled every 

three hours. One of the aims of SUA observatory is to reduce the impact of space weather on 

activities of human interest on national territory, due to rapid processing and exchange of space 

environment information. The field component variations are recorded at a sampling rate of 2 

Hz and the field intensity at 0.2 Hz, continuously. A real-time plot showing 24 hours of the 

current and previous day, including the delta-F check plot, is updated every 10 minutes. The 

national geomagnetic observatory plays and will play a role in monitoring of space and Earth 

weather conditions over Romanian territory, mainly nowadays when approaching the next solar 

maximum, around 2013. This upcoming burst of solar activity, might affect mobile phones, 

GPSs and many other modern technologies on Earth and near-Earth space. A network of 

variometer stations to continuously monitor space weather might be a future project of SUA 

observatory as well as a major involvement of it in the national and international space weather 

programs. 

41



GEOLOGICAL AND PALEONTOLOGICAL MONUMENTS IN 

REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA (CASE STUDY VILLAGE 

NASLAVCEA, DISTRICT OCNIŢA) 

Cristina Mogorici, Igor Nicoara 

Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Institute of Geology and Seismology 

Corresponding author: Cristina MOGORICI, cristinamogorici@gmail.com 

Abstract: At present in Republic of Moldova, there are 87 geological monuments with 

total size 2682 hectares. That are protected by “Law on Natural Areas Protected by the 

State (1998)”. These protected areas have different management and land use destination 

(forest agency “Moldsilva”, local authority and other). The chaotic retrocession of land 

areas in 1990-s to private owners, without any concern on the existing protected areas, 

raised new and great difficulties in conservation in protected areas. Under such 

circumstances, it is not surprising that the deterioration of the geological monuments 

prevails on their protection and conservancy. We selected small village for this study 

named Naslavcea. It situated in northern part of the Republic of Moldova and it is 

extrimaly northern point of our contry. This locality is in canyon valley of the rivulet 

Chisărău right tributary of the Dniester River. Five geological monuments are known from 

village Naslvcea: “Outcrops of drainage silica”, valley “Rudii Iar”, valley “Karpov Iar”, 

“Tectonic steep slope of the Dniester River near Naslavcea village” and “Outcrops with 

Badenian sands”. Assessment of geological monuments in the Republic of Moldova was 

conducted of the UNDP project “Improving coverage and management effectiveness of the 

Protected Area System in Moldova”. The aim of this work is to evaluate geological 

monuments (revision of GPS coordinate, administration of areas, revision of stratigraphy 

and taxa list of remains). The sustainable development of geological and paleontological 

monuments are requires interdepartamental coherent strategies, wich must include 

buessnes plan of turism development in this areas. 

Key words: Geoconservation, Republic of Moldova, geological monuments, Naslavcea. 

42



INVESTIGATION OF THE POTENTIAL HAZARDS 

GENERATORS IN THE VICINITY OF THE MUNICIPAL 

LANDFILLS 

Bogdan Stanescu, Marinela Petrescu, Gheorghe Batrinescu 

National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology - ECOIND, Department for 

Environmental 

Pollution Assessment and Monitoring 

Corresponding author: Bogdan Stanescu, evmt@incdecoind.ro 

Abstract: Areas situated in the proximity to landfills have several features of great 

importance in further, as some of these areas can get changing in the future to residential 

destinations. It is therefore important to determine the quality of environmental 

components in these areas and to identify all hazards that may create risks for the area 

analyzed. Complex investigations carried out in the proximity to landfills will have as a 

final risk estimation, one of which shows the importance induced by the emissions of 

methane that may migrate into soil / subsoil in the vicinity of the deposit. This paper 

presents a methodology for assessing risks with the following steps: the documentary stage 

involves collecting relevant information on the landfill site, site history, and the date on 

geomorphology, geology and hydrogeology of the area. In the subsequent stages, it 

identifies the potential sources of the gaseous emissions in soil / subsoil and the potential 

migration pathways and receptors proceed to investigate complex area. As a case study 

was chosen site of a landfill in Bucharest, which was crossed methodology of 

investigation: they made wells and the gas collection were measured in situ the 

concentrations of gases (CH4, O2, CO2, CO and H2S) with a portable analyzer, were 

made boreholes to determine the groundwater flow conditions and analytical investigations 

on the environmental quality of components (soil, groundwater, surface water) in the 

proximity of the landfill. In terms of the methodology, the risk estimation is based on the 

identification and the expression of two categories of factors, including the likelihood and 

effects on receptors that highlight risk levels resulting in a scale with five levels of risk, at 

a very low risk to high risk levels. The risk can be quantified by the indicator "Gas 

Screening Value", which is the product of the maximum concentration measured in gas 

borehole and the measured flow. Applying the methodology for the selected location as a 

case study allowed the identification of hazards and risk generating, the risk assessment, 

elements necessary to development the measures of protection required are taken in case 

the future of location will be for the residential. 

Key words: biogas, landfill, waste, methane, risk, assessment. 

43



A COMPARISON OF GPS SOLUTIONS FOR STRAIN AND 

SKS FAST DIRECTIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR MODES OF 

SHEAR IN THE MANTLE OF A PLATE BOUNDARY ZONE 

Nicolas Houlié 1 , Tim Stern 2 , Calum Chamberlain 3 

1 University of Leeds, UK – ETH, Zurich 

2 University of Victoria, Wellington, NZ 

3 University of Leeds, UK 

Corresponding author: Nicolas Houlié, n.houlie@leeds.ac.uk 

Abstract: The strain rate field for New Zealand is computed using the GPS dataset from 

GEONET (NZ) collected during the last decade. Two contrasting domains for shear in the 

mantle are inferred by comparing the principal shortening direction with the fast direction 

of shear wave splitting. We interpret the mantle beneath the central-southern part of the 

South Island to have a significant component of pure shear linked to thickening of both the 

crust and mantle lithosphere. To the north, in contrast, simple shear is dominant. We will 

present potentials applications for the mantle dynamics of Western USA and Central 

Europe. 

Figure 1: Comparison between shortening axes (GPS, red) and axis of fast polarisation (SKS, blue). 

Key words: Lithosphere – Seismology – GPS – Strain – SKS -- Deformation. 

44



SYNERGISTIC EFFECT FOR THE RETENTION OF METAL 

CATIONS OBTAINED BY A COMPLEX ORGANIC - 

INORGANIC COMPOUND OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLAY 

Ileana Denisa Nistor, Gheorghe Surpateanu, Neculai Doru Miron, Anca 

Ciobanu, Iuliana Mihaela Lazar 

1 ”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering 

Corresponding author: Ileana Denisa Nistor, denisanistor@yahoo.com 

Abstract: Hybrid materials cover a wide range of compounds with diverse potential 

applications. Indeed, these materials have the advantage of combining the properties of the 

organic component with the inorganic component leading us to expect a synergy between 

these two properties. 

The inorganic component of the material is formed by cationic or anionic clays: 

montmorillonite or layerd double hydroxides and the organic component of hybrid material 

is represented by organic compounds like: chitosan, dendrimers, and pharmaceutical 

substances. The first part of this works presents a complex organic - inorganic compound 

of montmorillonite and organic substances intercalated like chitosan and poliol dendrimers. 

When used simultaneously chitosan and montmorillonite, there is a strong synergy 

phenomenon, probably due to interactions between the main properties. We can have a 

first conclusion: the hybrid materials can develop interesting synergistic properties and the 

field of hybrid materials deserves all the attention possible in future. There are a major 

concerns and attempts to capture carbon dioxide emissions released in the majority 

industrial and other types of activities. We propose in this work to solve this problem using 

hybrid material. The research opens up new prospects for the class of hybrid materials like 

organic - inorganic, with an enhanced carbon dioxide retention capacity. Another material 

type polyol dendrimers-montmorillonite has a high retention capacity for carbon dioxide 

and it can also be regenerated by heating low. The second part presents the hybrid 

materials formed by layerd double hydroxides with cloramphenicol and salicylate in the 

interlayer space. These materials were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray 

diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powerful 

nondestructive. The kinetic parameters (reaction order n) the apparent activation energy 

(Ea) and pre-exponential factor were calculated using the Coats - Redfern. We also 

determined the effects of compensation. The prospects of my research are to deepen my 

research on anionic clays and design new drugs to treat inflammatory bowel disease 

(Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis) and more particularly associated colitis and 

diarrhea. 

Key words: anionic and cationic clays, dendrimers, chitosan, cloramphenicol, salicylate. 

45



ESENTIAL TOOLS TO MITIGATE OF VRANCEA STRONG 

EARTHQUAKES ON MOLDAVIAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT 

Gheorghe Marmureanu, Constantin Ionescu, Alexandru Marmureanu 

National Institute for Earth Physics, Bucharest Romania 

Corresponding author: Gheorghe Marmureanu, marmur@infp.ro 

Abstract: In a world of uncertainty, the only constant is change and rapid change produces 

a multitude of diverse facts. Risk is an integral part of life. While no country in the world 

is entirely safe, the lack of capacity to limit the impact of hazards remains a major burden 

for developing countries and while the world has witnessed an exponential increase in 

human and material losses due to natural disasters , there is a need to reverse trends in 

vulnerability to earthquakes.Available data suggest that natural disasters from earthquakes 

can cause considerable damages, with potentially severe effects to urban environment.On 

the other hand, environmental degradation increases the intensity of natural disasters, and 

is often the factor that transform natural hazards, into a disaster. In World, earthquakes 

are responsible for 15% of total number of events, and 30% of the total damages. Last 

strong Vrancea earthquake on March 4,1977(Mw=7.4,h=95 km):1578 dead and 11,321 

injured (90% of dead and injured 67% of Bucharest), 36 ruined/destroyed blocks in 

Bucharest, 32,900 houses collapsed or severely damaged; 35,000 families homeless, tens 

of thousands (64,000) of buildings damaged from Iaşi and Bacău to Craiova, many other 

damages and destructions in the industry and economy,downtown of Bacău was 

completely damaged etc. Rapid urbanization of cities has caused unbearable 

environmental problems primary in the cities of the developing cauntries.Natural risks 

such as earthquakes are largely beyond human control. Seismic risk management can only 

be successful when it is fully integrated in global management. This is what is referred to 

as integrated safety by using innovative and integrated techniques and methods to the 

further development of community risk management policy.In general,safety management 

should not be limited to technical prevention, mitigation or preparedness, but must be part 

of the general trend toward efficiency, effectiveness and quality improvement of 

environment. The goal of the paper is to enhance our capability to decrese the effects of 

earthquakes occuring in Vrancea region on the urban environment, inclusively in 

Moldavian area. Specific fundamental and applied researches were developed last years by 

National Institute for Earth Physics sustained by „Government Low nr.372/2004 - The 

National Program of Seismic Management” and European Programmes like FP-6, FP-7, 

Cross-Border etc. are: (i)-New isoseismal map of the maximum credible Vrancea 

earthquake or maximum probable Vrancea earthquake, Mw =7.7 (Gh.Mărmureanu et al, 

Romanian Reports in Physics,Vol. 63, No.1, P. 226–239,2011);(ii)-Seismic microzonation 

of large populated cities: Iasi, Bacău, Buzău, Craiova, Ploieşti, Timişoara, Sibiu 

etc.(CEEX Programme, Contract nr.636/2005-2008 and Nucleus Programme); (iii) - Shake 

maps for each strong Vrancea earthquake which allows us to rapidly portray the extent of 

shaking in a simplified form suitable for immediate post-earthquake decision–making. 

Shake map is an instrument of rapid information about an impeding seismic hazard and 

minimizes the impacts to people and economic activities and them are used by Civil 

46



Protection Departments; (4) - Early warning system (EWS) for industrial facilities and 

other installations of national interest at strong intermediary earthquakes made during of 

Project SAFER-FP6(2006-2009) and EWS is winner of „2006 IST European 

Prize”(A.Mărmureanu et al., Advanced real-time acquisition of the Vrancea earthquake 

early warning system,Soil Dynamics and Earth.Engrg.,Vol.31,Issue 2,SSI,16-169,2011; 

A.Mărmureanu: Rapid magnitude determination for Vrancea early warning system, 

Romanian Jornal of Physics,Vol.54,No.9-10,2009); (5)- Seismic tomography of special 

structures like dams for avoiding catastrophes (Bicaz and Vidraru dams; priority contracts 

with national authorities). The seismic hazard assessment is a crucial step and an essential 

tool to mitigate the impact of Vrancea strong earthqakes on urban environment in this part 

of the World.Prevention pays off! This may not always become apparent immediately, but, 

in the long run, the benefits from prevention measures will always outweigh their costs by 

far (Kofi Annan). 

Key words: Seismic hazard, urban environment,risk mitigation,early-warning system,shake map. 

47



A SEISMIC RISK ANALYSIS FOR VRANCEA AND BACAU 

COUNTIES, BASED ON SELENA AND GIS SOFTWARE 

Dragos Toma Danila 

National Institute for Earth Physics, Magurele, Ilfov, Romania 

Corresponding author: Dragos Toma Danila, toma@infp.ro 

Abstract: In the last years, thanks to the implementation of the ShakeMap software in realtime 

at the National Institute for Earth Physics (NIEP) and within the DACEA Project, a 

system that computes damage and loss estimates in (near) real-time for the Romanian- 

Bulgarian border region was installed at NIEP, producing data and maps, on Romanian 

side - for 7 counties. But the system was also designed so that it has the capability to allow 

extending and upgrading the database, for all Romanian counties and taking into 

consideration the permanent evolution of building stock and population. The main purpose 

of this paper is to present both the integration mode and the results obtained by adding new 

counties into the implemented system, and also to present best ways for a GIS 

representation of the estimated damage. Of great interest is that the new counties – 

Vrancea and Bacau, are right on top of the active seismic area of Vrancea, compared to the 

previous analyzed 7 counties that are more than 100 km away from the epicentral area. For 

damage computation it was used the open-source software SELENA (Seismic Loss 

Estimation using a Logic Tree Approach), with the real-time module based on PGA and Sa 

values at 0.3 and 1.0 seconds, provided by a 10 by 10 km grid produced by ShakeMap. Of 

course, for results were simulated significant previously recorded earthquakes: the ones on 

4 march 1977 (Mw 7.4), 30 august 1986 (Mw 7.1) and 30 may 1990 (Mw 6.9). The static 

database included number of buildings from the 2002 census, at UAT (administrativeterritorial 

unity) level. Buildings were classified in 55 individual types, each with a specific 

capacity and fragility curve. The method used to obtain damage probabilities was the more 

recent Improved Displacement Coefficient Method (I-DCM). The spatial characteristic of 

the generated output provided a good basis for the use of GIS tools, which added important 

contribution to how data is visualized and used for planning and intervention purposes. 

There are many practical sides of the paper: first of all is that based on past events it is 

illustrated how the damage might look like nowadays in a very exposed area and what are 

the risks to be dealt with. Also, the certain accuracy of the loss assessment is validated, so 

that the new counties can be included in the real-time damage estimation system at NIEP. 

Key words: seismic risk, Selena software, Bacau & Focsani counties, damage estimation, GIS. 

48



A BAYESIAN APPROACH FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF RISK 

IMPACT CASE STUDY FOR DIGITAL RISK IMPACT 

Elena Nechita, Carmen -Violeta Muraru, Mihai Talmaciu 

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mathematics, 

Informatics and Educational Sciences 

Corresponding author: Elena Nechita, enechita@ub.ro 

Abstract: Our society faces new challenges and risks, due to the interdependency of the 

elements comprising its critical infrastructure (such as energy, transports, and digital). This 

paper presents a framework for the impact assessment of the natural or man-made disasters 

in Bacău County. Considering overlapping chains of events that could potentially occur as 

consequences of a disaster and the associated risk probabilities, the model allows its user to 

vary certain parameters and observe the effects on the global, computed impact. The 

analysis behind integrates the design of a semantic graph that includes most of the 

hazardous events which have been recorded during the last decades in the targeted area, 

and the Bayesian approach of uncertainty. A particular emphasis is placed on aspects 

concerning the risks associated to informatics systems. The model could be used to support 

the best decisions in a given situation, facilitating the focus on the most significant risks 

and especially on the protection of digital infrastructure. 

Key words: Bayesian probability, semantic graph, digital infrastructure, risk impact. 

49



A NEW APPROACH OF ATMOSPHERIC VORTEX 

DYNAMICS BY NON-DIFFERENTIABILITY 

Adrian Timofte 1, 2 , Marius Mihai Cazacu 1 , Dan Gheorghe Dimitriu 1 , Silviu 

Octavian Gurlui 1 , Maricel Agop 3 

1 “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Faculty of Physics, Romania 

2 National Meteorological Administration, Regional Forecast Center Bacau, Romania 

3 “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Romania 

Corresponding author: Maricel Agop, m.agop@yahoo.com 

Abstract: Assimilating the atmospheric fluid with a complex fluid and considering that the 

fluid particles dynamics takes place on continuous and non-differentiable curves we build 

a new theoretical model of atmospheric vortex. This theory enables us to perform a good 

approach of dynamics both on a predictable scale (that correspond in our model with a 

differentiable scale) and an unpredictable scale (that corresponding at undifferentiated 

scale). The global vision of dynamics is realized into an atmospheric fluid considering that 

until now was used only a deterministic models or stochastic models. Furthermore it is 

shown that the vortex source is given by a complex fluid dynamics on the nondifferentiable 

scale. Validation of the theoretical model was based on correlations with 

meteorologically data. An immediate perspective is to taking into account the tropospheric 

particles distribution with altitude, such as a LIDAR system (Light Detection and 

Ranging), with a high spatial and temporal resolution (3.5 meters/ from 30 seconds to 1 or 

5 minutes). Thus, the variation of aerosols distribution in the atmosphere (up to altitudes of 

10 - 12 km) and complex variation of the fluid particle distributions (according to 

theoretical model) will be highlighted and correlated for validation of theoretical model. 

Key words: vortex, complex fluid, non-differentiability, atmospheric dynamic. 

50



STRESS TESTS FOR CERNAVODA NPP - ASSESSMENT OF 

PROTECTION AGAINST EARTHQUAKES 

Cantemir Ciurea-Ercau, Elena Dinca, Madalina Tronea 

Comisia Nationala pentru Controlul Activitatilor Nucleare (CNCAN), Bucharest, Romania 

Corresponding author: Cantemir Ciurea-Ercau, cantemir.ciurea@cncan.ro 

Abstract: On the 11 th of March 2011, the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan 

experienced a seismic event and a subsequent tsunami exceeding the design basis of the 

plant. This led to a severe nuclear accident affecting multiple units of the Fukushima 

Daiichi plant and resulting in uncontrolled radioactive releases. Following the Fukushima 

Daiichi accident, the Romanian authorities and the nuclear industry have performed 

reassessments of nuclear safety and emergency preparedness arrangements and have 

started to implement improvements, in line with the international efforts in this direction. 

