IJIFR VOLUME 4 ISSUE 5 , JANUARY 2017 SECTION 2
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<strong>VOLUME</strong>-4, <strong>ISSUE</strong>-5<br />
<strong>JANUARY</strong> <strong>2017</strong><br />
CONSECUTIVE 41 ST EDITION<br />
<strong>SECTION</strong>-II<br />
PAGE NUMBER<br />
(6259- 6424)
6259-6265<br />
6266-6270<br />
6271-6275<br />
www.ijifr.com Impact Factor =5.081 ISSN: 2347-1697<br />
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research<br />
List of Papers Published in <strong>IJIFR</strong> - Volume 4-Issue 5, January <strong>2017</strong><br />
Sr.<br />
No.<br />
Paper ID, Subject Area, Paper Title & Author’s Details<br />
1 Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4 /E5/ 035 Subject Electronics & Communication Engg.<br />
Title<br />
Author’s<br />
Design and Verification of a Robust Neural Network<br />
Based Kannada Base Character Recognition System<br />
Mohankuamar.V<br />
Assistant Professor<br />
Department of Electronic & Comm. Engineering,<br />
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology , Bengaluru-Karnataka<br />
Dr. G.V. Jayaramaiah<br />
Professor<br />
Department of Electronic & Comm. Engineering,<br />
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology , Bengaluru-Karnataka<br />
2 Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4 /E5/ 037 Subject Computer Engineering<br />
Title Social Cognition and Professional Competencies<br />
among B.T Assistant Teachers<br />
Author’s Swathi Venugopal<br />
M.Tech. Student, Department of Computer Engineering,<br />
Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology<br />
Ernakulam, Kerala<br />
Shibu K.R<br />
Associate Professor,<br />
Department of Computer Engineering,<br />
Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology<br />
Ernakulam, Kerala<br />
3 Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4 /E5/ 039 Subject Education<br />
Title<br />
Author’s<br />
Impact of Vermicompost on Food Utilization of some<br />
Fresh Water Fishes by Cage Culture Method<br />
Dr. Joycy Jay Manoharam<br />
Associate Professor,<br />
PG & Research Department of Zoology<br />
K.N.G.A.College for women (Autonomous)<br />
Thanjavur-Tamilnadu<br />
S. Sujitha<br />
Research Scholar<br />
PG & Research Department of Zoology<br />
K.N.G.A.College for women (Autonomous)<br />
Thanjavur-Tamilnadu<br />
Page<br />
No.<br />
Section II<br />
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6276-6285<br />
6286-6289<br />
6290-6296<br />
6297-6320<br />
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International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research<br />
List of Papers Published in <strong>IJIFR</strong> - Volume 4-Issue 5, January <strong>2017</strong><br />
4 Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4 /E5/ 041 Subject Education<br />
Title<br />
Author’s<br />
A Study of Effectiveness of Toolkit of Life Skill<br />
Education Programme on Visual-Spatial Intelligence<br />
of Secondary School Students<br />
Dr. (Mrs.) Mintu Sinha<br />
Principal, Bombay Teachers’ Training College<br />
Colaba, Mumbai-Maharashtra<br />
Dr. Bhagwan Balani<br />
Assistant Professor, Bombay Teachers’ Training College<br />
Colaba, Mumbai-Maharashtra<br />
5 Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4 /E5/ 051 Subject Elec. & Telecomm. Engg.<br />
Title<br />
Smart Automated Water Distribution System using<br />
PLC<br />
Author’s Ashitosh A. Salunkhe, Dhiraj D. Pawar, Ashwini L.<br />
Patil, Snehal B. Pawar<br />
Assistant Professor<br />
Department of Elec. & Telecomm. Engg.,<br />
Nanasaheb Mahadik College of Engineering,<br />
Walwa, Sangli-Maharashtra<br />
6 Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4 /E5/ 057 Subject Civil Engineering<br />
Title<br />
Author’s<br />
Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Cement<br />
by Coconut Shell Ash for Normal and High Strength<br />
Concrete<br />
Vijaya Kumar Y.M.<br />
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering<br />
Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology College<br />
Chikamagalur, Karnataka, (India)<br />
Deepika R.<br />
M.Tech. (Structural Engineering) Student<br />
Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology College<br />
Chikamagalur, Karnataka, (India)<br />
7 Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4 /E5/ 059 Subject MBA Tech.<br />
Title<br />
Author’s<br />
Future Of Robotics In Banking<br />
Dr. Anuja Agarwal<br />
Associate Dean, Associate Dean,<br />
Mukesh Patel School of Technology, Management and<br />
Engineering, SVKM’s NMIMS University Mumbai-<br />
Maharashtra<br />
Section II<br />
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6321-<br />
6325<br />
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6353<br />
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International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research<br />
List of Papers Published in <strong>IJIFR</strong> - Volume 4-Issue 5, January <strong>2017</strong><br />
Rohan Arora, Kriti Dua, Meryl Cherian<br />
MBA Tech. Student<br />
Mukesh Patel School of Technology, Management and<br />
Engineering , SVKM’s NMIMS University Mumbai-<br />
Maharashtra<br />
8 Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4 /E5/ 060 Subject Education<br />
Title Scientific Attitude among Tribal Students at<br />
Elementary Level of Idukki District<br />
Author’s Laly K. P.<br />
Senior Research Fellow, School of Pedagogical Sciences<br />
Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam-Kerala<br />
9 Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4 /E5/ 009 Subject Mechanical Engineering<br />
Title<br />
Author’s<br />
Streamlining of Processes & Integration of Customer<br />
Requirements in Engine Production using Quality Gate<br />
Methodology<br />
Supriya Darekar<br />
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering<br />
Bharati Vidyapeeth college of Engineering & Technology,<br />
Kolhapur- Maharashtra<br />
D. V. Pendam<br />
Assistant Professor, Department of Production Engineering<br />
Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute<br />
Matunga, Mumbai-Maharashtra<br />
10 Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4 /E5/ 056 Subject Human Resources<br />
Title<br />
Author’s<br />
Review of Challenges Faced by Global Expatriates and<br />
Onsite Project Employees in their Host Countries and<br />
at Time of Repatriation<br />
Preeti Chaudhary , Harman Singh<br />
Student, Symboisis Institute of Management Studies<br />
Pune-Maharashtra<br />
Dr. Suruchi Pandey<br />
Associate Professor, Symboisis Institute of Management Studies<br />
Pune-Maharashtra<br />
11 Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4 /E5/ 042 Subject Computer Engineering<br />
Title<br />
System of Tracking Public Issues<br />
Section II<br />
<strong>IJIFR</strong> Continuous 41 st Edition<br />
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6354-6360<br />
6361-6382<br />
6383-6391<br />
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International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research<br />
List of Papers Published in <strong>IJIFR</strong> - Volume 4-Issue 5, January <strong>2017</strong><br />
Author’s<br />
Kavita Pokharkar, Archana Tajane, Priyanka Kale<br />
Priyanka Gaikwad<br />
Student<br />
Department of Computer Engineering<br />
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center, Nashik,<br />
Maharashtra<br />
Prof. P. R. Dholi<br />
Professor, Department of Computer Engineering<br />
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center,<br />
Nashik, Maharashtra<br />
12 Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4 /E5/ 046 Subject Library Services<br />
Title<br />
Author’s<br />
A study on Library Resources and Services provided<br />
by the Degree Colleges of Hyderabad Karnataka<br />
Region<br />
Dr. G. S. Biradar<br />
Assistant Librarian, Gulbarga University,<br />
P.G.Centre, Raichur- Karnataka<br />
13 Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4 /E5/ 061 Subject Management Studies<br />
Title<br />
Author’s<br />
The Impact of Patanjali Products on the FMCG<br />
Business Hither to Dominated by Multi-Nationals like<br />
Hul, P&G, Nestle etc.<br />
Dr. Anuja Agarwal<br />
Associate Dean, Mukesh Patel School of Technology,<br />
Management, and Engineering , SVKM’s NMIMS University<br />
Mumbai-Maharashtra<br />
Sakshi Gupta, Srashti Gupta, Vinayak Nautiyal<br />
MBA Tech. Student<br />
Mukesh Patel School of Technology, Management and<br />
Engineering , SVKM’s NMIMS University<br />
Mumbai-Maharashtra<br />
14 Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4 /E5/ 064 Subject Education<br />
Author’s<br />
Establishing the Relationship Between Learning Style<br />
and Leadership Potential of Higher Secondary<br />
Students of Different School Background<br />
Dr. R. Portia<br />
Assistant Professor<br />
Department of Education,<br />
Alagappa University College of Education,<br />
Alagappa University, Karaikudi -Tamil Nadu<br />
Section II<br />
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6424<br />
6392-6397<br />
6398-6403<br />
6404-6410<br />
6411-6417<br />
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List of Papers Published in <strong>IJIFR</strong> - Volume 4-Issue 5, January <strong>2017</strong><br />
15 Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4 /E5/ 065 Subject Homoeopathy<br />
Title<br />
Author’s<br />
To Study the Effectiveness of Homoeopathic Medicines<br />
in Allergic Rhinitis<br />
Dr. Siva Rami Reddy. E<br />
PhD Scholar,<br />
Sri Ganganagar Homoeopathic Medical College,<br />
Hospital and Research Center,<br />
Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India<br />
16 Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4 /E5/ 067 Subject Biotechnology<br />
Title Chitosan from Shrimp Bio-Waste : Potential<br />
Antibacterial Agent<br />
Author’s<br />
Vinusha Bellamkonda, Vidya Sagar Reddy Gundarapu<br />
Research Scholars, Department of Biotechnology,<br />
Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India<br />
Vijaya Chalamacherla<br />
Assistant Professor, Department of Marine Biology,<br />
Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India<br />
17 Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4 /E5/ 068 Subject Computer Engineering<br />
Title<br />
Author’s<br />
Data Mining Techniques for Fraud Detection in Health<br />
Insurance<br />
Pranali Pawar<br />
M.tech. Student, Department of Computer Engineering,<br />
Sandip Institute of Technology and Research Centre ,<br />
Nashik, Maharashtra<br />
Namrata Ghuse<br />
Professor, Department of Computer Engineering,<br />
Sandip Institute of Technology and Research Centre ,<br />
Nashik, Maharashtra<br />
18 Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4 /E5/ 033 Subject Computer Engineering<br />
Title<br />
Privacy Preserving Data Leak Detection<br />
Author’s<br />
Sarisha Kumari.S<br />
M.Tech. Student, Department of Computer Engineering,<br />
Musaliar College of Engineering and Technology<br />
Pathanamthitta, Kerala<br />
19 Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4 /E5/ 023 Subject Computer Engineering<br />
Title<br />
Segmentation of Handwritten Tamil Character from<br />
Palm Script using Histogram Approach<br />
Section II<br />
<strong>IJIFR</strong> Continuous 41 st Edition<br />
V
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List of Papers Published in <strong>IJIFR</strong> - Volume 4-Issue 5, January <strong>2017</strong><br />
Author’s<br />
B. Kiruba, A. Nivethitha, Dr. M. Vimaladevi<br />
Assistant Professor,<br />
Department of Computer Science & Engineering<br />
Hindusthan Institute of Technology, Coimbatore<br />
Section II<br />
<strong>IJIFR</strong> Continuous 41 st Edition<br />
VI
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Volume 4 Issue 5 January <strong>2017</strong><br />
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697<br />
Design and Verification of a Robust Neural<br />
Network Based Kannada Base Character<br />
Recognition System<br />
Electronic &<br />
Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/ E5/ 035 Page No. 6259-6265 Subject Area<br />
Comm. Engg.<br />
Character Recognition, Neural Network, Back Propagation, Kannada Script,<br />
Key Words<br />
DCT, DWT and KLT<br />
1 st Mohankuamar.V<br />
2 nd<br />
Dr.G.V.Jayaramaiah<br />
Assistant Professor<br />
Department of Electronic & Comm. Engineering,<br />
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology ,<br />
Bengaluru-Karnataka<br />
Professor<br />
Department of Electronic & Comm. Engineering,<br />
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology ,<br />
Bengaluru-Karnataka<br />
Abstract<br />
This paper describes a design and validation of neural network based<br />
Kannada character recognition system. The proposed character recognition<br />
system is robust against size, font, thickness and tilting of the characters.<br />
The proposed system recognizes printed characters in Kannada, a south<br />
Indian language. The input to the system is scanned image of base<br />
character and the output is labeling of the character. The system extracts<br />
the geometrical features and recognizes the characters using neural<br />
network back propagation algorithm. The results demonstrated are<br />
independent of the font, size and tilting of the characters and system is seen<br />
to deliver reasonable performance.<br />
I. INTRODUCTION<br />
Character Recognition (CR) is concerned with the automatic detection or classification of<br />
characters for different languages like English, Kannada, Telugu, and Tamil etc. India is a<br />
multi-lingual, multi-script country. Considerably less work has been done towards character<br />
recognition of Indian languages than for other languages [1]. Currently there are many CR<br />
systems available for handling printed English documents with reasonable levels of<br />
accuracy. However, there are not many reported efforts at developing CR systems for Indian<br />
.<br />
This work is published under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<br />
Copyright©<strong>IJIFR</strong> <strong>2017</strong><br />
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languages. Authors of reference [2], have applied OCR systems for some of the Indian<br />
languages. The work reported in this paper is motivated by the fact that there are no reported<br />
efforts at developing document analysis systems for the south Indian language of Kannada.<br />
In reference [3] authors have developed font and size independent OCR system for<br />
Kannada. In [3] for the character analysis, shaped based feature extraction is obtained by<br />
using Vector Machine method. The drawback of the system is its speed and simplicity. In<br />
reference [4] the authors proposed a system that implements machine recognition of printed<br />
Kannada characters. This methodology extracts the co-efficients of DCT, DWT and KLT.<br />
This system exhibits complexity in design. The authors of the reference [5] proposed a<br />
Kannada OCR system using Database approach. This system is not independent of size and<br />
font.<br />
This paper describes a character recognition system for printed text documents in Kannada<br />
which is independent of size, translation and rotation. The system is implemented using the<br />
neural network back propagation algorithm. The rest of the paper is organized as follows.<br />
Section 2 describes the Kannada characters and brings out some of the special<br />
characteristics of the script from the point of view of developing a CR system. In section 3<br />
the principles and methodology of the proposed system is explained. The implementation of<br />
the system is given in Section 4. Section 5 presents some results to illustrate the current<br />
capabilities of the system. Finally conclusions are drawn in Section 6.<br />
II. KANNADA CHARACTERS<br />
The language Kannada has 51 alphabets, which is classified into 16 vowels and 35<br />
consonants. The Kannada akshara shows three distinct vertical regions. The top region,<br />
which ends just below the short head line of the consonant symbol, contains the vowel<br />
modifiers and sometimes parts of the base consonant. Some letters may not have a head line,<br />
and, in that case, the location of the top zone of neighboring letters can be used. The middle<br />
region contains the consonant glyphs and some vowel modifiers. The vowel modifier glyphs<br />
may appear as either connected or disconnected components to the right of the base<br />
consonant. The middle region ends where the base consonants end. The bottom region<br />
which extends below the base consonant consists of glyphs for the consonant conjuncts and<br />
the glyphs for some vowel modifiers. These glyphs generally appear disconnected from the<br />
base consonant and the vowel modifiers present in the middle zone.<br />
III.<br />
PRINCIPLES AND METHODOLOGY<br />
In the proposed system the input is a page of text which is scanned through a flat bed<br />
scanner at 300 DPI and binarised using a global threshold computed automatically based on<br />
the specific image. The lines and words are then separated using the appropriate horizontal<br />
and vertical projections. The words are then segmented into smaller parts. To achieve this<br />
segmentation, the word is first split into three vertical zones based on the horizontal<br />
projection for the word. The three zones are then horizontally segmented using their vertical<br />
projections, which are the inputs to the recognizer. The recognizer extracts a set of features<br />
from the bitmaps of the segments. The feature vector is then classified using a classifier.<br />
Mohankuamar.V, Dr. G. V. Jayaramaiah :: Design and<br />
Verification of a Robust Neural Network Based Kannada Base<br />
Character Recognition System<br />
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Continuous 41 st Edition, Page No: 6259-6265<br />
The labels for the segments from the three zones output by the classifier are then combined<br />
and a ASCII text containing the transliterated version of recognized Kannada character is<br />
the output.<br />
Here the geometrical features are extracted using the following steps:<br />
1. Calculating the Center of Gravity [6] for each character.<br />
2. Finding Radial Co-Ordinates, Normalized Co-Ordinates and<br />
3. Applying the Rapid Transform [7] on the co-ordinates.<br />
Following the above steps the feature vectors of the given character are obtained, which are<br />
robust against its size, translational and rotation. Once the geometrical feature extraction of<br />
the Kannada characters are obtained, the characters are classified using the Neural network<br />
Classifier. Figure1 shows the block diagram representation of the character recognition<br />
system, which include four main steps. i.e. Kannada base character, Geometrical feature<br />
extraction, Segmentation and Neural Network Classifier.<br />
Kannada<br />
Base<br />
Character<br />
Geometrical<br />
Feature<br />
Extraction<br />
Segmentation<br />
Neural<br />
Network<br />
Classifier<br />
Figure 1: Kannada Recognition System<br />
IV. IMPLEMENTATION<br />
4.1 Three Zone Segmentation of a Word<br />
It is well known fact that Kannada characters are different and difficult from English<br />
characters due to the presence of compound characters, i.e., in Kannada there are three<br />
zones the top zone (consisting of vowel modifiers), middle zone (consisting of base<br />
characters) and the bottom zone (consisting of consonant conjuncts and vowel modifiers).<br />
Kannada characters in any word are isolated, but not in English. The proposed system<br />
segments all these three zones by using horizontal projection profile. Figure 3 shows the<br />
histogram of a word.<br />
Step1: read the bmp image of a word.<br />
Step2: divide word into three zones-top zone, middle zone and bottom zone, perform this by<br />
using histograms.<br />
Step3: The middle zone of a word is extracted, which is the base character.<br />
Step4: then apply character segmentation.<br />
Figure 2 shows the three zones segmentation of a word and figure 3 shows the histogram of<br />
a horizontal projection profile of figure 2<br />
Figure 2: Image shows three zone segmentation<br />
Mohankuamar.V, Dr. G. V. Jayaramaiah :: Design and<br />
Verification of a Robust Neural Network Based Kannada Base<br />
Character Recognition System<br />
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Figure 3: Image shows horizontal projection profile of the three zone segmentation.<br />
After three zone segmentation, three zones are stored in different files as shown in Fig. 4-<br />
Fig.6. Figure 4 shows the top zone of a word which consist of only vowel modifiers. For all<br />
the base characters the vowel “A()” is used.<br />
Figure 4: Top zone (vowel modifiers) of three zone segmentation<br />
Figure 5 shows the middle zone of a word which consists of only base characters. Base<br />
characters are used to extract the features in the proposed Kannada character recognition<br />
system.<br />
Figure 5: Middle zone (base characters) of three zone segmentation<br />
Figure 6 shows the bottom zone of a word which consists of vowel modifier and consonant<br />
conjuncts.<br />
Figure 6: Bottom zone (consonant conjuncts) of three zone segmentation.<br />
4.2 Character Segmentation<br />
The middle zone of a word is taken as an input to the character segmentation stage. In this<br />
stage each character is separated from a word by using vertical projection profile. The entire<br />
process of the segmentation is as follows.<br />
Step1: read the bmp image of a middle zone of a word.<br />
Step2: then find vertical project vector of entire bmp image of a word.<br />
Step3: use the vector obtained in step2 to find minima and maxima of a word horizontally.<br />
Step4: then find start and end of an each character<br />
Step5: and then segment the word into characters.<br />
Mohankuamar.V, Dr. G. V. Jayaramaiah :: Design and<br />
Verification of a Robust Neural Network Based Kannada Base<br />
Character Recognition System<br />
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Figure 7 shows the segmentation of a character from a middle zone of a word using vertical<br />
projection profile. Figure 8 shows the histogram of a vertical projection profile of a word.<br />
Figure 7: Character segmentation of a word.<br />
4.3 Preprocessor<br />
Figure 8: image shows histogram of vertical projection profile<br />
In this stage each character is taken as input and extracts the features that are information of<br />
interest. For this the following steps are followed:<br />
Step1: Read the bmp black and white image of Kannada base character store this into two<br />
dimension array for further processing.<br />
Step2: then calculate the center of gravity of an entire black pixel.<br />
Step3: then convert the Cartesian co-ordinates into radial co-coordinate with respect to<br />
center of gravity.<br />
Step4: calculate average of radial co-ordinates.<br />
Step5: find normalized radial co-ordinate by dividing all the radial co-ordinate by average<br />
calculated in step-4.<br />
Step6: divide these normalize radial co-ordinate into L (2 N =32) number of parts.<br />
Step7: count the number of normalized radial co-ordinate in each part.<br />
Step8: In each part add the entire normalized radial coordinate.<br />
Step9: for each part there will be a double value which is equal to sum divided by count.<br />
Step10: than finally pass this vector to Rapid Transform.<br />
From this stage a translation, size and rotation invariant feature vectors are obtained. These<br />
vectors are classified using neural network classifier explained in the next section.<br />
4.4 Neural Network Classifier<br />
The neural network classifier [8] is designed using the following steps:<br />
Mohankuamar.V, Dr. G. V. Jayaramaiah :: Design and<br />
Verification of a Robust Neural Network Based Kannada Base<br />
Character Recognition System<br />
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Continuous 41 st Edition, Page No: 6259-6265<br />
Step1: Choose three layers: first one as a linear layer (Input layer), second one as a sigmoid<br />
layer (Hidden layer) and third one is also as a sigmoid layer (Output layer).<br />
Step2: Choose two full synapse. Add first synapse between input layer and hidden layer and<br />
second synapse between hidden layer and output layer.<br />
Step3: Add a teacher file to input layer and a result file and teacher file to output layer<br />
Step4: Set a monitor for network.<br />
Step5: Use monitor for setting learning rate, momentum and epoch.<br />
Step6: Train the neural network.<br />
Using the above steps, an algorithm is developed and its efficacy is tested by inputting<br />
number of Kannada characters. The results of this test are given in the following section.<br />
V. RESULTS AND ANALYSYS<br />
The sequence of steps followed in the character recognition system given in this paper is as<br />
follows. A word of Kannada base character is used as input to the scanner. The scanner<br />
scans the document and produces the output in the image format (.bmp). The first step is<br />
segmentation, which segments the word into characters. Character is an input to the<br />
preprocessor, which extracts the geometrical features.<br />
In the final step it is required to label/classifying the characters using neural network back<br />
propagation algorithm. Figure 9 shows the final output. That is recognition of character(ka)<br />
with different size and angle.<br />
Figure 9: Kannada character (Ka) test patterns that are recognized<br />
Table1 shows the testing of OCR system for Recognition of individual characters with<br />
different size and different angle, the system works successfully.<br />
Table 1: System Testing<br />
Item being tested Recognition of all basic symbols of Kannada character<br />
Sample Input Image of Kannada character with different size and angle.<br />
Expected output Classification or label<br />
Actual output Successful<br />
Remarks Pass<br />
VI. CONCLUSION<br />
In this paper a CR system for processing printed text documents in Kannada, a South Indian<br />
language is described. Starting with the image of a printed Kannada base character, the<br />
system first separates words into sub-character-level pieces using a strategy that is tailored<br />
to the special features of the script. This paper has achieved a novel feature vectors that<br />
characterizes the distribution of foreground pixels in radial and angular directions. Using<br />
these features, each of the segments of a word is classified using a neural network classifier.<br />
The labels so obtained are then put together to effect recognition of individual characters in<br />
the word. The system has achieved the character recognition, independent of the size,<br />
Mohankuamar.V, Dr. G. V. Jayaramaiah :: Design and<br />
Verification of a Robust Neural Network Based Kannada Base<br />
Character Recognition System<br />
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translational and rotation of character. The system obtains results, which delivers reasonable<br />
recognition of accuracy. Simple invariant pattern recognition system proposed in this paper<br />
necessitates the preprocessor, which involves simple computational steps. Thus, it is<br />
computationally inexpensive and easier to implement. When the neural network is trained<br />
by back propagation algorithm, the system shows better recognition performance. However,<br />
the system tested with all Kannada base characters.<br />
VII. REFERENCES<br />
[1] Dinesh Achaya U, N V Subba Reddy and Krishnamoorthi, “Hierarchical Recognition System<br />
for Machine Printed Kannada Characters” IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science<br />
and Network S 44 ecurity, VOL.8 No.11, November 2008<br />
[2] R. M. K. Sinha and H. N. Mahabala, “Machine Recognition of Devanagari Script,” IEEE<br />
Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. 8, 1979, pp. 435-441.<br />
[3] T V Ashwin and P S Sastry. “A font and size independent OCR system for printed Kannada<br />
document using support vector machines”. Sadhana, vol.27, part 1, febraury2002, page. 35-58.<br />
[4] B.Vijay Kumar and A.G.Ramakrishnan. “Machine Recognition of Printed Kannada Text”.<br />
Springer-verlag berlin Heiderberg 2002, LNCS 2423, page. 37-48.<br />
[5] B.M.Sagar, Dr.Shobha G, Dr. Ramakanth Kumar.P. ”Converting Printed Kannada text Image<br />
file to Machine Editable format using Database Approach”. International journal of<br />
Computers, issue 2, vol.2, 2008, page.172-175.<br />
[6] http://physics.2lv.in/blog/node/70<br />
[7] H.A. Almohamad. “A Pattern Recognition Algorithm Based on the Rapid Transform”. IEEE,<br />
1988, page. 445-449.<br />
[8] ”Introduction to Artificial Neural Systems”. By Jacek M. Zurada, Jaico Publishing House, 4th<br />
Impression 2001.<br />
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Neural Network Based Kannada Base Character Recognition System” International<br />
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January <strong>2017</strong>, pp. 6259-6265, Paper ID: <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/E5/035.<br />
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Volume 4 Issue 5 January <strong>2017</strong><br />
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697<br />
A Comprehensive Study Of Image<br />
Matching Techniques<br />
Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/ E5/ 037 Page No. 6266-6270 Subject Area<br />
Key Words SIFT, LLT, P2F Matching, Structured Matching, AB-SIFT<br />
Computer<br />
Engineering<br />
1 st Swathi Venugopal<br />
2 nd Shibu K.R<br />
M.Tech. Student<br />
Department of Computer Engineering,<br />
Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology<br />
Ernakulam, Kerala<br />
Associate Professor<br />
Department of Computer Engineering,<br />
Viswajyothi College of Engineering and Technology<br />
Ernakulam, Kerala<br />
Abstract<br />
Image matching refers to the automatic identification and measurement of<br />
corresponding image points that are located on the overlapping area of<br />
multiple images. Matching algorithms play an important role in deciding<br />
correspondences between two image scenes. The proficiency of an image<br />
matching algorithm depends on the region of experimental set up and<br />
assumptions considered by the researchers. Several image matching<br />
techniques have been studied to address this problem. This study highlights<br />
latest methodologies and feature extraction methods used by researchers for<br />
image matching.<br />
I. INTRODUCTION<br />
Image matching is an essential step in multiple image processing applications; including<br />
image registration, image retrieval, stereo and 3D reconstruction. It can also be applied to<br />
various applications that deal with identifying and searching of matching images. Matching<br />
deals with finding correspondences between the images. For dealing with large images<br />
feature based matching techniques are used. In feature based image matching, features are<br />
extracted and matching is performed using the characteristics of these extracted features<br />
thereby limiting the computational cost required to accomplish the task. When matching<br />
large images, the number of features is expected to increase with the image size thereby<br />
making the process a computationally cumbersome task. The most efficient way to<br />
.<br />
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circumvent the computational cost while matching large images is through pyramidal<br />
schemes. Pyramidal schemes are techniques that use a large number of sub sampled versions<br />
of the reference and target image and use the intermediate resolutions. Other techniques<br />
also can be used which may impose spatial constraints on the matching process making<br />
extraction of points that correspond to the same location from pairs of large sized images<br />
easy. The survey consists of the different methods and algorithms to image matching,<br />
correlation, and feature detection and illumination invariance of two images.<br />
II. ROBUST SCALE INVARIANT FEATURE MATCHING<br />
For multi source remote sensing images having significant illumination, rotation and scene<br />
differences, extraction of well distributed and precisely aligned point pairs for image<br />
registration is a difficult task. So a scale invariant feature transform approach is used as a<br />
feature based image matching algorithm in a number of automatic registration of remote<br />
sensing images. Although SIFT provides distinctiveness and robustness it suffers from<br />
problems in quality, quantity and distribution of extracted features in multi source remote<br />
sensing images. An improved SIFT algorithm [1] is introduced that is fully automated and<br />
applicable to remote sensing images. This approach selects SIFT features in the full<br />
distribution of location and scale where the features are selected based on the qualities like<br />
stability and distinctiveness. Features thus extracted are subjected to initial cross matching<br />
process which is then followed by a consistency check in the projective transformation<br />
model. This approach is efficient in terms of computational efficiency and is applicable to<br />
various remote sensing images with different illumination, resolution, scene changes etc.<br />
III. LLT ALGORITHM FOR IMAGE MATCHING<br />
Remote sensing images often contain local distortions due to view point changes and ground<br />
relief variations and so they may not be exactly match able. The number of false matches is<br />
also high due to the complex nature of the remote sensing images. The scale of the extracted<br />