The safety reassessments conducted in response to the Fukushima accident included the 

"stress tests" review required by the European Council, in compliance with the 

specifications and criteria issued by the European Commission, based on the work done by 

the European Nuclear Safety Regulators' Group (ENSREG) and the Western European 

Nuclear Regulators' Association (WENRA). A significant effort has been made by the 

licensee for Cernavoda nuclear power plant to respond to the lessons learned from the 

Fukushima accident in a timely manner. Several potential design and operational 

improvements have been identified and their implementation is in progress to further 

enhance the existing safety margins and reduce the risk from severe accidents. The reviews 

and inspections performed by the National Commission for Nuclear Activities Control 

(CNCAN) confirmed the licensee is able to support all the claims made in their "stress 

test" report and that any issues and opportunities for improvement arising from the stress 

test will be adequately addressed. This conclusion is supported also by the results of the 

peer review performed by a team of experts coming from the European Commission and 

several nuclear safety authorities from all across Europe. The "stress tests" included an 

assessment of the nuclear power plants' capabilities to cope with extreme natural hazards, 

such as beyond design basis earthquakes and floods. This paper presents the results of the 

"stress tests" for Cernavoda nuclear power plant and the current status of the work 

performed by the National Commission for Nuclear Activities Control (CNCAN) to review 

safety in the light of the lessons learned from the Fukushima accident, with a focus on the 

protection against seismic events. 

Key words: nuclear power, nuclear safety, seismic hazard assessment, stress tests. 

51



SOME REMARKS ABOUT THE CLIMATE CHANGES IN SUB- 

ARCTIC SCANDINAVIA 

Dan Constantinescu 1 , Christer Jonasson 2 , Annika Kristofersson 2 , 

Elena Sirbu 1 

1 University Politehnica of Bucharest, 

2 Abisko Scientific Research Station, Sweden 

Corresponding author: Dan Constantinescu, dconstantinescu@ecomet.pub.ro 

Abstract: Abisko Natural Reservation is located in the Northern Sweden, about 200 km 

north from the Polar Circle, including on its territory the “Abisko Scientific Researcher 

Station”, an experienced station for the studies regarding the evolution of the climate 

changes. The station is located at, 68 o 28 ’ N, 18 o 28 ’ E, 385m above the sea level, on the 

shore of Lake Torneträsk. The authors of the article, presents remarks and results of two 

years observations and researches regarding climate data changes and impact on the 

environment in the mentioned area. Graphs and pictures obtained during the activity at the 

station in July and August 2009 and 2010 are included in the article. The structure of the 

proposed program for ANS is presented in figure 1. 

The paper presents results regarding evolution of the temperature, humidity and wind 

during the last hundred years as well as some effects of the climate changes on the 

environment. The autors have in view the possibility to use the data for a modeling 

program regarding the convection and radiation in the troposphere. 

The Programme 

Figure 1: The structure of the program and objectives for ANS 

Key words: climate changes, subarctic, temperature, air humidity, wind, rocks. 

52



GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSIONS FROM WASTEWATER 

TREATMENT PLANTS 

Doru Manea, Elena Manea, Dan Robescu 

Politehnica University of Bucharest, Department of Hydraulics, Hydraulic Machines and 

Environmental Engineering 

Corresponding author: Doru Manea, manea_doru@yahoo.com 

Abstract: One of the causes of climate change is the accumulation of greenhouse gases, 

and one of these greenhouse gases is methane (CH4), which absorbs some of the terrestrial 

infrared radiation, otherwise this energy would disperse in outer space. Methane has an 

atmospheric lifetime of 9 to 15 years, and its ability to trap heat in Earth's atmosphere is 21 

times greater than carbon dioxide (CO2) per unit mass and in the same period of time. 

Because the lifetime of methane in the atmosphere is relatively short, about 12 years, it is a 

greenhouse gas with the potential to be kept under control so that global warming is 

slowed. Also, to this objective can contribute the fact that methane itself has a high energy 

potential, so that its capture could bring benefits. Methane emissions are due to both 

natural and of anthropogenic sources and one of these sources is the wastewater treatment, 

namely fermentation of the sludge resulting from wastewater, resulting biogas which is 

containing a large amount of methane. The paper aims to study and show that in a 

wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), methane emissions in the atmosphere can be 

eliminated almost entirely. The optimal solution is anaerobic digestion of sludge, 

collection of biogas produced, and using methane in the biogas for local production of 

energy required in the WWTP. Was monitored power consumption of a WWTP, together 

with its production of biogas, was a calculated electrical and thermal energy need of the 

plant and compared with the energy potential of methane in the biogas obtained. Thus, it 

was evaluated that an important part of the energy demand of the plant may be covered by 

implementing a local solution to generate energy from burning the biogas. At least in 

largeWWTPs, implementation of systems that produce biogas and use it to produce energy 

for own consumption is an important step towards controlling the level of methane in the 

atmosphere. By burning the biogas and by local production of energy the carbon footprint 

of energy consumption for WWTP is reduced, by increasing efficiency and eliminating 

waste installations power transmission. 

Key words: greenhouse, energy, wastewater, methane. 

53



ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND OPPORTUNITIES 

FOR HARNESSING JIU VALLEY'S HARD COAL ENERGETIC 

POTENTIAL 

Gheorghe Chiril 1 , Nicolae Ilias 2 , Sorin Mihai Radu 2 , Iosif Gruneantu 2 , Lucian 

Toma 2 , Oana Rotea 2 , Lucian Codreanu 2 , Maria Stefanie 2 , Sorin Copaescu 3 

1 CNH-SA 

2 University of Petrosani 

3 S.C. CONVERSMIN S.A. Bucureşti 

Corresponding author: Ilias Nicolae, iliasnic@yahoo.com 

Abstract: Harnessing the energetic potential of the hard coal stored in Jiu Valley's basin, 

estimated at about 800 million tones, with an equivalent of over 420 million TEP for the 

balance reserves, and should represent a priority for any National Energy Strategy. Even 

though the new European legislation sets drastic limitations for state intervention in this 

area, there are real possibilities for valorizing this potential, in the context of an existing 

and coherent strategy assumed by all decisional parties involved and which would be set 

on increasing the efficiency of classic exploitation and, on the other hand, on implementing 

unconventional technologies for valorizing this resource. 

54



LINKING WATER ACCOUNTING TOOLS: WATER 

FOOTPRINT APPLICATION IN LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT 

Simona-Andreea Ene, Iulia Maria Comandaru, George Barjoveanu, 

Carmen Teodosiu 

Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and 

Environmental Protection,”Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Romania 

Corresponding author: George Barjoveanu, gb@ch.tuiasi.ro 

Abstract: Water accounting tools are urgently needed as supporting instruments for 

decision making processes in water resources management at river basin level to address 

both quantitative and qualitative aspects. This paper approaches two such accounting 

instruments that have received much attention in the scientific community in the recent 

years: life cycle assessment and water footprint. Most of the efforts for the development of 

these two tools as water resources management instruments have mainly been targeted 

towards conceptualization, but there is still a need to understands how they can be 

employed in practice various stakeholders. Furthermore, there is a necessity among 

businesses for an increased operational efficiency, sustainable manufacturing, and the 

identification of different water-related risks, which could be improved by using these two 

proposed instruments. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) takes into account the use of different 

types of natural resources and looks at different types of environmental impacts over the 

whole life cycle of various products. Unfortunately, water resources are viewed in most 

LCA studies merely as a transport medium for different other impact producers 

(pollutants) and do not take into account other aspects of water resources that are of high 

importance for water practitioners, like water availability. On the other side, the water 

footprint (WF), together with the other related instruments (i.e. ecological footprint, carbon 

footprint and embodied energy studies) considers the perspective of one particular resource 

or impact. From this point of view, it seems reasonable that the "footprints" to be 

considered as indicators used in LCA and input-output impact studies. Linking these two 

types of instruments could be of great help in improving both assessment methods, the 

green, blue and grey WF of a product might be good indicators to assess the water related 

impacts in LCA studies. Another advantage of integrating the water footprints into LCA 

studies is that, they can be used to assess the water-related impacts (mostly availability 

issues) at local level, thus establishing the missing connection between LCA and water 

resources management practice. Conclusively, WF accounting and sustainability 

assessment can provide to the LCA studies information as the evaluation of a product WF 

might support the life cycle inventory for that product and the WF sustainability 

assessment might support the life cycle impact assessment. This work summarizes main 

findings of a literature review on methods to assess fresh water use in a life cycle 

assessment study. It provides LCA practitioners guidance in choosing an approach for 

conducting such studies given the current state-of-the-art. Finally, it outlines needs for 

further development in the methods currently available. 

Key words: impact assessment, life cycle assessment, water accounting tools, water footprint, water 

resources managemen 

55



MODIFFICATION OF GAMMA SPECTROSCOPY ENERGIES 

IN ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATIONS 

Marius Stamate 1 , Iuliana Mihaela Lazar 2 , Gabriel Lazar 1 

1 ”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mechanical and Environmental 

Engineering 


Corresponding author: Marius Stamate, mstamate@ub.ro 

Abstract: Monitoring the environmental radioactivity is a very important issue, in relation 

to the protection of human health. This is especially the case when there is an accidental 

release of radioactivity into the environment, as was the case with the Chernobyl and 

recently Fukushima accidents. Radionuclides that can be found in the environment may be 

divided in three groups: naturally occurring radionuclides with very long half-life; 

naturally occurring Radionuclides that have short half-lives on a geological time scale and 

Radionuclides released into environment by the human activity and accidents. The gamma 

ray spectroscopy is a powerful tool in order to monitor the environmental radioactivity. 

Multichannel analysers have been used for monitoring the gamma radiation spectra on a 

daily basis over a long time. We have recorded during a 4 years period the gamma ray 

energy spectrum, and we have found that there are significantly differences between the 

compositions of the spectra. We have observed that the radioactivity spectrum changes 

suddenly and keep those characteristics over a long period. We have observed three such 

modifications and analyse the possible causes and effects. 

Keywords: gamma radionuclides, environmental radioactivity. 

56



USING MULTIVARIATE STATISTICS AND GIS ON 

ASSESSING HEAVY METAL POLLUTION OF SOIL IN 22 

CITIES OF MOLDAVIA 

Ema Faciu 1 , Iulia Lazar 2 , Irina Ifrim 2 , Gabriel Lazar 1 

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mechanical and Environmental 

Engineering 

2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering 

Corresponding author: Gabriel Lazar, glazar@ub.ro 

Abstract: The knowledge of the regional variability for potential harmful elements in soil 

is of critical importance to assess the risks for human health. A series of data on 

concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni and Mn) in soil, were collected 

between years 2006 and 2011 from 22 cities belonging to the 8 counties of Moldavia. 

Geostatistical analysis and multivariate statistical analysis differently revealed correlations 

among the studied metals, complementing each other. Multivariate statistical analysis 

(Correlation Analysis CA and Principal Component Analysis PCA) and spatial distribution 

showed distinctly different associations among the studied metals in different cases. There 

have been identified links with different intensities (low, medium and strong) between the 

heavy metal concentrations specific to each county in the analysis. High intensity links 

were identified between Pb and Cd in Galati county (R = 0.771, p = 0.000) and Pb and Zn 

in Neamt County (R = 0.538, p = 0.000). Our results indicated that the heavy metals, Cd, 

Ni, Pb were correlated with population density (e.g. Cd for Galati, (R = 0.448, p = 0.000), 

Ni for Neamt, (R = 0.552, p = 0.000), Pb for Vrancea, (R=-0.596, p = 0.000)). Further 

spatial analysis identified the specific factors and the main sources of pollution in the 

analyzed area. The aim of Principal Component Analysis is to identify the number of 

independent variables of the dependent ones that best explain their variation. Orthogonal 

rotation determined the factorial structure. At the first PC1 factor the largest share was 

attributed to Mn (0.901), followed by Ni (0.809) and Cr (0.770). The establishment of 

more accurate correlations between the different heavy metals associated with anthrop 

activities or specific local parameters (e.g. population density) and possible multiple 

regression laws that govern them can predict the dynamics of their concentration in time 

and the possible effect on human health. 

Keywords: multivariate statistics, GIS, soil, heavy metals. 

57



RISK OF PHOTOINHIBITION ON BRASSICA NAPUS 

GROWTH UNDER SOLAR RADIATION CORRELATE WITH 

STRUCTURAL CHANGES OF INFRARED MOLECULAR 

SPECTRUM IN LIPIDS 

Iuliana Lazar 1 , Daniela Nicuta 2 , Irina Ifrim 1 , Marius Stamate 3 , Gabriel Lazar 3 

1 ”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering 

2 ”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, Department of Biology, Ecology and Environmental 

Protection 

3 ”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacău, Department of Mechanical and Environmental 

Engineering 

Corresponding author Gabriel Lazar, glazar@ub.ro 

Abstract: Biophysical and biochemical processes occurring at the cellular level are 

influenced by electric fields and potential differences in the membrane induced by external 

radiation. The exposure to UV radiation determines changes in the metabolism, within the 

growth and development processes, having positive or negative influences on plant health 

and vitality. Molecular bases of these changes occurred after irradiations are not yet fully 

known. Responses can be caused by direct effects of UV radiation on essential components 

and membranes cellular under the action of free radicals, reducing mRNA transcription 

and effects on protein synthesis and enzymatic activity. There are many studies concerning 

the effect of nonionizing radiation on plants but little is known about the effect of solar 

radiation and structural changes of the functional groups associated with lipid structure in 

Brassica napus seed and allometric exponent variation. The purpose of this study is to 

analyze different rapeseed samples in order to identify the molecular vibration differences 

of biomolecules according to solar radiation effect. In our investigation selected canola 

seeds were exposed to UV doses by a high pressure discharge lamp with a visible light 

similar to that of sunlight and corresponding to an exhibition of 160, 280 and 460 minutes. 

A relatively simple, reproducible, nondestructive vibrational technique FTIR spectroscopic 

investigate the biological tissues of rapeseed to provide the molecular-level information 

allowing investigation of functional groups, bonding types, and molecular conformations. 

A nonlinear least squares fitter based on the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm was used for 

curve fitting. Multivariate molecular spectral analyses were able to make correlation 

between the different lipid functional groups, and irradiation treatment and phonotypical 

parameters. The Pearson coefficient reveals a negative lower correlation between 

asymmetric ratio and allometric scale (R=-0.485; p=0.000) and a negative medium 

correlation between symmetric ratio and allometric scale (R=-0.631; p=0.000). Under solar 

radiation statistical differences in rapeseed lipid of the CH3 and CH2 asymmetric and 

symmetric stretching regions in terms of the peak height were found. These results signify 

that UV-VIS long time exposure has a significant impact on lipid feature according to 

allometric exponent variation. 

Key words: solar radiation; rapeseed; infrared; lipid; allometric scaling; paired-sample T-test. 

58



MATHEMATICAL MODELS DESIGNED TO ASSESS THE 

RISK SITUATIONS CREATED BY RIVER FLOWS 

Gabriel Murariu 1 , Mirela Praisler 1 , Stefanut Ciochina 1 , Atanasia Stoica 2 

1 “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment 

2 Institute of Architecture and Urbanism “Ion Mincu” Bucharest, Department of Urban Planning 

Corresponding author: Mirela Praisler, Mirela.Praisler@ugal.ro 

Abstract: In modern investigations theoretical approaches are used to obtain the 

mathematical model characterizing or forecasting the environmental systems or processes. 

In general, the dynamics of the system are deeply nonlinear, complex or unknown. 

Generally speaking, such complex structure is a set of interconnected components. The 

common approach is therefore to start from measurements of the behavior of the system 

and the external influences (inputs) and to determine the mathematical correlation between 

the influencing factors without going into the details of what is actually happening inside 

the system. In this paper we are discussing, in a comparative way, a non-linear water flood 

assessment made in a very sensitive area of the Siret River region. A series of numerical 

simulations for different fluid models are presented. They were obtained by using 

historical recorded data sets and computational fluid dynamics tools. The numerical 

approach was chosen in order to build a specific model for water flow evaluation. This 

condition is necessary for prediction and it is the first step towards obtaining a Decision 

Support System (DSS) in the area. 

Key words: computational fluid dynamics, non-linear assessment. 

59



DATA INCOHERENCE FOR COMBINATORIAL 

OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS 

Gloria Cerasela Crisan 1 , Camelia-M. Pintea 2 , Camelia Chira 3 

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Education 

Sciences 

2 Tech Univ Cluj-Napoca, North Univ Center Baia-Mare, Faculty of Science 

3 “Babeş-Bolyai” University of Cluj-Napoca, Department of Computer Science 

Corresponding author: Gloria Cerasela Crisan, ceraselacrisan@ub.ro 

Abstract: Data collections are fundamental in taking correct and on time decisions. In risk 

management, the coherence and the integrity of the problem’s data have great impact on 

the quality of the decision. If the data are biased, the applications that assist the manager 

can provide poor advices. The real-life problems reflect the complexity and heterogeneity 

of our modern society. The applications designed for solving them are therefore expensive, 

sophisticated and complex; inherently their results are hard to predict. This is why the 

influence of the data incoherence over the results is an extremely important issue to 

consider. The a-priori knowledge and its efficient handling are compulsory for modern, 

proactive strategy in problem solving. Knowing how a specific algorithm would behave 

when input data might be incoherent may help choosing between several algorithms athand 

to better deal with real-world problems. We here approach the influence of 

incoherent input data when solving Combinatorial Optimization Problems (COPs). Several 

new COP variants are defined and the stability of the corresponding solving methods under 

imperfect input data is investigated. Some parameters are defined and a parameterized 

complexity study is performed. Numerical experiments engage the well-known COP 

Travelling Salesman Problem in its standard form and a dynamic variant (with and without 

errors in the input data for both problem variants). All the problems are solved using Ant 

Colony Optimization algorithms, a biologically-inspired metaheuristic approach. The 

adaptation and the resilience of natural systems (Darwinian evolution, ant colony 

behaviour) suggest the same behaviour. We use a natural incoherence measure and we 

compare the applications results on correct and incoherent data. We modify the algorithms 

in order to store both the correct and the incoherent data. We extend our numerical 

experiments by coupling a new imperfection dimension: the uncertainty. The algorithms’ 

behaviour does not have a pattern: we observe stable, unstable, even catastrophic effects of 

input data incoherence. The paper generalizes a metaheuristic approach to a classical 

optimization problem when the data entry has some degree of incoherence. 

Key words: combinatorial optimization problems, parameterized complexity, data incoherence, 

heuristics, ant colony optimization. 

60



RISKS RELATED TO EXTRACTION OF MINERALS 

AGGREGATES FROM RIVERS 

Stelian Cartacuzencu, Gabriel Lazar 

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Environmental Engineering and 

Mechanical Engineering 

Corresponding author: Stelian Cartacuzencu, stelian_cartacuzencu@yahoo.com 

Abstract: Exploitation of mineral aggregates, mainly for roadbed and concrete, must assure 

the protection of environment factors and water quality, avoid of degradation of reserves 

and reduction of losses. Before starting the extraction process, the perimeters are delimited 

by boundaries whose overcome is not allowed. For the beginning the scraping is done to 

remove the superficial layer of earth. The leached material is usually used to restore the 

operation road through which the perimeter is accessed. Extraction is done from the water 

to shore, in longitudinal strips in continuously field. Excavated material is loaded directly 

into transportation vehicles or temporary storage deposits that not exceed the requirements 

of the working time of the day are made. By exploiting the mineral aggregates is desirable 

to assure the proper flow of rivers. After the reserves are depleted the working site is 

dismantled and the area is leveled to simulate the typical meadow landscape. Exploitation 

should be evaluated also in terms of flood management strategy. Operations should be 

performed by clogging and redesign the river bed in function of the influence of mineral 

aggregates exploitation. For proper exploitation the monitoring process should be applied 

during mineral aggregates exploitation, and the management decisions must be taken in 

order to promote perimeter regeneration. During the flood the actions will comply with the 

anti-flood plan and after, the perimeter will be cleansed by any materials brought by the 

flood. The preferential exploitation and the intermediate deposits that cannot be 

transported in one day having as effect creation of artificial elbow sand changes of river’s 

flow direction are some negative aspects regarding the management of mineral aggregates. 

The influence of the effects of faulty operation may impact breaks of banks, increased 

leachate thickness, increasing intensity of fluid erosion, and even flood stimulation. This 

paper shows the comparison of two exploitation cases: one made following the standards 

and other made in a faulty manner. The study wants to emphasize the need for good 

management of mineral aggregates, through a controlled process, in order to not brutally 

affect the environment. 

Key words: exploration, mineral aggregate, rivers flow, landscape, monitoring. 

61



IN SITU SOIL FLUSHING – STUDIES ON YIELD OF 

POLLUTED REMEDIATION SANDY SOILS WITH ORGANIC 

COMPOUNDS ACIDS 

Alexandra-Dana Chitimus, Valentin Nedeff, Emilian Mosnegutu 



Corresponding author: Alexandra-Dana Chiţimuş, dana.chitimus@ub.ro 

Abstract: Production activities have affected soils in time, by means of: mining, 

excavations, waste deposits, landslides, erosion, salting, acidification etc. Currently, at an 

international level, approximately 20 % of the soils are acidified, and in Romania there are 

approximately 2 million hectares. The soil depollution process is very complex due to the 

great number of factors which influence it, such as: 

- properties of the soil, of geological formations or of subterraneous waters; 

- pollutant’s properties; 

- properties of the media with which the pollutant interacts. 

After permeating the geological medium, pollutants go through some phenomena related 

to: transport, transformation, transfer, accumulation and fixation. These phenomena 

contribute to the spreading within, and distribution of, pollutants in the elements of the 

geological environment and to the alteration of the chemical structure of the geological 

medium. Techniques for the treatment of polluted soils have as an objective the 

destruction, elimination or immobilization of pollutants. Depollution techniques can be 

classified depending on the nature of procedures employed, as follows: 

- physical procedures, which consist in the extraction of the pollutant from the 

contaminated environment; 

- biological procedures, which make use of microorganisms actions in order to eliminate 

organic or mineral pollutants present in soil, silt, sediments or liquid effluents; 

- thermal procedures, in which heat is used so as to neutralize the pollutant, to isolate it, 

or to make it inert. 

- chemical or electrochemical procedures using the chemical properties of pollutants in 

order to make them inert, to destroy, or to separate from the polluted environment with 

the help of adapted reactions. 

For a soil remediation installation function on the principle soil flushing in situ for ensure a 

high degree of treatment must be correctly identified correlations between: soil properties 

that influence the treatment process, structural characteristics of the installation of 

remediation and work factors. The theoretical and experimental research of the soil 

depollution process presented in this dissertation constitute an attempt to offer, by means 

of detailed analysis, the constructive and functional relations of dependence which can set 

the basis of new depollution installations, created by way of modernizing the old ones, or 

by devising new models, models which should be competitive with international ones. 

Keywords: remediation of soil, organic acid compounds, in situ soil flushing, yield. 

62



RESEARCH ON THE HEAT BALANCE COMPONENTS OF A 

SMALL SBR BASIN USED FOR DOMESTIC WASTEWATER 

TREATMENT 

Narcis Barsan, Valentin Nedeff 



Corresponding author: Narcis Barsan, narcis.barsan@ub.ro 

Abstract: In the nationally and internationally context, the problem of wastewater 

treatment is no longer seen as a specific objective for urban agglomerations and 

industrialized areas. Thus, the two general methods of wastewater treatment in centralized 

or decentralized systems remain complementary in solving environmental pollution 

problems due to wastewater. In Romania, over 40 % of the population lives in rural areas 

where wastewater infrastructures are poor or missing. Development of infrastructure in 

water supply and sewerage is essential for improving living conditions and human health. 

To solve the problem of domestic wastewater treatment in the areas where can be 

implemented only decentralized sewage treatment systems, can be used the compact 

installation that operating by Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) process. Unlike the 

conventional biological mechanical wastewater treatment systems, in which the process 

(aerobic and/or anaerobic) is divided into several basins, the treatment system that uses the 

SBR process divide the treatment process by working times. Thus the compact installation 

that uses SBR process is the most effective alternative to the conventional wastewater 

treatment with low flow. To ensure a high degree of treatment in the small treatment plants 

which operates by SBR process is essential to identify the correlations between qualitative 

and quantitative characteristics of the influent, treatment system construction 

characteristics and working factors. The main direction of research aims to identify the 

mathematical equations that describe the heat balance for a Sequencing Batch Reactor 

(SBR) used in a small municipal wastewater treatment plant. Also in this research the 

theoretical model was correlated with the numerical values obtained in 30 days of 

measurements and monitoring of a small wastewater treatment plant use to treat real 

municipal wastewater. The installation used in this research was used in real condition to 

obtain the values as close to reality for the component of the heat balance. 

Key words: wastewater treatment, sequencing batch reactor, heat balance. 

63



EXPERIMENTING RIGID AND ELASTIC CLAMPING 

METHODS OF ACOUSTIC SCREENS 

Claudia Tomozei, Valentin Nedeff, Mirela Panainte, Gabriela Andrioai 

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Environmental Engeneering and 

Mechanical Engeneering 

Corresponding author: Tomozei Claudia, claudia.tomozei@ub.ro 

Abstract: Noise transmission in enclosures can be controlled by treating the acoustic 

enclosures in such a way as to limit inside and outside sound propagation. The industrial 

noise can be controlled either by eliminating noise generating factors or by using 

soundproofing materials to attenuate noise on propagation pathways. The attenuation of 

acoustic wave propagation in industrial environments is a very important issue that may be 

studied in different environments and may receive different solutions. One way to 

attenuate sound pressure level/ SPL propagation is by using acoustic screens. 

This article investigates two methods of noise reduction in industrial enclosures with the 

help of acoustic screens which are composed of multiple walls. The results of the 

experiments are charted and presented in the paper. The proposed method consisted in 

using work variants that presuppose the rigid and elastic clamping of the walls to the 

metallic frame.The rigid clamping was done by using screws to attach the walls to the 

metal while the elastic one was done by attaching the walls to the metal with the help of 

sanitary silicone.Acoustic screens were made of OSB (Oriented Strand Board), a material 

available for use in both clamping modalities.The experiments were performed for two 

types of wall positioning, a variant with three walls and cover and a variant with five walls 

(cabin). The two variants were chosen because the number of walls was useful in 

identifying the differences between the values of the sound pressure level for both types of 

experiments.The results obtained at the end of the experiments showed better values for 

the rigid clamping of walls, with a reduction in the sound pressure level of up to 3 dB.The 

differences between the values of sound pressure level for the two types of clamping were 

quite small, sometimes minor. 

Key words: industrial noise, acoustic screen, rigid clamping, elastic clamping. 

64



COMPARATIVE STUDY VIEWING THE EFFICIENCY OF 

THE GRANULAR FILTERS DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF 

THE FILTER MATERIAL 

Oana (Irimia) Tirtoaca, Valentin Nedeff, Mirela Panainte 



Corresponding author: Tirtoaca (Irimia) Oana, oana.tartoaca@ub.ro 

Abstract: Water’s quality can be defined through a series of properties that limit the 

water’s exploitation. In order to accomplish the accordance with quality standards required 

for a specific demand (potable water, industrial water of different categories, ultrapure 

water), the continental surface water is treated through a sequence of operations and unit 

processes. The technological installation of treatment accomplishes, partially or totally, the 

disposal of the pollutants, every treatment proceeding being used for improving one or 

more qualitative parameter. The chosen treatment proceeding is specific to the type of the 

alimentation source and to the followed purpose (the production of the potable water, of 

industrial water for different categories). One of the basic proceedings for treating water is 

represented by the mechanical filtration of the water. The operation of filtering is 

influenced by a series of parameters, from which, the ones characteristic to the filter layer 

have a very special importance: nature, surface, thickness, pores dimension, the shape of 

the granular particles, hydrodynamic resistance, chemical resistance, mechanical 

resistance. The present paper aims to identify the type of granular filtering material that has 

the highest degree of retention concerning the storage of the solid particles. For 

discharging the solid suspensions that are found in water in concentrations between 5 – 50 

mg/L, granular filtering materials are the most used (quartz sand, anthracite, perlite, barite, 

granate). In order to accomplish the experiments (the separation of the liquid – solid 

mixture) were carried out studies for three types of filtering materials with granular shape 

particles, respectively: quartz sand, perlite and anthracite. Using this types of materials 

were constituted granular filters with different thicknesses and the water passed through 

these filters with different intake flows in order to be filtrated. From the experiments 

accomplished for the three types of filtering materials it was identified the type of granular 

filtering material with the highest degree of retention in water’s mechanical filtering 

process. 

Key words: potable water, water’s mechanical treatment, filtration, filter materials. 

65



STUDY UPON THE ADVANTAGES OF PREDICTIVE 

MAINTENANCE IN MONITORING OF ROLLING BEARINGS 

Dumitru-Cristinel Nadabaica, Valentin Nedeff, Luminita Bibire, Gabriela 

Andrioai 



Corresponding author: Dumitru-Cristinel Nadabaica, nadabaica.dumitru@ub.ro 

Abstract: This paper presents a theoretical study of the application of vibration envelope 

technique in the diagnosis of rolling bearings with the purpose of estimating their 

remaining lifetime and of determining the most advantageous time to perform the 

replacement of rolling bearings in the maintenance activity. Rolling bearings are the most 

common components of dynamic equipments and they are also the most sensitive to 

stresses during operation. The increasing of level vibration contributes to the reduction of 

the rolling bearings lifetime. The envelope is a technique of vibration signal processing 

which is required for the extraction of the defect characteristic frequency from the 

frequency spectrums. By using the envelope technique the premature wear of rolling 

bearings can be monitored. Rolling bearings are predisposed to a premature wear due to 

the execution and mounting quality, to the loading conditions during operation, to the very 

numerous cycles of operation etc. The premature wear is manifested by: 

1. the generation of noise (noise pollution); 

2. the loss of lubricant (high consumption of raw materials, environmental pollution); 

3. the failure of other components (leading to the out of use of the rolling bearing, in a 

premature stage, which means both supplementary consumption of materials and energy 

for producing new components, and indirectly for increasing the amount of waste); 

4. extra energy consumption (one third of all energy is consumed to defeating of unwanted 

friction). 

This study also presents the benefits of the predictive maintenance application in direct 

connection to the minimization of waste quantities and to the environmental pollution. In 

the same time, by condition monitoring and diagnostic of process equipment, the 

predictive maintenance has an important role about costs of maintenance activity because 

one third of these costs are lost because the application of improper or unnecessary 

maintenance. Damages made by an improper maintenance can cause disasters at a large 

scale, having negative consequences for people and for the environment. 

Keywords: predictive maintenance, enveloping technique of vibration, noise pollution, minimization 

of waste quantities, consumption of materials and energy. 

66



STUDIES AND RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF THE 

CLIMATIC FACTORS ON AMMONIA POLLUTION IN 

BACAU 

Doina Capsa 1 , Valentin Nedeff 2 , Mirela Panainte 2 , 

Narcis Barsan 2 

1 Regional weather forecasting service Bacau 

2 “Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau, Department of Environmental Engineering and 


Corresponding author: Capsa Doina, doina_capsa@yahoo.com 

Abstract: Air pollution occurs after elimination in the air, especially over large urban areas, 

of three categories of substances: gas (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, unburned 

hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulphide, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, fluorine, and chlorine), 

particulate matter and oxides metals (Pb, Hg and others). The quality of the air in the urban 

areas it depends especially on the type and the size of the industrial activities, the intensity 

of the traffic, and the quality of waste management both domestic and industrial. Besides 

these factors we could add the population density, the size and the quality of the open 

spaces, the geographical and climatologically conditions. In Bacau County the air quality 

is continuous monitored by measurements of three automatic stations located in areas 

representative of the types of existing stations. This monitoring system was implemented 

by Romanian National Agency for Environmental Protection to measure the variable 

values of the principal pollutants from air. These types of systems are in concordance with 

national legislation on protection of the atmosphere and comply with the requirements of 

European regulations. Using the data from the meteorological station in Bacau and the 

reports of the Regional Agency for Environmental Protection Bacau, the influence of the 

climatic factors is analyzed under the maximum allowable limits that are exceeded for 

ammonia. The main source of the ammonia air pollution in the city of Bacau is the industry 

but we also have the intensive animal breeding. The scope of the pollution accidents is 

given by the variation in time of the climatic factors, that can promote rapid dispersion of 

the pollutant, and thus reducing the negative effects but they can adversely affect air 

quality. Excesses of the limit value of 0,3 mg\m 3 NH3 with values of 10 - 100 % they are 

persisted in air in different life times according to the different meteorological conditions. 

The mesoscale analysis of the climatic factors in terms of an excess of 10 till 100 the 

maximum permissible value of the pollutant lead to the conclusion that the intensity and 

the wind direction, the air temperature, the gradient barre and the weather, the fog and the 

precipitations are factors that determine the variation amount pollutant in time. 

Key words: air pollution, monitoring system, ammonia air pollution, climatic factors. 

67



STUDIES AND RESEARCH ON THE DETERMINATION OF 

HEAVY METALS FROM THE BANKS OF THE 

SIRET RIVER BASIN 

Cristian Radu 1 , Valentin Nedeff 2 , Narcis Barsan 2 , Anca Dumitrescu 3 

1 “Romanian Waters” National Administration Siret Branch 



3 “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi 

Corresponding author: Radu Cristian, cristofor_radu@yahoo.com 

Abstract: By its characteristics, the soil is the main “reservoir” of most substances with 

pollution risk. Soil pollution can be produced by a number of substances which have a 

disruptive action for a shorter or long time. Pollution with effects on long period of time is 

known as residual pollution. It concerns at period in which harmful substances remain 

(persist) in soil degrading him to clean up and restoring are impossible. Depending on 

extend, residual pollution may influence the natural cycles, dynamics and composition of 

the hydrosphere and atmosphere, biosphere etc., with major socio-economic implications. 

The substances with the highest risk of residual pollution for all environmental factors and 

population are heavy metals. In Romania, the residual effect of pollution with heavy metals 

is a major environmental problem. This is due to economic activities which were 

conducted and/or carried out. For monitoring environmental quality and the content of 

heavy metals have developed a number of methods based on sampling techniques, sample 

preparation and analysis. Because the human settlements and the main economic activities 

are developed mainly on a watercourse, this paper analyzes the content of heavy metals 

from alluvial sediment and banks Siret Basin respectively. Sediments are known as 

”reservoirs” of elements in aquatic systems and is recognized as one of the largest sources 

of pollution. Sediments accumulate different types of pollutants. By analyzing of 

sediments can obtain information about various transport phenomena, transformation and 

recovery of pollutants. Also, analysis of sediments can be a means to achieve 

reconstruction of historical changes (natural or anthropogenic) that have occurred over the 

time and understanding anthropogenic impact on natural ecosystems. Research focused on 

certain sections (points) of monitoring from Siret River Basin. These sections were chosen 

taking into account of the number and importance of pollution points (economic activities 

and urban agglomerations). 

Key words: soil pollution, residual pollution, sediment, heavy metals. 

68



RESEARCH ON THE CAUSES OF TORRENTIAL RAINS IN 

THE CENTRAL SOUTHERN OF MOLDAVIAN REGION 

ON 05 SEPTEMBER 2007 

Maria Vasilica 1 , Doina Capsa 1 , Irina Covaci 1 , Valentin Nedeff 2 , 

Narcis Barsan 2 

1 Regional weather forecasting service Bacau 



Corresponding author: Capsa Doina, doina_capsa@yahoo.com 

Abstract: Precipitation is defined as water falling from atmospheric layers to the surface of 

the earth. All precipitation contributes to the water circuit in nature. At the national level 

the atmospheric precipitation increases from east to west and from the lowlands to the 

highlands. Mean annual precipitation in the Danube Delta and on the seashore hardly 

reaches 400 mm per year, increasing to 500 - 600 mm per year in the lowlands and 

exceeding 1000 mm per year in the highlands. The mean annual precipitation varies a lot 

from one year to another. Even if mean annual precipitation doesn’t exceed the 

multiannual average, the most important problems occur when a large quantity of 

precipitation falls in a very short period of time. This paper studies the main causes that 

determined the torrential rains on the 5th of September 2007. The main characteristics of 

that day consisted in the torrential rains that occurred over the central-south part of 

Moldavia between 9 am and 12 pm. The convective clouds developing above the northern 

part of the Romanian plain followed a certain path over the central-south part of Moldavia, 

finally leading to quantitatively significant torrential rains. Synoptic situation in the 

context of floods that occurred in the south of Moldavia in the period studied is as follows: 

on 05.09.2007 in the area where floods have occurred under the influence of a depression 

from Minor Asia. At continental level has occurred a particularly barometric phenomenon 

from NE to SW of Europe. The Azores anticyclone was extended on the western half of 

the continent and the European part of Russia was under the influence of an anticyclone 

nucleus. Under the Azores anticyclone dorsal there has been a connection between two 

active cores, one located in the SW part of Bulgaria, Greece's N and NW Russia's. Six 

hours after production, this phenomenon has moved from west to east and in this time the 

Azores anticyclone has expanded a dorsal to the north central parts of Europe.Also, this 

paper presents the social and economic impact of significant floods on the local 

communities from the affected areas. 