feature point is extremely large for remote sensing images which poses burden on feature<br />
matching. Feature matching is the establishment of correspondences between the features.<br />
In order to address these issues [2] a locally linear transforming algorithm is introduced for<br />
rigid and non rigid feature matching of remote sensing images. Based on the feature<br />
similarity a set of putative correspondence is created. In this approach a latent variable is<br />
associated with each correspondence which indicates whether it is an inlier or outlier. It then<br />
estimates the inliers set by using expectation maximization algorithm. A local geometric<br />
constraint is used to preserve local structures among neighbouring feature points after<br />
transformation. This helps to recover accurate correspondence. The advantage of this<br />
approach is that in the case of severe outliers it can handle both rigid and non rigid<br />
transformations. Also, it can be applied to various registration tasks in remote sensing.<br />
IV. AB-SIFT DESCRIPTOR BASED IMAGE MATCHING<br />
For many photogrammetric and remote sensing applications like image registration and<br />
image mosaicking, local invariant feature based image matching is very crucial. An adaptive<br />
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binning scale invariant feature transform [3] which is robust to local geometric distortions is<br />
introduced for remote sensing image matching. Local feature descriptor is computed using<br />
an adaptive binning strategy. Descriptor uses an adaptive histogram quantization strategy<br />
for location and gradient orientations that is robust and resistant to local view point<br />
distortions. Local feature region is divided into different areas and histograms of each area<br />
are computed. These histograms are concatenated to form the final descriptor. Advantage of<br />
the adaptive binning strategy is the robustness to local geometric distortions. The<br />
disadvantage of the system is that the performance may get degraded due to the illumination<br />
differences.<br />
V. PRIORITIZED P2F MATCHING<br />
In many computer vision applications the process of finding the accurate position and<br />
orientation from the image was taken is difficult. A novel approach for efficient and<br />
effective localization of the large scale based image is presented in [4]. For that a prioritized<br />
point to feature matching approach is used. This prioritized point to feature matching makes<br />
use of the co visibility information. A set of points from all parts of the model are selected<br />
and they are matched against the query image based on the descending order of the<br />
priorities. When, a new match is found at a point the priorities of all the other points near<br />
that point are increased. The process is repeated until some hundred matches are found or<br />
until certain number of points has been tried out. In order to reject the ambiguous matches<br />
ratio test is performed finally. It is performed by finding two nearest neighbours of the query<br />
descriptor. Correspondence is established if they pass the ratio test. That is if the ratio of the<br />
points to the descriptor point is below the threshold value T where T can be 0.6 or 0.8.<br />
Advantages of this method is that it is efficient and effective in estimating correct camera<br />
poses and also it has the fastest run times. The disadvantage in using this method is that in<br />
larger image models the localization effectiveness is reduced. This is because the 2D to 3D<br />
matches may reject many correct matches.<br />
VI. NNCF BASED MATCHING<br />
A nearest neighbour collaborative filtering based patch matching is introduced for image denoising<br />
in [5]. It involves matching query patches with other similar patches. The similar<br />
patches can be from a noisy database or from an external database. The close neighbours are<br />
considered as the patches that have the closest similarities with the query patches. In most of<br />
the cases this information may not be available at the beginning. In such cases we either use<br />
an external database or a noisy image. That is the close neighbours are selected either from<br />
an external clean database or from a noisy image. The advantages of using collaborative<br />
filtering based matching is that it is effective in noisy scenarios, it provides robustness in the<br />
patch matching stage and finally it improves the performance of the system.<br />
VII. LARGE IMAGE MATCHING USING COUPLED DECOMPOSITION<br />
For large sized images the accurate extraction of tie points that belong to the same location<br />
is a difficult task. So a novel method was introduced [6] that imposes spatial constraints on<br />
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the matching process which do not make use of sub sampled versions of the reference and<br />
target image. For that a new technique called coupled image decomposition is used where<br />
the image are split into subimages. This process is theoretically invariant to noise, global<br />
radiometric differences and geometric differences. This is also considered to be robust to<br />
local changes. In the matching process performing coupled decomposition scale invariant<br />
feature transform is applied and the features are extracted. Then matching is performed.<br />
Finally, a partial fundamental matrix is used to find the re projection errors if any. This<br />
coupled decomposition is tested on a dataset consisting of several planetary images. These<br />
planetary images may be different in size and may vary from one mega pixel to several<br />
hundreds of mega pixels. The experimental results show a substantial reduction of<br />
computational cost when matching large images without compromising the overall matching<br />
accuracy. It is also helpful in estimating local regions that cannot be successfully matched.<br />
This method of matching has got several advantages. It reduces the complexity, decreases<br />
the computational cost and also increases the matching accuracy while matching large<br />
images. It also has some disadvantages. It cannot extract more gradient information. Also,<br />
the complications due to illumination difference are high.<br />
VIII. STRUCTURED MATCHING<br />
A structured matching method is presented in [7]. This method was introduced to deal with<br />
the problem of person re identification. It deals with maintaining the identities of the people<br />
traversing various locations captured by camera network. This method a bipartite graph<br />
matching is used where all the entities are considered as nodes of the graph thereby forming<br />
two sets of nodes, probe set and gallery set. The matching relations are considered as edges<br />
with weights varying from {0,1}. So the method can be considered as weighted bipartite<br />
matching method which identifies matches between two individuals viewed in two different<br />
cameras. The main idea of structured matching is to reduce the feasible solution space. The<br />
advantages of this method are it demands only low storage and has good computational<br />
efficiency. This enables the method to be used in various real world applications. For further<br />
reducing the computational complexity, weight matrix can be decomposed into separable<br />
matrices. Such decomposition will accelerate the computational.<br />
IX. CONCLUSION<br />
Image matching and recognition methods are mainly used in computer vision application.<br />
The survey includes different methods to improve the matching of two or more images.<br />
Image matching and recognition methods are mainly used in computer vision application.<br />
This work is a survey of some selected recent image matching techniques. A more accurate<br />
matching solution can be obtained by combining more than one approach. The survey shows<br />
that each of the techniques has its own relative merits and demerits. A good image matching<br />
technique is considered as the one which can estimate local regions that cannot be<br />
successfully matched, which can deal with illumination differences, extraction of gradient<br />
information and also viewpoint distortions.<br />
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X. REFERENCES<br />
ISSN: 2347-1697<br />
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Volume - 4, Issue -5, January <strong>2017</strong><br />
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[1] Amin Sedaghat, Mehdi Mokhtarzade, and Hamid Ebadi, Uniform Robust Scale-Invariant<br />
Feature Matching for Optical Remote Sensing Images, " Transactions On Geoscience And<br />
Remote Sensing, vol. 49, no. 11, November 2011<br />
[2] Jiayi Ma, Huabing Zhou, Ji Zhao, Yuan Gao, Junjun Jiang, and Jinwen Tian, Robust<br />
Feature Matching for Remote Sensing Image Registration via Locally Linear Transforming,<br />
"IEEE Transactions On Geoscience And Remote Sensing,vol. 53, no. 12, December 2015<br />
[3] Amin Sedaghat and Hamid Ebadi, Remote Sensing Image Matching Based on Adaptive<br />
Binning SIFT Descriptor, " IEEE Transactions On Geoscience And Remote Sensing, vol.<br />
53, no. 10, October 2015<br />
[4] Torsten Sattler, Member, IEEE, Bastian Leibe, Member, IEEE, and Leif Kobbelt, Efficient<br />
Effective Prioritized Matching for Large-Scale Image-Based Localization, "IEEE<br />
Transactions On Pattern Analysis And Machine Intelligence, vol. X, no. Y, month,year<br />
[5] Shibin Parameswaran, Student Member, IEEE, Enming Luo, Student Member,IEEE, and<br />
Truong Q. Nguyen, Fellow, IEEE, Patch Matching for Image Denoising Using<br />
Neighborhood-based Collaborative Filtering, "IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems<br />
for Video Technology<br />
[6] Panagiotis Sidiropoulos, Member, IEEE, Jan-Peter Muller, Member, IEEE, Matching of<br />
Large Images Through Coupled Decomposition, "IEEE Transactions On Image Processing,<br />
vol. 24, no. 7, July 2015<br />
[7] Ziming Zhang, Member, IEEE, and Venkatesh Saligrama, Member, IEEE, PRISM: Person<br />
Re-Identi_cation via Structured Matching, "IEEE Transactions On Circuits And Systems For<br />
Video Technology<br />
TO CITE THIS PAPER<br />
Venugopal, S., Shibu, K.R (<strong>2017</strong>) :: “A Comprehensive Study Of Image Matching<br />
Techniques” International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (ISSN: 2347-<br />
1697), Vol. 4 No. (5), January <strong>2017</strong>, pp. 6266-6270, Paper ID: <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/E5/037.<br />
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Volume 4 Issue 5 January <strong>2017</strong><br />
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697<br />
Impact of Vermicompost on Food<br />
Utilization of some Fresh Water Fishes<br />
by Cage Culture Method<br />
Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/ E5/ 039 Page No. 6271-6275 Subject Area Zoology<br />
Key Words<br />
Food Utilization, Net Pen, Labeo Rohita, Cirrhinus Mrigala, Cyprinus<br />
Carpio , Channa Striatus<br />
1 st Dr. Joycy Jay Manoharam<br />
2 nd S. Sujitha<br />
Associate Professor,<br />
PG & Research Department of Zoology<br />
K.N.G.A.College for women (Autonomous)<br />
Thanjavur-Tamilnadu<br />
Research Scholar<br />
PG & Research Department of Zoology<br />
K.N.G.A.College for women (Autonomous)<br />
Thanjavur-Tamilnadu<br />
Abstract<br />
Fish is a delicious food in the world. Fresh water fishes were preferred by<br />
pupil of Thanjavur. They prefer live fishes for their food. Hence culturing<br />
them is a prestigious job in these areas. A study was made to get an insight<br />
about the quality of aquatic system and the food for the growth and<br />
utilization of common four different fishes, namely Labeo rohita (Rohu),<br />
Cirrhinus mrigala (Mrigal), Cyprinus carpio (mirror carp) and Channa<br />
striatus (Striped murrel). Under the vermicompost media fishes were<br />
provided with earthworms as food and were analyzed for growth. The<br />
results were discussed.<br />
I. INTRODUCTION<br />
Aquatic resources are inexhaustible. Man identified the aquatic environment as the<br />
alternative sources to exploit the resources and to produce more animal proteins. The<br />
aquatic community is the source of quality protein for human consumption and is threatened<br />
by the vast array of pollutants contaminating the ambience. Fertilizer application is also<br />
indispensable in the present scenario for the welfare of humans.Fish constitute an excellent,<br />
easily accessible source of quality protein and minerals for the rural population of our<br />
country. Intensive aqua farming and integrated farming practices can be an efficient way to<br />
.<br />
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produce large quantities of protein rich food.Food is imperative for growth and utilization.<br />
Aquatic fauna live in water depends on the food that is available in water. Good quality<br />
and perfect quantity of food are primary factors that determine the growth of fishes<br />
and the cost of production in aquaculture utilized food is digested and assimilated for<br />
its maintenance and growth. Apart from providing energy, they play a vital role in the<br />
growth of aqua fauna.<br />
Enormous studies available on factors like quality of food (Baskaran et. al., 1990;<br />
Joycy Jay Manoharam, 1982; Swamy, Muralimohan and Ramamurthi, 1991;<br />
Elangumaran et.al., 1992; Ebanasar and Jayaprakas, 1994 and 1996; Anupriya, 2007),<br />
swimming activity (Arunachalam, Vivekanandan and pandian, 1976; Geetha, 2007 ),<br />
temperature (Jobling, 1981; Chanchal et.al., 1993); size of fish(Joycy Jay Manoharam<br />
1984; Devadoss, 1989; Marimuthu , pandian and Vivekanandan, 1976), dissolved<br />
oxygen (Vivekanandan and pandian 1977; Geetha, 2007) and hormones (Nirmala and<br />
pandian, 1983; Arul, 1986; Sambhu, 1996; Jayaprakas and Sindhu, 1996) are found<br />
to influence food consumption, growth and conversion efficiency of murrels. According<br />
to Joycy Jay Manoharam, (2008), super phosphate in low concentration act as a growth<br />
promoter. As these factors influences the growth and food utilization, an attempt was<br />
made to evaluate and compare the impact of vermicompost on four different fishes<br />
commonly utilized in Thanjavur area in the aquatic ecosystem.<br />
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS:<br />
Fishes used were, Labeo rohita (Rohu) I, Cirrhinus mrigala (Mrigal) II, Cyprinus carpio<br />
(mirror carp) III and Channa striatus (Striped murrel) IV. These fishes are highly priced all<br />
over India for their keeping quality, flavour, nutritive and recuperative values.<br />
Two ponds were selected and one was filled with bore water (control –C) and<br />
the other one was filled with water and vermicompost 1kg /100 liters (experimental –E).<br />
Quality of water was analyzed and then One day starvation was given after acclimatization.<br />
Net pens were prepared of size 1m ×1m ×1m and were divided into four compartments.<br />
Net cage.<br />
I<br />
IV<br />
II<br />
III<br />
Net pens were introduced two in each pond. Fifteen weighed Fishes per compartments were<br />
introduced as murrel, Rohu, Mrigal and Mirror carp (Table1). All fishes of one pen/ pond<br />
were kept as control and the other as experimental. All the fishes were fed ad libitum of<br />
earthworms as food. The unfed and faeces were collected every day. The experiment was<br />
conducted for a period of 21 days.<br />
After 21 days, the fishes were weighed and the sacrifice method of Maynard and<br />
Loosli (1962) was adopted for food utilization studies.<br />
Mean daily food intake = Feed given – Unfed collected<br />
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III. GROWTH PARAMETERS<br />
Length and weight of fishes in all treatment were recorded on 20 th day. The growth<br />
parameters such as Growth, Growth rate and Percentage increase in body weight were<br />
calculated.<br />
IV. FOOD UTILIZATION<br />
The scheme of food utilization is expressed with the following modified formula<br />
(Pertursewiez and Macfutyen, 1970). The formula adapted in the present investigation was.<br />
C = P + M + F<br />
Where<br />
C = Food consumed<br />
P = Production or growth<br />
M = Metabolism energy lost due to respiration and<br />
Nitrogenous excretory product.<br />
F = Faeces produced<br />
Since V wasted energy and R respiration was estimated separately this work.<br />
V and R were expressed as metabolism (M). (Arunachalam and Palanichamy, 1982).<br />
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION<br />
Feasible aquatic environment is a vital phenomenon for the growth and reproduction of<br />
aquatic organisms. Good quality and perfect quantity of food are primary factors that<br />
determine the growth of fishes. Quality of most of the fish is dependent on a number of<br />
factors, which includes the environment, food and availability. A favorite foodstuff for the<br />
majority of societies in the world is fish. Fish is consumed as a food by many species,<br />
including humans. Fishes are valuable sources of high grade protein and other organic<br />
products.<br />
Table 2: Showing growth parameters in four fishes in control and experimental conditions<br />
I II III IV<br />
Parameters C E C E C E C E<br />
Growth 16.51 16.04 3.85 3.92 0.66 0.57 4.04 5.41<br />
Specific Growth Rate 1.35 1.38 0.43 0.43 0.09 0.21 0.52 0.62<br />
% increase in body weight 1.09 1.07 0.25 0.25 0.04 0.03 0.26 0.35<br />
Feeding rate 4.13 4.48 1.45 1.42 0.818 0.63 1.05 1.36<br />
Food absorption 0.005 0.004 0.007 0.007 0.018 0.025 0.003 0.005<br />
Absorption Rate 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.19 0.13 0.12 0.19 0.19<br />
Absorption efficiency 0.19 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.7 1 0.3 0.3<br />
Metabolic rate 1.15 1.24 0.66 0.633 0.43 0.4 0.63 0.63<br />
Absorption efficiency 0.633 0.666 5.19 4.84 19.6 21.05 4.7 3.51<br />
Gross conversion efficiency 3302 4025 550 560 36.6 22.8 1346 1082<br />
They are most important source of animal protein and have been widely accepted as a good<br />
source of protein and other elements for the maintenance of healthy body. The result of this<br />
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study shows the increased growth in two fishes. They are Labeo rohita (Rohu) and Channa<br />
striatus (Striped murrel) respectively. But when compared with Rohu, in channa there is a<br />
clear-cut difference between control and vermicompost environment.<br />
18<br />
EFFECT OF VERMICOMPOST ON GROWTH OF FISHES<br />
16<br />
14<br />
12<br />
10<br />
8<br />
6<br />
CONTROL<br />
EXPERIMENTAL<br />
4<br />
2<br />
0<br />
ROHU MRIGAL CARPIO CHANNA<br />
. Figure 1: Effect of vermicompost on growth of four fishes<br />
VI. CONCLUSION<br />
Earthworms are easy to culture with much advantages, this would be alive and healthy diet<br />
for fishes. Food and the quality of aquatic system provides a conducive environment for<br />
cultivable fishes and gives a high price for them. The figure clearly reveals that with the<br />
vermicompost surrounding and earthworm diet gives a very pleasant environ for Channa<br />
than other fishes studied. Fishes prefer live food than other prepared food. Channa is a<br />
carnivorous fish and so it may prefer earthworm as a delicious diet. Mostly prepared diets<br />
were given for fishes in farms. Giving alive, protein rich diet would be a challenge for<br />
farmers in near future. Further it needs a clear study for the physiological and biochemical<br />
influence.<br />
VII. REFERENCES<br />
[1] Anupriya,B. 2007. Food preference and utilization of Channa punctatus (Bloch). M.Sc.<br />
Dissertation. Bharathidason University.<br />
[2] Arunachalam and Palanichamy, 1982. Sublethal effects of carbaryl on surfacing behavior<br />
and food utilization studies in the air- breathing fish Macropodus cupanus. Physiol Beha.29;<br />
23 -27.<br />
[3] Ebanasar and Jayaprakas, 1994. Evaluation of different diets for the cage culture of Channa<br />
striatus. J. Inland Fish. Soc.India., 26(1); 59- 66.<br />
Dr. Joycy Jay Manoharam, S. Sujitha :: Impact of Vermicompost<br />
on Food Utilization of some Fresh Water Fishes by Cage Culture<br />
Method<br />
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[4] Ebanasar and Jayaprakas, 1996. Food utilization of (Channidae: Pisces) fed three diets of<br />
animal origin. Indian JExp.Biol. 34: 1261 -1264.<br />
[5] Joycy Jay Manoharam, 1984. Effect of Body size on food utilization in a fish Macropodus<br />
cupanus.Indian J Anim.Res., 18(1): 57 – 60, 1984.<br />
[6] Joycy Jay Manoharam, 2008. Toxicity of phenol and super phosphate on digestive<br />
physiology of an air breathing fish Channa punctatus. Ph. D. thesis submitted to<br />
Bharathidason University, Tiruchirapalli.<br />
[7] Maynard,A.L and K.J. Loosli (1962)Animal nutrition, 5 TH Ed., Newyork. Mcgraw Hill,P<br />
533<br />
TO CITE THIS PAPER<br />
Manoharam, J.J. , Sujitha, S. (<strong>2017</strong>) :: “Impact of Vermicompost on Food<br />
Utilization of some Fresh Water Fishes by Cage Culture Method” International<br />
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January <strong>2017</strong>, pp. 6271-6275, Paper ID: <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/E5/039.<br />
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Volume 4 Issue 5 January <strong>2017</strong><br />
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697<br />
A Study of Effectiveness of Toolkit of Life<br />
Skill Education Programme on Visual-Spatial<br />
Intelligence of Secondary School Students<br />
Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/ E5/ 041 Page No. 6276-6285 Subject Area Education<br />
Key Words<br />
Visual-Spatial Intelligence, Experimental & Control Groups, 1200 Students,<br />
South & Central Mumbai Secondary Schools , Purposive And Convenient<br />
Sampling Technique, Pre & Post Test Scores, Multiple-Intelligence Theory<br />
1 st Dr. (Mrs.) Mintu Sinha<br />
2 nd Dr. Bhagwan Balani<br />
Principal,<br />
Bombay Teachers’ Training College<br />
Colaba, Mumbai-Maharashtra<br />
Assistant Professor,<br />
Bombay Teachers’ Training College<br />
Colaba, Mumbai-Maharashtra<br />
Abstract<br />
Visual Spatial Intelligence makes it possible for people to perceive visual or spatial<br />
information, to transform this information, and to recreate visual images from<br />
memory. Well-developed spatial capacities are needed for the work of architects,<br />
sculptors, and engineers. Researchers were very keen to observe to study the<br />
effectiveness of toolkit of life skill education programme based toolkit on visualspatial<br />
intelligences among secondary school students. They used experimental<br />
method of research. The experiments were conducted in more than 20 secondary<br />
schools. Purposive and Convenient sampling technique has been used for drawing<br />
the sample. Secondary schools affiliated to SSC board were considered for the<br />
study. The project was carried out in English medium and co- education type of<br />
schools. It was found that, the mean of gain scores of Visual-spatial intelligence of<br />
experimental group is significantly higher than that of control group. Hence it can<br />
be inferred that there is a significant difference in the gain scores of Visual-spatial<br />
intelligence of experimental and control groups. These findings indicate that the<br />
gain scores of experimental and control groups differ significantly. Therefore it<br />
was inferred that intervention programme organized has helped to develop<br />
Visual-spatial intelligence in the students of standard VIII of the experimental<br />
group. It was also inferred that the contribution of intervention of the educational<br />
programme (Toolkit) in the development of Visual-spatial intelligence is 14.05%.<br />
Thus it can be concluded that the intervention of the educational programme<br />
(Toolkit) has helped to enhance Visual-spatial intelligence among VIII standard<br />
students.<br />
.<br />
This work is published under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<br />
Copyright©<strong>IJIFR</strong> <strong>2017</strong><br />
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I. INTRODUCTION<br />
Gardner identifies eight intelligences, all of which he considers “part of our birthright.”<br />
However, he adds that “no two people have exactly the same intelligences in the same<br />
combination.” The eight intelligences are linguistic, logical, musical, spatial, bodily<br />
kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. The extent to which the various<br />
intelligences develop depends, to a significant extent, on the individual’s education and<br />
culture.<br />
Gardner argues intelligence is categorized into three primary or overarching categories,<br />
those of which are formulated by the abilities. According to Gardner, intelligence is: 1) The<br />
ability to create an effective product or offer a service that is valued in a culture, 2) a set of<br />
skills that make it possible for a person to solve problems in life, and 3) the potential for<br />
finding or creating solutions for problems, which involves gathering new knowledge.<br />
Gardner, Howard (1997) wrote an article, “Multiple Intelligences as a Partner in School<br />
Improvement published in Educational leadership.” He added that it is difficult to grasp<br />
multiple-intelligences theory and implement its implications effectively. Multiple Intelligent<br />
theory is not a quick fix. However, educators who thoughtfully use the theory to support<br />
their larger educational goals find it a worthy partner in school improvement. The author has<br />
praised the efforts of several researchers and practitioners in this "Educational Leadership"<br />
issue and issues a special challenge to each of them.<br />
Visual Spatial Intelligence makes it possible for people to perceive visual or spatial<br />
information, to transform this information, and to recreate visual images from memory.<br />
Well-developed spatial capacities are needed for the work of architects, sculptors, and<br />
engineers. The students who turn first to the graphs, charts, and pictures in their textbook,<br />
who like to “web” their ideas before writing a paper, and who fill the blank space around<br />
their notes with intricate patterns are also using their spatial intelligence. While usually tied<br />
to the visual modality, spatial intelligence can also be exercised to a high level by<br />
individuals who are visually impaired.<br />
Christison, Mary Ann (1996) wrote an article that encourages using the seven intelligences--<br />
verbal, musical, logical, spatial, kinaesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal--in problem<br />
situations and focusing on the varied approach to learning fostered by these intelligences.<br />
His article also discusses a language classroom that helps develop a vision for expanding<br />
intelligent behavior and reinventing language learning.<br />
Silver, Harvey; Strong, Richard; Perini, Matthew (1997) inferred that Multiple-intelligences<br />
theory (MI) explores how cultures and disciplines shape human potential. Both MI and<br />
learning-style theories reject dominant ideologies of intelligence. Whereas learning styles<br />
are concerned with differences in the learning process, MI centres on learning content and<br />
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products. Blending learning styles and MI theories via integrated intelligence menus may<br />
help minimize each theory's limitations and enhance its strengths.<br />
Greenhawk, Jan (1997), hired Specialists to help teachers develop standards for grading<br />
students' art work and oral presentations and to prepare students for state assessments,<br />
written descriptions often accompany students' chosen methods for displaying knowledge. It<br />
was observed in their research endeavour that in the five years since a Trappe, Maryland<br />
elementary school put Gardner's multiple-intelligences theory into practice; students' overall<br />
achievement and confidence have risen substantially.<br />
Toni Nobel (2004) combined the typologies of Multiple Intelligence theory and Revised<br />
Bloom’s Taxonomy. He observed that teachers gained an integrated model of the different<br />
ways that students learn in different intellectual domains and different thinking capabilities.<br />
Students’ greater understanding of their own and others’ learning and their motivation for<br />
learning during MI/RBT learning centre time illustrated ways their learning can be made<br />
more meaningful.<br />
R. Poornima, G.Lokanadha Reddy, (2011) focused on the Theory of Multiple Intelligence<br />
and its educational implications. This article explored the theory of MI (nature, criteria for<br />
recognition, key points of the theory and eight intelligences), describes the general teaching<br />
strategies practiced, barriers in implementing the MI in the classroom and ways and means<br />
to overcome those barriers.<br />
Mesut Tabuk,, Ahmet Şükrü Özdemir (2009) advocated the use of certain alternative<br />
teaching methods, including project based leaning and multiple intelligence approach. The<br />
emphasis throughout is on getting students to participate more, to interact more, and to<br />
broaden their perspective. The purpose of this research is to determine the effects of<br />
multiple intelligence approach in project based learning on the students’ mathematics<br />
achievements.<br />
Abdallah, Mahmoud Mohammad Sayed (2008) shaded some light on the history of MI<br />
Theory and the traditional IQ tests to clarify the rationale underlying this new theory. Then,<br />
it illustrates the initial seven intelligences that Gardener suggested (i.e. Verbal-linguistic<br />
intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence, bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence, spatial<br />
intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, intrapersonal-reflective intelligence and musical<br />
intelligence). It goes on to highlight the educational applications and implications of MI<br />
Theory in English Language Teaching, with special focus on what has come to be called<br />
MI-Based Instruction.<br />
Williams, R. Bruce, (2007) focused on Multiple Intelligences for differentiated learning.<br />
There is an intricate literacy to Gardner's multiple intelligences theory that unlocks key<br />
entry points for differentiated learning. Using a well-articulated framework, rich with<br />
graphic representations, Williams provided a comprehensive discussion of multiple<br />
intelligences. He moved the teacher and students from curiosity to confidence and to<br />
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competence in understanding and using the multiple intelligences theory in the most<br />
practical ways in curriculum, instruction and assessment.<br />
Micheal M, (2005), carried out a study to explore the assessment practice in “A level<br />
secondary schools with the major focus on Continuous Assessment Strategies. The findings<br />
of the study revealed that: Numerous Continuous Assessment Strategies (i.e. the written<br />
tests, recap exercises, take-home assignments, check lists, observation, presentations and<br />
projects) were being used in A level secondary schools. A positive relationship was<br />
observed between some of the continuous assessment strategies used and students’<br />
performance.<br />
Based on the above review of related literature, the researchers found that none of the above<br />
researchers have made an attempt for development of multiple intelligences, hence were<br />
keen to undertake an experimental study to measure the effect of life skill education<br />
programme on Visual-spatial intelligence of secondary school students. Amstrong Thomas<br />
(1999) in his book have defined Visual Spatial Intelligence that involves thinking in pictures<br />
and images and the ability to perceive, transform, and recreate different aspects of the<br />
visual-spatial world. As such it is the playground of architects, photographers, artists, pilots,<br />
and mechanical engineers. Whoever designed the Pyramids in Egypt had a lot of this<br />
intelligence. So too did individuals like Thomas Edison, Pablo Picasso, and Ansel Adams.<br />
Highly spatial individuals often have an acute sensitivity to visual details and can visualize<br />
vividly, draw or sketch their ideas graphically, and orient themselves in three-dimensional<br />
space with ease. Lazear, D. G. (1994) in his book, “pathway of learning, teaching students<br />
and parent about multiple intelligences” a process of knowing that occurs through seeing<br />
both externally (with the physical eyes) and internally (with the mind’s eye). It uses such<br />
tools as drawing, painting sculpture, collage, montage, visualization, imagination,<br />
pretending, and creating mental images. Bruce Campbell (2008) in his book, “Handbook of<br />
Differentiated Instruction Using the Multiple Intelligences Lesson Plans & More” describes<br />
visual spatial intelligence as the ability to think in three dimensions. Core capacities of this<br />
intelligence include mental imagery, spatial reasoning, image manipulation, graphic and<br />
artistic skills, and an active imagination. Sailors, pilots, sculptors, painters, and architects all<br />
exhibit spatial intelligence. Researchers also were very keen to observe to study the effect of<br />
effectiveness of co scholastic based toolkit on visual-spatial intelligences among secondary<br />
school students. The aim, objectives and research design of the study employed for the same<br />
is described as under:<br />
1.1 Aim of the study<br />
To study the effectiveness of toolkit of life skill education programme on Visual-spatial<br />
intelligence of secondary school students.<br />
1.2 Objectives of the study<br />
i.) To study the effectiveness of toolkit of life skill education programme on Visual-spatial<br />
intelligence of secondary school students.<br />
ii.) To compare the pre and post test scores of Visual-spatial intelligence for experimental<br />
and control groups.<br />
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iii.) To compare the gain scores of Visual-spatial intelligence test for experimental and<br />
control groups.<br />
iv.) To measure the proportion of variance in gain scores of Visual-spatial intelligence Due<br />
to intervention of the educational programme (Toolkit)<br />
1.3 Hypothesis of the study<br />
There is no significant difference in pre and post test scores of Visual-spatial intelligence for<br />
experimental and control groups.<br />
II. RESEARCH DESIGN<br />
For the present study, the researchers have used the experimental research approach. The<br />
present study focuses on establishing the cause-effect relationship between the independent<br />
variable and the dependant variable. The cause, independent variable is ‘Toolkit’ and the<br />
dependant variable is the Visual-spatial intelligence. Therefore the researcher used the<br />
Quasi-Experimental Pretest - posttest Non-equivalent group design.<br />
i.) Sampling: For the present experimental study, the eight standard students has been<br />
selected and considered for the study. The sample of study has been 1200 students<br />
studying in secondary schools of South and Central Mumbai.<br />
ii.) Sampling Technique: Purposive and Convenient sampling technique has been used for<br />
drawing the sample. Secondary schools affiliated to SSC board have been considered<br />
for the study. The project was implemented in English medium and co- education type<br />
schools only.<br />
iii.) Treatment: The comprehensive developed toolkit has been designed that comprises<br />
teaching and learning activities to extend Gardner’s theory to effective classroom<br />
practice. The newly developed toolkit comprises 15 comprehensive student centric<br />
educational activities based on the implications of multiple-intelligence theory that has<br />
stimulated student teachers to find more ways of helping all students in their classes.<br />
The specially designed workshops has been organised by student teachers in secondary<br />
schools of South and Central Mumbai.<br />
iv.) Tools of the Study: The tool has been constructed to measure Visual-spatial<br />
intelligence of experimental and control groups before and after the treatment. The data<br />
has been collected from eight standard secondary school students of 20 schools. The<br />
researchers have constructed and standardised tool to measure the Visual-spatial<br />
intelligence of VIII standard students with the help of experts and has established the<br />
validity and reliability of the tool.<br />
v.) Data Collection: Data has been collected from the experimental and control groups.<br />
The data was collected in two phases one in the beginning of the study as pretest scores<br />
and two at the end of the treatment as posttest scores.<br />
III. ANALYSIS OF DATA<br />
Analysis is critical for the process of research. Analysis is a form of description of data<br />
gathered in a systematic and scientific way. Statistical analysis acts as a quantitative link for<br />
the communication of result. The data collected has been scored and compiled to<br />
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appropriate statistical tests to test the hypotheses formulated. The data has been analyzed<br />
using descriptive and inferential statistics.<br />
Descriptive analyses: Describes what applies to the data and helps the researchers<br />
have drawn conclusions and have generalized to sample of the population. Mean<br />
scores of the each were calculated and were compiled for the purpose of the further<br />
data analysis.<br />
Inferential Analysis: Research has no meaning unless it draws inferences for the<br />
characteristics of the population. Inferential analysis helps to extend the<br />
generalization to the entire population from which the sample is drawn. The<br />
inferential techniques for testing the hypotheses in the study will be used such as t-<br />
tests, two way anova, t- ratio and ω 2 estimate values.<br />
IV. TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS<br />
H1: There is no significant difference in pre and post test scores of Visual-spatial<br />
intelligence for experimental and control groups.<br />
a. There is no significant difference in pre and post test scores of Visual-spatial<br />
intelligence for experimental group.<br />
Variables: Pre and post test scores of Visual-spatial intelligence<br />
Groups: Experimental Group<br />
b. There is no significant difference in pre and post test scores of Visual-spatial<br />
intelligence for control group.<br />
Variables: Pre and post test scores of Visual-spatial intelligence<br />
Groups: Control Group<br />
Table 1: Difference in Pre and Post Test Scores of Visual-spatial intelligence for Experimental<br />
and Control Groups<br />
Group Variable Test N df Mean SD t-ratio Level of significance<br />
Visual<br />
Spatial<br />
Intelligence<br />
Experimental<br />
Control<br />
Pre-test<br />
31.21 4.07<br />
20 38<br />
Post-test 36.55 3.86<br />
Pre-test<br />
32.08 2.98<br />
Post-test<br />
20 38<br />
33.77 3.94<br />
4.26 Significant at 0.01 Level<br />
1.53<br />
Not Significant at 0.05<br />
Level<br />
Table 2: With the given Mean, S.D. and p values, calculation of the t-ratio and determination<br />
of significance difference between the tests<br />
Group Tests N Mean S.D t- p Level of significance<br />
ratios values<br />
Experimental Pretest 31.21 4.07<br />
Significant at 0.01 Level<br />
20<br />
4.26 0.134<br />
Not<br />
Significant at 0.05 Level<br />
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EG: N=20, df (N-1) =39, tabulated’ values at 0.05 = 2.026 and 0.01 = 2.64<br />
CG: N= 20, df (N-1) =39, tabulated’ values at 0.05 = 2.026 and 0.01 = 2.68.<br />
Findings:<br />
Experimental group: t-ratios are significant (t = 4.26) and p < 0.05, therefore the null<br />
hypothesis is rejected.<br />
Control group: - t-ratios are significant (t = 1.53) and p > 0.05, therefore the null<br />
hypothesis is accepted.<br />
H2: There is no significant difference in the gain scores of Visual-spatial intelligence test<br />
for experimental and control groups.<br />
Variables: Gain scores of Visual-spatial intelligence<br />
Groups: Experimental and Control Groups<br />
Table 3: Calculation of Gain scores<br />
Gain score= post test scores -pre test scores<br />
Differences in Gain scores of Visual-spatial intelligence Test for Experimental and<br />
Control Groups<br />
Variable Groups N<br />
Visualspatial<br />
intelligence<br />
Pre<br />
Test<br />
Scores<br />
Post<br />
Test<br />
Scores<br />
Gain<br />
scores<br />
Gain<br />
score<br />
SD<br />
Experimental 20 31.21 36.55 5.35 5.10<br />
Control 20 32.08 33.77 1.69 3.87<br />
t-ratio Level of significance<br />
2.5567<br />
Significant at 0.05<br />
Level<br />
Observations:<br />
P value and statistical significance:<br />
The two-tailed P value equals 0.0147<br />
By conventional criteria, this difference is considered to be statistically significant.<br />
Confidence interval:<br />
The mean of Group One minus Group Two equals 3.6600<br />
95% confidence interval of this difference: From 0.7620 to 6.5580<br />
Intermediate values used in calculations:<br />
t = 2.5567<br />
df = 38<br />
standard error of difference = 1.432<br />
Results<br />
• From the table, it is seen that for gain scores of Visual-spatial intelligence of<br />
experimental and control groups the obtained t- ratio is significant at 0.05 level.<br />
• The mean of gain scores of Visual-spatial intelligence of experimental group is<br />
significantly higher than that of control group.<br />
• Hence it can be inferred that there is a significant difference in the gain scores of<br />
Visual-spatial intelligence of experimental and control groups.<br />
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Interpretation<br />
These findings indicate that the gain scores of experimental and control groups differ<br />
significantly. It can thus be inferred that intervention programme organized has helped to<br />
develop Visual-spatial intelligence in the students of standard VIII of the experimental<br />
group.<br />
ω 2 – estimate<br />
• Since t-ratios of gain scores for Visual-spatial intelligence are not found to be significant<br />
hence ω 2 estimate values are computed using the formula.<br />
Table 4 : ω 2 - estimate for Visual-spatial intelligence of X standard students<br />
t-ratio of<br />
Variable<br />
ω 2 est 100 ω 2<br />
Gain scores<br />
Verbal-linguistic intelligence 2.5567 0.1405 14.05%<br />
From table 4, it can be said that the ω 2 estimate on variable Visual-spatial intelligence is<br />
14.05%.<br />
Proportion of Variance in Gain Scores of<br />
Visual-spatial intelligence<br />
14%<br />
1 2<br />
86%<br />
Figure1: Pie Chart of Proportion of Variance in Gain Scores of Visual-spatial intelligence Due<br />
to intervention of the educational programme (Toolkit)<br />
Figure1 describes the Pie Chart of Proportion of Variance in Gain Scores of Visual-spatial<br />
intelligence Due to intervention of the educational programme (Toolkit). From the figure it<br />
can be inferred that the contribution of intervention of the educational programme (Toolkit)<br />
in the development of Visual-spatial intelligence is 14.05%. Thus it can be concluded that<br />
the intervention of the educational programme (Toolkit) has helped to enhance Visualspatial<br />
intelligence among VIII standard students.<br />
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Effectiveness of Toolkit of Life Skill Education Programme on<br />
Visual-Spatial Intelligence of Secondary School Students<br />
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V. CONCLUSION & FINAL OUTCOMES OF THE STUDY<br />
The mean of gain scores of Visual-spatial intelligence of experimental group is significantly<br />
higher than that of control group. Hence it can be inferred that there is a significant<br />
difference in the gain scores of Visual-spatial intelligence of experimental and control<br />
groups. These findings indicate that the gain scores of experimental and control groups<br />
differ significantly. It can thus be inferred that intervention programme organized has<br />
helped to develop Visual-spatial intelligence in the students of standard VIII of the<br />
experimental group. It can be inferred that the contribution of intervention of the educational<br />
programme (Toolkit) in the development of Visual-spatial intelligence is 14.05%. Thus it<br />
can be concluded that the intervention of the educational programme (Toolkit) has helped to<br />
enhance Visual-spatial intelligence among VIII standard students.<br />
If we compare findings of this research with that of other researchers observations, Harward<br />
Gardner proponent of multiple intelligence theory has praised the efforts of several<br />
researchers and practitioners in "Educational Leadership" issue and issues a special<br />
challenge to each of them. The researchers believe that it is indeed a challenging task to<br />
enhance the multiple intelligences of students. The result of this research confirms the<br />
development of Visual-spatial intelligence 14.05%. It can be concluded that educational<br />
practitioner need to take many more professional endeavours to develop multiple<br />
intelligences of students.<br />
VI. REFERENCES<br />
[1] Amstrong Thomas (1999) 7 Kinds of Smart: Identifying and Developing Your Multiple<br />
Intelligences, Plume, Penguin Books Ltd. USA, page no.10.<br />
[2] Bruce Campbell (2008). Handbook of Differentiated Instruction Using the Multiple<br />
Intelligences Lesson Plans & More, Pearson Education, Inc, USA<br />
[3] Christison, M. A. (1996). Teaching and Learning Languages through Multiple<br />
Intelligences. Tesol Journal, 6(1), 10-14.<br />
[4] Gardner, H. (1997). Multiple Intelligences as a Partner in School Improvement. Educational<br />
leadership, 55(1), 20-21.<br />
[5] Greenhawk, J. (1997). Multiple intelligences meet standards. Educational Leadership, 55(1),<br />
62-64.<br />
[6] Lazear, D. G. (1994). Seven pathways of learning: Teaching students and parents about<br />
multiple intelligences. Zephyr PressLearning Materials. Page no.7<br />
[7] Mwebaza, m. (2010). Continuous assessment and students‟ performance in „a‟ (doctoral<br />
dissertation, makerere university kampala).<br />
[8] Noble, T. (2004). Integrating the revised Bloom's taxonomy with multiple intelligences: A<br />
planning tool for curriculum differentiation. Teachers College Record, 106(1), 193-211.<br />
[9] Silver, H., Strong, R., & Perini, M. (1997). Integrating Learning Styles and Multiple<br />
Intelligences. Educational Leadership, 55(1), 22-27.<br />
[10] Williams, R. Bruce (2007). Multiple Intelligences for Differentiated Learning ERIC No<br />
(ED497234).<br />
[11] Yaklaşımının, P. T. Ö. Ç. Z., & Öğrenme, M. (2010). The effects of multiple intelligence<br />
approach in project based learning on Mathematics achievement.<br />
Dr. (Mrs.) Mintu Sinha, Dr. Bhagwan Balani :: A Study of<br />
Effectiveness of Toolkit of Life Skill Education Programme on<br />
Visual-Spatial Intelligence of Secondary School Students<br />
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AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHY<br />
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Dr. (Mrs.) Mintu Sinha is the Principal of Bombay Teachers’ Training<br />
College since the year 2004. Dr. Sinha is a double post-graduate in political<br />
science and education, and a double Ph.D. as well, a unique achievement<br />
even amongst the teacher educators. She has also done a certificate course in<br />
Educational Leadership at the University of West Georgia, U.S.A. Moreover<br />
she has delivered lectures and presented research based paper at various<br />
conferences in India and abroad. She has been actively involved in improving<br />
quality and the standard of education in Mumbai University as the<br />
Chairperson, Board of Studies in Education; Member Academic Council;<br />
Member, Research and Recognition Committee; Member, Local Inspection<br />
Committee etc. She is a member of National Assessment and Accreditation Committee (NAAC),<br />
which evaluates the academic performance of Colleges of Education in India. Dr. Sinha is a<br />
recognized Ph.D. guide. She believes that quality and contents of Teacher education must be the<br />
focus of any thrust for improvement in the field of education. To this end, she has been thriving<br />
through various platforms and her efforts have brought many accolades to her college.<br />
Dr. Bhagwan Balani is working as Assistant Professor at Bombay<br />
Teachers’ Training College since 2004. He has done his doctorate<br />
degree on developing a quality assurance model of teacher education<br />
programme. He has presented research based paper at various<br />
conferences in India. He has got the recognition as Teacher of the<br />
University (Post Graduate Teaching) for M. Ed. & M. A. Degree<br />
(by papers) in Education.<br />
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No. (5), January <strong>2017</strong>, pp. 6276-6285, Paper ID: <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/E5/041.<br />
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Volume 4 Issue 5 January <strong>2017</strong><br />
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Smart Automated Water Distribution System<br />
using PLC<br />
Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/ E5/ 051 Page No. 6286-6289 Subject Area<br />
Key Words<br />
PLC, Solenoid valve, Level Switch, GSM Module<br />
Elec. &<br />
Telecomm.<br />
Engg.<br />
1 st Ashitosh A. Salunkhe<br />
2 nd Dhiraj D. Pawar<br />
3 rd Ashwini L. Patil<br />
4 th Snehal B. Pawar<br />
Assistant Professor<br />
Department of Elec. & Telecomm. Engg.<br />
Nanasaheb Mahadik College of Engineering<br />
Walwa, Sangli-Maharashtra<br />
Abstract<br />
This proposed “Smart Automated Water Distribution System” is used to distribute<br />
water equally. Automation provides optimized solution for all problems of<br />
distribution of water and maintenance of system. The proposed system can be use<br />
where the supply of water takes place by water tankers such as college hostels, big<br />
apartments and industrial areas. The paper highlights all aspects of this subject<br />
and it will give a reliable and efficient technique for water distribution .This<br />
system consist of PLC, GSM module and solenoid valve. PLC can control<br />
distribution of water by opening and closing solenoid valve according to output<br />
comes from level switch..<br />
I. INTRODUCTION<br />
In order to make water distribution more efficiently by reducing wastage of water and power<br />
this proposal made. With the continuous economic growth, the water demand of industries,<br />
enterprises is also increasing. The water wastage is due to many reasons such as leakage,<br />
mankind laziness and operator error. It improves the performance and also reduces human<br />
efforts hence we are going to implement PLC based water distribution system. The present<br />
system leads to wastage of water and due to improper handling water is not properly<br />
distributed to end user. Here we are working on the distribution of water in college hostels,<br />
industrial areas where water is supplied by tankers it monitors all the water equally to all the<br />
areas of college hostels depending upon the amounts of water in the main tank. All these<br />
tasks are monitored through system with the programmable logic controller (PLC).The use<br />
.<br />
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of water diversity increases because of restriction imposed by the water availability, storage<br />
capability of tank, control and process parameters.<br />
II. EXISTING SYSTEM<br />
In previous method, person in charge will go to that place and open the valve for a particular<br />
time period. Once the time over again the in charge person will go to the same place and<br />
close the valve. It is wastage of time .The water wastages such as leakages, mankind<br />
laziness and operating error can be occurred. The water distribution with RTC using<br />
microcontroller has several disadvantages like water theft. Due to this many people will not<br />
receive sufficient water for their use.[3]<br />
III. METHODOLOGY<br />
The system which is shown in below gives the automatic implantation in water supply<br />
control for drinking water. Programmable logic controller is the heart of automated water<br />
supply system. The functional diagram of system gives the whole idea of system. In this<br />
system we are controlling valve by observing the level of water tank. PLC programming is<br />
done using ladder diagram language.<br />
IV. PROPOSED SYSTEM<br />
Figure 1: Proposed Block Diagram<br />
Ashitosh A. Salunkhe, Dhiraj D. Pawar, Ashwini L. Patil, Snehal<br />
B. Pawar :: Smart Automated Water Distribution System using<br />
PLC<br />
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System Description<br />
Pumping section is connected to PLC. If the water level below the set point the pump is<br />
automatically on with the help of PLC. Checking the level in storage tank is the first process<br />
.If the level attains the set point overall system is started. The water is flow through the<br />
pump when the main solenoid valve opens. When level of main tank becomes low then<br />
GSM will be activated and sends message to supplier. The respective areas can get water<br />
until the set point reaches.<br />
PLC<br />
PLC is a main controller which takes input from data logger and passes this<br />
information to the respective engineer. All the inputs from level sensor are given to<br />
PLC. The PLC is main controller used for storing these all information and<br />
controlling purpose. The output from PLC in the range of 24V DC. [2]<br />
Level switch<br />
Level switch can be used for sense the amount of water level present in the storage<br />
tank. 24V DC supply is given to the water. The buzzer indicator will connect to the<br />
level switch. It will then connect to the PLC.[4]<br />
Solenoid valve<br />
Solenoid valve is a two port valve. It will be used to turn on and off condition. In this<br />
project three solenoid valves will be used. 230V supply is given to the main solenoid<br />
valve. PLC output is connected to the solenoid valve with the help of RS232<br />
cable.[1]<br />
GSM<br />
GSM (global system for mobile) is a TDMA based wireless network technology<br />
developed in Europe that is used throughout most of the world. GSM phones make<br />
use of a SIM card to identify the users account.[2]<br />
Field Section<br />
Figure 2: Field Section required for implementation of this work.<br />
Ashitosh A. Salunkhe, Dhiraj D. Pawar, Ashwini L. Patil, Snehal<br />
B. Pawar :: Smart Automated Water Distribution System using<br />
PLC<br />
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V. CONCLUSION<br />
The automation for water distribution system eliminates water wastage. This system<br />
provides features such as, the quantity of water and time scheduling is achieved without<br />
interruption. Distributed system is intelligences it monitoring all time without man power.<br />
With the help of PLC we can cover larger area of distribution, because it handles thousands<br />
of inputs and outputs. The automated system is full-proof system where it will control water<br />
wastage as well as shortage .It immediate sends message to supplier. So this project will<br />
become an optimized solution for distribution at college and big apartments.<br />
VI. REFERENCES<br />
[1] T. Baranidharan, A.Chinnadurai, R.M.Gowri, J. Karthikeyan.” Automated water distribution<br />
system using PLC & SCADA”. International Journal of Electrical and Electronics<br />
Engineers, IJEEE, Volume 07, Issue 01, Jan- June 2015.<br />
[2] J.P. Shridharanyaa, Jagadeesan .A, &Lavanya. A; “Theft Identification and Automated<br />
Water Supply System Using Embedded Technology”, International Journal of Advanced<br />
Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol.2, and pp: 1-7,<br />
2013.<br />
[3] Bhawarkr.N.B, Pande.D.P, Sonone.R.S, and Pandit.P.A&Patil.P.D; “Literature Review for<br />
Automated Water Supply with Monitoring the Performance System”, International Journal<br />
of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.4, pp: 1-4, 2014.<br />
[4] PratikshaHattikatti, SavitaKarwande, Poonam S. Rode Mrunalini Bhandarkar.” PLC<br />
Controlled Water Distribution System”. International Journal of Electrical and Electronics<br />
Engineers, IJEEE, Vol. 4, Issue 5, May 2015.<br />
TO CITE THIS PAPER<br />
Salunkhe, A.A., Pawar, D.D., Patil, L.A., Pawar, B.S. (<strong>2017</strong>) :: “Smart Automated<br />
Water Distribution System using PLC” International Journal of Informative &<br />
Futuristic Research (ISSN: 2347-1697), Vol. 4 No. (5), January <strong>2017</strong>, pp. 6286-6289,<br />
Paper ID: <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/E5/051<br />
Ashitosh A. Salunkhe, Dhiraj D. Pawar, Ashwini L. Patil, Snehal<br />
B. Pawar :: Smart Automated Water Distribution System using<br />
PLC<br />
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Volume 4 Issue 5 January <strong>2017</strong><br />
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697<br />
Experimental Study on Partial Replacement<br />
of Cement by Coconut Shell Ash for Normal<br />
and High Strength Concrete<br />
Civil<br />
Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/ E5/ 057 Page No. 6290-6296 Subject Area<br />
Engineering<br />
Coconut Shell Ash, Ordinary Portland Cement, Split Tensile Strength,<br />
Key Words<br />
Compressive Strength For M20 & M40 Grade Concrete<br />
1 st Vijaya Kumar Y.M.<br />
2 nd Deepika R.<br />
Assistant Professor<br />
Department of Civil Engineering<br />
Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology College<br />
Chikamagalur, Karnataka, (India)<br />
M.Tech. (Structural Engineering) Student<br />
Department of Civil Engineering<br />
Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology College<br />
Chikamagalur, Karnataka, (India)<br />
Abstract<br />
Concrete is widely used in the various construction field, due to its durability and<br />
less maintenance when compare to the other type of construction materials. From<br />
year by year there is an increase in the population growth and other social<br />
activities. So obviously there is an increase in the production of cement. During the<br />
production of cement, it emits the large quantity of co2 to the atmosphere. These<br />
cause the green house effect, as the population increase, the industrial waste or<br />
secondary bi-product increase. One of the most difficult tasks is to managing these<br />
products are to reduce or minimize. For these 2 reasons, scientists always search<br />
for an alternate binding materials either fully or partial replacement of cement.<br />
Some of are coconut shell, babbage ash, rice-husk, lime, silica etc. Coconut shell is<br />
the one of the agricultural waste product. By using these, we can readily reduce<br />
the usage of cement and green house effect. In this project, coconut shell is used.<br />
Coconut shell should be burnt in a controlled temperature of 700 degree for 5<br />
hour. Then the ash should be sieved in 90µ. Concrete cube and cylinder are casted<br />
and immersed in water for various percentages of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%<br />
respectively. The optimum 28 days compressive and split tensile strength for M20<br />
grade concrete is 27.92 N/mm2 and 2.73 N/mm2 at 10% replacement of OPC-CSA.<br />
The optimum 28 days compressive and split tensile strength for M40 grade<br />
concrete is 38.01 N/mm2 and 3.83 N/mm2 at 10% replacement of OPC-CSA.<br />
Coconut shell ash is used as a fractional substitute of cement.<br />
.<br />
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I. INTRODUCTION<br />
Cement is the one of the greatest building material and maximum extensively used material<br />
throughout the biosphere in the various field. Concrete which is basically consists of<br />
cement, aggregate, water and admixture. Due to the development of the world these<br />
constituents’ materials, have been changed in part to the technology development and<br />
economic growth. The usage of concrete has become increased day by day randomly; there<br />
is an increase in the production of cement. For every 1000 kg production of cement, it<br />
releases 1000 kg of co 2 to the atmosphere. It causes the green house effect. Apart from all<br />
other construction materials, cement gives the maximum strength to the structure.<br />
Coconut is also referred as “king of tropical plants” and “man useful tree”. The scientific<br />
name of coconut is “cocos nucifera”. It ia an tall cylindrical stalked palm tree reaching about<br />
30-35m in height and 110-140m in radius. It can be easily cultivate, where the soil rich in<br />
calcium and phosphorous. In India this type of soil is available in Kerala, Andhra Pardesh,<br />
TamilNadu. The chemical composition of coconut shell is same as the cement composition.<br />
It contains Sio 2 (9.57%), Cao(1.03%), Mgo(0.34%), Al 2 O 3 +Fe 2 O 3 (4.61%), Na 2 O(0.64%).<br />
Therefore it is a feasibility of utilization of coconut shell ash as a replacement of cement in<br />
producing concrete.<br />
The aim of this study is to determine the optimum dosage as a replacement of cement by<br />
CSA for normal and high strength concrete that will give the required compressive and split<br />
tensile strength at various percentage of CSA-OPC.<br />
Figure 1: Coconut with the husk being removed<br />
II. LITERATURE REVIEW<br />
i.) Utsev J.K, Taku J.K “Experimental study on partial replacement of cement<br />
with coconut shell ash in concrete” (2012).<br />
‣ He determined the mix proportion ratio as 1:2:4 with the w/c 0.5.<br />
‣ The final and initial setting time is well within the range of BSI2(1978).<br />
‣ The density and compression strength is decrease as the percentage increase, due to<br />
decrease in the pozzolanic activity.<br />
‣ The optimum 28 days compressive strength is 31.78 N/mm 2 at 10% replacement of<br />
CSA.<br />
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High Strength Concrete<br />
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ii.) P.E Imoisil, C.M. Ibegbulam, T.I Adejube “ Effect of concentration of coconut<br />
shell ash on the tensile properties of epoxy composite” (2012).<br />
‣ The micro hardness and modulus increases as the percentage of filler material<br />
increase.<br />
‣ The tensile strength is increase from 5 to 15%, then it is decreases as the amount of<br />
filler material increase.<br />
‣ He concludes that the 15% of the filler material is good for the construction work.<br />
iii.) A.A Raheem, B.S Olaaunkanmi and C.S Folorunso “ Saw dust ash as a partial<br />
replacement for cement on concrete” (2012).<br />
‣ The slump and compaction factor decrease with increase in the percentage of SDA.<br />
‣ Specific gravity of SDA is lesser than the cement.<br />
‣ Concrete become less workable, as the amount of SDA increase. So more water is<br />
required for the concrete to be effective.<br />
‣ The compressive strength increase, as the curing days increases.<br />
‣ He concluded that 5% of SDA is good for the maximum strength.<br />
iv.) Vignesh Kumar nNagarajan, S. Arundevi, S.P Manohari and M. Maria santha<br />
“Experimental study on partial replacement of cement with coconut shell ash in<br />
concrete” (2014).<br />
‣ He finds out the composition of CSA and compare with the composition of cement.<br />
‣ The initial and final setting time is increases, as the percentage increases<br />
‣ The compressive strength of the mortar decreases, as the percentage of CSA<br />
increases.<br />
‣ The optimum 28 days compressive strength is 31.78 N/mm 2 at 10% replacement of<br />
OPC-CSA.<br />
v.) Arathy V.B, Chirtina jery “Effect of coconut shell powder on the strength of<br />
soil” (2015).<br />
‣ The maximum dry density is at 1% of CSP added to the soil.<br />
‣ The minimum OMC is at 2% of CSP.<br />
‣ The maximum CBR value is at 2% of CSP.<br />
‣ He concluded that 2% of CSP can be readily used to increases strength of the soil.<br />
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS<br />
Throughout the project UltraTech OPC 43 grade cement is used, fine aggregate which is<br />
locally available and river sand and which is confirming to zone –II of IS 383-1970. The quarried<br />
and crushed granites stones are used as a coarse aggregate. The aggregate which are retained on<br />
4.75mm IS sieve. Water is from the civil engineering department of A.I.T college chikamagalur. It<br />
should be free from the impurities like acids, alkalies etc... Super-plasticizer of SP-430 is used and it<br />
is confirmed to IS 9103-1999.<br />
IV. PROCESSING OF COCONUT SHELL ASH<br />
Around 3000 coconuts half shell were collected from the home and as well as from<br />
the surrounding of home & kept in the sun-dried for 2 days. The inner portion of the meat<br />
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High Strength Concrete<br />
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were removed and cleaned by using knives. The outer portion of the fiber were scarped and<br />
cleaned with emery paper. The cleaned coconut shell were cut into the small pieces of size<br />
dimension 2 sq.m approximately by using hammer and were kept in a stainless steel<br />
container. The steel container was kept in the muffle furnace with a 700 degree temperature<br />
for the carbonization process. (Carbonization is a process for the production of charred<br />
carbon from the source material with a limited supply of air or absences to the temperature<br />
with an sufficiently high to dried up the sources material and produce the carbonaceous<br />
material). After a soaking time for 5 hours the sample gets carbonized. This carbonized<br />
sample is allowed to cool for some hour. Then the powders were sieved in the 90µm.<br />
Figure 2: Coconut shell ash<br />
The mix design ratio for M 20 grade concrete is 1:1.86:3.04 with w/c 0.5 and for M 40 grade<br />
concrete is 1:1.5:2.83 with w/c 0.35. Then add the CSA at various percentages (0, 5, 10, 15<br />
and 20% respectively) for both the M 20 and M 40 grade concrete. Mix all the ingredients<br />
along with the water. After mixing pour the concrete to the cube and cylinder. Leave it for<br />
24 hours to get hardened properties for the concrete. Then remove the specimen from the<br />
mould and leave it for some hour. Then the specimen is immersed in water for curing. The<br />
compressive and split tensile strength is find out at 7 and 28 days.<br />
V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION<br />
The mechanical properties of the concrete is the compressive strength, here the compression<br />
strength of concrete is conducted at various percentage of the coconut shell ash is added to<br />
the concrete. The compression strength is decrease as the percentage of coconut shell ash<br />
increases in the concrete for both the M 20 and M 40 grade concrete, due to decreases in the<br />
pozzolanic activity.<br />
Table 1: Compression strength for NSC and HSC:<br />
Normal Strength Concrete<br />
Percentage of<br />
CSA<br />