Key words: precipitation, convective clouds, torrential rains. 

69



RESEARCH ON THE USE OF ORGANIC FLOCCULANTS IN 

TREATING THE SLUDGE FROM THE MUNICIPAL 

WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS 

Mariana Turcu 1, 2 , Valentin Nedeff 2 , Narcis Barsan 2 

1 SC ECO SISTEM PROIECT SRL 



Corresponding author: Turcu Mariana, ecosistemproiect@yahoo.com 

Abstract: The quality of the water represents the conventional assembly of values of 

certain physical, chemical and biological properties which differ according to the 

consumption type. The water pollution involves changes of the functional specifications 

due to the presence of the physical chemical and biological compounds, which have values 

over a limit imposed under the standard regulations. After any type of use, the water is 

transformed in what we can call it, under a general tern “wastewater”. The classification of 

the wastewater is made upon two main directions, depending on the source of their origin 

it is classified in domestic wastewater and industrial wastewater. Sequence to any 

treatment process of the domestic wastewater results residual sludge, which is classified 

according to the type of water use and to the treatment procedure type applied. Mainly, the 

sludge come from the primary and secondary decantation of the wastewater, and their 

physical, chemical, biological and bacteriological specification highly depend on their 

origin. In the sludge treatment process, three important phases are to be noted: the 

preliminary phase, for the sludge thickening, the stabilization phase and the dehydration 

phase. In the present work the identification of the most efficient organic cationic 

flocculants was studied, which may be used in the process of the thickening and 

dehydratation of the sludge result from the municipal wastewater treatment plants. The 

organic synthesis flocculants are macromolecules with long chains, obtained by associating 

synthetic monomers having electrical loads or ionisable groups. Also the organic synthesis 

flocculants are like solid products, emulsions or solutions (20 g/L in water). Before using 

the organic flocculants for specific industrial applications, it is necessary the achievement 

of a testing stage at the laboratory level. Any testing procedure in a laboratory aims the 

simulation of the industrial conditions. In this sense, the present research has aimed the 

testing of the organic cationic flocculants, Zetag type, to identify the most efficient 

flocculant from this category. The main parameters followed during the laboratory tests 

were: the reaction time; flocculants dimension; sedimentation time; clearing; mixing and 

strength of the flocculants. After the result of the laboratory tests can be specifying that the 

laboratory tests are sufficiently precise to extrapolate the results to industrial applications. 

Key words: sludge treatment process, organic cationic flocculants, laboratory tests. 

70



THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE RELIABILITY 

REQUIREMENTS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS 

Andrei Stoicescu 

“Politehnica” University of Bucharest, Department of Hydraulics, Hydraulical Machinery and 


Corresponding author: Andrei Stoicescu, andrei.stoicescu@skivirus.com 

Abstract: Reliability engineering is an engineering field that designs the works with the 

ability of a system or component to perform its required functions. Reliability is often 

measured with terms such as probability of failure, mean time between failures, measure of 

availability, and maintainability. Reliability engineering for complex systems, such as 

wastewater treatment works, requires a more elaborate systems approach than reliability 

for a simpler system. Reliability engineers should have broad skills and knowledge of the 

processes within a works most industries (such as wastewater treatment) do not have 

specialized reliability engineers, and the reliability task becomes a part of the design 

engineer’s responsibility. Reliability engineering is an emerging discipline that refers to 

the process of including reliability into products and systems. One of the most important 

design techniques is redundancy or backup. This means that if one part of the system fails, 

there is an alternate path, such as a backup system. The reason why this is the preferred 

choice is related to the fact that to provide absolute reliability is often very costly. By 

creating redundancy, along with a high level of control and the intent of this article is to 

augment the local authorities, and establish local design guidelines for wastewater 

treatment facilities with regard to minimum standards for reliability for systems and their 

components. Although each jurisdiction will have its own requirements, the criterion set 

forth in this article is of a general nature and should be adapted to individual jurisdiction 

requirements. A healthy discussion on definitions and terms common to the works and 

reliability will be included. This portion is to aid the diverse engineering disciplines 

associated with a wastewater treatment system with the common terminology of the 

reliability design criteria. Reliability will be defined and its classifications will be 

discussed. Examples of each classification will be included. The reliability design criteria 

will then be transposed upon the works design. Items such as location, expansion, piping, 

and maintenance will be presented. Systems such as wastewater treatment, sludge 

handling, electrical power, and control systems will be included. 

71



ENVIRONMENTAL RISK DUE TO LEACHATE FROM 

NON-CONFORMING LANDFILLS 

Adriana Vatra, Gabriel Lazar 



Corresponding author: Adriana Vatra, adriana.vatra@ub.ro 

Abstract: The major potential environmental risk related to landfill leachate is the 

contamination of groundwater and surfacewaters. The leachate contains a range of organic 

and inorganic compounds that may be either dissolved or suspended. When the leachate is 

discharged from older sites made before modern standards it becomes a great risk for the 

environment. In Romania most of the municipality’s landfills are not conforming with the 

European Union standards. This paper describes the risks and the impact of leachate 

generated by these landfills for the environment by using mathematical and spatial 

modeling. Described method was used to study an old landfill that has started from 1960, 

located in Roman, Romania, near to Moldova River, and to distances less than 500 meters 

of private homes. Over time here were stored household waste and non-hazardous 

industrial waste collected from the Roman city; the landfill capacity is exceeded at this 

moment by about 2.2 times. Disposal of nonselective waste was made in layers compacted 

only with a bulldozer. For simulating one-dimensional contaminant transport and 

groundwater flow through unsaturated zones a popular software, UnSat Suite, was used. 

Software package include SESOIL, VS2DT, VLEACH, PESTAN, and the <strong>International</strong> 

Weather Generator. The combination of models offers the ability for simulating the 

downward vertical flow of water and the migration of dissolved contaminants through the 

vadose zone. UnSat Suite software includes tools for project management, generating 

synthetic weather data, modeling flow and contaminants through the unsaturated zone, 

estimating groundwater recharge and contaminant loading rates, and preparing compliance 

reports. Geographic Information System was also used to generate spatial data necessary to 

asses the risk. 

Key words: landfill leachate, older sites, mathematical modeling, spatial modelling. 

72



THE CONSEQUENCES OF REDUCING THE AVAILABILITY 

OF BIOMASS IN TIME 

Paula Voicu 

“Politehnica” University of Bucharest, Department of Power engineering 

Corresponding author: Voicu Paula, paulavoicu85@yahoo.com 

Abstract: In an era where reserves by conventional fuel are in diminishing, leading to a 

rapid increase in prices, people are heading the attention to new sources of primary energy 

to supply a energy of industry cleaner and safer on a long time. Biomass is a renewable 

source, non-fossil, from which can be obtained fuels, which can be used in power 

generation systems. The main difference of fossil fuels is the availability biomass in nature 

and that it is in continue "reproduction". The use its enable the use of materials that could 

be destined destruction, as a source of energy "renewable", trough result with many 

ecological values. The use of biomass for energy does not contribute to the greenhouse 

effect because the same amount of carbon dioxide supplied during combustion is 

reabsorbed during the process of growth of biomass through photosynthesis process itself. 

In this context, therefore, increase the share of energy produced trough the use biomass, at 

the expense of fossil fuels can lead to reduce CO² emitted into the atmosphere. In this 

paper it put just the problem the reduction of available biomass in time, and what 

consequences it brings this. It will analyze the results this trough the variation of net 

updated income according to the nominal cogeneration thermal coefficient and which it 

will be new optimal coefficient of cogeneration. It will consider the case of use of biomass 

in the cogeneration installation and natural gas in thermal installation of peak. Starting 

from the last European Council Directives on the cogeneration by high efficiency and 

those on in the use of renewable energy resources, it will highlight the advantages of 

granting green certificates for electricity generation using renewable energy resources. It 

will analyze the case of highly efficient plants, cogeneration plants, where for the 

production of electricity from renewable energy resources it get 4 green certificates, 

according to Law 220/2008, republished in the Official 577 of 13.August.2010. 

Key words: biomass, cogeneration, green certifications, updated net income, optimal coefficient of 

cogeneration. 

73



STUDIES REGARDING THE BEHAVIOR OF SOLID 

PARTICLES ON A FLAT OSCILATING SURFACE 

Ovidiu Bontas 1 , Valentin Nedeff 2 , Emilian Florin Mosnegutu 2 , 

Mirela Panainte 2 , Oana (Irimia) Tirtoaca 2 

1 “George Bacovia” University of Bacau 

2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau 

Corresponding author: Bontas Ovidiu, ovidiu.bontas@ugb.ro 

Abstract: In many industrial applications much of the solid particles are separated by size 

and for this purpose are used oscillating sieves. The separation on site is a complex process 

that depends on several factors, such as: 

- the properties of solids particle which will be separate; 

- operating regimes of separation equipment. 

To streamline the process of separation there has been studied the behavior of solid 

particles on the grain surface, by drawing up a series of mathematical models aimed at 

identifying the solid particle trajectory. This paper presents a study realized at the "Vasile 

Alecsandri" University in Bacau, which aimed to determine the ideal particle travel path 

and for the different types of real particles. To highlight just the oscillating behavior of 

solid surfaces in the experimental measurements there has been used a blind screen. The 

experimental determinations were performed on a laboratory bench with flat oscilating 

sieves. The movement of the solid particle on the working surface has been monitored by 

two cameras positioned in perpendicular planes, the system aimed at obtaining the spatial 

trajectory of the particle on the stage. Films obtained from experimental measurements 

were processed using the software SynthEyes, obtaining files *.txt which contain the data 

to visualize the trajectory of a particle studied on one working plan. By combining the two 

paths obtained one can view the three-dimensional trajectory of the solid particle. The 

present study aimed to determine the trajectory for different types of particles, namely: 

ideal spherical particle, particle with cube form, various other forms of real particles: soy, 

pod and grain. Within the experimental measurements, we also studied the solid particle 

behavior for different operating conditions, namely: 

- different angles of work surfaces; 

- different operating modes of the block sieves. 

After processing the data obtained from experimental measurements one could calculate 

the velocity of solid particle on a flat oscillating surface. 

Key words: solid particle, friction coefficient, block sieves. 

74



MODELING HYDRO-MORPHOLOGICAL DATA FROM A 

HYDROGRAPHIC AREA, USING GIS ARCHYDRO 

Dan Dascalita 

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of the Environment Engineering and 


Corresponding author: Dan Dascalita, dan_dsclt@yahoo.com 

Abstract: An effective flood protection system requires the production of a computer based 

subsystem, able to model characteristic hydro-morphological data and a technological 

subsystem using the information received from the computer based subsystem (parameters 

needed by quick intervention devices to avoid flood damage). In this paper I present the 

stages of digital modeling using GIS ARCHYDRO components. To exemplify, I chose an 

experimental area, the hydrographic space of Trebes River, right affluent of Bistrita River. 

In the design process I used a basemap containing geographic data on water leakage from 

the Hydrographic Area Siret, which includes the catchment boundaries, water courses and 

bodies shape files. We also used a geographic database that keeps all data layers and create 

relationships within the geographical database and a set of features for each of the 

monitoring stations, part of the geographical database. Through the processing of hydromorphological 

database, I determined: 

- the length sections of streams in specified sections of interest; 

- the areas of river sectors, where all the water leaks are drained from. 

Modeling is very useful for flood forecasting, for the interpretation of other phenomena 

produced along the water courses, but also for quick intervention in order to prevent flood 

damages, accidental pollution, water use restrictions in times of low water, etc. This model 

can be optimized and can become an expert system in critical cases of damage prevention 

and defense against waterways emergencies. 

Key words: Geographic Information System, hydro-morphological, flood. 

75



THE IMPACT OF HYDROTECHNICAL ARRANGEMENTS ON 

WATER COURSES AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 

Dan Dascalita 

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of the Environment Engineering and 



Abstract: Hydrotechnical arrangements are complex projects, arranged on water courses, 

with an important role in water management, water control, water protection, underwater 

ecosystems protection, and over the social-economical development of the areas they are 

built in. They are designed to control the benefits and the damages produced by big waters, 

slope erosion or land slips. At present, we cannot imagine a sustainable development of 

water resources without integrating the hydrographical basins arrangements in a larger 

system. Hydrotechnical set-ups include big size works, which come with both positive and 

negative effects over the natural regime of water courses, as well as over other 

environmental factors. We can distinguish hydrotechnical works with the following 

effects: 

- functional: water supply, defence against floods, riverbeds regularizations, producing 

electrical power, navigation; 

- underwater and land ecosystems protection: to ensure the fauna and flora species a 

suitable life environment; 

- social economical: affecting some human settlements, some land destinations, some 

traditional crafts, or even historical or archeological sites; 

- geo-hydro-morphological: modifying some riverbeds of water courses, the land and the 

climate, the hydrological or geological regimes; 

- modifying the quality of the water, and other environmental factors in the affect area. 

The negative effects produced by hydrotechnical works over water courses and ecosystems 

can be diminished and even avoided in some situations, if regulation and directives that 

establish environmental objectives at regional and national levels are respected. In this 

paper, I presented some aspects regarding hydrotechnical arrangements and their impact 

over the water courses and aquatic ecosystems, with special regard over the Siret 

Hydrographic Basin. 

Key words: hydrotechnical arrangements, impact, aquatic ecosystem 

76



INFLUENCE OF LAND USES ON WATER FLOW AND 

NUTRIENTS IN THE WATERSHED TAABO: INTEREST OF A 

MODELING WITH SWAT 

Armand Anoh Kouao 1, 2 , Jean Patrice Jourda 2 , Kan Jean Kouame 2 , 

Tanoh Jean-Jacques Koua 1,2 , Gabriel Lazar 1 

1 "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau, Environment and Mechanical Engineering Dept. 

Romania 

2 University of Cocody-Abidjan, Laboratory for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis 

Applied to Hydrogeology, Cote d’Ivoire 

Corresponding author: anohkouaoarmand@yahoo.fr /anohkoua@gmail.com 

Abstract: In Cote d’Ivoire, as in most developing countries, the combination of poverty 

and population growth in the watershed contribute with many problems in terms of natural 

resource degradation, such as soil, forests and water. The river system in Cote d’Ivoire has 

four major basins, including Bandama wich represents 32% of the total reservoir of the 

country. Created in 1975, Lake Watershed Taabo (sub Bandama basin) has made available 

to Ivorians and rural people in particular, a vast expanse of water to multiple uses. The 

core activity of most indigenous peoples remains agriculture which occupies almost 85% 

of land in the basin. Moreover, since lake creation, the forest cover has been reduced from 

78% to 25% in early 1990. This reduction in forest area favored by the agriculture 

intensification increased tenfold the leaching phenomena and soil erosion. However, 

leaching and soil erosion associated with increasing fertilizer inputs result in losses of 

nutriments to the river system resulting eutrophication problems experienced by 26% of 

the total area of the lake since 1990s. University studies conducted on the Taabo retention 

in 2002 and 2007 show that it is attacked by many anthropogenic activities of local 

residents. It also present at level of physical-chemical characteristics, an overall annual 

input and output flows of suspended solids of approximately 8812 tons or 16% of 

particulate flows. Therefore, the protection of this water is imperative because of its 

susceptibility to exploitation and pollution. Unfortunately, in Cote d’Ivoire, no surface 

water has benefit yet of an environmental protection program. It would therefore be 

advisable that sustainable management of water resources is integrated into development 

of Cote d’Ivoire for an economic and social development in the long term. A palliative 

solution for water pollution will be agro-hydrological modeling with SWAT model to 

reflect the complexity of the interactions between climate, soils and plants. The purpose of 

this study is to evaluate the feasibility of an agro-hydrological modeling of the Taabo 

watershed, to quantify the phenomena of diffuse pollution, appreciate their origins, and 

suggest priority areas for action for actions restoration of the water quality. 

Keywords: Hydrologie, nutrient, eutrophication, river basin management, Modeling, SWAT. 

77



ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESMENT OF WASTEWATER 

SLUDGE DISPOSAL 

Elena Manea, Doru Manea, Dan Robescu 

“Politehnica” University of Bucharest, Department of Hydraulics, Hydraulic Machines and 


Corresponding author: Elena Manea, estreitferdt@yahoo.com 

Abstract: Important environmental risks can come from any human activities. Considering 

wastewater treatment, all stages must be attentively studied and evaluated. The final 

disposal of wastewater treatment sludge is a disputed subject. In most cases, in Romania, 

the sludge is stored, and not reused. Many countries, as Switzerland, Sweden and 

Germany, already have laws and regulations against sludge storage. The immediate 

conclusion is that a solution for final disposal for each wastewater treatment plant has to be 

found and applied. An environmental risk assessment for sludge disposal was elaborated. 

Using sludge with dangerous substances content as an agricultural fertilizer can provide 

risks for humans and all environmental components. An important risk factor that had to be 

taken into account is the combination of sludge usage as a fertiliser and agriculture 

activities that has its own consequences. The most important risk factors in the studied 

case, wastewater sludge usage as an agriculture fertilizer, comes from heavy metal 

contents, nutrients contents, the existence and types of irrigation systems for the land on 

which the fertilizer will be applied on, climate conditions and others. Sludge samples from 

a wastewater treatment plant were analyzed in order to determine their quality as fertilizer 

and the contaminants contents. The results showed that the heavy metals content is low, 

according to the 86/278 EEC Directive requirements. The Calcium, Nitrogen and 

Magnesium content resulted as being comparable to the sludge contents in other EU 

countries. In exchange, the main nutrients, Potassium and Phosphorus have low 

concentrations in the analyzed sludge. From an ecological point of view, the best way 

would be to eliminate the organic matter and nutrients from the environment. Heavy 

metals, medical wastes and pathogens often found in wastewater sludge represent a 

considerable risk against human health and environmental protection. The results led to the 

conclusion that the environmental risks of using sludge as a fertilizer weren’t high if a 

careful monitoring of substances contents takes place. 

Key words: risk assessment, sludge, agriculture, wastewater. 

78



VALORIZATION OF WHEY FROM DAIRIES AS FERTILIZER. 