High Strength Concrete<br />
N/mm 2<br />
N/mm 2<br />
7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days<br />
0 23.76 31.61 35.64 49.24<br />
5 21.86 28.4 29.3 43.3<br />
10 20.6 27.92 24.07 38.01<br />
15 17.56 22.03 18.80 32.13<br />
20 14.3 17.71 12.08 25.1<br />
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Table 2: Split Tensile Strength for NSC and HSC<br />
Percentage of<br />
CSA<br />
Normal Strength Concrete<br />
N/mm 2<br />
High Strength Concrete<br />
N/mm 2<br />
7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days<br />
0 3.68 4.09 3.50 4.85<br />
5 2.83 3.33 2.91 4.28<br />
10 2.26 2.73 2.42 3.83<br />
15 1.76 2.26 1.88 3.18<br />
20 0.8 1.03 1.44 2.55<br />
Tensile strength for NSC<br />
Compressive strength for NSC<br />
N/mm 2<br />
5<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
0<br />
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%<br />
Percentage of CSA added<br />
7 days<br />
28 days<br />
N/mm 2<br />
35<br />
30<br />
25<br />
20<br />
15<br />
10<br />
5<br />
0<br />
0%<br />
5%<br />
10%<br />
15%<br />
20%<br />
Percentages of CSA added<br />
7 days<br />
28 days<br />
Graph 1 and 2: Compressive Strength for Normal and High strength Concrete<br />
Compressive strength for HSC<br />
Tensile strength for HSC<br />
60<br />
6<br />
N/mm 2<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
0%<br />
5%<br />
10%<br />
15%<br />
20%<br />
Percentage of CSA added<br />
7 days<br />
28 days<br />
N/mm 2<br />
4<br />
2<br />
0<br />
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%<br />
Percentage of CSA added<br />
7 days<br />
28 days<br />
Graph 3 and 4: Split Tensile Strength for Normal and High Strength Concrete.<br />
From table 1 and graph 1,2, the optimum 28 days compressive strength for M 20 and M 40<br />
grade concrete is 27.92 N/mm 2 and 38.01 N/mm 2 at 10% replacement of OPC-CSA.Split<br />
tensile strength of the concrete is difficult to measure directly, it can be measured indirectly<br />
by keeping the cylinder horizontally and applying the compressive load which gives split<br />
tensile strength. Tensile strength is decreases as the percentage of replacement of CSA<br />
increases. From table 2 and graph 3,4, the optimum 28 days tensile strength for M 20 and<br />
M 40 grade concrete is 2.73 N/mm 2 and 3.83 N/mm 2 at 10% replacement of OPC-CSA.<br />
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VI. CONCLUSION<br />
From above experimental work, we conclude that, the compressive and split tensile strength<br />
decreases with increases the percentage of CSA for both M 20 and M 40 grade concrete.<br />
Because at the early stage the pozzolanic activity will be very low, so obviously the strength<br />
decreases. But at the later stage the pozzolanic activity increases, so the strength will be<br />
increases. So this type of concrete is used in the pre-cast construction, road work etc...As we<br />
observed in the above experimental result, the optimum percentage of CSA added to the<br />
concrete at 10% by the weight of cement for both M 20 and M 40 grade concrete.<br />
VII. REFERENCE<br />
[1] Vigensh Kumar, Nagarajan, S. Aruna Devi etal…“Experimentalstudy on partial replacement of<br />
cement with coconut shell ash in concrete”. International journal of science and research,<br />
volume 3, issue 3, March 2014, Page no..651-661.<br />
[2] Utsev J.K, Taku J.K “ Coconut shell as partial replacement of ordinary portland cement in<br />
concrete production”. International journal of scientific and technology research, volume 1, issue<br />
8, September 2012, Page no…86-89.<br />
[3] P.E Imoisili, C.M Ibegbulam and T.I Adejugbe“ Effect of concentration of coconut shell ash on<br />
the tensile properties of epoxy composites”, Pacific journal of science and technology, volume<br />
12, issue1, May 2012, Page no…463-468.<br />
[4] A.A Raheem, B.S Olasumkanmi“ Saw dust ash as partial replacement for cement in concrete”.<br />
Organisation, technology and management in construction an international journal,<br />
DOI10.5592/otml 3.2.2012.<br />
[5] Code book IS 10262:2009, IS 8112-1989, IS 383-1970.<br />
[6] Concrete Technogoly text book “ M.Sshetty”.<br />
[7] IS: 8112-1389 Specification for 43grade Ordinary Portland cement, Bureau of Indian Standard,<br />
New Delhi.<br />
[8] P.B. Madakson, D.S Yawas and A. Apasi“Characterization of coconut shell ash for Potential<br />
Utilization in Metal Matrix Composites for Automotive Application”. International journal of<br />
Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST), volume 4, issue 3, March 2012.<br />
[9] P. Asha, A. Salman, R. Arun Kumar “Experimental Study on Concrete with Bamboo LeafAsh”.<br />
IJEAT, volume 3, issue 6, August 2014, page no…46-51.<br />
Author’s Biographies<br />
Mr. Vijay Kumar Y.M was born on 1984 in Mandya, Karnataka. He<br />
receives his Bachelor of Engineering degree in Civil Engineering from<br />
PES college of Engineering, Mandya, Karnataka in the year 2006 and<br />
Master degree in CAD Structure from PES college of Engineering<br />
Mandya, Karnataka in the year 2008. At the present he is working as<br />
Assistant Professor in Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology,<br />
Chickmagalur, Karnataka.<br />
Ms. Deepika R was born in 1991 in Bhadravathi, Karnataka. She<br />
receives her Bachelor of Engineering degree in Civil Engineering from<br />
Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology, Chickmagalur, Karnataka<br />
from in 2013. At present she is Final year student of Master’s degree in<br />
Structural Engineering from Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology,<br />
Chickmagalur, Karnataka under VTU.<br />
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Vijaya Kumar, Y.M. , Deepika, R. (<strong>2017</strong>) :: “Experimental Study on Partial<br />
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Volume 4 Issue 5 January <strong>2017</strong><br />
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697<br />
Future Of Robotics In Banking<br />
Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/ E5/ 059 Page No. 6297-6320 Subject Area MBA Tech.<br />
Key Words<br />
Banking, Robotics, Locker, Smart Vault<br />
1 st Dr. Anuja Agarwal<br />
2 nd Rohan Arora MBA Tech. Student<br />
3 rd Kriti Dua<br />
4 th Meryl Cherian<br />
Associate Dean,<br />
Mukesh Patel School of Technology, Management<br />
and Engineering , SVKM’s NMIMS University<br />
Mumbai-Maharashtra<br />
Mukesh Patel School of Technology, Management<br />
and Engineering , SVKM’s NMIMS University<br />
Mumbai-Maharashtra<br />
Abstract<br />
While instant banking has carved a comfortable space for the urban user,<br />
the next game changer with higher speed, reduced cost, expanded skill set,<br />
increased productivity, 24*7 services and improved customer experience<br />
would be robotic technology making a mark in the banking sector in the<br />
coming decades. This research paper helps in understanding the scope of<br />
roles & services provided by robots in the future of banking. Within<br />
banking, where data drives decision-making, reporting and customer<br />
communication, robots are altering the way business is getting done. Based<br />
on a combination of large scale data repositories & cognitive computing<br />
robots can be used to give financial advice, avoid debts, prevent fraud by<br />
detecting irregular financial transactions.While robotics technology<br />
promises to transform the financial services industry, the paper also looks<br />
into the challenges it presents. This paper pays a special reference in<br />
examining the role of robots as consultants in banks and identifying the<br />
impact of automated lockers using robotic arms such as the one used by<br />
ICICI Smart Vault in India. Study aims to clarify some of the aspects related<br />
to the usage of Robotic arm technology as deployed by ICICI Bank in their<br />
Smart Vault service recently.<br />
I. INTRODUCTION: THE JOURNEY OF BANKING<br />
Steve Jobs once said that, “You can’t connect the dots looking forward; you can only<br />
connect them looking backwards.” So by observing the history of banking we will be able to<br />
connect the dots better. It all began with the first prototype banks of merchants of the<br />
.<br />
This work is published under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<br />
Copyright©<strong>IJIFR</strong> <strong>2017</strong><br />
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ancient world, which sanctioned grain loans to farmers and traders. This system emerged<br />
around 2000 BC in Assyria and Babylonia and later it was spread all across ancient Greece<br />
and Roman Empire. This includes lender, based in temples, providing loans and accepting<br />
deposits. According to the studies conducted by the archaeologists, from this period<br />
onwards evidence of money lending activity was also observed in the ancient China and<br />
India. As time progressed, banks evolved tremendously. During the 20th century, major<br />
changes were observed in banks’ operations due to developments in telecommunications<br />
and computing technology. This led to a dramatic increase in the size of banks and also was<br />
soon geographically spread across the globe.<br />
1.1 Drastic Developments<br />
In the year 1944, post Second World War, two organizations were created - The<br />
International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (Raymond F. Mikesell, The<br />
Bretton Woods Debates: A Memoir, Essays in International Finance 192 (Princeton:<br />
International Finance Section, Department of Economics, Princeton University, 1994). With<br />
the help and support of these institutions, commercial banks started to lend money to the<br />
sovereign in the third world. An increase in the use of technology in the retail banking was<br />
seen during this period. In 1959, upon agreement from the banks, a standard for machine<br />
readable characters (MICR), which was patented in the United States for the use with<br />
cheques, led to the invention of the first automated reader-sorter machines. In the 1960s, the<br />
first Automated Teller Machines (ATM) or Cash machines were developed and launched<br />
into the markets towards the end of the decade ("How the ATM Revolutionized the Banking<br />
Business". Bloomberg News. 27 March 2013). Around 1970s, heavy investments were<br />
made by the Banks in computer technology to automate much of the manual processing,<br />
which led to the shift in paradigm of banks from large clerical staff to new automated<br />
systems.<br />
Meanwhile in India, banking originated in the last decades of the 18th century with Bank of<br />
Hindustan being one the first banks which was established in India, in the year 1770 Radhe<br />
Shyam Rungta (1970).<br />
The Rise of Business Corporations in India, 1851-1900. CUP Archive. p. 221. Retrieved 12<br />
January 2015; "The Advent of Modern Banking in India: 1720 to 1850s". Reserve Bank of<br />
India. Retrieved 12 January 2015.) The largest and the oldest bank still in existence, is the<br />
State Bank of India. It originated as a combination of the three banks which were funded by<br />
a presidency government - i.e. the Bank of Bengal, the Bank of Bombay and the Bank of<br />
Madras. The three banks were merged together to form the Imperial Bank of India, in the<br />
year 1921, which upon India’s independence became the State Bank of India in 1955<br />
("Evolution of SBI". State Bank of India. Retrieved 12 January 2015). The revolution in the<br />
IT sector has had a great impact on the Indian banking system. The use of technology and<br />
computers has led to the introduction of online banking in India. After the economic<br />
liberalization of 1991, the use of computers has increased drastically. Without the use of<br />
information technology, the Indian Banks were finding it very difficult to compete with<br />
International Banks in terms of customer service. In order to survive the growing<br />
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competition, RBI took necessary steps such as setting up number of committees to define<br />
and coordinate banking technology.<br />
In 2008 the Reserve Bank of India introduced a system which allowed cheque truncation in<br />
India. This cheque truncation system was first launched in the National Capital Region and<br />
then it was rolled out nationally.<br />
1.1.1 Use of Technology in Expansion of banking infrastructure<br />
Since the last few decades, physical as well as virtual expansion of banking through mobile<br />
banking, internet banking, tele banking, biometric and mobile ATMs has been taking place<br />
and has gained momentum in the recent years.<br />
By the end of June 2012, the total number of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) installed<br />
in India by various banks was 99,218. Most of the ATMs are owned by the new private<br />
sector banks, followed by the offsite ATMs belonging to SBI and its subsidiaries.<br />
1.2 Robotics in Banking<br />
Instant banking has carved a comfortable space for the urban user. The fact that you can<br />
access your account through your smartphone and make difficult transactions in split<br />
seconds has generated new opportunities in banking technology. The next game changer to<br />
make a mark on the global banking platform is advanced robotic technology. Robots are all<br />
set enter into the foray of conventional banking. High on speed, they can not only increase<br />
productivity but also provide services 24/7. Agreed that till some time ago, robots as entities<br />
seemed perfectly existential in a movie like 'Transformers'. Today, however, robotic<br />
technology has arrived on the world scene, having been designed to perform innumerable<br />
tasks with effectiveness and near precision. In a layman’s language, ‘They are stepping right<br />
out of science fiction into our everyday world’. Although globally robots have yet to pave<br />
their way into futuristically planned banks, the vision is beginning to gain momentum. But<br />
keeping the convenience factor aside, use of robotic technology also offers a competitive<br />
working environment. Cognizant, an IT and consulting firm conducted a study about the<br />
impact digital technology has made in the work environment of human workers.<br />
Interestingly, 26 percent of the banking respondents said front office and customerinteracting<br />
automation contributed to a good 15 percent cost savings annually. Also, the<br />
process flow has become standardised, error rates have reduced and there is a decreased<br />
dependency on multiple processes to execute a task. For users, assurance of safety and<br />
security is of prime importance.<br />
1.3 Recent Developments in the use of Robotics in banks<br />
Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Bank has employed a robot called Nao manufactured by Alderban<br />
electronics. This two feet tall robot can answer to inquiries about steps one should take<br />
upon losing their credit card or helping someone open bank account in various languages.<br />
Nao is being used to meet and greet customers through inbuilt facial recognition<br />
software, respond to simple questions hence releasing a bit of the branch staffs’ time to<br />
work on more value added services.<br />
Barclays plans on using robots to help make money transfers and perform primary tasks.<br />
The bank plans on realising an artificial intelligence system on the lines of Apple’s<br />
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iPhone assistant Siri, enabling customers to talk to the device and receive the information<br />
they ask for.<br />
Singapore DBS has created a wealth management application that is centred on Watson, a<br />
cloud-based technology developed by IBM. Watson can process massive volumes of<br />
information and learns from each interaction, helping banks to quickly analyse,<br />
understand and respond to enormous sums of Big Data.<br />
ICICI Bank in India has launched Smart Vault, a fully automated locker. Customers can<br />
access their lockers at any time and minimizes human interaction while operating a<br />
locker. The advanced Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) mechanism scans the<br />
customer's request and retrieves their locker using a robotic arm from a robust and secure<br />
vault.<br />
1.4 Future of Robotics in Banking<br />
The future seems to be highly promising. Few years down the lane, banks will be serving<br />
fewer clients physically while having a deeper relationship with them. Robots will serve<br />
as a means to store data and could work alongside humans which will help them to work<br />
more efficiently (Jeet, 2015). There will be robot advisors in the future banks which will<br />
help people to make correct financial decisions and prevent them from making unsound<br />
decisions. The future banking may be completely replaced by platforms run by robots. As<br />
mentioned in the article “Robotics in Banking, 2015”, the Robotic Process Automation or<br />
what Andrew Burgess, an outsourcing advisor, calls “robotic software agents”, does not<br />
depend on arms and legs but has a powerful impact when it comes to repetitive processes<br />
that are rules-based and frequent. Banks can entertain queries all through the day and<br />
night using this Robotic Process Automation, which will in effect prove to be<br />
considerably economic than remunerating an employee.<br />
Banks are under a constant pressure to innovate due to rising competition from<br />
alternative payment providers and payment sources. Industry observers have also said<br />
that robotics is shaping the future of banking. Now a days, use of robotics is done to<br />
collect data, to provide customer recommendations and to answer customers in bank<br />
branches. Banks are using social robots for enhancing customer experience by combining<br />
web, touch speech, Artificial intelligence etc. (Light, 2016).<br />
Most banks have used humans as robots in branches for years, (disempowering tellers<br />
and purely asking them to process transactions accurately first time, every time). These<br />
are the functions we’ve been replacing for years. After all, an ATM is an ‘Automated<br />
Teller Machine’ a robot teller. Robots in banking have the potential to reduce costs,<br />
expand skills and improve the customer experience. According to Brown, Roehrig, &<br />
Malhotra (2015), the top drivers for automation beyond cost savings include: Reduced<br />
error rates (21%) Better management of repeatable tasks (21%) Improved<br />
standardization of process workflow (19%) Reduce reliance on multiple systems/screens<br />
to complete a process (14%) reducing friction (11%). According to Brown et al., (2015),<br />
there will be substantial cost savings reaching up to 55% by implementing robotics in<br />
banking<br />
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According to Divekar (2015), the ongoing industrial revolution will give rise to smart<br />
banks which will effectively serve our new generations raised on smart phones and<br />
technology. Robots will also be used in back office operation for automating manual<br />
process through rules based processing and decision making. This will eliminate error<br />
and enable smart and intelligent operation in back office operation. Automation,<br />
virtualization and cloud computing will be key themes for banking.<br />
In the coming years, Cloud computing will also utilized by the banks in form of cloud<br />
robotics. According to Dasgupta (2014), cloud robotics is defined as the application of<br />
cloud computing technology to robots. In cloud robotics technology the autonomous<br />
behaviour of the robot is shifted to cloud and the remote computer can communicate to<br />
robots using internet. This literature indicates that bank will be able to use the technology<br />
of cloud robotics by leveraging cloud computing technology which will help banks to<br />
automate their back office operations. Cloud Roboting, along the lines of cloud<br />
computing, can make high-speed operations as it will give the robot access to vast<br />
amount of virtual data storage. They are not subject to the restrictions that inbuilt storage<br />
brings thus making performances faster. With the rapid surge in application-related data<br />
acquisition, every customer’s experience can be more than personalised. Like your<br />
smartphone sends you reminders, the next time you walk into a bank, you might be<br />
greeted with a mechanised tone, “Sir, is it not your birthday today? Happy Birthday! How<br />
may I assist you?"<br />
1.5 Robots - A threat to Employment?<br />
According to Kehoe (2015), robots will be performing almost half of manufacturing tasks in<br />
a decade and doing everything from driving cars, to providing investment advice and<br />
performing medical surgery, according to a landmark technology disruption report. Robots<br />
and machines that think like humans via artificial intelligence (AI) are set to make many<br />
people's lives more convenient and slash business costs in the years to come.<br />
With the rise of intelligent machines we are facing a paradigm shift which will change the<br />
way we live and work. Although the robotics industry is creating millions of new jobs, the<br />
bank's researches warn the replacement of workers with machines could exacerbate<br />
inequality between skilled and non-skilled workers. And with 50 billion devices connected<br />
to the internet by 2020, cybersecurity and privacy will become major challenges for firms<br />
and people. The impact on employment is no longer confined to the blue collar sector.<br />
Robots and AI are already playing a major role in our daily lives as providers of labour,<br />
mobility, safety, convenience, and entertainment. AI, which is in its infancy, is where<br />
machines or software are created to have human-like intelligence, potentially rendering<br />
workers redundant. On the other hand, the macroeconomic factors such as the ageing of the<br />
population, the push for energy efficiency and wage inflation will also increase business<br />
demand for robots.<br />
This Research study aims to clarify some of the aspects related to the usage of Robotic arm<br />
technology as deployed by ICICI Bank in their Smart Vault service recently.<br />
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II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY<br />
2.1 Objective of the study: The purpose of this study is to understand the future of<br />
Robotics in banking in two critical aspects:<br />
● To identify the impact of ICICI bank Smart Vault robotic technology in future banking of<br />
India.<br />
● To investigate whether robots can be used effectively as consultants in future banking.<br />
The research undertaken was qualitative and quantitative in nature, designed in a manner to<br />
understand the future of robotics with respect to Automated lockers as used by ICICI Smart<br />
Vault, and the potential to use robots as financial consultants in the near future of the<br />
banking sector.<br />
2.2 Data collection instruments & sample size<br />
The data for the study was collected using the following instruments:<br />
A. Survey Questionnaires<br />
A structured questionnaire consisting of 3 sub-parts and 26 questions was developed. The<br />
first sub-part consisting of 4 questions focused on the demographic details of the individuals<br />
being surveyed. The second sub-part comprising of 13 questions highlighted the consumer’s<br />
feedback on the implementation of automated lockers such as ICICI Smart Vault and their<br />
response towards the paradigm shift from the conventional manual lockers to the advanced<br />
automated lockers. The third sub-par consisting of 9 questions majorly concentrated on<br />
acquiring the level of acceptance amongst individuals for the robotic technology being<br />
utilized in banks as consultants in the following decades to come. It also emphasized on the<br />
security concerns which might erupt in future due to induction of advanced and<br />
sophisticated technology.<br />
The data for our questionnaire was collected through a survey of 59 individuals between the<br />
age group of 35-55 years. These individuals were the earning members of their family,<br />
would avail locker facilities and would also require professional assistance on financial<br />
matters. The collected data was selected by convenience sampling and cluster sampling<br />
method so that there is an equal probability of every element being selected from the<br />
targeted audience.<br />
The reliability of data was established using Cronbach’s Alpha, the data itself was analysed<br />
through Factor Analysis and Correlation.<br />
B. Qualitative Tool: Interviews<br />
10 questions were developed in all for the interviews consisting of demographic details of<br />
the individuals, their views on implementation of automated lockers such as ICICI Smart<br />
Vault and their response towards the paradigm shift from the conventional manual lockers<br />
to the advanced automated lockers & level of acceptance towards robotic technology being<br />
utilized in banks as consultants in the following decades to come.Interviews were<br />
undertaken for 30 individuals between the age group of 35-55 years. These individuals were<br />
the earning members of their family, would avail locker facilities and would also require<br />
professional assistance on financial matters. The data was analysed by using Word Cloud<br />
software.<br />
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III. RESULTS & DISCUSSION<br />
3.1 Quantitative Analysis<br />
Communalities<br />
3.1.1 Reliability Test : The reliability of data was established using Cronbach’s Alpha tool<br />
in SPSS and the value of Cronbach’s alpha for the questionnaire responded to by 59<br />
persons, was calculated as 0.838, which lies in the acceptable limits of Reliability of the<br />
questionnaire and the data collected through it.<br />
Table-1: Case Processing Summary<br />
N %<br />
Cases Valid 59 100.0<br />
Excluded a 0 .0<br />
Total 59 100.0<br />
Table 2: Reliability Statistics<br />
Cronbach's<br />
Alpha<br />
N of Items<br />
.838 22<br />
3.1.2 Interpretation:<br />
From the reliability analysis of twenty two items it can be concluded that all the items are<br />
valid and have acceptable reliability co-efficient of greater than 0.7 as shown in table<br />
Reliability Statistics.<br />
3.2 Factor Analysis<br />
A factor analysis was conducted to find out what different factors contribute towards a bank<br />
customer’s idea of ‘convenience of using a locker’.<br />
Table – 3: KMO and Bartlett’s Test<br />
Correlation Matrix<br />
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. .715<br />
Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square 734.791<br />
Df 231<br />
Sig.<br />
.000<br />
From table-3,we found that the value for Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling<br />
Adequacy was more than 0.6, and it is 0.715 also Bartlett's Test of Sphericity has sig value<br />
less than 0.05 at 5 % level of significance. So factor analysis could be conducted<br />
successfully for data reduction. Following is the table-2 showing Labels for the<br />
corresponding variables.<br />
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Table 4: Labels for the corresponding variables<br />
Components<br />
Labels<br />
My bank locker should be …. [Close to my home ]<br />
V1<br />
My bank locker should be …. [Very strong (no one should be able to break it ) ] V2<br />
My bank locker should be …. [Protected by the banks host security system ] V3<br />
My bank locker should Extraction be …. Sums [Accessible to me anytime whenever I want to<br />
of Squared<br />
V4<br />
operate it (anytime of day or night) ]<br />
My bank locker should Loadings be …. [Convenient for Rotation me to reach Sums physically of Squared and Loadings operate ,<br />
Component Cumulative % Total % of Variance Cumulative<br />
V5<br />
never mind my age or physical ability ]<br />
%<br />
My 1 bank locker should be …. 26.134 [In a bank that 3.741 has a good reputation 17.006 ]<br />
17.006 V6<br />
My 2 bank locker should be 46.544 …. [Using latest 3.267 technology available 14.849 to provide me 31.855<br />
3 54.060 2.790 12.682 44.537<br />
V7<br />
better service]<br />
My 4 bank locker should be …. 60.508 [Very Easy to operate 2.218 ] 10.083 54.620 V8<br />
My 5 bank locker should be …. 66.142 [In a room which 2.105 ensures my privacy 9.567 while viewing 64.187<br />
my 6 locker contents] 71.610 1.633 7.423 71.610<br />
V9<br />
My bank locker should be …. [In a room with pleasing ambience]<br />
V10<br />
My bank locker should be …. [In a room which has a place for me to sit and place<br />
my locker contents]<br />
V11<br />
How many times do you operate the locker facility ?<br />
V12<br />
If given an opportunity to opt for an automated locker over manual locker, then<br />
would that be a solution to all the problem faced while operating an manual locker<br />
V13<br />
A robot can serve people better in banks compared to humans<br />
V14<br />
Robots can be trusted with all the confidential data and necessary personal details<br />
pertaining to bank accounts.<br />
V15<br />
Robots can anticipate my banking related outcomes and resolve them efficiently. V16<br />
Robotic consultants will analyse my current financial status and patterns hence<br />
helping me avoid future financial deficits.<br />
V17<br />
A robot will understand my financial queries and assist me better than a human. V18<br />
After being guided by a robotic consultant, there will still be a need for human<br />
consultants to be more certain with decisions on important matters .<br />
V19<br />
Due to 24*7 functioning facility provided by a robot banking services can be<br />
availed at any time during the day as per my convenience.<br />
V20<br />
A robot can process loans in a much faster manner thereby helping the loan<br />
application procedure become less cumbersome and time saving.<br />
V21<br />
A robot consultant with a human like interface and sensing abilities can be a better<br />
judge of problems than their human counterparts.<br />
V22<br />
Table – 5: Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.<br />
Labels Initial Extraction<br />
V1 1 0.786<br />
V2 1 0.582<br />
V3 1 0.792<br />
V4 1 0.76<br />
V5 1 0.675<br />
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V6 1 0.74<br />
V7 1 0.745<br />
V8 1 0.507<br />
V9 1 0.686<br />
V10 1 0.722<br />
V11 1 0.697<br />
V12 1 0.599<br />
V13 1 0.536<br />
V14 1 0.718<br />
V15 1 0.784<br />
V16 1 0.77<br />
V17 1 0.762<br />
V18 1 0.837<br />
V19 1 0.657<br />
V20 1 0.847<br />
V21 1 0.802<br />
V22 1 0.749<br />
From the above table-5 we can observe that the factors which have values greater than 0.5<br />
can be taken into consideration for further analysis.<br />
Table 6: Total Variance Explained<br />
Extraction Sums<br />
of Squared<br />
Loadings<br />
Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings<br />
Component Cumulative % Total % of Variance Cumulative %<br />
1 26.134 3.741 17.006 17.006<br />
2 46.544 3.267 14.849 31.855<br />
3 54.060 2.790 12.682 44.537<br />
4 60.508 2.218 10.083 54.620<br />
5 66.142 2.105 9.567 64.187<br />
6 71.610 1.633 7.423 71.610<br />
From the above table-6 we can see that six factors can be identified from all the variables<br />
with Eigen values greater than 1. All the above factors were capable of explaining 71.610%<br />
of variance.<br />
Figure -6: Screen Plot<br />
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Table 6: Rotated Component Matrix<br />
Labels<br />
Component<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6<br />
V1 0.069 0.114 0.096 0.105 0.865 -0.017<br />
V2 0.341 -0.13 -0.38 0.05 0.545 0.066<br />
V3 0.382 -0.014 0.051 0.008 0.784 0.171<br />
V4 0.17 -0.071 -0.073 0.04 0.127 0.839<br />
V5 0.658 0.171 0.088 -0.27 0.341 0.123<br />
V6 0.806 0.079 0.169 -0.172 0.157 -0.041<br />
V7 0.765 -0.206 0.196 0.159 -0.048 0.225<br />
V8 0.59 0.222 -0.159 -0.217 0.187 0.048<br />
V9 0.544 -0.038 -0.205 0.002 0.357 0.468<br />
V10 0.749 0.164 0.045 0.327 0.154 -0.019<br />
V11 0.511 -0.334 -0.22 0.154 0.075 -0.496<br />
V12 0.113 -0.015 0.757 0.024 0 -0.114<br />
V13 0.438 0.326 -0.108 0.449 0.115 -0.11<br />
V14 0.069 0.454 0.643 0.274 -0.034 0.134<br />
V15 0.032 0.139 0.655 0.433 -0.06 0.379<br />
V16 -0.121 0.506 0.534 0.451 0.074 -0.071<br />
V17 -0.07 0.601 0.547 0.214 0.113 -0.195<br />
V18 0.161 0.686 0.528 0.078 0.114 -0.206<br />
V19 0.029 0.337 0.192 0.695 0.065 -0.136<br />
V20 -0.172 0.205 0.319 0.783 0.06 0.239<br />
V21 0.13 0.83 0.006 0.239 -0.162 0.109<br />
V22 0.08 0.836 0.088 0.157 0.102 0.039<br />
Table 7: Rotated Component Matrix<br />
Labels<br />
Component<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6<br />
V1 0.069 0.114 0.096 0.105 0.865 -0.017<br />
V2 0.341 -0.13 -0.38 0.05 0.545 0.066<br />
V3 0.382 -0.014 0.051 0.008 0.784 0.171<br />
V4 0.17 -0.071 -0.073 0.04 0.127 0.839<br />
V5 0.658 0.171 0.088 -0.27 0.341 0.123<br />
V6 0.806 0.079 0.169 -0.172 0.157 -0.041<br />
V7 0.765 -0.206 0.196 0.159 -0.048 0.225<br />
V8 0.59 0.222 -0.159 -0.217 0.187 0.048<br />
V9 0.544 -0.038 -0.205 0.002 0.357 0.468<br />
V10 0.749 0.164 0.045 0.327 0.154 -0.019<br />
V11 0.511 -0.334 -0.22 0.154 0.075 -0.496<br />
V12 0.113 -0.015 0.757 0.024 0 -0.114<br />
V13 0.438 0.326 -0.108 0.449 0.115 -0.11<br />
V14 0.069 0.454 0.643 0.274 -0.034 0.134<br />
V15 0.032 0.139 0.655 0.433 -0.06 0.379<br />
V16 -0.121 0.506 0.534 0.451 0.074 -0.071<br />
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V17 -0.07 0.601 0.547 0.214 0.113 -0.195<br />
V18 0.161 0.686 0.528 0.078 0.114 -0.206<br />
V19 0.029 0.337 0.192 0.695 0.065 -0.136<br />
V20 -0.172 0.205 0.319 0.783 0.06 0.239<br />
V21 0.13 0.83 0.006 0.239 -0.162 0.109<br />
V22 0.08 0.836 0.088 0.157 0.102 0.039<br />
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.<br />
Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. a<br />
a. Rotation converged in 14 iterations.<br />
On the basis of the above table-7, we found 6 components for our 22 variables. Based on the<br />
item loadings these factors were respectively labelled as;<br />
1. The Factor “Reputed bank with latest technology for customer’s convenience” –<br />
explains the 1 st component.<br />
Following are the components which represent the attributes the interviewees prefer<br />
to have in their locker.<br />
Convenient for me to reach physically and operate , never mind my age or physical<br />
ability<br />
A bank that has a good reputation<br />
Uses latest technology available to provide me better service<br />
A room with pleasing ambience<br />
2. The Factor “A Robotic consultant solving financial queries” – explains the 2 nd<br />
component. Following table shows the components:<br />
Robotic consultants will analyse my current financial status and patterns hence<br />
helping me avoid future financial deficits.<br />
A robot will understand my financial queries and assist me better than a human.<br />
A robot consultant with a human like interface and sensing abilities can be a better<br />
judge of problems than their human counterparts.<br />
3. The Factor “Trust in Robotic capabilities to serve better” – explains the 3 rd<br />
component. Following table shows the components:<br />
A robot can serve people better in banks compared to humans<br />
Robots can be trusted with all the confidential data and necessary personal details<br />
pertaining to bank accounts.<br />
4. The Factor “A Robotic consultant with 24*7 functionality” – explains the 4 th<br />
component.<br />
After being guided by a robotic consultant, there will still be a need for human<br />
consultants to be more certain with decisions on important matters.<br />
Due to 24*7 functioning facility provided by a robot banking services can be availed<br />
at any time during the day as per my convenience.<br />
V5<br />
V6<br />
V7<br />
V10<br />
V17<br />
V18<br />
V22<br />
V14<br />
V15<br />
V19<br />
V20<br />
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5. The Factor “A secure locker in the vicinity” – explains the 5 th component. Following<br />
table shows the components;<br />
Bank locker should be close to my home<br />
Bank locker should be protected by the banks host security system<br />
6. The Factor “24*7 accessibility of locker” – explains the 6 th component.<br />
Bank locker should be accessible any time of day<br />
V1<br />
V3<br />
V4<br />
Table – 8: Component Transformation Matrix<br />
Component 1 2 3 4 5 6<br />
1 .275 .642 .529 .445 .177 .054<br />
2 .807 -.163 -.268 -.144 .455 .152<br />
3 -.215 -.317 .121 .286 .142 .858<br />
4 .401 -.463 .577 -.046 -.537 -.048<br />
5 -.122 -.493 .098 .556 .434 -.484<br />
6 .227 .056 -.540 .623 -.514 .031<br />
From the above table-8, we can infer that all the factors are related and dependent on each<br />
other. The matrix displays the correlation among the components prior to and after rotation.<br />
3.3.1 HYPOTHESIS – I<br />
H0: An automated locker wouldn’t be able to overcome the problems faced while operating<br />
a manual locker<br />
H1: An automated locker would be able to overcome the problems faced while operating a<br />
manual locker<br />
Table – 9: T-Test<br />
One-Sample Statistics<br />
N<br />
Mean<br />
Std.<br />
Deviation<br />
Std.<br />
Error<br />
Mean<br />
If given an opportunity to opt for an automated<br />
locker over manual locker, then would that be a<br />
solution to all the problem faced while operating<br />
an manual locker<br />
59 3.93 1.230 .160<br />
Table 9(a):<br />
One-Sample Test<br />
Test Value = 2<br />
T<br />
df<br />
Sig. (2-<br />
tailed)<br />
Mean<br />
Difference<br />
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If given an opportunity to opt for an automated<br />
locker over manual locker, then would that be a<br />
solution to all the problem faced while<br />
operating an manual locker<br />
12.068 58 .000 1.932<br />
Table – 9(b)<br />
One-Sample Test<br />
Test Value = 2<br />
95% Confidence<br />
Interval of the<br />
Difference<br />
Lower<br />
Upper<br />
If given an opportunity to opt for an automated<br />
locker over manual locker, then would that be a<br />
solution to all the problem faced while operating an<br />
manual locker<br />
1.61 2.25<br />
3.3.2 Interpretation:<br />
From the above t-test conducted on the quantitative data for hypothesis testing, we observed<br />
that for t(58)=12.068, p-value is less than 0.05 (i.e. 0.000) as shown in the table-10(a).<br />
Hence we can safely say that the Null hypothesis can be rejected and the alternate one holds<br />
true.<br />
Thus, an automated locker will be able to overcome the problems faced while operating a<br />
manual locker.<br />
3.3.3 HYPOTHESIS – II<br />
H0: A robotic consultant with a human like interface and sensing abilities will not be a<br />
better judge of financial circumstances than their human counterparts.<br />
H1: A robotic consultant with a human like interface and sensing abilities will be a better<br />
judge of financial circumstances than their human counterparts.<br />
Table – 10: T-Test<br />
One-Sample Statistics<br />
N<br />
Mean<br />
Std.<br />
Deviation<br />
Std.<br />
Error<br />
Mean<br />
A robot consultant with a human like interface 59 3.61 1.451 .189<br />
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and sensing abilities can be a better judge of<br />
problems than their human counterparts.<br />
Table – 10 (a)<br />
One-Sample Test<br />
Test Value = 2<br />
t<br />
df<br />
Sig. (2-<br />
tailed)<br />
Mean<br />
Difference<br />
A robot consultant with a human like interface<br />
and sensing abilities can be a better judge of<br />
problems than their human counterparts.<br />
8.527 58 .000 1.610<br />
Table – 10 (b)<br />
One-Sample Test<br />
Test Value = 2<br />
95% Confidence Interval of the<br />
Difference<br />
Lower<br />
Upper<br />
A robot consultant with a human like interface and<br />
sensing abilities can be a better judge of problems than<br />
their human counterparts.<br />
1.23 1.99<br />
3.3.4 Interpretation:<br />
From the above t-test conducted on the quantitative data for hypothesis testing, we observed<br />
that for t(58)=8.527, p-value is less than 0.05 (i.e. 0.000) as shown in the table-12(a). Hence<br />
we can safely say that the Null hypothesis can be rejected and the alternate one holds true.<br />
Thus, a robotic consultant with a human like interface and sensing abilities will be a better<br />
judge of problems than their human counterparts.<br />
3.4 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS<br />
3.4.1 PART A<br />
The qualitative analysis was done on the data generated from the interviews of 10 persons.<br />
All the respondents between the age group of 30 to 55 owned a locker. Their impressions as<br />
collected by the interviewer and converted into a word cloud are presented as follows:<br />
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What do you need a Locker/ Vault for ?<br />
Figure 1<br />
The above word cloud highlights the various needs to possess a locker. The varied needs of<br />
the individuals encompass keeping of valuables such as jewellery, gold, important<br />
documents and cash.<br />
What are your Reasons and the frequency of operating a locker?<br />
Figure 2<br />
The reasons to operate a locker can be many. The majority of the reasons stated are shown<br />
in the word cloud above, which could be flaunting your jewellery on special occasions,<br />
weddings, and festive occasion’s etcetera. The reasons involved in accessing a locker will<br />
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directly influence the frequency at which individuals will feel the need to operate the locker,<br />
which could be 4-5 times a year or once every two months.<br />
What Attributes do you look for in a locker?<br />
Figure 3<br />
Some of the basic attributes which an individual looks for in a locker are safety, robust<br />
security, privacy, ease to access the locker, spaciousness, convenient height, and nearness to<br />
home. Also some of the individuals required a table to keep their contents while viewing<br />
them. Whereas some also wanted the locker to be reasonably priced.<br />
What is your Level of Satisfaction with the current locker?<br />
Figure 4<br />
The overall level of satisfaction of the individual with respect to their locker facility is<br />
between moderate to high. Though some of the individuals were dissatisfied with the current<br />
facility for reasons such as long waiting queues, difficulty faced due to height, insufficient<br />
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space, privacy and many more. But they are continuing with the same locker facility since<br />
they don’t have much of a choice.<br />
Are you aware about the ICICI Smart Vault locker?<br />
Figure 5<br />
There are low levels of awareness of the ICICI smart vault. Not many individuals were<br />
aware about this facility until the video was shown to them. Most of the interviewees who<br />
knew about this were either from Delhi or worked in banks.<br />
Are you willing to opt for the automated locker over manual locker?<br />
Figure 7<br />
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Majority of the interviewees showed a positive response towards the willingness to opt for<br />
the automated locker over the manual locker which is clearly visible from the above word<br />
cloud provided they get better facilities and added benefits as compared to the current<br />
facility.<br />
How much is your Willingness to spend 10,000 to acquire an automated locker?<br />
Figure 8<br />
Willingness to shell out 10 thousand for an automated locker was not much of a big deal for<br />
the individuals under survey. They agreed to opt for a facility such as this with a price of 10<br />
thousand provided that they get better facilities and it is worth every penny being invested<br />
for acquiring one.<br />
3.4.2 PART B<br />
Interviewees were asked to imagine a hypothetical scenario, wherein they enter a bank and<br />
get a warm welcome by a Robot, who would be responsible to assist them with all their<br />
inquiries and make their experience at the bank worthwhile before the following questions.<br />
Factors affecting willingness to let Robots handle financial details<br />
Figure 9<br />
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The above word cloud indicates that a majority of the interviewees stated trust as their<br />
biggest factor affecting their willingness to reveal their financial and confidential data to<br />
robots. An increase in the number of cybercrimes and security breaches could be one of the<br />
possible reasons affecting their willingness.<br />
Accuracy of Robots in relation to human counterparts<br />
Figure 10<br />
A majority of the interviewees agreed to robots producing and predicting facts and figures<br />
with greater accuracy. The cloud indicates a majority of them would definitely provide<br />
much better advice if the Robots were given an access to their financial details.<br />
Need for a human consultant even after being consulted by a robot<br />
Figure 11<br />
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The cloud indicates that a majority of the interviewees agreed to the fact that there will<br />
always be a need to be consulted by a human consultant even after their queries have being<br />
dealt by a robot. This need to double check is mostly factored from the necessity for a<br />
personalized touch and comfort levels felt while interacting human consultants.<br />
Presence of robots in future of banking<br />
Figure 12<br />
The cloud signifies that a bulk of the respondents agreed to robots occupying a large<br />
presence in the future of banking. The cloud also points to the fact that this era to come into<br />
existence will take decades and is a gradual process which needs societal acceptance.<br />
IV. CONCLUSION<br />
The study titled “Future of robotics in banking” was conducted for the purpose of<br />
understanding the influence of robotics in banking in form of automated lockers and if<br />
robotics consultants with human like interface can be efficient than humans in solving<br />
customer’s problems.<br />
As the years roll by, there will be huge developments in the field of technology in every<br />
sector from every industry and banking will be one of them. Because of the significant<br />
potential benefits there is probably no turning back, there will be increasing use of robots in<br />
the future of banking. However, these robots will introduce a number of business, security<br />
and privacy issues which will have to be addressed if they are to succeed in the marketplace.<br />
With increasing cybercrimes, data loss due to hacking, customers feel uncomfortable to<br />
provide their financial details. Hence it is important to build trust early amongst these<br />
customers to survive the dynamic changes in the market. Although robots would reduce the<br />
day to day workload in banks and make the processes more convenient, but there will<br />
always be a need to have a human touch. The reliance on robotic technology will not<br />
decrease the need to have a human figure around us for help.<br />
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From the Quantitative data collected over 59 samples we found that an automated locker<br />
will overcome problems faced while operating the manual locker as it will be convenient to<br />
reach and would be available anytime during the day. Also a robotic consultant with a<br />
human like interface will be a better judge of problems than human counter parts in future.<br />
With the introduction of SmartVault locker by ICICI bank in the Delhi branch, India has<br />
also entered the race of never-ending competition in the field of technology. After having<br />
conducted interviews of 30 individuals (qualitative analysis) we were able to observe their<br />
response towards the SmartVault locker and in if they are willing to be served by a robotic<br />
consultant in the future.<br />
According to our research it can be concluded that people will opt for automated lockers<br />
over manual lockers (if available at an affordable price or at same price as that of a manual<br />
locker. Also, people believe that there will be a presence of robotics in future and robots will<br />
predict facts and figures more accurately but there will be a need of human consultant even<br />
after being consulted by a robot. Last but not the least, the future of robotics in banking<br />
seems to be highly promising. Few years down the lane, banks will be serving fewer clients<br />
physically while having a deeper relationship with them. Robots will serve as a means to<br />
store data and could work alongside humans which will help them to work more efficiently.<br />
There will be Robot advisors in the future banks which will help people to make correct<br />
financial decisions and prevent them from making unsound decisions. The future of banking<br />
may be completely replaced by platforms run by robots. Banks can entertain queries all<br />
through the day and night using this Robotic Process Automation, which will in effect prove<br />
to be considerably economic than remunerating an employee. But for such an revolutionary<br />
era to come into existence, it might take decades. There will always be resistance to change<br />
which is a natural human tendency which in combination with the conservative Indian<br />
society can further cause a delay in the advancement of technological infrastructure in the<br />
banking sector.<br />
V. FUTURE SCOPE<br />
This research can be further enhanced by considering the viewpoints of bank employees, on<br />
how they perceive the role of robotics in the future of banking. Also, research can be carried<br />
out for a larger sample size for quantitative and qualitative data. Apart from using<br />
interviews as a tool for qualitative data collection, the report can be further developed by<br />
using focused group discussions (FGD).The goal of technology is mostly to minimize the<br />
need for human brains, and remove the requirement for human strength. Complete digital<br />
automation denotes no thought, no human activity or association whatsoever. Since<br />
maximum financial services are merely concerned with lending or borrowing bits (financial<br />
data), they are heading in the direction of digital automation on a large scale. Each stage in<br />
this course results in replacement of jobs by their robot counterparts. There are many who<br />
think that automation and robotics are going to lead to massive unemployment and others<br />
who think that in general humans respond to shifts in employment opportunities by creating<br />
new opportunities. These two groups also share certain hopes and concerns about the impact<br />
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of technology on employment. For instance, many are concerned that our existing social<br />
structures are not adequately preparing people for the skills that will be required to sustain<br />
in the ever-changing market conditions. On the contrary, the others have hope that the<br />
coming changes will be an opportunity to re-examine our society’s relationship to<br />
employment itself by creating new avenues for work. Further research can be developed<br />
upon the shift in employment trends, caused by implementation of robotic technologies on a<br />
large scale in banks.<br />
VI. REFERENCES<br />
[1] Bankunda, H.M.(2015).The World of Robots Tomorrow. Bloomington, IN: Booktando<br />
[2] Skinner, C. (2007).The Future of Banking in a Globalized World. West Sussex, England:<br />
John Wiley & sons.<br />
[3] Groover,M.P., Weiss, M., Nagel ,R.N., Odrey, N.G.,& Dutta,A.(2012).Industrial Robotics:<br />
Technology, Programming, and Applications (2nd Ed).New Delhi: McGraw Hill<br />
Education.<br />
[4] EMIS. (2015, December 30). Banking 2020: Technology disruption in banking. Data Quest.<br />
Retrieved from EMIS Professional database.<br />
[5] Light, J. (2016, January 8). Future of banking blog [Web log post]. Retrieved from<br />
[6] http://fsblog.accenture.com/banking/category/future-of-banking/<br />
[7] Osborne, M.,& Frey, C.B. (2013,September 17).Retrieved from:<br />
http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf<br />
[8] Marous J. (2015, July 7). Retrieved from http://thefinancialbrand.com/52735/robotsartificial-intelligence-ai-banking/.<br />
[9] Divekar, S. (2015).Banking, as we don’t know it, yet! [White Paper].Retrieved from Tata<br />
Consultancy Services website: http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/White-<br />
Papers/BPS-Banking-As-We-Dont-Know-It-Yet-0715-1.pdf<br />
[10] Dasgupta, M. (2014). Innovations In Cloud Robotics (Technical Insight). Technical Insights<br />
Reports. Retrieved from Frost & Sullivan database.<br />
[11] Robotics in banking. (2015,October 23).Retrieved from<br />
http://perspectives.icicibank.com/robotics-in-banking<br />
[12] Samuelson, R.J. (2015, March 17).Who’s afraid of robots?.The Hindu. Retrieved from:<br />
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/whos-afraid-of-robots/article7000963.ece<br />
[13] Kehoe, J. (2015, November 11). Robots threaten jobs of bankers, lawyers: Bank of America<br />
says.Financial Review. Retrieved from http://www.afr.com/leadership/robots-threaten-jobsof-bankers-lawyers-bank-of-america-says-20151110-gkvtsk<br />
[14] Natrajan, V.N. (2014).26 million mobile robots globally by 2020 to create an autonomous<br />
world!.Marketing Insights Reports. Retrieved from Frost & Sullivan database.<br />
[15] Bernardo Batiz-Lazo (2013, 27 March) How the ATM Revolutionized the Banking Business.<br />
Bloomberg News. Retrieved from: http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2013-03-<br />
27/how-the-atm-revolutionized-the-banking-business<br />
[16] Raymond F. Mikesell, The Bretton Woods Debates: A Memoir, Essays in International<br />
Finance 192 (Princeton: International Finance Section, Department of Economics, Princeton<br />
University, 1994)<br />
[17] Nocks, L. (2007). The robot: the life story of a technology. Westport, CT: Greenwood<br />
Publishing Group.<br />
[18] Robotics.(n.d.).Retrieved from: https://www.pc-control.co.uk/robotics.htm<br />
[19] Brown, R.H.,Roehrig,P.,Malhotra,V.(2015).The robot and I:How New Digital Technologies<br />
Are Making Smart People and Businesses Smarter [White Paper]. Retrieved from Cognizant<br />
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website:http://www.cognizant.com/InsightsWhitepapers/the-robot-and-I-how-new-digitaltechnologies-are-making-smart-people-and-businesses-smarter-codex1193.pdf<br />
[20] "20 years on: How will we be living with our robots?". Tea after Twelve. Retrieved March<br />
2015.<br />
[21] Patrick Dixon (2015, November 28), Future of Banking: New Technology Impact on<br />
Corporate Banking, Retrieved from http://www.globalchange.com/technobank.htm<br />
[22] John Mauldin (2014, Aug 20), Here’s How Robots Could Change The World By 2025,<br />
Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com/heres-how-robots-could-change-the-worldby-2025-2014-8?IR=T<br />
AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHIES<br />
Dr. Anuja Agarwal is Associate Dean-Technology management<br />
MPSTME,NMIMS Mumbai. She has a Ph.D in Management Studies<br />
(Ph.D Topic: Study of Applying Creativity, Design thinking and<br />
Innovation in Management education) - Mumbai University and MCA,<br />
B.Sc. (Computer Science). Her areas of specialization are Design<br />
Thinking and Innovation in Management and Human Computer<br />
Interaction .She has contributed in over 10 research papers which consists<br />
of 6 International and 4 national papers. She has also authored 2 case<br />
studies and is a keen speaker in various seminars and conferences. Apart<br />
from that she has also co-authored in the section titled ‘Design<br />
Management in India’ in the Handbook of Design Management, published by Berg Publishers, UK<br />
in 2011.With a work experience of 24 years, including as a Visiting faculty for Design thinking &<br />
leadership at Malardalen University, Sweden, she has also conducted courses on Innovation,<br />
Developed a Multidisciplinary Course on “Smart cities” being offered to the students from all other<br />
schools under the NMIMS University.Some of her recent achievements include:<br />
1. Order of Merit award for Academic Program on Smart Cities at the Business World Smart cities<br />
conclave and awards function in New Delhi on the 21st December 2016.<br />
2. Kyoto Design Lab Innovation Prize – The Team won the first prize For Developing a low-cost<br />
product to help manage ‘Freezing’ in a Parkinson’s disease patient, at the 24hr design challenge<br />
in July 2015 at the Design4Health conference held at Sheffield Hallam University, England.<br />
Rohan Arora is a final year student at MPSTME, NMIMS Mumbai<br />
with specialization in marketing. He has worked as a marketing intern<br />
in the education sector as a consultant for BFSI, Media and FMCG<br />
industries. He has been a keen participant in various paper presentation<br />
events at various colleges and has won a first prize at a paper<br />
presentation event at PICT, Pune. His research interests includes in<br />
the areas of technology management, impact of technology on<br />
consumers, training and development and Advertising.<br />
Kriti Dua is a final year student at MPSTME, NMIMS Mumbai. Her<br />
inspiration in life has been by her love, zest and respect for business<br />
and technology. She has an innate belief in technology’s ability to<br />
prove as a vital tool in the advancement and development of the<br />
society, which if utilized and managed properly with correct intentions<br />
and expertise, will lead to the fulfillment of her dream. With this aim<br />
in life she is aspiring to be a Techo-Manager and currently pursuing<br />
the flagship course MBA (TECH.) EXTC with Marketing as<br />
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management major, at MPSTME, NMIMS. She is also an active member of placement committee at<br />
MPSTME Placement cell. Kriti has worked as a Marketing intern with a reputed fashion e-<br />
commerce start-up located in Bangalore in 2016. Apart from that she has received a job offer for<br />
Business Analyst profile at Idea Cellular through campus placement. Her research interests include<br />
understanding of consumer’s buying behaviour, product development, branding, business<br />
management and media planning.<br />
Meryl Cherian is a MBA(Tech) management student in NMIMS-<br />
MPSTME, Mumbai majoring in Marketing and Electronics &<br />
Telecommunication. She has recently been placed with Directi<br />
through campus and has additionally undertaken short internships in<br />
the areas of consulting, sales, digital marketing, social media,<br />
networking and technology transitions in data centres. She has<br />
represented her college in numerous business plan competitions and<br />
has been the college ambassador for the Entrepreneurship Cell, IIT<br />
Bombay from the period 2014-2015. Meryl hails for Bombay and<br />
intends to make her career in the new and emerging Fintech industry,<br />
in marketing and strategy planning. She is an active social volunteer<br />
and has worked with an award winning NGO Me2Green in the areas of sustainability. She is<br />
currently volunteering with Teach for India to help underprivileged kids achieve educational equity.<br />
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1697), Vol. 4 No. (5), January <strong>2017</strong>, pp. 6297-6320, Paper ID: <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/E5/059<br />
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Volume 4 Issue 5 January <strong>2017</strong><br />
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697<br />
Scientific Attitude among Tribal Students at<br />
Elementary Level of Idukki District<br />
Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/ E5/ 060 Page No. 6321-6325 Subject Area Education<br />
Key Words<br />
Tribal communities- Muthuvan, Uraly, Scientific Attitude<br />
Laly K. P.<br />
Senior Research Fellow<br />
School of Pedagogical Sciences<br />
Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam-Kerala<br />
Abstract<br />
Modern education fails to maintain its quality to preserve the dignity of<br />
forest culture. The sustainable methodology adopted recently focuses the<br />
importance of maintaining Earth in its purified state. Tribals, a group of<br />
human-beings who enjoys and protects earths culture has now been<br />
undergone a drastic change and now the life of Earth become a question<br />
mark. To develop sustainable future and to preserve Earth’s treasure<br />
scientific attitude will play a greater role. Thus this study focused to find out<br />
the scientific attitude scientific attitude among tribal students at elementary<br />
level of Idukki district. This study focused only on the Muthuvan and Uraly<br />
community of Idukki district. A normative survey was conducted among 70<br />
elementary level tribal students from the Model Residential Schools under<br />
Scheduled Tribe Development Department, Kerala state government at<br />
Idukki district, Kerala India.<br />
I. INTRODUCTION: THE JOURNEY OF BANKING<br />
Always a tribal economy is characterized by the close relationship of the tribal economy is<br />
characterized by the close relationship of tribal community with the habitat or natural<br />
environment associated with or in other words tribal people are associated with forest<br />
economy. Tribal people are intimate friends of nature, protects earth, biosphere etc which is<br />
necessary for all the humans for their survival. The numerous requirements of the tribal<br />
community are highly satisfied with the simplest instruments from the area they inhabitat.<br />
The primary source of food for tribal are only from the flora and fauna of the habitat they<br />
survive. Attitudes lie in affective domain. Scientific attitude help to understand state of the<br />
world, one’s responsibility towards the well being of a person and the society. Scientific<br />
attitude help one to become aware of his/ her environment and its deterioration. Muthuvan<br />
are found in Idukky and Eranakulam districts. They are believed to be migrated from<br />
Madurai in Tamil Nadu. Muthuvan are food-gatherers also engage in cultivation especially<br />
.<br />
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in cardamom and ginger. Uraly tribe is found in Idukki, Kottayam and Kollam districts.<br />
Until the recent past, most of them used to live on small huts made on tree tops inside the<br />
forest. They are engaged in cultivation and collection of forest produces.<br />
Kothari commission (1964-66) advocates the importance of science education from<br />
the primary stage up to university stage. It advocates that science education should be an<br />
integrated part of of school education with a provision of compulsory teaching during the<br />
first ten years of schooling. Thus the development of scientific attitude got an importance<br />
from the early of school education. A person with scientific attitude will be free from<br />
prejudice and bias. He has logical thinking and reasoning power. He can make his society<br />
developed. He can sustain valuable and scientifically proven values and cultures to make his<br />
society, identified by others. He cannot believe anything without a clear cut evidences.<br />
Thus it is a matter of being objectives is his observation and thinking. Tribal population,<br />
habitants of interiors of forest have many belief and cultures. Many of the original values<br />
and vultures belongs to them are on the point of extinct. Inculcation and enhancement of<br />
scientific attitude will help to prevent this type of extinction of their purity and originality in<br />
a great extent. If a person or a student becomes aware of the scientific aspects of their<br />
culture and tradition he/ she can make the society aware with the scientific value and can be<br />
practiced further. With this light in mind investigator tries to find out the scientific attitude<br />
among the tribal students at elementary level.<br />
II. OBJECTIVES<br />
1. To find out the scientific attitude among tribal students at elementary level of Idukki<br />
district<br />
2. To find out the scientific attitude among tribal students at elementary level of Idukki<br />
district based on gender.<br />
3. To find out the scientific attitude among tribal students at elementary level of Idukki<br />
district based on community.<br />
4. To find out whether the scientific attitude among tribal students at elementary level of<br />
Idukki district differ based on gender and community.<br />
III. METHODOLOGY<br />
A normative survey was conducted among 70 elementary level tribal students from the<br />
Model Residential Schools under scheduled tribe development department, Kerala state<br />
government at Idukki district, Kerala India. A Scientific attitude scale was used for the<br />
study. Computation of percentages and Descriptive statistics were performed as a part of<br />
statistical data analysis of the present study.<br />
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION<br />
To find out the scientific attitude among elementary tribal students at Idukki district<br />
Elementary school tribal students were classified based on the scores as High, Average and<br />
Low in their scientific attitude as shown in Table 1.<br />
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Table 1: Classification of elementary school tribal students based on total score<br />
Variable Group Score % Of<br />
Elementary<br />
School<br />
Tribal<br />
Students<br />
Scientific<br />
Attitude<br />
High<br />
Average<br />
Low<br />
( Mean+ Sd) = 28 And Above<br />
(Between Mean+Sd And Mean-Sd = 28-22<br />
(Mean –Sd) = 22 And Below<br />
From Table 1 it is clear that 20% of elementary school tribal students come under the group<br />
with a high scientific attitude, majority of them 56% are with average and 24% are low in<br />
scientific attitude. 1.4.2. To find out the scientific attitude among tribal students at<br />
elementary level of Idukki distrcict based on gender done by grouping them as high average<br />
and low in terms of scientific attitude. Table.2 shows the details.<br />
Table 2: Classification of elementary tribal students based on gender<br />
variable group Sub -<br />
group<br />
Scientific<br />
attitude<br />
Boys<br />
Girls<br />
High<br />
Average<br />
Low<br />
High<br />
Average<br />
Low<br />
score<br />
( mean+ SD) = 25 and<br />
above<br />
(between mean+SD<br />
and mean-SD = 25-22<br />
(mean –SD) = 22 and<br />
Below<br />
( mean+ SD) = 29 and<br />
above<br />
(between mean+SD<br />
and mean-SD = 29-23<br />
20<br />
56<br />
24<br />
% of elementary<br />
school tribal students<br />
18.4<br />
63.2<br />
18.4<br />
(mean –SD) = Below<br />
Table shows that among boys 18.4% come under group with high scientific attitude, an<br />
average group constitute 63.2% and only 18.4% fall under low group. Among girls 21%<br />
come under high group 50% come under average group 29% come under low group. 1.4.3.<br />
To find out the scientific attitude among tribal students at elementary level of Idukki district<br />
based on community.<br />
Table.3. Classification of tribal students at elementary level of Idukki district based on<br />