WHEY INFLUENCE ON GERMINATION AND PLANT 

GROWTH 

L. Grosu 1 , B. Fernandez 2 , C. G. Grigoras 1 , O. I. Patriciu 1 , I. C. Grig-Alexa 1 , D. 

Nicuta 3 , D. Ciobanu 1 , V. Nedeff 4 , L. Gavrila 1 , A. L. Finaru 1 

1 ”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Romania, 

2 Ecole Polytechnique Universitaire de Lille, Département Génie Biologique – Industries 

Agro-alimentaires, Avenue Paul Langevin, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France, 3 ”Vasile 

Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Biology, Ecology and Environmental Protection, 

Romania, 4 ”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mechanical and Environmental 

Engineering, Romania 

Corresponding author: L. Grosu, lumig@ub.ro, 

Abstract: Whey is the main by-product of the dairy industry, the acid whey being seen as a 

waste product. Each kg of produced cheese generates 8 to 12 kg of whey that contents most of 

the saccharydes and minerals from the raw milk. Despite the fact that whey is an important raw 

material for producing dietary food products, proteic concentrates, nutraceuticals, specialty 

chemicals, etc., large quantities of whey are still unused, being a burden for the wastewater 

treatment plants. The use of whey as crops fertilizer may enhance agricultural production, thus 

minimizing the food security risks. The literature concerning recovery and/or valorization of 

the by-products from the dairy industry reveals that whey represents a product of major 

interest. From the researches conducted to date has been found that spread as fertilizer on 

cultivated lands, whey affords the improvement of nutrients flux from plants. Indeed, nitrogen, 

phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, sodium and magnesium, lactose and proteins from whey can play 

this role and lead to increased crop productivity. The amounts of these compounds from whey 

can be considered sufficient for plant growth. In the present paper, the possibility of direct 

valorization of whey as fertilizer was investigated. For this study, the experiments were carried 

out on three species of plants: broccoli (Brassica oleracea L., var botrytis, subvar. cymosa.), 

soy (Glicine max (L) Merr) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The acid whey used for these 

experiments became from the manufacturing process of traditional „telemea” cheese and was 

provided by a local company. The seeds were wetted with distilled water (for the blank 

sample), with distilled water/whey mixtures in different ratios (1:1, 1:4) and with whey only. 

The germination capacity of seeds was examined. The highest values for the germination were 

obtained in the case of the broccoli seeds, and the most favorable water/whey ratio was 1:1, 

followed by the mixture 1:4. The accumulation of the fresh and dry biomass after the pot 

development phase was analyzed. Aerial parts of wheat, soy and broccoli plants and soy roots 

were harvested, measured, counted and weighed in order to estimate the effect produced by the 

addition of whey on plants growth and development. The results obtained in the case of the 

three studied species suggested the positive effect of the whey addition. Harvested plant 

material was extracted in order to perform qualitative and quantitative analyses concerning the 

chemical composition. The extraction of plant material was realized by classical methods and 

under microwaves. The preliminary results of thin layer chromatography (TLC) and UV-VIS 

spectroscopy analysis of the extracts confirmed the positive influence of whey addition, 

encouraging further research. 

79



ASPECTS OF WATER DEMINERALIZATION WITH MIXED- 

LAYER ION-EXCHANGERS 

Iuliana Rogoveanu Radosavlevici, Dan Niculae Robescu 

Politehnica University of Bucharest, Power Engineering Faculty 

Iuliana Rogoveanu Radosavlevici, rad_iu@yahoo.com 

Abstract: Ion exchange is used for water treatment on a large number of separations from 

water-based and non-water-based media, it has a special use in chemical synthesis, medical 

research, agriculture and food processing. The utility of ion exchange is primarily that the 

ion-exchanger can be regenerated and reused. Ion exchange is being used more often in the 

nuclear industry for recuperation and separation of radioactive elements such as Uranium, 

Plutonium, fission products and other impurities. This experimental application sets to 

investigate total water demineralization for the public water distribution network in 

Bucharest, Romania, which is achieved through a method of passing the water flow 

through an acid cation mixed layer (Purolite C100) and an alkaline anion (Purolite A400). 

For this purpose, the qualitative and quantitative influence of the flow speed through the 

layer, the total volume of ion exchangers and working temperature over the process 

dynamics and the quantitative characterization of the investigated process using a 3-factor 

experimental research plan were tracked. A mathematical model was elaborated in order to 

describe the process dynamics for ion exchange in fixed and mixed layer with ion 

exchanging resin. In order to achieve this objective some simplifying assumptions were 

made: 

- The cation and anion particles are identical, sphere shaped objects with a diameter of dp; 

- Ion exchange takes place between H+ ions that are initially found in the cationite and the 

j cationites in water and the anions exchange takes place between the OH- anions initially 

found in the anionite and the k anions in water; for simplicity consider j=Ca2+, k=HCO3-; 

- The ion exchange process takes place on the ion changer’s particles’ surface; 

- The global ion exchange speed depends on the speeds of elemental surface retention and 

release processes; 

- The ion retention process speed is directly proportional to the number of active loci in the 

exchanger and the ion concentration in liquid state; 

- The ion release process speed is directly proportional to the concentration of ion in solid 

state; 

- Piston flow with axial dispersion of the liquid state; 

- The axial dispersion coefficient is determined with the Levenspiel formula; 

- The ion exchange process is isothermal. 

Keywords: Ion exchange, demineralization, cationite, anionite, axial dispersion. 

80



SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF 

GLOBALIZATION. ANALYSIS OF THE REGULATIONS OF 

THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION 

Gheorghe Durac, Nicolae-Horia Tit 

„Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Faculty of Law 

Corresponding author: Nicolae Horia Tit horia.tit@gmail.com 

Abstract: The effects of the phenomenon of globalization are, on the one hand, an 

unprecedented dissemination of the production factors (there are situations when the final 

product is the result of a production performed on the territory of over twenty countries), 

and on the other hand, a true “explosion” of the services provided at a world level. 

Globalization is manifested at an economic, social, cultural, and educational level. From an 

institutional point of view, globalization implies the appearance of entities with 

competences at a world scale, through which rules and disciplines are regulated and 

applied, which influence the socio-human activities. Such international institutions are the 

World Trade Organization, the <strong>International</strong> Monetary Fund, and the World Bank. The 

fundamental objectives of the World Trade Organization, established through the Preamble 

to the Marrakesh Agreement of April 15th 1994, refer to increasing the standard of life, the 

integral use of the labor force, increasing real income and demand, enhancing the 

production and trade with goods and services. However, meeting these objectives must 

take into account the need to protect the environment and the special needs of the 

developing countries. The Preamble also stresses the importance of sustainable economic 

development, respectively an economic development taking into account the natural and 

social environment, and the integration of the developing countries and especially the less 

advanced in the world economic system. Fulfilling the objectives shown above implies two 

sets of rules: some concentrated around the fundamental principles of international trade, 

respectively the treatment of the most favored nation, national treatment and rules 

concerning the access to the market; the others, built for exceptional situations and meant 

to insure the flexibility of regulations in case it is necessary to protect certain fundamental 

values, such as the protection of the life or health of people, animals or plants, or the 

environment. This article aims to analyze the manner in which the regulations of the World 

Trade Organization reflect the balance between the commercial interests and those 

referring to the protection of life and the environment, in the direction of the sustainable 

development of human society, also stressing the criticism brought to the organization 

from this perspective. 

81



INTERACTION BETWEEN TOXIC LEAD IONS AND 

MODIFIED CALCIUM BENTONITES IN ENVIRONMENT 

DEPOLLUTION 

Ana-Maria Georgescu 1, 2 , Ileana Denisa Nistor 1 , Claude Penot 2 , 

Francoise Nardou 2 

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Romania 

2 University of Limoges, France 

Corresponding author: Ileana Denisa Nistor, dnistor@ub.ro, denisanistor@yahoo.com 

Abstract: Nowadays the decontamination of waters containing heavy metals has become 

one of the most serious environmental problems, especially in the case of accidental 

pollution and uncontrolled discharges of wastewater from metallurgical, chemical, 

galvanic and mechanical engineering. Heavy metals are not biodegradable and therefore 

tend to accumulate in living organisms, many heavy metal ions being toxic and 

carcinogenic. Toxic heavy metals of particular concern in the treatment of industrial 

wastewater are: mercury, lead, cadmium, zinc, chromium (IV), nickel, arsenic, cobalt. 

Different methods used for heavy metals removal from wastewaters were studied in the 

last years, like: chemical precipitation, ionic exchange, adsorption, electrolytic recover, 

extraction with solvents, reverse osmosis, membrane separation, ultrafiltration, flotation 

etc. Adsorption is a simple and efficient operation which permits the recover of adsorbent 

and of retained components and its subsequent reusing. This paper presents the synthesis 

and characterization of porous materials using different pillars as Al (III) and Cr (III) 

intercalated between the layers of montmorillonite. The starting material used to prepare 

the pillared clays was calcium natural bentonite from Orasu Nou deposit (Romania). The 

adsorption studies of lead ions on the obtained bentonites were realized using 

discontinuous batch technique, the main parameters that were varied being: contact time 

between the adsorbent and the aqueous solution of Pb (II), adsorbent / adsorbat ratio, Pb 

(II) ions concentration of initial solution. The raw material and pillared bentonites were 

characterized by: BET (Brunauer-Emmet-Teller) method and XRD (X-ray diffraction) 

analysis. Determination of ionic metallic concentration retained on materials after the 

contact with the metallic ions was realized using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. 

The values of correlation coefficients (R2) obtained for linear dependencies showed that 

adsorption of Pb (II) ions on studied materials is better described by Langmuir model, 

compared with Freundlich model. Freundlich model constant n > 1, suggested that 

adsorption of Pb (II) on bentonite is a favorable process. The textural analysis of 

nanomaterials obtained confirmed that pillaring process leads to the development of 

optimal porosity with good adsorption properties, which can be sucessfully adapted for use 

in the process of removal of heavy metals occuring in wastewaters. 

Key words: bentonite, pillaring, lead, adsorption. 

82



HETEROGENEOUS WATER PHASE CATALYSIS AS AN 

ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATION 

Nicoleta Platon 1 , Ileana Denisa Nistor 1 , Ilie Siminiceanu 2 


2 “Gh. Asachi” Technical University of Iaşi, Department of Chemical Engineering 

Corresponding author: Ileana Denisa Nistor, dnistor@ub.ro, denisanistor@yahoo.com 

Abstract: The urban distribution of qualitative water for human consumption, domestic 

activities and industrial use is a fundamental objective in what concerns the sustainability 

of life quality for the population. However, many industrial processes generate a series of 

pollutants, which have a negative impact on ecosystems and on humans (toxic, 

carcinogenic and mutagenic properties). Particularly, phenol is considered as one of the 

most toxic pollutants, especially for human health but also for the aquatic fauna and flora, 

causing an increase in the demand of oxygen in water sources and causing unpleasant taste 

and smell in drinking water even when it is found in very small quantities. Catalytic wet 

peroxide oxidation (CWPO) is part of the advanced oxidation processes (AOP) and is an 

efficient process because H2O2 is a strong oxidative agent. Pillared clays are successfully 

used as catalysts in these processes. Study on chemically modified clays by pillaring in 

Fenton and Fenton type processes were investigated due to its low cost, to its mild 

conditions (room temperature, atmospheric pressure) and to lack of toxicity for the 

environment of clays, hydrogen peroxide and iron salts. In this work, catalysts based on 

chemically modified clays by pillaring process with Al (III) and Fe (III) using as raws 

materials: commercial bentonite, KSF montmorillonite and K10 montmorillonite from 

Aldrich were synthesized. After, these catalysts were tested in wet oxidation with 

peroxides using the phenol as target compound. Experimental results show that Fe 

chemically modified clay from bentonite presented a higher activity than the Al-Fe one. 

The raw materials and chemically modified clays were characterized by: BET (Brunauer- 

Emmet-Teller) method, XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis and EDAX-SEM (energydispersive 

X-ray) spectroscopy. By testing the derived catalyst from sodium bentonite, a 

100% conversation of phenol was obtained after 50 minutes; by testing the KSF catalyst, a 

conversion of 98 % was obtained and by testing the catalyst obtained from K10 a 28% 

conversion was realized. The catalytic activity was evaluated by rate constant, considering 

a first order reaction. Verifying the hypothesis that the reaction is of order 1, we observe 

that the value of the rate constant K increases with the decrease of the phenol 

concentration. 

Key words: pillared clay, montmorillonit, phenol, catalytic oxidation. 

83



ASSESSMENT OF SEDIMENT AND PHOSPHORUS IN BUYO 

LAKE, COTE D’IVOIRE, USING SWAT (SOIL AND WATER 

ASSESSMENT TOOL) MODEL 

Tanoh Jean-Jacques Koua 1, 2 , Jean Patrice Jourda 1 , Kan Jean Kouamé 1 , 

Armand Anoh Kouao 1, 2 , Gabriel Lazar 2 

1 University of Cocody-Abidjan, Laboratory for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis 

Applied to Hydrogeology, Cote d’Ivoire 


Mechanical Engineering, Romania 

Corresponding author: Jean-Jacques Koua Tanoh, kouatanohjeanjacques@yahoo.fr 

Abstract: The changes in land use in the last 30 years in the territory of agro-forest 

watershed of Lake Buyo resulted in significant sediment into the lake. Sediments are a 

preferred means of transportation for certain pollutants, like phosphorus. By mapping the 

source areas of erosion, we can determine risk areas and help prioritize interventions in the 

territory. This mapping is done using the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model. 

Several types of datas, including topography, land use, soil and climate data are needed to 

run the model. In this paper are presented all different steps, from the designing of 

Hydrological Response Units (HRU), basic units to run the SWAT model until the 

simulations. The establishment of Hydrological Responses Units (HRU) has three (3) main 

stages: Space Discretization, Land use and soil data integration and HRU distribution: 

- Space Discretization which consist in extracting the limits and the water network of the 

watershed from the DEM (Digital Elevation Model) and to subdivide them into subbasins; 

- Landuse and soil data integration: it consists in digitizing the physical maps of land use 

and of soils under Mapinfo 7.5 and in keeping them in ".Shape" format; 

- HRU distribution: it leads to subdivide the sub-watersheds in small units that combine a 

single soil type and one type of land use. 

It appears from this study to obtain 23 sub-watersheds and 100 HRU. Once the HRU 

designed, it is necessary to integrate climate data, data on physico-chemical characteristics 

of soils and agricultural practices, before starting the simulations. This will allow the 

model to assess the risk of sedimentation and eutrophication of the lake using the the 

Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) and phosphorus cycle. 

Key words: SWAT, landuse, sediment, phosphorus, erosion, model. 

84



CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND WATER RESOURCES IN 

RURAL SENEGAL: THE CASE OF THE BOROUGH OF 

FIMELA 

Pierre Ndour 1, 2 , Alioune Kane 1 , Awa Niang 1 , Gabriel Lazar 2 

1 University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Graduate School, "Water, 

Quality and Uses of Water", Senegal 


Mechanical Engineering, Romania 

Corresponding author: Pierre Ndour, nd_pierre@hotmail.fr 

Abstract: Split between the mainland and the Atlantic Ocean, the Borough of Fimela 

constitutes the northern boundary of the Region of the Saloum islands. The increase of its 

population (49 075 inhabitants) causes an increased demand for water quality and quantity 

while the reduction in rainfall has put a great pressure on the local production system. Our 

study aims to analyze the impacts of climate variability on water resources and their uses. 

We collected climatic data from the National Agency of Aviation and Meteorology of 

Senegal. The exploitation of local development plans, the report of General Census of 

Population and Housing (1976, 1988 and 2002) and a survey of farmers in the Boyar 

valley allowed us to collect socioeconomic data and determine the public perception in 

relation to the variabilté climate and its implications on water resources. In the Borough of 

Fimela, high mean temperatures (28.6°C) combined with wind speed (2.3 m/s) and 

duration of sun exposure (10.5 h/day), promote a high level of evapotranspiration (188 

mm/year) and that is why the seasonal ponds dry prematurely. The rural areas of Fimela 

are all vulnerable to climate variability because the economy, based on rainfed agriculture, 

occupies 80% of the population. Moreover, marked by the existence of two contrasting 

seasons, the Borough of Fimela lies between 400 and 600 mm isohyets where rain comes 

from squall lines and the monsoon. However, the rainfall deficit (-25.34% between 1979 

and 2007) has favored the extension of the salt flats that have led to a loss of arable land, 

degradation of vegetation and water quality. Thus, low yields caused by increased 

frequency of lean seasons promote migration of more than 58% of the population. Fimela 

also faces problems of water availability in adequate quantity while tablecloths are 

experiencing a strong acidity and mineralization. The electrical conductivity is everywhere 

greater than 1000 µS/cm, chlorine is above 500mg/l and Fluore far exceeds 1.5 mg/l. This 

results in staining of teeth and fluoreuse oseuese in some places. In conclusion, this study 

highlights the problem of water in rural Senegal. Socioeconomic development and 

environmental stability are closely related to the quantity and quality of available water 

resources, hence the need to know the causes and indicators of climate variability for 

proper development of local adaptation strategie. 

Key words: Climate Variability, Water, Senegal, Fimela, Borough. 

85



PREVENT MAJOR ACCIDENTS INVOLVING HAZARDOUS 

SUBSTANCES 

Daniel-Catalin Felegeanu, Valentin Nedeff 

“Vasile Alecsandri“University of Bacau, Romania 

Corresponding author: catalin.felegeanu@isubacau.ro 

Abstract: Worldwide are economic operators who use in the production process 

hazardous substances, and as a result of that process can produce major accidents with 

serious consequences on the health and safety of humans as well as on the environment. 

Worldwide took place a series of serious major accidents in the chemical industry. In 

Europe, the accident in Seveso, Italy in 1976 had caused the adoption of the legislation 

that is aimed to prevent and control this type of disasters. In 1982 was adopted a 

Directive by the Council of Europe, no. 501/EC, June 24, 1982, regarding risks of major 

accidents of certain industrial activities – SEVESO I Directive had been replaced with 

SEVESO II Directive- Directive by the Council of Europe no. 82/EC December 9, 1996 

related with the control of major accidents involving hazardous substances, extended by 

SEVESO III Directive – Directive by the Council of Europe no. 105/EC December 16, 

2003. Serious accidents that happened in Toulouse – France, Enschede – Holland, 

Bhopal – India, Baia Mare – Romania have been depply studied by experts of the 

European Union, resulting the need to change legislation in this domain, with immediate 

effects on the activities of the economic operators, who use hazardous substances in the 

process of production or transporting hazardous substances. In accordance with the 

stipulations of Directive SEVESO, all the operators (companies/enterprises) with this 

purpose of activity, should sent to the competent authorities a notice and elaborate a plan 

to prevent major accidents. More, the operator is required to elaborate following 

documents: Safety Report, The system of risk management and Emergency Plan. 