community<br />
Variable Group Sub -<br />
Group<br />
Scientific<br />
attitude<br />
Muthuvan<br />
High<br />
Average<br />
Low<br />
21<br />
50<br />
Score % Of<br />
Elementar<br />
y School<br />
Tribal<br />
Students<br />
( mean+ SD) = 26 and above<br />
22<br />
(between mean+ SD and mean-SD) = 60<br />
26-23<br />
18<br />
(mean –SD) = 23 and below<br />
29<br />
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Uraly<br />
High<br />
Average<br />
Low<br />
( mean+ SD) = 29 and above<br />
(between mean+ SD and mean-SD) =<br />
29-23<br />
(mean –SD) = 23 and Below<br />
18<br />
53<br />
29<br />
1.4.4. To find out whether the scientific attitude among tribal students at elementary level of<br />
Idukki district differ based on gender and community. The analysis was done using‘t’ test.<br />
The details are given below<br />
Table 4: Test of significance of the difference between tribal students at elementary level of<br />
Idukki district based on gender and community<br />
Groups Subgroups No Of Mean SD CR<br />
Elementary<br />
School Tribal<br />
Students<br />
Gender Boys 38<br />
25.03 3.23 0.122<br />
Girls 52<br />
24.94 3.23<br />
Community Muthuvan<br />
Uraly<br />
45<br />
45<br />
26.20<br />
23.76<br />
2.95<br />
3.02<br />
3.89<br />
The mean and standard deviation of scientific attitude among tribal boys elementary level<br />
are 25.03 and 3.23 and those tribal girls at elementary level are 24.94 and 3.23 respectively.<br />
The critical ratio obtained is 0.122 which is lower than the value set for significance, i.e.,<br />
2.58 at 0.01 levels and 1.96 at 0.05 levels. It indicates that there is no significant difference<br />
between the scientific attitude among boys and girls of tribal student’s at elementary level.<br />
The mean and standard deviation of scientific attitude in elementary school tribal<br />
students of Muthuvan community are26.20 and 2.95 and that of Uraly community are 23.76<br />
and 3.02 respectively. The critical ratio obtained is 3.89 which is higher than the value set<br />
for significance, i.e., 2.58 at 0.01 levels and 1.96 at 0.05 levels. It indicates that there is<br />
significant difference between the scientific attitudes among tribal students belongs to the<br />
two communities. Also from the mean score it is clear that students belong to the Muthuvan<br />
community has higher scientific attitude than that of students belong to the Uraly<br />
community.<br />
V. CONCLUSION<br />
Education plays a major role in enlightening and improving the society and its quality.<br />
Advancement in technological aspects causes a drastic change in the pattern of life.<br />
Maintaining reasonable change induces sustaining values and tradition. Aware of scientific<br />
aspects of each will help to establish the identity of the nation and the society.The present<br />
study found its result as the scientific attitude among the tribal students at elementary level<br />
got an average level of scientific attitude. They are to be trained to enhance their scientific<br />
attitude to make and aware their identity in culture and tradition. There lies a need to check<br />
for the scientific aspects of the tradition and culture prevailed in their community, so that<br />
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they can maintain their culture with its purity even though they collapse with other<br />
communities.<br />
VI. REFERENCES<br />
1. Vinod ,K . S., Ajay , K . S., & Anita ,G . ( 2016) .A study of the relationship between scientific<br />
attitude and academic achievement of rural area's intermediate college girls (science stream only).<br />
International Journal of Applied Research; 2(4): 46-49.<br />
http://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2016/vol2issue4/PartA/2-3-75.pdf.<br />
2. Manashee, G., & Devajyoti, G. Scientific attitude of the tea tribe’s secondary school students of<br />
tinsukia district of Assam.<br />
3. http://www.srjis.com/pages/pdfFiles/14682375519%20Dr.%20Manashee%20Gogoi.pdf<br />
4. Best, J.W., & Khan, J.V. (2007). Research in education. (10th ed.) New Delhi: Prentice Hall of<br />
India.<br />
5. Garret, H.E. (1981). Statistics in Psychology and Education. Bombay: Vakils, Feffer and Simons<br />
Ltd.<br />
6. Vidyarthi, L.P..(1985). Tribal culture of India. Concept publishing company: New Delhi<br />
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of Idukki District” International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (ISSN:<br />
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Volume 4 Issue 5 January <strong>2017</strong><br />
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697<br />
Streamlining of Processes & Integration of<br />
Customer Requirements in Engine<br />
Production using Quality Gate Methodology<br />
Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/ E5/ 009 Page No. 6326-6333 Subject Area<br />
Key Words<br />
Mix Model Assembly Lines, Quality Gate, Defect & Cost Reduction<br />
Mechanical<br />
Engineering<br />
1 st Supriya Darekar<br />
2 nd D. V. Pendam<br />
Assistant Professor<br />
Department of Mechanical Engineering<br />
Bharati vidyapeeth college of Engineering &<br />
Technology, Kolhapur- Maharashtra<br />
Assistant Professor<br />
Department of Production Engineering<br />
Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute<br />
Matunga, Mumbai-Maharashtra<br />
Abstract<br />
Concept of mass production plays vital role in industrial revolution, such<br />
systems when employed for production of complex products consisting<br />
number of sub parts usually by assembling together called as assembly<br />
lines. In a factory rather than having one assembly line, many auxiliary<br />
assembly lines are employed, which feds sub-assemblies to the "main"<br />
assembly line. Engine production in automotive industry is one of the<br />
complex production systems which require manufacturing and assembly of<br />
wide variety of components and varied product mix. Mix model type<br />
parallel assembly line for engine production was found as strong candidate<br />
for improvement in performance, particularly in the terms of quality,<br />
ergonomics, safety, and overall operating procedures at TATA Motors Pune.<br />
Defect identified in line was found not only related with one part or one<br />
process but in numbers of parts or processes considering variety product<br />
mix, therefore implementation of six sigma and other Quality methodologies<br />
to each and everyone was quite difficult. Thus concept of Quality Gates has<br />
been selected. In this, process must be broken into several distinct phases<br />
then checkpoints placed between them. Implementation of Quality gate<br />
concept contains problem definition, Sufficiency Criteria, quality gate<br />
structuring, benchmark refinement, quality gate milestone, implementation,<br />
release & operation. This methodology benefited in terms of minimizing<br />
.<br />
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project risk through phase-by-phase checklists, reduction of cycle time and<br />
complexity in planning and control, and improved participation of key<br />
stakeholders in Q-gate certifications to manage their expectations. In this<br />
paper structuring and implementation of quality methodology called<br />
quality gates to accommodate customer requirements in mixed assembly<br />
line of automobile industry is discussed.<br />
I. INTRODUCTION<br />
Mass production was popularized in the 1920s by Henry Ford's Ford Motor Company,<br />
which introduced electric motors to the then-well-known technique of chain or sequential<br />
production which was traditionally used in abattoir. The set up of firm was consisting of no.<br />
of machine tools. These machine tools were arranged systematically in the production flow<br />
and some had special carriages for rolling heavy items into machining position. Production<br />
of the Ford Model T used 32,000 machine tools. After the introduction of various<br />
production methodologies like assembly lines popularized its use in various mass<br />
production facilities especially automotive industries. Increase in production capabilities<br />
encouraged competition in the automotive market. Thus the focus of the manufacturing lines<br />
shifted from quantity to quality of the product. Various market researchers pointed out those<br />
more satisfied customers boost reputation of Brand Company represents. Various quality<br />
tools were implemented to actively control rejection in production lines but somehow the<br />
quality tools doesn’t seemed to be connected to customer satisfaction and provided the<br />
flexibility to choose the importance of the corrective step on final product. Whether in a<br />
Management or Operating Process, a Quality Gate is a control or decision point where a<br />
number of Outputs of the process are checked against a pre-defined set of Requirements.<br />
The process is not meant to continue down its normal path if the predefined Requirements<br />
are not met.Quality gate methodology is rather a reactive measure to the problem defined<br />
but proved to be the link between customer and company improving customer participation<br />
in the production process. In this paper the applications of quality gate methodology and its<br />
effectiveness in changing environments of engine production line at Tata Motors, Pune.<br />
Mixed model assembly lines complicate the application of Quality gate methodology at Tata<br />
motors, Pune. The various service issues such as leakages, broken parts, etc were<br />
documented per thousand incidents and then chosen as candidate for improvement. Removal<br />
of these defects means increased customer satisfaction.<br />
II. LITERATURE REVIEW<br />
The problem discussed was with production line at Tata Motors, Pune. The assembly line<br />
was mixed model type so in order to address the issue it is important to understand more<br />
about production lines.<br />
2.1 Mixed Model Assembly line:<br />
Mixed-model production is the production of a wide range of product models using a certain<br />
degree of shared resources and common material. It is commonly accepted that modern<br />
manufacturing places a greater pressure on producers for more choice in the product<br />
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offering. [1] Products are increasingly assembled from standard components and subassemblies,<br />
using machines and automated systems as well as manual labour. A production<br />
schedule based on MRP will tend to cope with high product mix by allocating each model to<br />
a multiple of a shift or a day. This means that the whole product mix is supplied across a<br />
scheduling cycle of a multiple of weeks.<br />
2.2 Quality Gate Methodology:<br />
A powerful management tool, the ‘Quality Gates’ Method was developed and christened by<br />
PROsys, LLC. It has already been successfully applied in a number of different industries,<br />
companies and cultures to:<br />
• Improve performance of projects and processes by managing their Inputs and Outputs.<br />
• Assure that Outputs meet pre-defined management, business and customer Requirements.<br />
(Products and Services of a specified Quality level)<br />
• Reduce Cost, Cycle Time and Effort normally consumed by the process. (Often, in<br />
reworking non-Quality Products or fixing unsatisfactory Outputs)<br />
The technique has proven particularly useful for managing the outputs of such intuitive and<br />
complex processes as research and development in the IT, automotive and pharmaceutical<br />
industries.<br />
Types of Quality Gates:<br />
Whether in a Management or Operating Process, a Quality Gate is a control or decision<br />
point where a number of Outputs of the process are checked against a pre-defined set of<br />
Requirements. The process is not meant to continue down its normal path if the predefined<br />
Requirements are not met.<br />
• At the operating level, Quality Control Gates are established for monitoring the quality of<br />
performance and outputs within operations processes.<br />
• At the management level, Quality Management Gates are created for making decisions<br />
which will impact the outcomes of a strategy, project or program.<br />
Quality Management Gates: At the Management Level (Departmental and Senior), targets<br />
(such as acceptable resource levels), timeframes and deadlines are fixed for the Project or<br />
Initiative. A Quality Management Gate is positioned at each major deadline or target.<br />
Specific products or results are generated within each defined timeframe. Requirements are<br />
defined for these specified Outputs. Outputs and performance are monitored and decisions<br />
made to assure alignment between performance and expectations.<br />
Quality Control Gates: At the Operations level, the Business Process is broken into activity<br />
areas. A Quality Control Gate is positioned at the end of specific activities or steps. Specific<br />
products are generated through the activity or step. Requirements are defined for the specific<br />
products. The products are monitored, and anomalies are reported or corrected within<br />
operations.<br />
The ‘products’ listed below will provide a firm foundation for implementing the<br />
Quality Gates Method:<br />
• Agreed quality criteria for executive, departmental and operations level products, outputs<br />
and activities.<br />
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• Policy decisions by management that assure the application of the method.<br />
• Collectable metrics for ascertaining the level of success of the program and of performance<br />
within operations.<br />
These products are developed, initiated and confirmed through four Quality Gate<br />
Implementation phases.<br />
Phase 1: Set Up the Gates<br />
•Define the quality criteria and Quality Management Gates for managing program or project<br />
quality.<br />
•Identify and link potential quality improvement needs.<br />
•Carry out a working session with the Management Team to:<br />
1. Develop understanding:<br />
Present and confirm the Quality Gates Method<br />
2. Gain acceptance:<br />
• Agree on the approach<br />
• Confirm targets and deadlines<br />
3. Anchor commitment:<br />
• Identify specific Performance or Quality goals / expectations / requirements<br />
• Agree / validate the Program plan, schedule, roles and responsibilities<br />
• Assign resources: Select a Steering Committee and assign resources<br />
• Communicate decisions from the Management Team Working Session.<br />
• Prepare training for the Project or Program Team members.<br />
Phase 2: Train the Project or Program Team Members<br />
•Explain goals, structure and planning.<br />
•Confirm expectations.<br />
•Present and demonstrate tools and methods to be applied.<br />
Phase 3: Apply the Method<br />
• Carry out scheduled Quality Management Gate progress / decision meetings to.<br />
• Validate and evaluate performance and outputs of the program or project.<br />
• Confirm the respect of defined quality criteria.<br />
• Identify needed management decisions, and make them.<br />
• Define corrective action plans and responsibilities.<br />
• Document solutions.<br />
Phase 4: Implement the Corrective Actions<br />
• Implement<br />
• Measure Improvements/Progress<br />
• Adjust the solutions or make changes to the process / resources<br />
• Measure Improvements/Progress<br />
• Monitor and report Results<br />
Phase 5: Review and Communicate:<br />
• Plan and carry out Review Session(s) with managers.<br />
• Communicate outcomes and results to employees and management.<br />
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III. IMPLEMENTATION OF QUALITY GATES<br />
3.1 Understanding the problems:<br />
While Studying the basics of the mixed model engine assembly line of TML, found that line<br />
is very intricate & parallel & and then decides to study step by step process of engine or<br />
station wise study called zero based study. In zero based study planning to collect data from<br />
worker, supervisor, or helper too.<br />
3.2 Identify critical processes:<br />
Setting up of quality gate is a strategic decision as it involves allocation of resources. So<br />
spending on resources must be justifiable. Thus selection of process which after quality gate<br />
is to be installed depending upon criticality of the stage which is responsible for the<br />
subsequent customer satisfaction i.e. field problem as shown in Table 1.criticality of the<br />
process determined by reviewing product quality standard (PQS) and various station wise<br />
documents like control plan, process sheet, potential failure mode effect analysis (PFMEA),<br />
work instruction, voice of customer, quality alert, one point lesson, material complexity<br />
matrices.<br />
Table 1: Critical stages of Engine assembly line<br />
No. Critical Stage Failure Mode Effect<br />
1 PCN And Bearing Fitment Wrongly/Not Fitted<br />
Low Oil Pressure, Shell<br />
Failure<br />
2<br />
MB Caps And Oil Pump<br />
Fitment<br />
Wrong Fitment<br />
Oil Seal Leak<br />
3 Piston Sub Assembly Wrong Fitment Engine Burst<br />
4<br />
Cylinder Head Oil Gallery<br />
Plug Fitment<br />
Wrong Fitment<br />
Oil Leakage<br />
5<br />
Piston Insertion And Con Wrong Piston Insertion/<br />
Rod Torque<br />
Torque Not Applied<br />
Engine Burst<br />
6<br />
Ladder Frame And Strainer Sealant/ Strainer Not Oil Leakage/ No Oil To<br />
Fitment<br />
Applied Properly<br />
Engine<br />
7<br />
Cylinder Head Torquing And Camshaft Timing Wrong/ Engine Noise/ RFF<br />
Camshaft Fitment<br />
RFF Position Shift<br />
Broken<br />
8 Engine Timing Wrong Timing Timer Belt Failure<br />
9<br />
Injector And HP Line<br />
Noise/Less Load/High<br />
Loose/ Wrong Fitment<br />
Fitment<br />
Fuel Consumption<br />
10<br />
Power Steering Pump<br />
Power Steering<br />
Wrong Fitment<br />
Fitment<br />
Belt/Pulley Failure<br />
11 Leakage Testing Wrong Inspection Oil/ Coolant Leakage<br />
12 Clutch Fitment Wrong Fitment Clutch Failure<br />
13 Cold Testing Wrong Inspection High Rejection<br />
14 Final Inspection Wrong As Above<br />
15<br />
A/C And Power Steering<br />
Belt/ Timing Belt Fitment<br />
Loose Fitment<br />
Belt Failure<br />
16 Gear Box Wrong Fitment Performance<br />
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3.3 Identify potential improvement needs:<br />
After deciding candidates for quality improvement, next step is to identify potential<br />
improvement needs recognised at critical processes. In order to decide course of action at<br />
particular station failure modes mentioned in Table 1 are used as benchmark and course of<br />
action is planned. Each quality gate is characterized by its own entry and exit criteria. A<br />
typical entry criterion is the completion and baseline of deliverables while an exit criterion<br />
can be the removal of the identified defects. Solution is devised to prevent each failure<br />
modes at every process which determines criterion of particular quality gate. By considering<br />
place of the critical processes in production line total 8 quality gates are installed over main<br />
assembly line as well two sub assembly lines. Processes are grouped by sequence and<br />
assemblies sub- assemblies as follows shown in Figure 1.<br />
Gate 1:<br />
Previous process- crankshaft<br />
dropping<br />
Location- cylinder block sub<br />
assembly line.<br />
Parameters –<br />
- washing Temp. & Pressure<br />
& cycle time<br />
Gate 4:<br />
Previous process – FIP<br />
setting<br />
Location- Main Engine<br />
assembly line<br />
Parameters -<br />
- Cylinder Head dropping<br />
- Rocker arm assembly<br />
Gate 2:<br />
Previous process – Piston &<br />
connecting rod Fitment<br />
Location- Piston sub<br />
assembly line.<br />
Parameters -<br />
- Wrong fitment circlips<br />
- 120° Phasing of piston<br />
rings<br />
- Temp. of Furnace<br />
Gate 5:<br />
Previous process – Belt<br />
tension & Leakage testing<br />
Location- Main Engine<br />
assembly line<br />
Parameters -<br />
- Tappet & HP line fitment<br />
- Turbocharger assembly<br />
Gate 3:<br />
Previous process – Piston<br />
Insertion<br />
Location- Main Engine<br />
assembly line<br />
Parameters -<br />
- Torque applied<br />
- Proper fitment of asly.<br />
- AC fitment<br />
Gate 6:<br />
Previous process – Final<br />
Inspection<br />
Location - Main Engine<br />
assembly line<br />
Parameters –<br />
- Wrong fitment<br />
Gate 7:<br />
Previous process – Pre – PDI<br />
stage<br />
Location – Test Bed<br />
Parameters –<br />
- Oil filling<br />
- Performance testing<br />
- Oil leakages<br />
Gate 8:<br />
Previous process – Testing<br />
Location – Dispatch<br />
Parameters –<br />
- Proper fitment<br />
- Proper gear Box selection<br />
- Painting<br />
- Oiling level<br />
Figure 1: Quality gates and their criterion<br />
3.4 Training of team members: After quality gates are established. The training of team<br />
members ensures achievement of defined goal of quality exercise. These team members<br />
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have been realized of the criticality of each station and trained with kaizen, 5S, WCQ- phase<br />
1 and safety training regimes. Team members are provided with checklists and other quality<br />
documents to supervise and run quality gates efficiently. This training includes also<br />
assessment over specific time interval to ensure continuous quality improvement process.<br />
3.5 Application of method: This method is applied to process, documented in synopsis and<br />
recorded online in database using various softwares such as MiNT, SAP. Method is<br />
scrutinised for recurring and new defects and new problems are well defined.<br />
3.6 Implement the corrective action:<br />
The defects that are defined in above step are addressed by using Eight<br />
Discipline (8D) problem solving method and its results are documented as well permanent<br />
actions are devised.<br />
3.7 Review and communicate:<br />
The performance of quality measure taken is analysed on field using various charts.<br />
The components are tracked for recurring of similar defects addressed by Quality gate<br />
methodology. The service issues are analysed from various documents like IPTV chart<br />
(incidents per thousand vehicles) to ensure better customer satisfaction.<br />
IV. CONCLUSIONS<br />
The optimisation of engineering systems within industrial settings is a key element in<br />
achieving and surpassing production and other organisational goals. In this paper, a case<br />
Study was successfully presented, based within the automotive industry at TML, Pune. The<br />
method applied resulted increased customer satisfaction by eradicating various field<br />
complaints through controlling quality of the production line using quality gates. The<br />
method showed good results to address various field complaints such as Leakages, Broken<br />
parts taken for study. Consequently, it can be concluded that significant gains can be<br />
achieved through a structured approach of analysing production lines and applying sound<br />
engineering knowledge and formulating applicable solutions. Implementation of Quality<br />
gates proved to be useful tool in improving participation of key stakeholders i.e. the<br />
customer and manage their expectations.<br />
V. REFERENCES<br />
[1] D. Townsend et al “Development of a station control system for engine assembly line” CIE 42<br />
Proceedings, 16-18 July 2012, Cape Town, South Africa © 2012 CIE & SAII 229-1<br />
[2] Rekiek, B., Dolgui, A., Delchambre, A. & Bratcu, A. 2002. “State of art of optimization<br />
methods for assembly line design”, Annual Reviews in Control, 26(2002), pp 163-174.<br />
[3] Journal of Information Technology Management Volume XXII, Number 1, 2011<br />
[4] Proceedings of the 2009 Winter Simulation Conference M. D. Rossetti, R. R. Hill, B. Johansson,<br />
A. Dunkin and R. G. Ingalls, eds.<br />
[5] R. de Jong / “Designing mixed-model assembly lines” (2009)<br />
[6] Alizon, F., S. B. Shooter, et al. (2009). "Henry Ford and the Model T: lessons for product<br />
platforming and mass customization." Design Studies.<br />
[7] Chase, R.B. and Aquilano, N.J. 1995. Production and Operations Management. (7th ed), New<br />
York: Irwin Publishers<br />
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[8] Nazneen, Karmali. “Businessman of the year 1988: Sumantra Moolgaokar,” Business India, 26th<br />
December 1988 – 8th January 1989, p-54.<br />
[9] Surender T. “Telco’s Big Bet,” Business World, 7th July 2003.Joseph, Lancelot. “Fasten your<br />
seatbelts,” Business India, 19th January 2004 – 1st February 2004, pp. 48-54.<br />
TO CITE THIS PAPER<br />
Darekar,S., Pendam, D. V. (<strong>2017</strong>) :: “Streamlining of Processes & Integration of<br />
Customer Requirements in Engine Production using Quality Gate Methodology”<br />
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Volume 4 Issue 5 January <strong>2017</strong><br />
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697<br />
Review of Challenges Faced by Global<br />
Expatriates and Onsite Project Employees in their<br />
Host Countries and at Time of Repatriation<br />
Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/ E5/ 056 Page No. 6334-6347 Subject Area<br />
Key Words<br />
Adjustment, Cultural Shock, Expatriation, Repatriation, Turnover Rate<br />
Human<br />
Resources<br />
1 st Preeti Chaudhary Student<br />
2 nd Harman Singh<br />
Symboisis Institute of Management Studies<br />
Pune-Maharashtra<br />
3 rd Dr. Suruchi Pandey<br />
Associate Professor<br />
Symboisis Institute of Management Studies<br />
Pune-Maharashtra<br />
Abstract<br />
This research focuses on the challenges faced by the expatriates and the<br />
employees sent for onsite projects in their host countries and the issues faced<br />
during their repatriation. This paper also focuses to bring out the factors<br />
which affect their selection to send them abroad for work by the<br />
organisation. As we introduced the main concept of expatriation, measures<br />
taken by HR department of the host company to look into compensation<br />
strategies, performance appraisal and overall cultural adjustments has also<br />
been found out through survey. At the end, paper also helps to know the<br />
repatriation practices followed by the organisations. The dissertation work<br />
uses a primary survey to collect data. On the basis of the primary research,<br />
conclusions were drawn. The dissertation is concluded with a list of the<br />
specific problems and new challenges were found which was recommended<br />
for further research.<br />
I. INTRODUCTION<br />
In the present context, being successful in the domestic market for an organisation is far<br />
from enough. Now because of porous borders and globalization, investments and mergers<br />
and acquisition have increased. Due to these activities, brainstorm new ways to remain<br />
competitive and sustain them globally. There is an increasing necessity to transfer skills and<br />
knowledge. With this, expatriation and on site managers have become an essential part of<br />
multinational companies, their management success in the global market.<br />
.<br />
This work is published under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<br />
Copyright©<strong>IJIFR</strong> <strong>2017</strong><br />
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Expatriation can be defined as “the process of sending managers to another country to run a<br />
subsidiary of a multinational organization. Before departure, the process should include an<br />
extensive period of training to ensure that the managers are familiar with difference of<br />
cultural , and to reduce the possibility of culture shock” (Dictionary of Human Resource<br />
Management 2001, p. 120). After completing their international assignment, the expatriates<br />
return to their home countries and then the process of repatriation begins. Keeping in mind<br />
that companies are spending a massive amount on their expatriates, on an average it costs<br />
two to three times more than having the same employee working in his home country, the<br />
repatriation process has to be studied carefully (Black and Grierson 1999). Several<br />
researchers have showed that companies normally seem to underestimate the repatriation<br />
process because of the impression that employees are returning to a familiar set up. (Stroh et<br />
al. 1998; Adler 1981; Tung 1997).<br />
The process of re-entry of individuals after their assignment is called repartition. This<br />
requires adjustment back to the home environment. Research points out, this becomes often<br />
more severe. Many organisations are not prepared for this and often overlook it. There is an<br />
initial period of high and calm, slowly the expectations do not get met. Then occurs a<br />
reverse culture shock.<br />
Companies propose a unique repatriation process to their employee. Useful in many ways,<br />
which is a good initiative to make the returnees ready and the family members about various<br />
challenges they are going to face. This is mostly done through counselling sessions,<br />
discussions, handbooks, seminars and feedback sessions. This helps the repatriates to adjust<br />
as soon as possible with minimum difficulty. A syndrome which most repatriates suffer<br />
from is called out of sight, out of mind syndrome. Information shared to the employees and<br />
their families is about:<br />
• Cultural shock that they are going to face;<br />
• Social, economic and political changes that they will face;<br />
• Environment of the business;<br />
• Financial review plan:<br />
• Children’s school education;<br />
• Job search to help the spouse<br />
II. OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH<br />
To determine the challenges faced by global expatriates and onsite employees in their host<br />
countries and at time of repatriation. Factors affecting selection of expatriate and employees<br />
for onsite project by the organisation. Measures taken by HR department of Host Company<br />
to look into compensation strategies, performance appraisal and overall cultural<br />
adjustments. To determine repatriation practices followed by the organisations.<br />
III. LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH<br />
The study is limited to Indian expats and employees going for an onsite project abroad only.<br />
Sample size is comparative smaller (119 employees) since researchers could not reach out<br />
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too many managers, employees and professionals working in the company. Employees did<br />
not disclose their compensation figures.<br />
IV. METHODOLOGY ADOPTED<br />
The information gathered for carry out the dissertation is based on 2 sources: primary and<br />
secondary. The primary data was gathered through a set of questionnaire that was circulated<br />
to 152 employees. The secondary data focused on information found in academic journals<br />
and through internet, books and dictionaries which is related to the topic chosen. The<br />
selections of sample include employees and managers responses. The total size of the<br />
sample was 119 respondents. The study is limited to MNCs and government employees and<br />
armed forces only. Survey administration period was April 1, 2016 to June 16, 2016.<br />
Researchers used google document for getting responses. Tables and graphs has been the<br />
source of comparison of data.<br />
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS OF SURVEY ON EXPATRIATE EMPLOYEES<br />
The result of the research has been presented through tables below:<br />
Table 1: Demographic profile of the respondents<br />
Sl. No. Demographic profile N=119 (%)<br />
1. Age (in years)<br />
a. 25-35 101 84<br />
b. 36-46 15 13<br />
c. Less than 25 3 3<br />
2. Gender<br />
a. Male 88 74<br />
b. Female 31 26<br />
3. Marital status<br />
a. Married 71 60<br />
b. Single 48 40<br />
Discussion:<br />
1. Age: It can be observed from the Table 1 that the population was divided into three<br />
age brackets. It includes respondents in the age group of 25-35 years (84%), 36-46<br />
years (13%) and the age of less than 25 years (3%).<br />
2. Gender: It can be seen that 74% of the respondents were males and 26 % were<br />
females.<br />
3. Marital status: It can be inferred that 60% of the respondents were married and 40<br />
% were single.<br />
Table 2: Place of host country of the employee<br />
SL. No. Country N=119 %<br />
1 United States of America 22 18<br />
2 United Kingdom 11 9<br />
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3 Australia 10 8<br />
4 China 10 8<br />
5 Singapore 7 6<br />
6 Vietnam 6 5<br />
7 Canada 5 4<br />
8 France 5 4<br />
9 Germany 4 3<br />
10 Kuwait 4 3<br />
11 Luxemburg 3 3<br />
12 Malaysia 3 3<br />
13 New Zealand 3 3<br />
14 Peru 3 3<br />
15 South Africa 3 3<br />
16 India 2 2<br />
17 Italy 2 2<br />
18 Spain 2 2<br />
19 United Arab Emirates 2 2<br />
20 Zimbabwe 2 2<br />
21 Botswana 1 1<br />
22 Congo 1 1<br />
23 Czech Republic 1 1<br />
24 Hungary 1 1<br />
25 Kenya 1 1<br />
26 New York 1 1<br />
27 Qatar 1 1<br />
28 Russia 1 1<br />
29 South Sudan 1 1<br />
30 Sydney 1 1<br />
Discussion: From table 2, it is evident that maximum (18%) employee’s host company was<br />
United States of America, followed by (9%) of employees was of United Kingdom and 8%<br />
was for China and Australia and so on.<br />
Table 3: Location of the parent company of the employee<br />
S. No. Company N=119 %<br />
1 India 103 86<br />
2 Malaysia 1 1<br />
3 Singapore 2 2<br />
4 South Africa 5 4<br />
5 Sweden 3 3<br />
6 United States of America 5 4<br />
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Discussion: From table 3, we can infer that maximum respondent’s parent country was<br />
India followed by South Africa and USA (4%), Sweden (3%) and from Singapore (2%).<br />
Majority of respondents were from Infosys, Wipro, TCS, Ericsson and Vodafone.<br />
Table 4: Previous international experience with employee<br />
S. No. Experience N=119 %<br />
1 Yes 86 72<br />
2 No 33 28<br />
Discussion: From the table 4, we can find that 72% of responders has international exposure<br />
before becoming expats while 28% of responders were made expats without international<br />
exposure due to their competencies and commitment towards work.<br />
Table 5: Factors focused by the company while selecting for an expatriate role<br />
S. No. Factors N=119 %<br />
1 Knowledge and Competencies 94 79<br />
2 Both Mobility and Knowledge and Competencies 25 21<br />
3 Years of the association with the company 0 0<br />
4 Mobility 0 0<br />
5 Both Years of the association with the company and Mobility 0 0<br />
6 Both Knowledge and Competencies and Years of the association 0 0<br />
with the company<br />
Discussion: From the table 5, we can conclude that majorly companies look for knowledge<br />
and competencies (79%) for an expatriate role, followed by 21% of years of association<br />
with the company and also knowledge and competencies.<br />
Table 6: Factors considered by company while sending an employee for expat program<br />
S. No. Factors N=119 %<br />
1 Knowledge transfer and training 64 54<br />
2 To expand market (customer base) 40 34<br />
3 To offer expertise 15 12<br />
Discussion: From table 6, we can infer that companies largely send their employees for<br />
knowledge transfer and training (54%) so that they can help the team to face the VUCA<br />
world, while 34% of the companies send their employees to other countries to expand the<br />
market and 12% of employees were sent to offer expertise.<br />
Table 7: Kind of training is given or imparted for taking up an expat role by a host<br />
company<br />
S. No. Training N=119 %<br />
1 Cultural 14 12<br />
2 Lifestyle 18 15<br />
3 Technical knowledge and technology<br />
relevant to region<br />
81 68<br />
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4 Managerial 0 0<br />
5 All of the above 6 5<br />
Discussion: From table 7, it was found that host companies have emphasised on imparting<br />
training related to technical knowledge and technology relevant to region (68%) were<br />
employees will be working, followed by training on lifestyle (15% of employees have<br />
received) for the host country and 12% of employees were trained about the culture of the<br />
country, and 5% of employees have received training on all the parameters so that they<br />
settle their comfortably and adapt to the change.<br />
Table 8: Expatriate training takes place<br />
S. No. Training Occur N=119 %<br />
1 As part of the assignment 76 64<br />
2 Before commencement of expatriation 43 36<br />
Discussion: From the interview, researcher got to know that 64% of employees said that<br />
their company focuses on expatriation training as part of the assignment while 36%<br />
employees says their company has trained them before commencement of expatriation<br />
which shows that company focuses on the employee’s welfare and making him comfortable<br />
at workplace.<br />
Table 9: Measures taken by Host Company in helping the employee to adjust:<br />
S. No. Measures N=119 %<br />
1 Adjustment in work and work culture 52 44<br />
2 Adjustment in accommodation and living 53 45<br />
3 Adjustment in networking 0 0<br />
4 Adjustment to the local culture and norms of the society 0 0<br />
5 All of the above 14 11<br />
Discussion: From table 9, we can infer that 45% of the employees says that measures taken<br />
by the host company is in adjustment in accommodation and living for the expats, while<br />
44% says that their company help in adjustment in work and work culture and 11%<br />
employees get help in above adjustments along with building network and adjusting local<br />
culture and norms of the society.<br />
Table 10: Measures taken by Host Company to adjust the family to the new<br />
environment<br />
Sl. No. Help by company in family adjustment N=119 %<br />
1 No help 89 75<br />
2 Family Setup 6 5<br />
3 Indian family socialization 6 5<br />
4 Schools for kids, visa for parents 6 5<br />
5 Accommodation, transportation 3 3<br />
6 Contacts, accommodation, medical facilities 3 3<br />
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7 Family get together 3 3<br />
8 Accommodation 2 2<br />
9 Sponsor visas 1 1<br />
Discussion: From table 10, we can infer that 75% of employees have not received any<br />
assistance from the host country’s company in adjusting the family in the new environment.<br />
5% employees says the host company has helped in family set up while 5% says that the<br />
company has helped in Indian family socialization and get together so that they could adjust<br />
well. And so on.<br />
Table 11: Performance appraisal fall under ambit of HR department in Host Company<br />
or Parent Company<br />
S. No. Performance Appraisal is by N=119 %<br />
1 Parent Company 75 63<br />
2 Host Company 44 37<br />
Discussion: In above table 11, it can be concluded that 37% employees says that their<br />
performance appraisal is done by the host company while 63% employees says that it is<br />
done by parent company.<br />
Table 12: Expatriate compensation strategies used by company<br />
S. No. Compensation Strategy N=119 %<br />
1 Home country based 37 31<br />
2 Headquarter based 35 29<br />
3 International pay structures 21 18<br />
4 Localization 13 11<br />
5 Lump sum approaches 13 11<br />
Discussion: From table 12, it can be evident that 31% employees have said that their<br />
company compensates them on home country based, 20% says by headquarter based, 18%<br />
says the company pays according to international pay structures while 11% of employees<br />
get compensation according to localization and other 11% get through lump sum approach.<br />
Table 13: Company specify the date of returning from the assignment before an<br />
employee leaves<br />
S. No. Date of returning is specified N=119 %<br />
1 Yes 81 68<br />
2 No 38 32<br />
Discussion: From above table 13, it can be said that 68% of employees gets the date of<br />
returning from assignment while 32% employees are not told about their returning dates.<br />
Table 14: Average tenure of expatriation practiced by the company<br />
S. No. Average tenure of expatriation N=119 %<br />
1 Less than 1 year 52 44<br />
2 1-2 years 36 30<br />
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3 More than 3 years 31 26<br />
4 2-3 years 0 0<br />
Discussion: From above table 14, it is seen that 44% of employees have average tenure of<br />
expatriation is of less than 1 year, 30% had 1 to 2 years while 26% employees have worked<br />
for more than 3 years.<br />
Table 15: Repatriation practices followed by the company<br />
Sl. No. Repatriation Practices N=119 %<br />
1 No idea about repatriation practice 20 17<br />
2 Strategic approach 19 16<br />
3 Post assignment review 12 10<br />
4 Project based 12 10<br />
5 Protecting from culture shock 12 10<br />
6 No specific strategy 11 9<br />
7 No policy 7 6<br />
8 Familiarisation with companies and colleagues 6 5<br />
9 flexible career placement 6 5<br />
10 Repatriation program provision 6 5<br />
11 Protecting from culture shock 3 3<br />
12 Repatriation training 4 3<br />
13<br />
An employee must return to the host country once within 3<br />
months. 1 1<br />
Discussion: From table 15, we intended to ask the repatriation practices followed by their<br />
home companies for the repatriates. And we got to know that 17% of the employees says<br />
they don’t know about such practice. Whereas 16% companies follow strategic approach of<br />
repatriation while 10% of employees say they have to undergo post assignment review.<br />
Table 16: Company assures an incremental pay/ position post repatriation<br />
Sl. No.<br />
Assurance by company for incremental<br />
pay/position post repatriation<br />
N=119 %<br />
1 Yes 64 54<br />
2 No 55 46<br />
Discussion: From table 16, we have found that 54% of the company give incremental<br />
pay/positions to the repatriates while 46% doesn’t.<br />
Table 17: Advice for HR departments about handling expatriates by employees<br />
S. No. Advice to HR Department N=119 %<br />
1 Clarifying the objectives of project 32 27<br />
2 Environment conditioning 20 17<br />
3 Work life balance for expats 19 16<br />
4 Follow up on job satisfaction 11 9<br />
5 HR exposure on handling expats 9 8<br />
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6 Connecting with previous expats for experience sharing 7 6<br />
7 Organising family get together 7 6<br />
8 Collaborative approach 3 3<br />
9 Cross cultural training 3 3<br />
10 Handling repatriation effectively 3 3<br />
11 Identifying potential expats 3 3<br />
12 Addressing grievances 2 2<br />
Discussion: From table 17, we can find some advises by the employees to HR department<br />
for handling expats. 27% of employees have said that HR should clarify the objectives of<br />
the project while 17% employees says that HR should assist in conditioning the expats to<br />
the environment they are going to. While 16% employees say HR should help in work life<br />
balance.<br />
Table 18: Important learnings of employees in first six months of expatriations<br />
Sl. No. Learnings by Expats in first six months N=119 %<br />
1 Culture handling 14 12<br />
2 To be punctual 11 9<br />
3 Sustainability 10 8<br />
4 Professionalism 9 8<br />
5 Flexibility 7 6<br />
6 The difference in social and work culture 7 6<br />
7 New working style 6 5<br />
8 Openness 6 5<br />
9 Be yourself 5 4<br />
10 Communication Strategy 5 4<br />
11 Cooperation 5 4<br />
12 Health issues 5 4<br />
13 New situations 5 4<br />
14 New legal challenges 4 3<br />
15 New Work life balance 4 3<br />
16 To be professional 3 3<br />
17 To be socially active 3 3<br />
18 Cope up with office politics 2 2<br />
19 Networking 2 2<br />
20 Work life balance 2 2<br />
21 Humour 1 1<br />
22 Managing things 1 1<br />
23 Socially Active 1 1<br />
24 Stringent laws and regulations 1 1<br />
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Discussion: From table 18, we found that 12% of employees have learned in first six<br />
months how to handle culture on their own. 9% of them learned to be punctual while 8%<br />
learned to be sustainable.<br />
Table 19: Challenges faced by Expats<br />
Sl. No. Challenges faced by Expats N=119<br />
1 Knowledge, experience, skills 14<br />
2 Local Adjustments 14<br />
3 Safety and Security, Language Barrier, 13<br />
4 Money - finances and health care, Loneliness , Homesickness 12<br />
5 Socially Inactive, Money, Safety 12<br />
6 Socially active, Local Adjustments 10<br />
7 Climatic Conditions 7<br />
8 Language Barrier, Homesickness, Money - Currency problems 7<br />
9 Relationship problems, Local Adjustments, Loneliness 6<br />
10 Cultural Differences, Safety and Security , Local Adjustments 5<br />
11 Healthcare, Money , Safety 5<br />
12 Increased Cost of Living, Safety, Climatic Conditions 5<br />
13 Language barrier 4<br />
14 Government Rules and regulations, Language, Homesickness 2<br />
15 Relationship problems, Finances, Homesickness 1<br />
16 Safety, Money ,Bureaucracy 1<br />
17 Skills, Knowledge, Stress 1<br />
Discussion: From table 19, we tried to figure out what were the challenges faced by the<br />
expats. 14% employees says that knowledge of the domain, their experience and the skills<br />
set required were the greatest challenge for them to work in new environment. While 14%<br />
of them said that for them local adjustment was the major challenge.<br />
VI. CONCLUSION<br />
The challenges brought out were of wide variety and purpose, each highlighted by the<br />
respondents understanding and opinion. Some of the major challenges which were<br />
highlighted were knowledge, skill and experience. This being one of the major challenges<br />
suggested that expats and onsite employees encounter while facing situations which are<br />
completely unique and that they are unaware of. The skill market also tells us what the<br />
requirements are needed to counter those. Lack of skills also emerging as one of the top<br />
causes which hamper the work assigned to them and most of the time causes delays in<br />
completion of projects. We also discovered local adjustments to situations as one of the<br />
major cause of challenges. Filling in with apprehension and doubt before moving into a<br />
different country. The problem however takes multi fold when adjustments are not only<br />
lifestyle related but also occur during the working style and nature of many expats. While<br />
working abroad the respondents also claimed to have a significant language barrier. This<br />
problem occurs despite the fact that English is spoken in many countries, but this majorly<br />
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occurs due to the difference in dialects and speech. Followed by other causes such as<br />
money, climate, being socially inactive and homesickness. Looking at the challenges which<br />
were pointed out, also influence the factors which help organisation select the right<br />
candidates. The transfer of knowledge and the training is one of the primary reasons which<br />
was pointed out. Most organisations to expand business in the field of technology, products,<br />
markets including customer base and services. The research concluded that the<br />
compensation strategy was primarily home country based and the head quarter based. In our<br />
opinion this is a very efficient process as the underlying principle is that the employee<br />
should not be better or worse off. A similar result was shown while understanding the<br />
performance appraisal where parent company was responsible. In hindsight this strategy can<br />
be further elaborated as the talent keeps shifting and diversifying. Hence the host country<br />
should also be made to play a significant role. Culture shocks set in quite easily for<br />
employees while travelling, however a better way to conclude and stream line the cultural<br />
difference can be in the organisation frame, family frame, and perception frame.<br />
Organisational Frame: We understand that the organisation who act and think differently<br />
across regions have different regards of functioning. This happens right from addressing<br />
issues to punctuality to greeting. This frame has a twofold feature, here’s where your<br />
personal life reaches professional life and key decisions are made.<br />
Family and Lifestyle Frame: The family and social circle play a large role in impacting the<br />
cultural understanding and learning newer things. Things learnt through a process of<br />
gamification through social experiences play a role in shaping the future.<br />
Perception Frame: How we speak, meaning of sentences and the tonality affects what<br />
perception we give and make of the people, situations around us. Hence these factors also<br />
play a key role in determining and developing the cultural adaptability, and also reducing<br />
cultural indifferences.<br />
Repatriation process is often undermined by the individuals for expats. The challenges<br />
which expats face while adjusting back to the home / host country are unaware of. Thus<br />
companies also pay less attention to the process. The research showed that most expats were<br />
unaware of the process. This brings us to an interesting point where issues on the personal<br />
front and work front often get neglected. End result is a demotivated employee, which<br />
becomes a liability.<br />
VII. RECOMMENDATIONS<br />
In today’s global economy, a workforce which understands the way of the world proves to<br />
be a very strong competitive advantage. International assignments come with a very heavy<br />
cost. On an average expats cost close to 3 times the cost of an employee back home .The<br />
companies incur heavy cost to keep expats, close to what they pay a CEO. However the<br />
results most companies receive are not beneficial compared to the amount they all invest in.<br />
The employees who are sent abroad should understand the cultural differences and nuances<br />
of a region. The skill gap analysis should be done well in advance and a pipeline of such<br />
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employees should be developed. This can reduce the load on employees as most employees<br />
are ready at being expats.<br />
Thus focus on building cultural literacy should be of paramount focus.<br />
Development of leaders and generation of knowledge should be also focused at, they should<br />
go hand in hand. There may be cases that a company is not aware of the knowledge which is<br />
required. In this case sufficient reasons as to why employees are being sent should be<br />
explicitly known to companies.The expat process is developed over a great time period.<br />
Studying the entire time frames over which the expat and repatriation process needs further<br />
study and lamenting it would not bring anything new to the table. Time complexities can<br />
help and influence theories. However there are other variables such as culture, HR functions<br />
also in play which act as new information. Many organisations should spend research on the<br />
primary reasons of challenges and failures which are mentioned above in the research.<br />
The lack of clarity in repatriation process should also be studied and evaluated. The models<br />
used by companies should be robust in handling different situations and get suitable results<br />
in getting the best talent back home and empowering them.<br />
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Management, 5(1), 98-104.<br />
[33] Naithani, P. (2015). A case study of career related challenges of expatriateIndian professionals<br />
in the GCC countries. Naithani, P. (2013). A case study of career related challenges of<br />
expatriate Indian professionals in the GCC countries. Int. Journal of Arts and<br />
Commerce, 2(1), 219-224.<br />
Preeti Chaudhary, Harman Singh, Dr. Suruchi Pandey :: Review<br />
of Challenges Faced by Global Expatriates and Onsite Project<br />
Employees in their Host Countries and at Time of Repatriation<br />
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[34] Näsholm, M. (2011). Global careerists’ identity construction: A narrative study of repeat<br />
expatriates and international itinerants.Paik, Y., Segaud, B., & Malinowski, C. (2002). How to<br />
improve repatriation management: Are motivations and expectations congruent between the<br />
company and expatriates? International Journal of Manpower, 23(7), 635-648.<br />
[35] Neault, R. A. (2003). Managing Global Careers: Changes and Challenges for the 21st Century.<br />
[36] Nikolaeva, T. G. (2010). The challenges of expatriation & repatriation. Department of<br />
Management, Aarhus University.<br />
[37] Quang, T., Swierczek, F. W., & Thi Kim Chi, D. (1998). Effective leadership in joint ventures<br />
in Vietnam: a cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Organizational Change<br />
Management, 11(4), 357-372.<br />
[38] Richardson, J. (2006). Self-directed expatriation: family matters. Personnel Review, 35(4),<br />
469-486.<br />
[39] Richardson, J., & McKenna, S. (2006). Exploring relationships with home and host countries:<br />
A study of self-directed expatriates. Cross Cultural Management: An International<br />
Journal, 13(1), 6-22.<br />
[40] Schoepp, K., & Forstenlechner, I. (2010). The role of family considerations in an expatriate<br />
majority environment. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 16(5/6),<br />
309-323.<br />
[41] Selmer, J. (1999). Career issues and international adjustment of business expatriates. Career<br />
Development International, 4(2), 77-87.<br />
[42] Selmer, J. (2002). Practice makes perfect? International experience and expatriate<br />
adjustment. MIR: Management International Review, 71-87.<br />
TO CITE THIS PAPER<br />
Chaudhary,P. , Singh,H. , Pandey, S. (<strong>2017</strong>) :: “Review of Challenges Faced by<br />
Global Expatriates and Onsite Project Employees in their Host Countries and at<br />
Time of Repatriation” International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research<br />
(ISSN: 2347-1697), Vol. 4 No. (5), January <strong>2017</strong>, pp. 6334-6347, Paper ID:<br />
<strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/E5/056<br />
Preeti Chaudhary, Harman Singh, Dr. Suruchi Pandey :: Review<br />
of Challenges Faced by Global Expatriates and Onsite Project<br />
Employees in their Host Countries and at Time of Repatriation<br />
6347
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Volume 4 Issue 5 January <strong>2017</strong><br />
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697<br />
System of Tracking Public Issues<br />
Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/ E5/ 042 Page No. 6348-6353 Subject Area<br />
Key Words<br />
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), Location Privacy, Privacy, Security<br />
Computer<br />
Engineering<br />
1st Kavita Pokharkar<br />
2 nd Archana Tajane<br />
3 rd Priyanka Kale<br />
4 th Priyanka Gaikwad<br />
5 th Prof. P. R. Dholi<br />
Student<br />
Department of Computer Engineering<br />
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center,<br />
Nashik, Maharashtra<br />
Professor<br />
Department of Computer Engineering<br />
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Center,<br />
Nashik, Maharashtra<br />
Abstract<br />
Today we face lots of issues in day-to-day life. But there is manual process<br />
for resolving different kinds of issues. Firstly we have to register a<br />
complaint at the local government office via manual form filling. Then that<br />
filled form is processed by the government and it takes lots of efforts, time<br />
and there is no instant assistance. Here we use GPS and GPRS for<br />
implementing various location based services. This application will be<br />
useful for tracking the issue of different department like road issue,<br />
electrical issue, water issue and other public issue.Location tracking<br />
systems including the GPS, Active Badge, Bat, Smart Floor and Cricket<br />
systems attracted a significant group of researchers during the recent<br />
decades. Android environments provide several benefits to all the Common<br />
peoples of the society as android phones are the new trend of Society.<br />
Because of its open- source nature a large number of utilities has been<br />
developed and android operating system is getting used in many phones.<br />
Because of its small-size, it can be stolen very easily and the confidentialinformation<br />
of any organization or personal details stored in the phone<br />
memory can be easily exposed.<br />
.<br />
This work is published under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<br />
Copyright©<strong>IJIFR</strong> <strong>2017</strong><br />
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I. INTRODUCTION<br />
Now a day government uses and implements the different technology for the different<br />
schemes. Every person is busy in his/her daily schedule. Peoples are facing to many<br />
problems but no one taking the initiatives to take some action or follow some steps. There is<br />
a lengthy process of solving problems related to government. But here we are developing an<br />
application which will save the time and will develop the specific area by solving the<br />
problems or issues of the common people. But there should be a privacy and security. On<br />
single click the registration form open and you can able to write your issues with the proper<br />
details of location through the GPS based smart mobile app. For developing such<br />
application we need the study of the different algorithms and WNS, Android platform and<br />
so on. A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous<br />
sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound,<br />
vibration, pressure, motion, or pollutants. The monitoring purpose of WSNs naturally leaves<br />
them operating in unattended or sometimes even hostile environments. As such, they are<br />
exposed to a variety of attacks such as communication eavesdropping, node compromising,<br />
and signal jamming. The privacy issue is critical for monitoring applications in WSNs.<br />
Privacy in WSNs can be classified into data privacy and context privacy. Data privacy<br />
concerns the privacy of data collected as well as queries posted in a WSN. Context privacy<br />
deals with sensor locations including the source and the destination. Among them, source–<br />
location privacy concerns the privacy of the locations from which the sensing data is<br />
generated and collected; destination location privacy is about the location where the<br />
collected data is delivered. Even though traditional security mechanisms such as encryption<br />
and authentication can protect data privacy in WSNs, sensor locations are hard to hide.<br />
II. LITERATURE REVIEW<br />
1. J. Yan et. al. investigates case studies where text messaging has been exploited to<br />
deliver safety information and early warnings to users based on the availability of their<br />
location information. But these are to complex LBS structure.<br />
2. Peter Ruppel et. al. conclude that reducing the GPS usage can be reached through<br />
detecting the moments that Cell-ID is providing sufficient accuracy for the envisaged<br />
application. But they use GSM system which is too costly.<br />
3. Can Komar et. al. proposed a pure software based solution, namely WLAN Tracker,<br />
which is based on the signal strength measurements from different wireless access points<br />
(WAPs). Unlike similar systems, WLAN Tracker is designed to operate in multi-storey<br />
buildings. Moreover, as a demonstrative example, a simple location based service (LBS)<br />
is added to WLAN Tracker in order to provide text-based services to its clients. They<br />
investigate the performance of our system by comparing its location estimations with<br />
real values.<br />
4. Lin Yao et. al. proposed a scheme to protect the source–location privacy based on a<br />
novel use of multiring topology. To achieve a uniformly distributed traffic pattern<br />
throughout the network, the source node selects two random rings each from its external<br />
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rings and internal rings and a set of two random angles with a sum of 180 degrees for<br />
each packet. The packet is sent at one of the angles in each ring. Fake packets are also<br />
injected to provide path diversity and to increase attack time, which is defined as the<br />
time that the adversary takes to locate the source successfully. These techniques protect<br />
the source node from packet tracing attacks as well as traffic analysis attacks.<br />
5. Charles Steinfield provides a realistic assessment of the potential for location based<br />
services, examining the market opportunity, technological origins, likely services,<br />
emerging policy issues, and potential future directions.<br />
6. Kamat et. al. designed some sort of routing process called Phantom routing to protect the<br />
location privacy connected with source nodes. With Phantom routing, packets randomly<br />
walk into a virtual source before the normal delivery. However, Phantom routing cannot<br />
protect your receiver’s position privacy properly. Additionally, randomly walk prolongs<br />
your delivery latency.<br />
7. Deng et. al. proposed Differential Forced Fractal Propagation (DEFP) versus traffic<br />
evaluation attack for the location privacy of BS. Multi-path direction-finding and bogus<br />
message propagation are released into DEFP. But this specific work concentrates on the<br />
traffic-analysis strike, which is not a more suitable measure to have an adversary.<br />
8. Jian et. al. designed the location privacy direction-finding protocol (LPR) to protect the<br />
receiver’s location]. LPR combines both randomly walk as well as fake packet injection.<br />
On the other hand, random stroll brings more packet hold up, and bogus packet injection<br />
in LPR is completely random, with no consideration connected with optimization<br />
matter.<br />
9. Nezhad et. al. considered your privacy problem throughout the topology discovery<br />
period as well as proposed an distributed strategy for network topology discovery to<br />
protect the destroy location solitude. However, this process has a higher complexity as<br />
well as brings more loads in order to sensor communities.<br />
III. PROPOSED SYSTEM<br />
In the proposed system we are developing an application of real time issue tracking services<br />
through Google Web Services and Android API's. We can use GPS and GPRS for<br />
implementing various location based services. Since this application include various<br />
packages in one it is user friendly. This application will be useful for tracking the issue of<br />
different department like road issue, electrical issue, water issue and other public issue.<br />
Following modules are used<br />
1. Upload Issue Image 7. Login<br />
2. Check issues list 8. View Issue<br />
3. Add comment. 9. Issue details<br />
4. Like the issue 10. Google Maps<br />
5. Raise with local newspaper 11. Check and add comments.<br />
6. Web Application 12. Send Notice<br />
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Figure 1: Conceptual view of Proposed System<br />
IV. WLAN TRACKER<br />
WLAN Tracker system consists of server and client components. The client communicates<br />
with the server and sends the necessary data to it where the server performs the location<br />
tracking operation. WLAN Tracker operates in two phases, the data collection phase and the<br />
execution phase. In the data collection phase, the signal map that will be used in the<br />
execution phase is constructed. During this phase, the user walks around the map area and<br />
takes samples with the help of the GUI. These data are stored in a database. In the execution<br />
phase, the client periodically sends the signal levels detected to the server for location<br />
estimation.<br />
V. LOCATION ESTIMATION PROCESS<br />
During the location estimation process, each map thread works independently without<br />
communicating with other map threads. Thus, a map may be added or removed without<br />
affecting the system. For example, some maps in the system may have common areas and a<br />
client within this area is displayed on both maps. In the location estimation, first of all, the<br />
map thread tries to determine if the received packet belongs to its responsible map area or<br />
not. If there is a common WAP between its signal map data and the received signal data,<br />
then it is concluded that the client is in its map area. This initial filtering is applied to<br />
decrease the size of the search set that will be used in the further steps of the estimation. The<br />
distance between each data set can be computed according to different metrics, Euclidian<br />
distance or Manhattan distance.<br />
<br />
VI. TECHNIQUES<br />
Probabilistic flooding is an optimization of the baseline flooding technique to reduce<br />
energy consumption. In probabilistic flooding, a subset of nodes is chosen randomly,<br />
and only the subset forwards data. Each node forwards or broadcasts a packet with a<br />
predetermined probability after it receives packets. It is obvious that this scheme can not<br />
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<br />
only significantly reduce energy consumption but also effectively prevent the adversary<br />
from tracing back to the data source. Nonetheless, the reception of data by the base<br />
station is not guaranteed owing to the randomness involved in this approach.<br />
Phantom flooding attempts to direct messages to different locations of the network so<br />
that the adversary cannot observe a steady stream of messages for its tracing purpose,<br />
which shares the same insights as probabilistic flooding. However, probabilistic flooding<br />
is not very effective to achieve this goal because shorter paths are more likely to deliver<br />
more messages. Therefore, a phantom source is used to draw the attacker away from the<br />
real source. In phantom flooding, when the real source needs to send out a message, it<br />
uncast the message to a random node, which will send it out using baseline flooding.<br />
VII. CONCLUSION<br />
In this paper we proposed a system which tracks the common people issues or problems.<br />
Any person can easily handle it because app or site is too much user-friendly. It will save<br />
the time and will develop the specific area by solving the problems or issues of the common<br />
people. We are also providing the privacy and security. So the common person will be<br />
secure and they send the complaints without any fare.<br />
VIII. REFERENCES<br />
[1] Can Komar and Cem Ersoy, “Location Tracking and Location Based Service Using IEEE<br />
802.11 WLAN Infrastructure”, by the State Planning Organization of Turkey.<br />
[2] Lin Yao, Lin Kang, Fangyu Deng, Jing Deng, “Protecting source–location privacy based on<br />
multirings in wireless sensor networks”, Published online in Wiley Online Library, 2013<br />
[3] I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankara subramaniam, and E. Cayirci, ―Wireless Sensor Networks:<br />
A Survey,‖ Computer Networks, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 393-422, 2002.<br />
[4] B. Bamba, L. Liu, P. Pesti, and T. Wang, ―Supporting Anonymous Location Queries in<br />
Mobile Environments with Privacy grid,, Proc. Int’l Conf. World Wide Web (WWW ’08),<br />