Introducing the obligation regulation of risk management system has resulted from the 

development of new methods of management and organization, and in particular, from 

the significant changes made by industrial practice in the last 10 years in the domain of 

risk management. The project describes a part of measures imposed by the European 

legislation for the prevention, training and responsibility for owners of such technologies 

for identification, estimate of risks and to limit consequences of major accidents in which 

hazardous substances are involved. It is also a guide to provide information for the 

companies engaged in transporting dangerous goods (both internal and international 

traffic), for knowing and complying the most recent regulations included in the new 

structure of the European Agreement regarding to international road transport of 

dangerous substances as well as for the performance of activities who can may influent 

the transport safety. 

86



RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS ON AIR 

POLLUTANTS IN BACAU CITY 

Andreea Cocarcea 1 , Ema Faciu 1 , Iuliana Lazar 2 , Gabriel Lazar 1 




Corresponding author: Iuliana Lazar, ilazar@ub.ro 

Abstract: Heavy metals released from different sources in urban environment get adsorbed 

by humans on respirable particulate matter less than 10 μm in size (PM10) and are 

important from public health point of view. The composition of PM10 varies, as they can 

absorb and transfer a multitude of pollutants: metals, organic compounds, material of 

biologic origin, ions, reactive gases, and the particle carbon core. The concentrations of 

PM10, Pb, Cd and Ni from the air of Bacau City are measured daily by the Regional 

Agency of Environmental Protection Bacau (ARPM Bacau) and published in their monthly 

reports. The relations and correlations between concentrations of PM10, Pb, Cd and Ni 

measured during year 2011 and number of patients on disease categories registered in 2011 

were analyzed using descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations. It was shown a similar 

trend in variation during the period of all four trimesters for PM10 and Pb, and a maximum 

for all type of particles during the trimester IV. Another method for analyze the data used 

in this study was the multivariate statistics which shown a dependency of 53% between 

PM10 and Pb, of 52% between PM10 and Ni and of 38% between PM10 and Cd with a 

significant factor less than 0.05. The influence of these air pollutants on human health was 

analyzed using statistic data provided by IBM SPSS 20.0 software on number of registered 

ill persons by disease type and trimester during year 2011. The strongest Bivariate 

Correlations were shown between urological diseases and PM10 (R=0.60, p



ASSESSING TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN 

SIZE OF DIFFERENT FISH POPULATIONS RELATED WITH 

DIFFERENT BIOTIC ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES 

Camelia Ureche 1 , Dorel Ureche 2 , Iuliana Lazar 3 

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Biology, Ecology and 

Environmental Protection 

2 “Vasile Alecsandri”University of Bacau, Department of Environmental Engineering and 


3 “Vasile Alecsandri”University of Bacau, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering 


Abstract: A total of 2789 fish specimens from the basin of River Casin were caught in 

September 1999, in August and September 2004 and in September 2008 by electrofishing 

in order to investigate inter-relationships between growth and condition expressed by 

physical environment parameters. A Factor Analysis extracting the Principal Components 

(PCA) and Cluster Analysis, was also applied in order to identify variables that maximizes 

the dispersion or correlation criteria assigned to investigated samples and their association 

in order to compare with other studies. At the first factor PC1 the dimension of total length 

Lt (cm) and standard length l (cm) have the highest percentage (0.975) followed by head 

length Lc (cm) (0.953) and height H (cm) (0.934), at the second factor PC2 the largest 

share is attributed to air temperature (0.946) followed by the water temperature (0.912) and 

at the third factor PC3 water conductivity has the largest share of (-0.914) followed by 

water pH (0.863). A complex analysis using One Way ANOVA was performed to compare 

the frequency distributions of the lengths and weights of different fish populations related 

with different biotic environmental attributes and their evolution in time and in space. At 

Sabanejewia balcanica, Barbatula barbatula and Gobio obtusirostris species, there were 

statistically significant differences especially in 2008 along the investigated areas. This 

indicates that physical factors of the environment, especially air and water temperature, 

can influence with propensity these species. 

Key words: environment, fish, PCA, cluster, ANOVA. 

88



RISK EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS OF 

SEVERAL FISH SPECIES REFLECTS ON ALLOMETRIC 

SCALING DECREASES 

Dorel Ureche 1 , Camelia Ureche 2 , Iuliana Lazar 3 

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mechanical and 


2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Biology, Ecology and 

Environmental Protection 



Abstract: In view of a sustainable development it is necessary to identify species of fish 

with an increased risk of being affected by environmental quality. For this, specimens of 

Salmo trutta fario, Squalius cephalus, Phoxinus phoxinus, Alburnoides bipunctatus, Gobio 

obtusirostris, Barbus Barbus, Barbus petenyi, Barbatula barbatula, Sabanejewia 

balcanica, and Cottus gobio were collected at 8 previously determined points from the 

Casin River basin in August and September 2004, and September 2008, and grouped into 

two areas: upstream Casin region considered an unpolluted area and downstream Casin 

region considered a high pollution area. The purpose of this study is to determine the 

allometric exponent for identified species of fish, specific to the habitat, and the estimation 

of correlations between this parameter and the degree of pollution, in order to identify 

species with a high risk to environmental stress. Analyzing allometric scaling values (α) 

with specific analytical methods for captured fish populations in these areas we concluded 

that the characteristic values of this parameter for some species is strongly affected in time 

by the presence of pollutants factors. For some species, the allometric parameter decreased 

between 2004 and 2008, but in the polluted zone, the decrease was higher than in the 

unpolluted zone. For example, for Squalius cephalus the parameter’s value was 

3.0319/3.342 (unpolluted/polluted zone) in 2004 and 2.9888/2.7934 in 2008 and for 

Barbus petenyi α was 3.2050/3.2468 in 2004 and 2.7486/2.6217 in 2008. For some species 

the changes in the development process were significant, the important decrease of 

allometric scaling value indicating that these species were affected by the environmental 

stress. In this category must be presented the case of Sabanejewia balcanica, with 

remarkable changes: from 3.9547 in 2008 in unpolluted area α value drops to 0.9066 in the 

polluted area in the same year. Significant interaction between environmental conditions 

and a certain type of species was confirmed by Three-Way ANOVA test (F=3.893, df = 4, 

p = 0.019). 

Key words: allometry, fish, regression, pollution. 

89



INCREASE RISK OF VARY DISEASE FREQUENCY 

CORRELATED WITH AIR POLLUTANTS IN BACAU CITY 

DURING 2011 YEAR 

Alina Diaconescu 1 , Iuliana Lazar 2 , Ema Faciu 1 , Andreea Cocarcea 1 

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mechanical and 




Abstract: Potential effects of climate variability can be felt in the distribution, transport 

and concentration of air pollutants. Epidemiological studies have shown that air pollutants, 

differing in their chemical composition, reaction properties, emission, and persistence in 

the environment, ability to be transported in long or short distances are associated with a 

wide range of effects on human health, such as respiratory system, cardiovascular system, 

nervous system, urinary system and digestive system. This study evaluated the association 

between daily levels of air pollutants, such as NO, NOx, NO2, CO, SO, O3, NH3, PM2.5, 

PM10 and meteorological data (wind direction, wind speed, air temperature, air pressure, 

humidity) on cases of illness, from January 2011 to December 2011. Using a descriptive 

statistics in SPSS program (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), we analyzed 

possible associations between the mean air pollutants and the rate of cases of health effects 

during the year 2011. The statistics data was performed using ANOVA One-away method 

with Tukey’s-b test. The results using these method show the following aspect: the mean 

of pollutants (NO, NOx, NO2, CO, PM2.5, PM10), meteorological parameters (wind 

direction, air humidity and air pressure) and health diseases (rheumatics, heart diseases, 

infectious disease, diabetes) was recorded maximum values in winter time (1 january-30 

marts2011). In the case of ozone and sulphur dioxide did not shown links between their 

maximum values with cases of health diseases. This data study has shown how daily 

variation of air pollutants have significantly effects on people’s health. Another method for 

analyze the statistics data used in this study was the bivariate correlation. In the case of 

positive values generated, can observe a significant correlation between health diseases 

and air pollutants as follows: rheumatics and NO2; heart diseases and NOx, NO, NO2, O3, 

PM10, CO; diabetes and NO, Ox, NO2, O3;, infectious disease and NO2, PM10; 

respiratory diseases and SO, NO2, air temperature, air humidity; urology diseases and SO, 

NO, PM10, air temperature, air humidity. A very significant correlation resulted of 

analysis between O3 and neurology, endocrinology, gastrointestinal disease. There is no 

correlation between PM 2.5 and endocrinology disease and gastrointestinal disease. In the 

case of negative values generated, it has revealed a very significant correlation between air 

pressure and all health disease analyzed in this study. Between CO and diabetes, 

respiratory diseases and urology diseases not found any correlation. Results presented here 

suggests that elevated levels of air pollutants (below the current limits set by the 

Environmental Protection Agency), are associated with an increase in the rate of health 

effects; but some results presented above also reveal a non correlation between some air 

pollutants such as CO, air pressure, PM 2.5 and health diseases. 

90



AIIIBVI BASED PHOTOVOLTAIC RECEPTORS FOR 

EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF CARBON 

COMPOUNDS IN ATMOSPHERE 

Igor Evtodiev 1 , Oxana Racovet 1 , Iuliana Caraman 2 , Marius Stamate 2 

1 The Laboratory of Scientific Research "Photonics and Metrology Physics", 

Moldova State University 

2 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau 

Corresponding author: Oxana Racoveţ, racovetoxana@gmail.com 

Abstract: Consequently there are emitting enormous quantities of carbon toxic compounds 

(CO, CO2, CN). The development rhythm of human activity sets significant environment 

problems. After estimations made at XX century end [1] humanity uses only energetic 

resources, more than 2*10 17 kJ, except other activities which degrades the environment. 

That this why it’s an important actuality problem the control of atmosphere composition 

modifications through elaborating of new diagnostic methods. In the paper work we 

examine the perspective of photovoltaic cells of stratified semiconductors A III B VI using as 

light selective receptors. Carbon compounds in gaseous stare forms solar radiation 

absorption bands into a large spectrum domain (200÷100000) cm -1 . The intensity of 

absorbed light in these bands is direct proportional with the respective molecules 

concentration, but the frequency corresponding to the maximals of these bands are values 

characteristic to absorbed molecules. Thus by light intensity measuring from sun spectrum 

(or another light source) is obtained the information about the light type and absorption 

concentration. The main scheme of an optic measurement of gases consists of the light 

source and a selective receptor of radiation. The identification accuracy of the molecules 

type from the column through which is spreading the radiation is determined by the width 

of the light outline band recorded and by the integral sensibility. Fundamental absorption 

bands of CO, CO2, CN carbonate are in domain of IR medium (1000÷3500) cm -1 . The 

harmonics from the superior order of these gases atoms vibration are at the red limit of the 

visible (780÷900) nm, region which correlates well with fundamental absorption band of 

indium selenide. In the paper work is studded the dependence of the photocurrent 

generated by the heterojunction In2O3-InSe with interferential filter (Δλ=12 nm) 

independence of the CO and CN molecules concentration in normal atmosphere. It was 

established that for the light source of A (T=2870 K) type, InSe- In2O3 receptor and filter 

with the width 12 nm at λ0=798,5 nm is obtaining a photocurrent linear dependence of CO 

molecules pressure in (10÷100) mm Hg limits. Investigations were made in the Laboratory 

of Scientific Research "Photonics and Metrology Physics", Moldova State University. 

Key words: absorption band, receptor, sensibility, energy, light. 

91



QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATIONS OF CARBON OXIDES 

FROM ATMOSPHERE AFTER ELECTRONIC ABSORPTION 

SPECTRA 

Iuliana Caraman 1 , Oxana Racovet 2 , Dumitru Untila 2 , Silvia Evtodiev 2 , 

Marius Stamate 1 

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau. Romania 

2 Laboratory of Scientific Research "Photonics and Metrology Physics", 


Corresponding author: Iuliana Caraman, iucaraman@yahoo.ca 

Abstract: In the process of carbonates burning and different chemical reactions with 

organic compounds participating are forming diverse CO2 and CO carbon oxides. These 

gases concentration relation determines in a meaningful measure the level of alimentary 

products fermentation process. So, different technologic processes conducting are 

necessary quantitative determinations of carbon oxides concentration (CO2, CO). In 

present are elaborated chemical methods of measuring, but these need much time and 

special equipment. This shortcoming it is not characteristic for optical methods after 

absorption spectrums. As it was demonstrated through experimental measurements, CO2 

and CO molecules don’t posed absorption electronic bands in visible domain and UV near 

spectrum. The first electronic stare, absolute gap, of CO2 molecule (stare 2 Σ + g) is found at 

45320cm -1 higher than fundamental stare 2 П3/2. Thus, fundamental absorption band of this 

molecule is in the vacuum UV region (70000 ÷64000) cm -1 . In the paperwork it is analyzed 

the intensity of the first overtone of the vibration bands v”=0 → v’=1 in dependence of the 

CO2 and CO molecules concentration in atmosphere. These bands for CO2 and CO 

molecules are situated respectively at ~ 4260 cm -1 and ~ 4700 cm -1 . Both absorption bands 

on the 2168 cm - 1and 2347 cm -1 basis respective for CO2 and CO molecules and first 

overtone represent bands with two branches P and R. for quantitative determinations of 

these gases concentration in atmosphere was took the intensities ratio in the P branch 

maximum of the R branch and the absorption intensity at 50 cm -1 from these maximums in 

dependence of the gases concentration in atmosphere. Also, for verification there were 

analyzed the P and R branches intensity ratio from the CO2 and CO molecules absorption 

spectrums and the intensity at the maximum of vibration-rotation band of water vapors 

from atmosphere. It was established the concentrations interval in which take place linear 

dependence of the intensities ratio of CO2 and CO molecules concentration in normal 

atmosphere. Investigations were made in the Laboratory of Scientific Research "Photonics 

and Metrology Physics", Moldova State University. 

Key words: carbon, concentration, absorption band, vibration-rotation. 

92



RISK OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION REVEALED BY 

VARIATION OF CARDIAC TROPONIN I LEVELS WITH AGE 

AND GENDER: A STUDY OF PATIENTS HOSPITALIZED IN 

THE CARDIOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF BACAU CITY 

HOSPITAL DURING THE 2008-2011 PERIOD 

Laura Vasile 1 , Vlad Artenie 1 , Iuliana Lazar 2 

1 ”Al. I. Cuza” University, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry 



Abstract Cardiac troponin (cTn) is a reference biomarker for the diagnosis of myocardial 

necrosis. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is a key regulatory protein in cardiac muscle 

contraction linking Ca2+-cTn combining it with cross-bridge activation reaction between 

thin and thick filaments. The cTn inhibits actomyosin ATP leading to muscle relaxation by 

disrupting the actin-myosin bond. Due to coronary absolute specificity and high sensitivity, 

cardiac Troponin I helps to confirm, even when the acute event happened two weeks ago. 

Our study includes 65 patients with myocardial infarction, hospitalized in the cardiology 

department of Bacau City Hospital, of which 20 patients are women and 45 patients are 

men. The purpose of this study was to compare the value of cTnI between the two sexes 

with the same diagnosis and early diagnosis of myocardial infarction. High values of 

troponin in patients revealed a higher risk for development of cardiac events during short 

and long term, therefore being necessary the use of this test. Most healthy people have not 

detectable cTnI. Values between 0.3 µg/L and 2.0 µg/L are considered limit values. Values 

higher than 2.0 µg/L are considered as signs of myocardial infarction. In our study cardiac 

Troponin was analyzed by immuno-analyzer Pathfast compact device. Parametric One- 

Sample Tests and Error Bar T test are used to compare the mean of cTnI values by age and 

sex that differ significantly from the 2.0 mg/L limit value. Following troponin level in 

subjects grouped by gender shows that in women the cTnl level increases progressively 

with age, approaching normal at the 36-50 years age group and that of 51-65 years. In the 

>65 years group there are registered values above the maximum allowable (ie mean of 3.56 

µg / L). The minimum values are registered at the female patients between 51-65 years, 

where the average is 0.08 µg / L, so is within normal limits. The highest risk was observed 

with predilection in males. The performed analysis shows warning for the 36-50 years age 

groups and 51-65 years for males as being at risk of myocardial ischemia. In conclusion, 

this study shows the age and gender of patients with an increased risk of myocardial 

infarction hospitalized in the cardiology department of Bacau City Hospital, and in men 

the age from which a much lower potential risk can occur (i.e. over 35 years) compared to 

women (i.e. over 65). 

Keywords: Cardiac Troponin I, myocardial infarction, dispersion parameter, age, gender. 

93



ANALYSIS OF ESSENTIAL MINERAL CONTENT IN 

DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOUR 

Iuliana Lazar 1 , Iuliana Caraman 2 , Alina Moroi 1 



Engineering 

Corresponding author: Iuliana Caraman, iuliana.caraman@ub.ro 

Abstract: Wheat grains contain a significant amount of minerals unevenly distributed in 

parts of the grain. Peripheral layers which usually are removed in the process of grinding 

as brans are richer in mineral content. Magnesium Mg is one of the vital minerals in the 

development of many metabolic functions, its deficiency accelerating the aging process. 

Calcium also plays an important role in intracellular and extracellular metabolism that 

controls processes such as nerve conduction, muscle contraction, coagulation, regulation of 

electrolytes and enzymes and hormone release. Another inorganic element that is found in 

flour is phosphorus, which occurs in metabolism. The value of the content in the ash, both 

in wheat but especially in flour is a basic quality index which varies depending on the flour 

extraction. However, there are few studies that report data about the type and quantities of 

inorganic substances contained in flour ash. In this study we propose to detail some of the 

existing minerals in the ash by methods of emission and infrared spectroscopy, and 

multivariate analysis. The differentiation of the PO4 groups’ content was emphasized in 

chemometric analysis of infrared spectra. There were analyzed three sets of samples: group 

1 provided by Agricultural Research Center Secuieni, Neamţ (Romania): Crina, Dropia, 

Flamura, Gruia, Haiduc, and group 2 provided by local market (FAB Baneasa white flour, 

dark flour Careffour FNC and dark flour Baneasa FNB) and group 3 provided by wheat 

from Vaslui area. The flour samples assigned to group 1 and group 3 were obtained by 

milling the wheat at the ZM 200 RETSCH ultracentrifuge mill. Hierarchical cluster 

analysis procedure identifies relatively homogeneous groups of cases after certain features 

are selected, using an algorithm that starts with each case in a separate group, combining 

groups until only one remains. Distance or similar measures are generated by the 

Proximities procedure. Between group linkage cluster method and Euclidean distance 

interval were used. Chemometric analysis emphasizes that the evidence FAB, FNC and 

FNB are associated through the Mg content. In Ca case, for samples from group 2 only 

FNC and FNB show common characteristics. Chemometric analysis results indicate that 

the FNC sample has high phosphorus content. Two samples of group 1 were identified 

with a low Ca and Mg content. In our opinion the identification of the Mg, Ca, P amount 

from flour in addition to ash content may be very useful for health. 

Keywords: mineral, spectroscopy, cluster analysis, metabolism. 

94



ASSESSING THE CRACKING RISK AT TUBULAR 

JUNCTIONS OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL ROUTES USED IN 

NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS 

Adrian Judele, Valentin Zichil 

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Engineering and Management of 

Mechanical Systems 

Corresponding author: Valentin Zichil, valentinz@ub.ro 

Abstract: In the United States there were at least 56 accidents in nuclear power plants until 

2010 – according to the Association of Energy Services Professionals Survey. Tubular 

branched structures are a common alternative for technological pipe systems, used for 

transportation of fuel elements and the primary coolant of a nuclear reactor. All nuclear 

power plants have an emergency makeup water system with the following major 

components: water supplies (tanks), pumps, interconnecting piping. Reactor pressure tubes 

- the tubes that are specially designed or prepared to contain fuel elements and the primary 

coolant of a nuclear reactor – forms many kilometers of cascade piping, incorporating 

thousands of welds that present a high degree of repetition. Most part of those tubes is 

buried, supporting no other external force, except the ground weight. The tubular branched 

structures works at 5.1 MPa (or higher) internal pressure. The Nuclear Regulatory 

Commission imposes inspection and testing requirements laid out in agency regulations 

and standards from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The nuclear plant in 

Cernavoda is based on the CANDU system (Canada Deuterium Uranium). The fuel 

channels containing fuel and heavy water used as coolant are underground located and 

higher in calandria tubes. The safety standards call for regular flow testing and other 

surveillance for buried safety-related pipes. If leaks are detected, the risk of contamination 

is high. Tubular branched structures, under specific loads, due to geometrical 

discontinuities, they show strong concentration of mechanical stresses. The presence of 

welded surfaces involves a more complicated distribution of the mechanical stress, 

compared with the corresponding distribution for the typical elements, even at low 

pressures. There are some studies and researches showing the stress concentrator in the 

middle of the welding rim, but the authors shows in this paper the influence of the 

geometrical discontinuities in the variation of the stress concentrator in the immediate 

vicinity. An experimental research was conducted upon the pipelines at 45 0 branched. The 

experimental results upon stress and strain were used to validate a numerical model that 

was used to analyze other angles for branched structures, low pressurized. The 

consequences of this paper are given by the possibility to determinate the risk of leak due 

to the crack appearance at buried tubular branched structures with less information: the 

geometry of the structure and the internal pressure. 

Keywords: tubular branched structures, crack risk, geometrical discontinuities. 

95



AVOIDING RISKS IN SOLID-GAS DEPOLLUTION BY 

CONTROLLING PARAMETERS IN FLUIDIZED BED 

Gabriela Muntianu 1 , Ileana Denisa Nistor 1 , Cosmin Jinescu 2 , 

Gholamreza Djelveh 3 

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, 

Romania 

2 Politehnica University of Bucharest, Departament of Mechanical Engineering, Romania 

3 ENSCCF, LGCB, BP 206, Clermont Universite´, France 

Corresponding author: Ileana Denisa Nistor, denisanistor@yahoo.com; dnistor@ub.ro 

Abstract: The paper aims to avoid possible and emerging risk in gas depollution processes. 

To achieve this desiderate the main technological parameters used in gas-solid depollution 

processes with process intensification by using fluidization bed are studied. The use of the 

fluidization bed as intensification technique in gas depollution provides higher 

performance but also inconveniences in the bed granular structure. At higher flow 

velocities of the fluidization agent gas bubbles that are distributed uniformly in the column 

appear and their diameter increases slightly with the gas velocity. Gas bubbles create a 

strong turbulence in the bed, which induces a strong mixing of solid phase and determines 

permanent fluctuations of the fluidized bed height. Along with the increasing gas flow, 

pistons appear, leading to turbulent fluidization regime. Bed structure vitiations, pistons 

and total or intermediate channels appear as particular aspect of non-homogeneous 

fluidization. The structure of the fluidization bed that is the main characterization index of 

this technique also represents the main obstacle that limits the applications in gas 

remediation. Practical applications of fluidized bed and the difficulties created by the 

uneven structure of the bed, directed the research efforts towards the realization of a 

fluidized homogeneous structure, increasing the efficiency of this technique in the 

remediation of gasses. Homogeneous fluidization is characterized by a single and uniform 

distribution of solid particles in bed and a uniform expansion of it. The distance between 

solid particle increases with the velocity of the flow agent and the homogeneous fluidized 

bed can be assimilated as a boiling liquid. Hydrodynamic parameters controlled in the 

fluidized bed were diameter and density of solid particles, velocity of the fluidization agent 

and the ratio between the height of fixed bed and diameter of fluidization column. The 

paper proposes combining the advantages possessed by the natural clays (calcium and 

sodium clay) as solid particles through the fluidization technique in order to improve the 

gas remediation process. 

Keywords: process intensification, fluidization properties, solid particle, fixed bed, fluidized bed. 

96



FRIENDLY ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNIQUES USED TO 

IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF EXTRACTION FROM LULA 

(PERSIA AMERICANA) 

B. U. Saha 1, 2 , G. Kansci 1 , E. Fokou 1 , I. M. Lazar 2 , F. X. Etoa 1 

1 University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon, Department of Biochemistry 

1 ”Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, 

Romania 

Corresponding author: Brice Ulrich Saha Foudjo, sahabrice@yahoo.fr 

Abstract: Cameroon is one of the best avocado producers in Africa. However, for a few 

years, it has been noticed that local markets have oriented their demands towards some 

specific varieties, leaving aside others that are less appreciated by consumers. If nothing is 

done, the consequence will be the increase of Cameroon-grown avocado post-harvest 

losses. Therefore, redefining an existing extraction method that takes in consideration the 

financial worries of producers, the environment related issues of solvent use and the 

balance that should exist between having a high yield and gaining excellent functional 

properties will be a breakthrough for Cameroon. Among extraction techniques, the 

aqueous extraction method, less expensive and non-pollutant, leads unfortunately to a very 

low yield. This study aims to improve the yield of avocado oil extraction with this 

aforementioned friendly environmental technique. The avocado cultivar Lula, harvested on 

the farm of the National Research Institute of Agriculture and Development in Foumbot 

(Cameroon), was used for oil extraction. Lipid content was first assessed with the Soxhlet 

method, and then water extraction process, relying on Bizimana et al. method (1993), was 

performed. From it, the oil yield was obtained and the extraction efficiency EE, oil yield to 

lipid content, was deduced. The effect of four factors on water oil extraction, namely: 

temperature (T), time (t), pH and water-to-pulp ratio (WPR), was investigated. A two-level 

full factorial design 2 4 , was conducted to describe a first order mechanism of the extraction 

kinetic under the response surface methodology (Barros et al., 1996). The results showed 

that T, WPR and t had a positive effect on the yield whereas the pH had a negative effect 

on the entire process. The mathematical model that fitted a first order regression equation 

is EE=29.6821+ 3.7291*T + 1.0229*t – 3.9868*pH + 2.3599*WPR. It shows the effect of 

the individual parameters. The optimal conditions for oil extraction WPR=4, pH=4.5, 

T=55°C and t=180 min were found. The highest extraction efficiency obtained was 

40.78%. The model obtained in this study has well defined the extraction procedure and 

the aqueous medium was found to be suitable for avocado oil production with good 

efficiency with respect to our criteria. 

Keywords: avocado, oil yield, extraction, optimization, response surface methodology, environment. 

97



DIABETES MELLITUS COMPLICATIONS RISK ASSESSED 

BY RED BLOOD CELL FTIR PARAMETERS 

M. Gutu 1 , M. Avadanei 2 , V. Rusu 1 , S. Miron 1 , I. Hurjui 1 , I. Grierosu 1 , 

C. Stefanescu 1 

1 University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi “Gr. T. Popa”, Faculty of Medicine, Department of 

Biophysics and Medical Physics, Iasi 

2 “ Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi 

Corresponding author: Mihai Gutu, misugutu@yahoo.com 

Abstract: The aim of our study was to determine whether information obtained by FTIR 

spectral analysis, may be correlated to serum parameters that can be used for diabetes 

mellitus complications risk evaluation. 

Material and methods: Two study groups were analyzed. Group 1 consists of 43 subjects 

clinically healthy, for which analytical blood counts (red blood cell number, leukocyte 

number, hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), erythrocyte mean volume (MCV), mean 

erythrocyte hemoglobin (HEM) and some serum biochemical compounds were dosed 

(serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, glucose). Group 2 consists of 21 patients 

diagnosed with complicated type II diabetes. Patients were hospitalized at the Diabetes and 

nutrition diseases clinic, County Emergency Hospital "St. Spiridon" Iasi in 2011 as 

emergency. Besides the usual biochemical serum parameters (cholesterol, triglycerides, 

glucose) we considered serum fibrinogen and glycosilated hemoglobin determination. 

Erythrocyte samples were analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy by performing erythrocyte films 

made of 5 µL sample on the support KRS-5 (thallium bromide ioyide), by drying in 

vacuum (5 mmHg at 20˚C). Correlations between serum parameters, age and FTIR spectral 

parameters of erythrocyte membrane were assessed. 

Results show that erythrocyte membrane could be related to the degree of control of 

diabetes by following spectral parameters and serum parameters specific to diabetes 

(glycosylated hemoglobin and glucose). There is a relation between ν(=CH)/ν(CHtotal) 

(global degree of unsaturation lipid) strongly and significantly correlated with blood 

glucose (r = -0.624, p



MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL 

DATA CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTES WITH POTENTIAL 

RADIOACTIVE RISK NEAR BACAU CITY 

Sorina Zirnea 1 , Iuliana Lazar 2 , Brice Ulrich Saha Foudjo 2, 3 , Gabriel Lazar 1 


Engineering 


3 University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon , Dep. of Biochemistry 

Corresponding author: Sorina Zirnea, sorina.zirnea@ub.ro 

Abstract: An important environmental issue for Romania is the industrial wastes and their 

reintroduction in business and in all its sectors. The problem of valorization of these wastes 

is currently discussed under technical and economic, and in particular ecological aspects. 

A specific case of hazardous waste is the radioactive waste. Among the main types of 

hazardous waste present in appreciable quantities in our country are those generated by the 

chemical industry sector prevailing the waste of soda ash (Alba, Dolj and Valcea County) 

and phosphogypsum (Bacau County). Phosphogypsum is a waste by-product of phosphoric 

acid (H3PO4), an essential component used in the fertilizer industry is mostly disposed of 

without any treatment, usually being disposed in phosphogypsum dumps in close to 

phosphoric acid plants or being thrown into water or recycled. Per tonne of phosphoric 

acid produced are generated about five tones of phosphogypsum. In 2007, the study of 

characterization of phosphogypsum from Platform Sofert S.A. Bacau, made by I.C.I.M. 

Bucharest, shows that in terms of chemical composition, the waste is not hazardous 

because it contains heavy metals (0.1%) and mineral compounds of phosphorus (0.367 to 

0.473%). Thus, in 2007 following physico-chemical parameters of phosphogypsum 

samples: humidity, loss on calcinations and silica, phosphorus content, alkali metals 

content, alkaline earth and heavy metals after specific mineralization for each metal were 

analyzed in accordance to applicable standards. Until now, such analysis was not repeated. 

Further investigation was conducted by Regional Agency of Environmental Protection 

Bacau (RAEP) and was limited to measuring β radioactivity of phosphogypsum and soil 

samples using the CMR beta measuring system with ND-304 scintillation probe. In this 

study our aim is to analyze public data from this area in order to be able to make a 

descriptive statistics interpretation and perform a cluster analysis to identify potential risks 

and correlations. Evaluation of potential characteristics of taken samples was performed 

using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and cluster analysis. The results obtained 

revealed a marked reduction of radioactivity in the soil in 2011 but also an increase over 

the average radioactivity in the phosphogypsum during the years 2007-2010. From this 

preliminary analysis we notice the need to resume a complex analysis at the environment 

level in the area of the potential risk of radioactive contamination. 

Keywords: phosphogypsum, β radioactivity, descriptive statistics, cluster analysis. 

99



STUDY REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF NUTRIENTS 

OVER THE WATER OF BISTRITA RIVER, ON THE HIGHLY 

MODIFIED SECTOR BETWEEN PIATRA NEAMT AND 

BACAU 

Dan Dascalita 1 , Greta Ardeleanu 2 

1 “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of the Environment Engineering and 


2 Administration of Siret Basinal Water 


Abstract: Industrial activities and human congestions produce significant quantities of 

specific pollutants, which, unless highly purified, get into surface water resources and 

influence their quality. When the quantity of pollutants exceed some limits, the natural self 

defence procedures can no longer take place and the underwater and terrestrial 

environment are affected for a long and very long term. In this paper we studied the 

evolution of the quality of water in Bistrita River, on the Piatra Neamt – Bacau segment. 

This river sector is totally regulated and along it are several hydro-electrical plants that 

produce electrical energy. These set-ups, created after the 1960’s, modified the 

configuration of the old riverbed. Both the longitudinal and the transversal connectivity of 

the natural river course were affected. The permanent flow regime of the river underwent 

important changes, due to the special, discontinuous water treatments on hydro-electrical 

channels, placed parallel to the natural riverbed of Bistrita River. A negative influence over 

the quality of water in Bistrita River, upstream Piatra Neamt and the chemical platform in 

Savinesti, is the evacuation of nutrients in high quantities. This negative influence 

correlated with the discontinuous water treatment in hydro-electrical plants. In time, this 

led to an imbalance of the underwater environment, which recovers extremely slow. In this 

paper, we also presented the results of several studies concerning the influence of nutrients 

over the quality of water in Bistrita River, on the specific sector between 1990 and 2000, 

taking into account that the sector is hydro-morphologically affected by the hydroelectrical 

plants. In our study, it can be seen that in the last years the quantities of 

pollutants evacuated in Bistrita River on this segment have dropped, as a result of rigorous 

controls from water management authorities, and of advanced treatment of nutrients at 

tertiary purification levels. The discontinuous water treatment in hydro-electrical plants 

between Piatra Neamt and Bacau still influence the quality of water in Bistrita River, by 

not providing adequate dilution volumes. These negative influences are obvious during 

periods when affluent natural debits are smaller than multiannual debits. In this study we 

used a complex data base from the Administration of Siret Basinal Water archive and our 

own experience in this area.. 

Key words: nutrients, hydro-technical arrangements, highly modified surface water body. 

100



RISK EXPOSURE ON NONIONIZING RADIATION 

ASSOCIATED WITH VARIATION OF LACTOSE AND 

PROTEIN CONCENTRATION IN DAIRY PRODUCTS 

Irina Ifrim 1 , Iuliana Lazar 1 , Marius Stamate 2 



Engineering 


Abstract: The quantity of carbohydrates, fats or proteins is important for the metabolic 

process of bodies. There are some of carbohydrates that have a special role in the body. 

For example, lactose helps the absorption of calcium and ribose and is a part of the 

important compounds DNA-2 and RNA-3. Under the action of lactic bacteria, lactose is 

subjected to fermentation processes, the most important being: lactic, alcoholic, propionic 

and butyric fermentation thus resulting in important changes in physical, chemical and 

organoleptic properties of milk products. The aim of our study is to highlight the 

conditions in which might appear alteration of lactose and protein in the presence of milk 

inoculated with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and nonionizing radiation exposure. The 

analysis was achieved for milk inoculated with LAB ranging from 0.1g/l to 0.5g/l and 

under UV-VIS radiation doses (D) that varies between 29kJ/m 2 and 165kJ/m 2 . HATR- 

FTIR spectral interpretation of vibrational group frequencies was performed with OPUS 

6.0 Bruker and ORIGIN 8.50 software. Data mining in correlation with spectral data 

technique provides us the information about the lactose and proteins variation in the 

samples exposed to stress factors. The degree of proteins denaturation depending on the 

temperature and duration of its action is observed. At a concentration of 0.1g/l of lactic 

acid bacteria we have found a maximum of the relative amount of lactose (L) and at 0.4g/l 

a minimum one. Up to a dose of 97kJ/m 2 the L growth is slow, after which the exponential 

growth occurs. The relative amount of protein (P) shows a minimum at a concentration 

LAB at 0.2g/l and a maximum at 0.5g/l. Also it was observed that exposure dose variation 

fits very well on a logistic regression curve. MANOVA test reveals that there is a 

significant multivariate effect of LAB on L (Pillai coefficient F = 3.978, p



PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES DIFFERENCES OF 

WATER COLLECTED FROM BISTRITA RIVER IN BACAU 

CITY AREA RELEASED BY UNIVARIATE ANALYSES 

Andrei Rusu 1 , Adrian Panaite 1 , Irina Moian 1 , Roxana Iancu 1 , Simona 

Herghelegiu 1 , Ema Faciu 1 , Iulia Lazar 2 


Engineering 


Corresponding author: Ema Faciu, ema.faciu@ub.ro 

Abstract: Water quality analyzes is useful for assessing the environmental influence along 

a river, in our case the Bistrita River. Measurements on different indicators and targets of 

this river, are made every month (for slow flow) and daily (for fast flow), by Siret Water 

Directorate (ABA) Bacau. Our sampling locations in this study are different from those 

which are regulary used by the ABA. The aims of the study are to assess the physicochemical 

parameters of water along the Bistrita River course through Bacau City area, and 

to evaluate the differences caused by environmental influence. Thus, seven different 

sampling points were established using GPS coordinates along both the Bistrita River 

course and the two canals derived from the barrier lakes. Sampling was performed at a 

considerable distance, without disturbing or influence, the surface water conditions. 

Samples were stored at a temperature of 5-6°C, transported and handled with sterile 

containers, compliant to ISO 5667-6.2009 standard. The performed analyzes determined 

the pH, conductivity, turbidity and oxygen content. The multiparameter type inoLab 

terminal device 740/750 WTW GmbH, Weilheim, Germany was used for analysis of pH, 

conductivity and oxygen, and the WTW Photoflex / pHotoTurb appliance, from WTW 

GmbH, Weilheim, Germany, was used for the measurement of the turbidity. The pH was 

determined in the same day as the sampling procedure. The other parameters were 

measured at lead times of one week. The software used for analyzing and interpreting the 

results was IBM v20.0 SPSS Statistics. One way ANOVA with post hoc Games-Howell 

test were used. Interpretation of results indicates significant differences between the seven 

samples for conductivity, possibly because of high concentrations of ions. Similar results 

were obtained for values of turbidity but only in 4 of the 7 samples. For further study, 

measurements using the same sampling locations will be conducted, and it will be 

completed with spectroscopic and chemometric measurements. 

Key words: water, physico-chemical properties, univariate analyses, ANOVA. 

102



COMPARATIVE STUDY VIEWING THE EFFICIENCY OF 

THE GRANULAR FILTERS DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF 

THE FILTER MATERIAL 

Marius Stanila, Valentin Nedeff, Mirela Panainte, Alexandra Dana Chitimus 

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Environmental and Mechanical 

Engineering 

Corresponding author: Stanila Marius, mstanila63@gmail.com 

Abstract: The paper presents several aspects regarding the operation optimization, during 

the warm season, for a mixed cycle gas turbine, type Titan 130S, installed at S.C. CET 

S.A. Bacau. The operation optimization at partial loads for the mixed cycle gas turbine, 

type Titan 130S, has been done using the multicriteria analysis, taking into consideration 

the operation’s restrictions required for this type of gas turbine. The criteria taken into 

consideration for the multicriteria analysis are: the thermic energy demand, the global 

efficiency in high efficiency cogeneration operating conditions, the electric energy price, 

NOx emissions level, CO2 emissions level. These criteria have been applied to several gas 

turbine operating conditions, after analysing this data the optimum operation condition was 

chosen, that was correspondent to a predefined forecast period. These scenarios have taken 

into consideration the need to ensure the forecast thermic energy demand for hot tap water 

supply to the domestic and non-domestic clients in Bacau city during the warm season, 

with both energy and financial efficiency and with a low level of pollutant emissions. 

There are two operating restrictions considered for the gas turbine, the first is of a technical 

nature and the second regards the admissible level for NOx emissions. The restrictions with 

a technical nature take into discussion the maximum number of turbine start-ups, the daily 

number of start-ups and the annual number of start-ups for this type of turbine being 

limited. This limitation is due to the stress of the equipments during the turbine start-up 

drive, and exceeding the allowed number of start-ups leads to premature wearing and to the 

growth of the maintenance expenses. The restrictions regarding the NOx emissions level 

derive from the installation of a SoLoNOx combustion system for this type of turbine. The 

SoLoNOx combustion system ensures a low level of NOx emissions, and the considered 

restriction is due to this type of combustion start-up operation at loads higher than 60% of 

this type of gas turbine rated power. The SoLoNOx combustion system uses powerful 

swirl injectors that produce an intense circulating area for the mix-fuel in the combustion 

chamber, with low oxygen level so as the combustion takes place at a low temperature, 

thus blocking the formation of thermic NOx. 

Key words: gas turbine, optimization, emission, combustion system. 

103



DEFICIENCIES AND POSSIBLE ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS 

OF PHOTOCATALYSIS USED FOR WATER AND AIR 

DEPOLLUTION 

Traian Vasilache, Gabriel Lazar, Marius Stamate 

“Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Department of Mechanical and Environmental 

Engineering 

Corresponding author: Traian Vasilache, traian.vasilache@ub.ro 

Abstract: This short review presents some deficiencies regarding photocatalysis use in 

water and air depollution, because the environmental risks have to be considered in order 

to minimize negative effects of the future applications. Since photocatalysis was 

discovered a couple of decades ago, it was intensively studied and many applications were 

developed. In the environmental engineering depollution ex-situ of water and air it seems 

to be revolutionary. Especially coupled processes involving photocatalysis coupled with 

ozonization, membrane filtration and microfiltration, adsorption, sonolysis, pulse 

discharge, flocculation, photolysis and microwave energy, were proving best results and 

possibilities for future commercial uses in industry and environmental protection. 

Deficiencies of these processes are concerning in formation of undesirable secondary 

products. In water depollution using membranes and photocatalysis the problem of 

presence of colloidal particles even after washing of membranes it was signalized. Another 

study found as problem the formation of cake layer on membrane surface. Adsorption on 

nanoporuos materials and photocatalysis used for wastewaters treatment was an acceptable 

method, but formation of colloidal particles decreased the efficiency of the process. 

Diclofenac is the disseminated medicine in water, potentially toxic for aquatic life and 

photocatalysis degraded it successfully; some of secondary products resulted are toxic, 

even more poisonous as primary pollutant. Degradation of 4-clorophenol under microwave 

energy couplet with photocatalysis in aqueous solutions occurs with formation of 

chlorobenzene, phenol, hydroquinone, benzoquinone and 4-chlorocatechol which are 

undesirable products. Textile dye Acid Red 88 was degraded by sonolysis and 

photocatalysis, but some intermediate products were not mineralized. The same problem 

occurred on degradation of diphenylamine from polluted water. Regarding air depollution, 

photocatalysis was applying in nasty smells removal; 2-butanone and methyl-ethyl-ketone 

were successfully oxidized, but acetaldehyde results as secondary product. A pulse 

discharge system combined with photocatalysis degraded phenols and the problem of sub 

products appears once again. Some insecticides as malathion, isomalathion and malaoxon 

were decomposed by photolysis coupled with photocatalysis and some undesirable 

secondary products formed. Also, trichoroethylene was decomposed succesfully by 

photocatalysis, but it results fosgene, chloroform and carbon tetrachoride. All the methods 

need improvement and future researches will find those materials and chemical reactions 

which have to be eco-friendly. 

Key words: photocatalysis, water depollution, air depollution, secondary products, environmental 

risk. 

104



COMPOSITE MATERIALS WITH CARBON CLUSTERS AS 

ADSORBED MICRO-AND MACRO-MOLECULAR ELEMENTS 

Petru Lozovanu, Mihail Caraman, Alexandru Cresciuc 

Laboratory of Scientific Research "Photonics and Metrology Physics", 


Corresponding author: Petru Lozovanu, p_lozovanu@yahoo.com 

Abstract: Discovery of the new allotropic forms of carbon (fullerenes and nanotubes) led 

to broadening fields of practical use of carbon. Valence bonds of carbon atoms in 

fullerenes macromolecules (C60, C70...) are closed, but a small external excitation which 

can be induced by a molecule or cluster can lead to the formation of free bonds and their 

adsorption, respectively. A totally different interaction mechanism with external molecular 

environment have some modifications so-called nanotubes. Having free valence bonds at 

the edge, these attract strongly molecules and even polar clusters, and after their ionization 

it can be accumulated in large amounts by carbon clusters. These properties of carbon 

modification have been put into the basis of elaboration of the adsorbent elements with 

carbon clusters. Modern technologies allow to obtain industrial quantities of carbon cluster 

of different orders which have a wide range of physical properties. The paper presents 

experimental and technological research on the results about manufacturing the active filter 

elements to purify liquids and gases. By directing the carbon component concentration one 

can obtain the tiles, electrical conductivity of which varied in quite wide range from tens to 

hundreds of MOhms. We have done research on the variation of electrical conductivity for 

these micrometer elements made by these materials with different atmospheric pollutants 

(carbon and sulfur oxides and nitrites, vapor of organic compounds). A link between 

pollutant concentration in the atmosphere and the size of the electrical conductivity 

variation was established. As a result, experimental investigations of composites based on 

nanotubes and fullerenes, as well as the experimental methods form the basis of the work 

presented. 

Investigations were made in the Laboratory ”Metrology of the Environment and 

Astronomy”, Moldova State University 

Key words: cluster, fullerenes, nanotubes. 

105



CYBERDYN: A STATE-OF-THE-ART SUPERCOMPUTER 

FOR GEODYNAMIC MODELING OF ACTIVELY SEISMIC 

ZONES 

M. Pomeran 1 , V.C. Manea 2, 1 , M. Manea 2, 1 , L. Besutiu 1 , L. Zlagnean 1 

1 Solid Earth Dynamics Department, Institute of Geodynamics of the Romanian Academy, Romania 

2 Computational Geodynamics Laboratory, Centro de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional Autonoma 

de Mexico, Mexico 

Corresponding author: Mihai Pomeran, mihai.pomeran@gmail.com 

Abstract: In recent years, modeling and computation have come to play an central key role 

in modern earth sciences, and one of the reasons is due to their dependence on fine spatial 

grids and small time steps for integration used for solving numerically systems of 

equations that express mathematically a physical process. Presently, the solid earth 

sciences started to move towards implementing high performance computational research 

facilities. Today’s scientists need access to new information technology capabilities, able 

to perform high-resolution complex computing simulations in a reasonable time frame. 

Sophisticated simulation tools allow us to study phenomena that can never be observed or 

replicated by standard laboratory experiments. Modeling complex natural processes in 

general, and numerical computation in particular, represents today an essential need of 

research, and all modern research centers benefit from a computing center of one form or 

another. Computational modeling represents a powerful tool in the field of Earth Sciences, 

in particular in modeling large-scale processes inside the solid Earth. In this study we 

introduce the newly implemented state-of-the-art CyberDyn parallel machine, a High 

Performance Computing Cluster (HPCC) with 1344 computing cores and high-speed 

network connectivity available at the Institute of Geodynamics of the Romanian Academy. 

This computational infrastructure targets large-scale high-resolution geodynamic 

simulations. We measured the performance of HPCC CyberDyn using the parallelized 

open source code CitcomS, which is widely used in the solid earth community 

(www.geodynamics.org). The benchmark tests are performed using a series of 4D 

geodynamic settings ranging from regional to full-spherical models. The benchmark results 

show that the HPCC CyberDyn offers the opportunity to perform fast geodynamic 

simulations modeling with parallelized codes that scale well on 100s or even 1000s of 

processors. In the same time the high-speed QDR Infiniband interconnect offers the 

possibility to exploit the full potential of large clusters, and represents a key component 

that positively influence both, scalability and performance on large HPC systems. Since 

presently we are moving towards high-resolution simulations for geodynamic predictions 

that require the same scale as observations (from several to thousands of kilometers), HPC 

facilities used in earth sciences should benefit from larger up-front investment in future 

systems that are based on high-speed interconnects. 

Key words: geodynamics, HPC, computational modeling, information technology. 

106



FLOODS - A REPETITIVE RISK ON TROTUS VALLEY 

Alexandru Gutas, Lavinia Fedor, Alexandra Balint, Lavinia Misaila 

”Dimitrie Ghika” High School Comanesti, Romania 

Misaila Lavinia, misaila_lavinia@yahoo.com 

Abstract: Comanesti has experienced many floods, causing huge material damage and 

losses of life. The work main purpose is to outline the major factor risks enhancing 

Nature’s protest “against the global warming”: poor sewage within the towns, illegal 

deforestation of hills or mountains slopes, dirty river banks, lack of citizens ‘education and 

responsibility, slow communication between different authorities, absence of specialized 

equipment, and in some cases, political or economical interests which caused the floods 

along the Trotus river during the years 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008 and 2010. The town 

Comanesti and the surrounding area had been suffered major damages due to lack of care 

for reforesting the cut woods, laying up closed boards and chambers of the coal closed 

mines, summed up with the minimum investment for the improvement of the water course 

regulation and disregards for the environmental area. Romanian authorities, having in mind 

the floods of 2005 and 2006, try to prevent these disasters or to mitigate their effects, but 

up to now there has been a big gap between theory and practice, mainly because of the 

complexity of the actions to be taken, which require time and money. The brief description 

of the foods episodes and the human influence may reveal the aspects like as: after many 

years of neglecting the hydro technical works (not building new ones or letting the old 

ones to be damaged), heavy rains exceeded the defence capacity of these with disastrous 

consequences; the absence of clear laws and the means to enforce the existing ones has to 

led to massive deforestation within certain watersheds, thus enhancing the effects of the 

heavy rains. It is good that the causes were discovered, but it takes effort, time and money 

to control floods. With authority’s effort and enlarging citizens education for the 

environment such negative episodes can be avoided in future.The work includes recent 

measures taken by local administration to regularize the Trotus course and dam up its 

banks together with afforestation of the slopes. All the research work was done by high 

school students from “Dimitrie Ghika” High School who worked collaboratively with the 

insurance companies in the area to estimate the damages caused by the floods. 

107



AUTHORS INDEX 

A 

Agayan S.M. 18 

Agop M. 50 

Andrioai G. 64, 66 

Anghel S. 23 

Anoh Kouao A. 77, 84 

Ardeleanu G. 100 

Artenie V. 93 

Avadanei M. 98 

B 

Balint A. 107 

Barjoveanu G. 55 

Barsan N. 63, 67, 68, 69, 70 

Batrinescu Ghe. 43 

Besutiu L. 30, 106 

Bibire L. 66 

Bogdevich O. 39, 40 

Bogoutdinov Sh. R. 18 

Bontas O. 74 

C 

Cadocinicov O. 39 

Capsa D. 67, 69 

Caraman I. 91, 92, 94 

Caraman M. 105 

Cartacuzencu S. 61 

Cazacu M. M. 50 

Chamberlain C. 44 

Chira C. 60 

Chiril Ghe. 54 

Chitimus A. .D. 62, 103 

Christensen E. F. 17 

Ciobanu A. 45 

Ciobanu D. 79 

Ciochina S. 59 

Ciurea-Ercau C. 51 

Cloetingh S. 20 

Cocarcea A. 87, 90 

Codreanu L. 54 

Comandaru I. M. 55 

Constantin C. 23 

Constantinescu D. 52 

Copaescu S. 54 

Covaci I. 69 

Cresciuc A. 105 

Crisan G. C. 60 

D 

Dando B. 35 

Dascalita D. 75, 76, 100 

Demetrescu C. 36, 37 

Diaconescu A. 90 

Dimitriu Ghe. D. 50 

Dinca E. 51 

Djelveh G. 96 

Dobrica V. 36, 37 

Dobrovolsky M.N. 18 

Dudu A. 23 

Dumitrescu A. 68 

Durac Ghe. 81 

E 

E. Nechita 49 

Ene S. A. 55 

Etoa F. X. 97 

Evtodiev I. 91 

Evtodiev S. 92 

F 

Faciu E. 57, 87, 90, 102 

Fedor L. 107 

Felegeanu D. C. 86 

Fernandez B. 79 

Filipciuc C. 32 

Finaru A. L. 79 

Fokou E. 97 

Furdu I. 27 

G 

Gavrila L. 79 

Georgescu A. M. 82 

Gogus O. 38 

Gorshkov A. I. 19 

Grierosu I. 98 

Grig-Alexa I. C. 79 

Grigoras C. G. 79 

Grosu L. 79 

Gruneantu I. 54 

Gurlui S. G. 50 

Gutas A. 107 

Gutu M. 98 

Gvishiani A. D. 18, 19 

H 

Hegedüs E. 35 

Herghelegiu S. 102 

108



Houlié N. 44 

Houseman G. A. 15, 35, 38 

Hurjui I. 98 

I 

Iancu R. 102 

Ifrim I. 57, 58, 101 

Ilias N. 54 

Ionescu Ctin. 35, 46 

Isac A. 41 

Ismail-Zadeh A. 

J 

20 

Jean-Louis Le Mouël 21 

Jinescu C. 96 

Jonasson C. 52 

Jourda J. P. 77, 84 

Judele A. 

K 

95 

Kane A. 85 

Kansci G. 97 

Koua T. J. J. 77, 84 

Kouamé K. J. 77, 84 

Kristofersson A. 

L 

52 

Lazar G. 56, 57, 58, 61, 72, 77, 84, 85, 87, 99, 

104 

Lazar I. M. 45, 56, 57, 58, 87, 88, 89, 90, 93, 

94, 97, 99, 101, 102 

LorincziP. 15 

Lozovanu P. 105 

M 

MafteiM.R.. 32 

Mandea M. 18, 22, 41 

Mandrescu N. 24 

Manea D. 53, 78 

Manea E. 53, 78 

Manea M. 106 

Manea V.C. 106 

Marmureanu A. 46 

Marmureanu Ghe. 46 

Matenco L. 20 

Miron N. D. 45 

Miron S. 98 

Misaila L. 107 

Mogorici C. 42 

Moian I. 102 

Moroi A. 94 

Mosnegutu E. F. 62, 74 

Muntianu G. 96 

Murariu G. 59 

Muraru C.V. 49 

N 

Nadabaica D. C. 66 

Nardou F. 82 

Ndour P. 85 

Nedeff V. 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 

74, 79, 86, 103 

Niang A. 85 

Nicoara I. 40, 42 

Nicuta D. 58, 79 

Nistor I. D. 45, 82, 83, 96 

P 

Panainte M. 64, 65, 67, 74, 103 

Panaite A. 102 

Pandele I. 27 

Patriciu O. I. 79 

Penot C. 82 

Petrescu M. 43 

Pintea C. M. 60 

Platon N. 83 

Pomeran M. 106 

Praisler M. 59 

Proca A. 23 

Purucker M. 

R 

16 

Racovet O. 91, 92 

Radovanović S. 35 

Radu C. 68 

Radu M. 29 

Radu S. M. 54 

Radulian M. 20, 24 

Rashid B. 25, 26 

Ren Y. 15, 35 

Robescu D. 53, 78 

Robescu D. N. 80 

Rogoveanu Radosavlevici I. 80 

Rotea O. 54 

Rusu A. 102 

Rusu V. 

S 

98 

Saha B. U. 97, 99 

Sandu I. 28 

Sava C. S. 23 

Seghedi I. 33, 34 

Serban F. 29 

Shen Y. 35 

109



Siminiceanu I. 83 

Sirbu E. 52 

Soare A. 41 

Soloviev A. A. 19 

Sorin M. 29 

South Carpathian Project working group 35 

Spatari G. 26 

Stamate M. 56, 58, 91, 92, 101, 104 

Stanescu B. 43 

Stanila M. 103 

Stefanescu C. 98 

Stefanie M. 54 

Stern T. 44 

Stoica A. 59 

Stoicescu A. 71 

Stuart G. W. 15, 35 

Surpateanu Ghe. 45 

Szakács A.. 33, 34 

T 

Talmaciu M. 49 

Teleaga D. 29 

Teodosiu C. 55 

Timofte A. 50 

Tirtoaca (Irimia) O. 65 

Tit N. H. 81 

Toma Danila D. 48 

Toma L. 54 

Tomescu C. 23 

Tomozei C. 27, 64 

Tronea M. 51 

Turcu M. 

U 

70 

Untila D. 92 

Ureche C. 88, 89 

Ureche D. 

V 

88, 89 

Vasilache T. 104 

Vasile L. 93 

Vasilica M. 69 

Vatra A. 72 

Voicu P. 

Z 

73 

Zichil V. 95 

Zirnea S. 99 

Zlagnean L. 106 

110

Sponsors of the conference 

Sodexo Pass 

SC NITECH SRL 

SC DEDEMAN SRL 

Banca Transilvania 

SC ROMTEXO SRL 

SC SELGROS SRL 

SC CHEMICAL COMPANY SRL 

SC LA FANTANA SRL 

SC NOVITEC OFFICE SRL 

SC INVEST MILENIUM SRL

SC SIGMA SECURITY SRL 

SC REEAKYS SRL

First International Conference on MOLDAVIAN RISKS – FROM ...

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