2008.<br />
[5] B. Bollobas, D. Gamarnik, O. Riordan, and B. Sudakov, ―On the Value of a Random<br />
Minimum Weight Steiner Tree, Combinatorica, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 187-207, 2004.<br />
[6] H. Chan, A. Perrig, and D. Song, ―Random Key Predistribution Schemes for Sensor<br />
Networks, Proc. IEEE Symp. Security and Privacy (S&P’03), pp. 197-213, May 2003.<br />
[7] J. Deng, R. Han, and S. Mishra, ―Enhancing Base Station Security in Wireless Sensor<br />
Networks, Technical Report CU-CS-951-03, Univ. of Colorado, Dept. of Computer Science,<br />
2003.<br />
[8] Yick J, Mukherjee B, Ghosal D. Wireless sensor network survey. Computer Networks, 2008.<br />
[9] Wang Y, Attebury G, Ramamurthy B. A survey of security issues in wireless sensor<br />
networks. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials 2006; 8(2):2–23.<br />
[10] Chen X, Makki K, Yen K, Pissinou N. Sensor network security: a survey. IEEE<br />
Communications Surveys Tutorials 2009; 11(2):52–73.<br />
[11] Li N, Zhang N, Das S, Thuraisingham B. Privacy preservation in wireless sensor networks: a<br />
state-of-the-art survey. Ad Hoc Networks 2009; 7(8):1501–1514.<br />
[12] Kamat P, Zhang Y, Trappe W, Ozturk C. Enhancing source-location privacy in sensor<br />
network routing. Proceedings of the 25th Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS’05),<br />
Columbus, OH, USA, 2005<br />
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[13] Jian Y, Chen S, Zhang Z, Zhang L. A novel scheme for protecting receiver’s location privacy<br />
in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 2008;<br />
7(10):3769–3779.<br />
TO CITE THIS PAPER<br />
Pokharkar,K. , Tajane,A. , Kale,P. , Gaikwad,p. , Dholi, P. R. (<strong>2017</strong>) :: “System of<br />
Tracking Public Issues” International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research<br />
(ISSN: 2347-1697), Vol. 4 No. (5), January <strong>2017</strong>, pp. 6348-6353, Paper ID:<br />
<strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/E5/042<br />
Kavita Pokharkar, Archana Tajane, Priyanka Kale, Priyanka<br />
Gaikwad, Prof. P. R. Dholi:: System of Tracking Public Issues<br />
6353
www.ijifr.com<br />
Volume 4 Issue 5 January <strong>2017</strong><br />
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697<br />
A study on Library Resources and<br />
Services provided by the Degree Colleges<br />
of Hyderabad Karnataka Region<br />
Library<br />
Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/ E5/ 046 Page No. 6354-6360 Research Area<br />
Services<br />
Degree College Libraries, Information Service Providers, Internet Facility, E-<br />
Key Words<br />
Journals Databases,<br />
Dr. G. S. Biradar<br />
Assistant Librarian<br />
Gulbarga University,<br />
P.G.Centre, Raichur- Karnataka<br />
Abstract<br />
Academic libraries are part of the large academic bodies. Generation,<br />
organization and dissemination of information and knowledge are subject<br />
to constant change since 1980s. Most academic libraries have the facility of<br />
Internet resources which supplement the print collection of the library.<br />
These changes are substantial. The problem with us is that many changes<br />
we come across, we immediately take it as a part of routine. Internet facility<br />
helps in saving time, repetition and redundancy, time lag and delays. We<br />
can communicate with information service providers within no time in case<br />
of any problem, change or adding new things to existing collection or<br />
services.<br />
I. INTRODUCTION<br />
In an ideal educational system, an academic library is the centre of academic life. A library<br />
is the strength of any educational institution and without proper libraries there can be no real<br />
progress in education. A library is the fountainhead from which flows he water of<br />
knowledge. Education comprises of two essential elements, namely teachers and books. An<br />
ideal library provides valuable support to education. At the same time a sound educational<br />
system is dependent on good libraries. Any form of educational work without libraries<br />
becomes meaningless. In the present study we analyse the library staff, books and journals<br />
collection, subscription of E-journals databases, library users, and seating capacity in<br />
libraries, number of books borrowed per day etc in degree colleges.<br />
1.1 Scope and limitations: This study is confined to information resources and services<br />
provided by the libraries of Degree Colleges of Hyderabad Karnataka Region that aim to<br />
.<br />
This work is published under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<br />
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fulfil the needs of the faculty and students. It covers Number of Library Staff, Books and<br />
Journals Collection, Subscription of E-journals Databases, Library Users and Seating<br />
Capacity in Libraries, Number of Books Borrowed per day etc.<br />
II. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY<br />
The main objective of the study is to find the effectiveness of library services to the students<br />
and staff of Hyderabad Karnataka Region.<br />
i.) To identify the various types of resources available in degree college libraries of<br />
Hyderabad Karnataka Region.<br />
ii.) To know the provision and extent of use of electronic resources in degree college<br />
libraries of Hyderabad Karnataka Region.<br />
iii.) To find out extent of computerization of library and extent of its use by student and<br />
staff.<br />
III. HYPOTHESES<br />
1. The facilities and equipments held in Degree college libraries are adequate.<br />
2. The utility and provision of electronic resources in Degree college libraries are<br />
satisfactory.<br />
3. The initiation of computerization of library and extent of its use by students and staff in<br />
Degree college libraries is limited.<br />
IV. DESIGN OF THE STUDY<br />
1.1. Sample: In this study Libraries of 50 Degree Colleges from which come under<br />
Hyderabad Karnataka Region,<br />
1.2. Data collection Tools: The investigator adopted survey method to collect data from<br />
librarians from 50 Degree Colleges by using a structured questionnaire. The<br />
questionnaire for the librarians was first designed and the same were distributed to the<br />
librarians of degree colleges. A questionnaire consisting of 19 questions was designed<br />
to elicit the opinion of the faculty. These were distributed among the faculty and the<br />
required data was collected which was further supplemented by informal discussions<br />
with the faculty. The analysis and interpretation of the data is presented in the<br />
subsequent sections.<br />
1.3. Data Collection: After receiving the questionnaires from various Degree college<br />
libraries which come under Hyderabad Karnataka Region, they were analyzed in the<br />
light of the objectives stated. After data collection the data entries were done in excel<br />
and were transferred to SPSS statistical software to derive necessary values. To test the<br />
research hypothesis, Chi-Square and Spearman correlation test were used.<br />
1.4. Data Analysis: The data collected were consolidated using MS-Excel, a spreadsheet<br />
package. The data were then subjected further statistical treatment by using SPSS<br />
package, version 21 following statistical techniques were employed in the present study<br />
a. Descriptive Statistics; b. Chi-square Test/Contingency Table Analysis<br />
Dr. G. S. Biradar :: A study on Library Resources and Services<br />
provided by the Degree Colleges of Hyderabad Karnataka Region<br />
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V. ANALYSIS OF THE DATA<br />
4.1. Number of Library Staff:<br />
Table-1: Number of Library Staff in degree colleges libraries<br />
Sl. No.<br />
No. of Library<br />
Staff<br />
Number of Libraries<br />
Professional Staff<br />
Non- professional<br />
Staff<br />
1 0-1 40 26.7% 95 63.3%<br />
2 2-3 60 40.0% 40 26.7%<br />
3 4-5 32 21.3% 10 6.7%<br />
4 5+ 18 12.0% 5 3.3%<br />
Total 150 100.0% 150 100.0%<br />
X 2 24.61 136.66<br />
P Value 0.000 0.000<br />
The table - 1 exhibit the data about professional and non-professional library staff working<br />
in different degree college. The data about professional staff shows that there are 40 (26.7%)<br />
degree college libraries which have employed 0-1 professional library staff, followed by 60<br />
(40.0%) libraries have employed 2-3 professional library staff, 10 (6.7%%) libraries have<br />
employed 4-5 professional library staff and remaining 5 (3.3%) degree college libraries have<br />
employed above 5 professional library staff. Further chi-square test revealed a significant<br />
difference (Chi-square=24.61; P=0.000) revealing that majority of the degree colleges had<br />
minimum professional library staff with 0-2 and 2-3 staff strength.<br />
The data about non-professional library staff working in degree colleges libraries shows<br />
that 95 (63.3%%) degree colleges libraries employ below 2 non-professional library staff,<br />
40 (26.7%) libraries employ 2-3 non-professional library staff, 12 (14.6%) libraries employ<br />
5-6 non-professional library staff and only 9 (11%) degree colleges libraries employ above<br />
6 non-professional library staff. Further chi-square test revealed a significant difference<br />
(Chi-square=136.66; P=.000) revealing that majority of the degree colleges had minimum<br />
professional library staff with 0-1 and 2-3 staff strength.<br />
4.2. Books and Journals Collection:<br />
Table –2: Books and Journals collection in Degree college Libraries<br />
Sl. No Collection of Bound Volumes No. of degree colleges Percentage<br />
1 Below 400 10 6.7%<br />
2 401-550 40 26.7%<br />
3 551-600 31 20.7%<br />
4 601-1000 26 17.3%<br />
5 1001-2000 23 15.3%<br />
6 Above 2001 20 13.3%<br />
Total 150 100.0%<br />
X 2 20.64<br />
P Value 0.001<br />
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The table-2 shows bound volumes of journals in different degree colleges under study. The<br />
data about collection of bound volumes reveal that there are 10 (6.7%) degree college<br />
libraries which have below 400 bound volumes, followed by 40 (26.7%) each libraries have<br />
above 401-550 bound volumes, 31 (20.7%) libraries have 551-600 bound volumes of<br />
journals, 26 (17.3%) libraries have 601-1000 bound volumes of journals, 23 (15.3%)<br />
libraries have 1001-2000 bound volumes of journals and remaining only 20 (13.3%) degree<br />
college libraries have below 2001 bound volumes. Chi-Square test revealed a significant<br />
difference between groups of frequencies of books in various capacity (X2=20.64; P=.843)<br />
revealing that majority of the degree colleges had minimum bound journals with 501- 1000<br />
bound journals collection.<br />
4.3. Subscription of E-journals Databases:<br />
Table – 3: Subscription of E-journals Databases in degree college libraries<br />
Sl. E-Journals No. of degree<br />
No. Databases colleges<br />
Percentage X 2 P Value<br />
1 1-2 30 20.0%<br />
2 3-5 44 29.3%<br />
3 5-7 60 40.0% 28.45 0.000<br />
4 7+ 16 10.7%<br />
Total 150 100.0%<br />
The table-3 provides data about e-journals database subscription in research center libraries<br />
under study. There are 30 (20.0%) degree college libraries which subscribe 1-2 e-journals<br />
databases, followed by 44 (29.3%) libraries subscribe 3-5 e-journals databases, 60 (40.0%)<br />
libraries subscribe 5-7 e-journals databases and only 16 (10.7%) degree college libraries<br />
subscribe above 7+ e-journals database. Chi-Square test revealed a significant difference<br />
between groups of frequencies of e-journals package capacity (X2 =28.45; P=0.000)<br />
revealing that majority of the degree college had minimum with 5-7 and 3-5 subscribe E-<br />
journal package.<br />
4.4. Library Users<br />
Table – 4: Library Users in Degree College Libraries<br />
Sl.<br />
No. of<br />
No. of<br />
Students<br />
Percentage Staff<br />
No<br />
Libraries<br />
Libraries<br />
Percentage<br />
1 Below 500 12 8.0 Below 50 14 9.3<br />
2 501-1000 65 43.3 51-100 50 33.3<br />
3 1001-1500 32 21.3 101-200 40 26.7<br />
4 1501-2000 22 14.7 200-300 20 13.3<br />
5 2001-2500 10 6.7 300+ 26 17.3<br />
6 2500+ 9 6.0 Total 150 100.0<br />
Total 150 100.0<br />
X 2 92.32 29.06<br />
P Value .000 0.000<br />
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Table - 4 depicts the number of users in 150 degree college libraries who come under the<br />
category of students and staff. The data about student users in libraries of degree college<br />
shows that there are Below 500 students in 12 (8.0%) degree college libraries, followed by<br />
501-1000 students in 65 (43.3%) libraries, 1001-1500 students in 32 (21.3%) libraries,<br />
1501-2000 students in 22 (14.7%) libraries, 2001-2500 students in 10 (6.7%) libraries and<br />
only more than 2500+ students in 9 (6.0%) degree college libraries. Chi-Square test revealed<br />
a significant difference between groups of frequencies of student using in various capacity<br />
(X 2 =92.32; P=0.000) revealing that majority of the degree colleges had minimum with 501-<br />
1000 and 1001-1500 student users in their libraries.<br />
The data about number of staff users in degree college libraries shows that there are Below<br />
500 staff users in 14 (9.3%) libraries, followed by 51-100 staff in 50 (33.3%) libraries, 101-<br />
200 staff in 40 (26.7%) libraries and 200-300 staff using their 20 (13.3%) libraries and 300+<br />
staff users in 26 (17.3%) libraries. Chi-Square test revealed a significant difference between<br />
groups of frequencies of staff use their libraries in various capacity (X 2 =29.06; P=0.000)<br />
revealing that majority of the degree colleges had minimum with Below 50 and 300+ staff<br />
use their libraries.<br />
4.5. Seating Capacity:<br />
Table – 5: Seating Capacity in Degree college Libraries<br />
Sl. No. Seating capacity Frequency Percentage X 2 P<br />
Value<br />
1 51-100 43 28.7<br />
2 101-150 40 26.7<br />
3 151-200 25 16.7<br />
18.80 0.001<br />
4 Below 250 30 20.0<br />
5 Above 250 12 8.0<br />
6 Total 150 100.0<br />
The data relating to the seating capacity of the degree colleges libraries shows that there are<br />
51-100 seating capacity in 43(28.7%) degree colleges libraries, followed by 101-150 seating<br />
capacity in 40 (26.7%) libraries, 151-200 seating capacity in 25(16.7%) libraries, below 250<br />
seating capacity in 30 (20.0%) libraries, above 250 seating capacity in 12 (8.0%) libraries.<br />
Chi-Square test revealed a significant difference between groups of frequencies of seating<br />
capacities (X 2 =18.80; P=0.001) revealing that majority of the degree colleges had minimum<br />
with 151-200 and Above 250 seating capacity.<br />
4.6. Number of Books Borrowed Per Day:<br />
Table –6: Number of Books Borrowed per day in Degree College Libraries<br />
Sl. No.<br />
Number of Books<br />
Borrowed Per Day<br />
1 101-200 34 22.7<br />
Frequency Percentage X 2 P-<br />
Value<br />
2 201-300 52 34.7<br />
3 301-400 25 16.7<br />
4 Below 100 15 10.0<br />
49.92 0.000<br />
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5 Above 500 12 8.0<br />
6 401-500 12 8.0<br />
Total 150 100.0<br />
Table 6 and figure 6 depicts the data about the number of books borrowed per day by the<br />
users in degree college libraries by the users. The number of books borrowed per day are<br />
101-200 in 34(22.7%) degree colleges libraries, followed by 201-300 books borrowed in 52<br />
(34.7%) libraries, 301-400 books borrowed in 25 (16.7%) libraries, below 100 books are<br />
borrowed in 15 (10.0%) libraries, above 500 books are borrowed in 12 (8.0%) libraries and<br />
401-500 books borrowed in 12(8.0%) degree colleges libraries. Chi-Square test revealed a<br />
significant difference between groups of frequencies of books borrowed per day from the<br />
library in various capacity (X 2 =49.92; P=0.000) revealing that majority of the degree<br />
colleges had minimum with 401-500 and Above 500 books per day from the library.<br />
VI. FINDINGS & CONCLUSION<br />
Majority of respondents expressed their opinion that they visit the library for the purpose of<br />
consulting text-books, reference books, to acquire current and general information and to<br />
read newspapers and popular magazines, etc. The data about professional staff shows that<br />
there are 40 (26.7%) degree college libraries which have employed 0-1 professional library<br />
staff, followed by 60 (40.0%) libraries have employed 2-3 professional library staff, 10<br />
(6.7%%) libraries have employed 4-5 professional library staff and remaining 5 (3.3%)<br />
degree college libraries have employed above 5 professional library staff. The data about<br />
non-professional library staff working in degree colleges libraries shows that 95 (63.3%%)<br />
degree colleges libraries employ below 2 non-professional library staff, 40 (26.7%) libraries<br />
employ 2-3 non-professional library staff, 12 (14.6%) libraries employ 5-6 non-professional<br />
library staff and only 9 (11%) degree colleges libraries employ above 6 non-professional<br />
library staff. The data about collection of bound volumes reveal that there are 10 (6.7%)<br />
degree college libraries which have below 400 bound volumes, followed by 40 (26.7%)<br />
each libraries have above 401-550 bound volumes, 31 (20.7%) libraries have 551-600 bound<br />
volumes of journals, 26 (17.3%) libraries have 601-1000 bound volumes of journals, 23<br />
(15.3%) libraries have 1001-2000 bound volumes of journals and remaining only 20<br />
(13.3%) degree college libraries have below 2001 bound volumes. There are 30 (20.0%)<br />
degree college libraries which subscribe 1-2 e-journals databases, followed by 44 (29.3%)<br />
libraries subscribe 3-5 e-journals databases, 60 (40.0%) libraries subscribe 5-7 e-journals<br />
databases and only 16 (10.7%) degree college libraries subscribe above 7+ e-journals<br />
database. The data about student users in libraries of degree college shows that there are<br />
Below 500 students in 12 (8.0%) degree college libraries, followed by 501-1000 students in<br />
65 (43.3%) libraries, 1001-1500 students in 32 (21.3%) libraries, 1501-2000 students in 22<br />
(14.7%) libraries, 2001-2500 students in 10 (6.7%) libraries and only more than 2500+<br />
students in 9 (6.0%) degree college libraries. The data about number of staff users in degree<br />
college libraries shows that there are Below 500 staff users in 14 (9.3%) libraries, followed<br />
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by 51-100 staff in 50 (33.3%) libraries, 101-200 staff in 40 (26.7%) libraries and 200-300<br />
staff using their 20 (13.3%) libraries and 300+ staff users in 26 (17.3%) libraries.<br />
VII. REFERENCES<br />
1. Biradar,B.S., & Kumar,S.B.T (2000). Evaluation of information services and facilities offered by<br />
D.V.S. Polytechnic college library: A case study. Library Herald, 38 (2), 112-130.<br />
2. Chanderkant, L. S. (1971). Polytechnical education in India.. Bombay: MacMillan<br />
3. Clougherty, L. (2002). Faculty and staff use of academic library resources and services: a<br />
University of Iowa Libraries' perspective. Portal: Libraries and the Academy, 2(4), 627-646.<br />
4. Dougherty, R. M. (1991). Needed: user-responsive research libraries. Library Journal, 59-62.<br />
TO CITE THIS PAPER<br />
Biradar,G.S. (<strong>2017</strong>) :: “A study on Library Resources and Services provided by the<br />
Degree Colleges of Hyderabad Karnataka Region” International Journal of<br />
Informative & Futuristic Research (ISSN: 2347-1697), Vol. 4 No. (5), January <strong>2017</strong>,<br />
pp. 6354-6360, Paper ID: <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/E5/046<br />
Dr. G. S. Biradar :: A study on Library Resources and Services<br />
provided by the Degree Colleges of Hyderabad Karnataka Region<br />
6360
www.ijifr.com<br />
Volume 4 Issue 5 January <strong>2017</strong><br />
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697<br />
The Impact of Patanjali Products on the<br />
FMCG Business Hither to Dominated by<br />
Multi-Nationals like Hul, P&G, Nestle etc.<br />
Management<br />
Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/ E5/ 061 Page No. 6361-6382 Subject Area<br />
Studies<br />
Fast Moving Consumer Goods, Non-Probability Convenience Sampling<br />
Procedure, Advertisements, Quality, Baba Ramdev's Spirituality, Indigenous<br />
Key Words<br />
Manufacturing, Ayurvedic Experience Patanjali Products, Kaiser-Meyer-<br />
Olkin Measure, Bartlett's Test of Sphericity<br />
1 st Dr. Anuja Agarwal<br />
2 nd Sakshi Gupta MBA Tech. Student<br />
3 rd Srashti Gupta<br />
4 th Vinayak Nautiyal<br />
Associate Dean,<br />
Mukesh Patel School of Technology, Management<br />
and Engineering , SVKM’s NMIMS University<br />
Mumbai-Maharashtra<br />
Mukesh Patel School of Technology, Management<br />
and Engineering , SVKM’s NMIMS University<br />
Mumbai-Maharashtra<br />
Abstract<br />
With trade analysts ruling out Patanjali just as a fad, many of the big<br />
player FMCG companies are discussing the strong Patanjali brand in their<br />
board rooms. Patanjali is also being called the Indian Body Shop. We try to<br />
understand the buying behaviour of the consumers of Patanjali and also the<br />
most beneficial product mix of Patanjali and areas of opportunity for them<br />
through questionnaire and interviews. It is worth to know whether<br />
Patanjali can increase their market share, penetration and sales by<br />
deploying their resources to the popular products and leverage the most<br />
influential factor of customers buying decision for their growth. Through<br />
this we would also see whether Patanjali increasing their modes of supply<br />
chain has solved their problem of shortage of goods. This will help us<br />
understand the impact of Patanjali products on the FMCG business<br />
previously dominated by big shot companies like HUL, P&G and Nestle.<br />
I. INTRODUCTION<br />
Patanjali has grown from strength to strength and is giving big player FMCG companies a<br />
run for their money. With recording net sales worth Rs. 2000 crores last year and targeting a<br />
.<br />
This work is published under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<br />
Copyright©<strong>IJIFR</strong> <strong>2017</strong><br />
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net sales worth Rs. 5000 crores this financial year ending in a few days, Patanjali has really<br />
come a long way. Everything is working right for them. This type of growth is very<br />
astonishing for an Indian company competing with foreign players like HUL, P&G and<br />
Nestle. It has already crossed the sales of many established players. Baba Ramdev, price and<br />
quality are the three most important factors working for them. With trade analysts<br />
estimating that Patanjali will cross the Rs. 20,000 crores mark by 2020, it is definitely a<br />
force to reckon with and take notice of before it’s too late. With strategic alliances with<br />
many e commerce business and supermarkets like Big Bazaar and Reliance Fresh Direct, it<br />
has increased its value chain. Patanjali has realized that to succeed they have to enhance<br />
their distribution from the tradition Patanjali Arogya Kendra or Chikitsalyas. Patanjali has a<br />
diverse product portfolio from having nutrition and supplements to grocery, from home care<br />
to personal care and health care. It has just entered into the health juice products trying to<br />
compete with Real and Tropicana. Cow ghee is its most famous product. With expansion<br />
plans in Maharashtra, Patanjali wants to step up its production so that it can meet the<br />
growing demand of products and avoid shortage. It is also thinking of setting up a food plant<br />
somewhere in south of India. With low advertising spends, Patanjali has still been able to<br />
carve a name for itself. But in recent months it has amplified its advertisements. The price of<br />
Patanjali products are around 20% lower than that of their competitors and it is a huge<br />
reason why it is gaining popularity besides eating into the market share. On the quality front<br />
also it is excellent as it leverages its image of being ayurvedic and swadeshi factor. The<br />
recommendations of Patanjali are working very good for the brand itself as people are<br />
recommending it to their friends and family members. It seems that there is more<br />
acceptability of the brand amongst older people than younger people but it won’t take time<br />
for that to change. With demand so great that people at Marine Lines pull up the shutter<br />
after 7 pm to get the products even after the shop is closed for the day for counting cash, it<br />
can be seen that it has carved a place for itself amongst the consumers. It is the next Indian<br />
Body Shop.<br />
1.1 Background of Study<br />
The traditional uses of herbal products have a substantial historical and cultural importance.<br />
Although modern chemical based products exist side by side and have also gained<br />
popularity with the emerging era. Spiritual organizations are launching and selling their own<br />
products for the customers to capture the market influencing the consumption behaviour of<br />
masses, which mainly depend on natural and herbal products. Baba Ramdev’s Patanjali<br />
Ayurved launched in 2006 is perhaps the fastest growing fast moving consumer goods<br />
company in India. A business revolution, marketing through spirituality and an ayurvedic<br />
magic wand for healthy living, it has been called all by researchers in previous background<br />
studies.<br />
1.2 Statement of the Problem<br />
Since Patanjali Ayurved Ltd. is a leading fast moving consumer goods company with a<br />
tremendous growth in the past few years, it is a growing threat to the other influential<br />
FMCG’s. Hence to study the growing market of Patanjali our aim is to determine what<br />
Dr. Anuja Agarwal, Sakshi Gupta, Srashti Gupta, Vinayak<br />
Nautiyal :: The Impact of Patanjali Products on the FMCG<br />
Business Hither to Dominated by Multi-Nationals like Hul, P&G,<br />
Nestle etc.<br />
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factors are responsible for giving Patanjali a head over others FMCG’s. This study will<br />
determine the different distribution channels through which Patanjali is pushing its products<br />
in the market. It focuses on key determinants which gives Patanjali a competitive edge over<br />
other competitors and also the issues of how the shortage of products is influencing its sales,<br />
customer satisfaction and its production strategy.<br />
So the statement of the problem is that which factors are working for Patanjali and the<br />
perception of these factors towards the consumers along with the most popular product<br />
portfolio among its various distribution channels.<br />
1.3 Purpose of the Study<br />
The purpose of the study is to find out certain factors that have led to the growing boom of<br />
Patanjali products in the market, how different channels lead to pushing sales of products<br />
and to determine how shortage of some best-selling products leads to loss of opportunity<br />
costs and other not popular products have led to increased inventory costs of products<br />
through different distribution channels.<br />
Purpose 1: Based on demographic data, is there any specific pattern which can be<br />
observed?<br />
H0: There is no relationship between the buying pattern of male and female.<br />
H1: There is a relationship between the buying pattern of male and female.<br />
H0: There is no relationship between the buying patterns of on the basis of age groups.<br />
H1: There is a relationship between the buying patterns on the basis of age groups.<br />
Purpose 2: What are the important factors that give Patanjali an edge over other FMCGs?<br />
H0: There is no relationship between the factors that affect the mindset of consumers of<br />
Patanjali.<br />
H1: There is a relationship between the factors that affect the mindset of consumers of<br />
Patanjali.<br />
Purpose 3: Which are the most popular products of Patanjali?<br />
This research will help us to understand the market dynamics and the customer behaviour<br />
regarding Patanjali’s products and why large based customers are switching from multi<br />
nationals like HUL to Patanjali’s herbal based products and to know whether Patanjali can<br />
increase its sales by increasing its opportunity cost and reducing its inventory cost by<br />
manufacturing more popular products.<br />
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE<br />
Layak and Singh (2015) report “Desi bustle v/s MNC muscle” stating how<br />
Ramdev’s Patanjali is setting trend for HUL and how Baba Ramdev’s<br />
unconventional marketing and strong follower base coupled with aggressive pricing<br />
has helped him overtake established players in ayurvedic FMCG like Emami and<br />
Himalaya.<br />
Some facts and figures<br />
Roy, Lath and Sharma (2015) believe that strong innovation and new products<br />
pipeline, pricing discounts to the peers, ayurvedic and natural propositions with low<br />
A&P spends and manufacturing indigenously lend Patanjali’s products a competitive<br />
Dr. Anuja Agarwal, Sakshi Gupta, Srashti Gupta, Vinayak<br />
Nautiyal :: The Impact of Patanjali Products on the FMCG<br />
Business Hither to Dominated by Multi-Nationals like Hul, P&G,<br />
Nestle etc.<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
advantage but distribution and stock outs remain a key factor. Patanjali Ayurved is<br />
one of the India’s largest food and herbal parks in the world equipped with an<br />
excellent R&D facility and world‐class manufacturing machinery. Patanjali has<br />
completed its revenue target of INR 2000 crores in FY15 and now the management<br />
has set a revenue target of INR 5000 crores in FY16. The company has low A&P<br />
spends which leverages Baba Ramdev’s brand pull, leads to provide its customers a<br />
discount of 15‐30% to competition, while other companies have A&P spends<br />
ranging from 12‐18%, as a % of sales. Even though the company’s thrust is not on<br />
profitability, the company managed to regulate 20% EBITDA margin in FY15,<br />
supported by better cost management which includes latest machinery and strong<br />
R&D capabilities and lower A&P spends. Patanjali registered revenue CAGR of<br />
64.7% over FY12‐15.<br />
Vyas (2015) believes Patanjali instead of outsourcing like established, listed FMCG<br />
firms, it has flourished on a backward integration model, using large tracts of land to<br />
cultivate and run its factories. Patanjali's revenues have more than quadrupled in the<br />
past three years. Despite undercutting competitors, PAL's operating margin is around<br />
20% — higher than many of its peers which advertise aggressively.<br />
According to Pittie (2015), Patanjali is not just targeting its own distribution<br />
Chikitsalayas, but also big retailers like Reliance Retail, Big Bazaar, Hyper City and<br />
Star Bazaar are stocking Ramdev's FMCG products. But the real play is online.<br />
While Patanjali's products are already available at e-commerce site BigBasket,<br />
Ramdev is now aiming for Amazon too.To allow the consumers to locate nearby<br />
outlets that are selling Patanjali products and also to facilitate online ordering of<br />
products, Patanjali has launched its mobile app. Patanjali also sells its products<br />
through the Patanjali Arogya Kendras, Swadeshi Kendras and Patanjali<br />
Chikitsalayas. The company has 10,000 franchisee model of Chikitshalyas and<br />
Arogya Kendras and around 2 lakh outlets that are selling Patanjali products. The<br />
company operates through 100 super distributors.<br />
Kumar (2014) reports that the Patanjali Mega Food Park (PMFP) has been envisaged<br />
to help in creation of infrastructure for food processing and a ‘farm-to-plate’ supply<br />
chain system. It helps in maximum value addition by backward and forward<br />
integration between the farmers, factory and the market. The supply chain doesn’t<br />
have any intermediary in between but rather it’s a direct from supplier to producer to<br />
consumer. This also helps in reducing the cost because it avoids the unnecessary<br />
commission cost and other related charges of the intermediaries.<br />
Trend of Patanjali products: Singh and Rajni (2015) reports that PAL perhaps lacks<br />
most ingredients for building a large-scale consumer goods business, be its<br />
negligible A&P (advertising & promotion) spends or distribution network. Yet, the<br />
brand power of a yoga guru has brought PAL into the top league with topline<br />
reportedly in excess of Jyothy Labs and Emami.<br />
Dr. Anuja Agarwal, Sakshi Gupta, Srashti Gupta, Vinayak<br />
Nautiyal :: The Impact of Patanjali Products on the FMCG<br />
Business Hither to Dominated by Multi-Nationals like Hul, P&G,<br />
Nestle etc.<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Rani & Shukla (2012) analysed the trends of Patanjali products that have increased<br />
from 2008 to 2011.The Patanjali Ayurvedic Kendra in Pantnagar was started with 26<br />
Patanjali products. These 26 products includes 13 products in medicinal, 9 products<br />
in food and 4 products in cosmetic category. In 2008 total 63 products were<br />
available at Patanjali Ayurvedic Kendra out of which 34 were medicinal, 22 were<br />
food and 7 were cosmetic products followed with an addition of 22 products during<br />
2009. Till 2012 there were 120 products available among which 44 are medicinal, 34<br />
are food and 55 are cosmetic which says an increase of total 94 products in just 4<br />
years.<br />
Drawbacks of Patanjali’s growth: A number of limitations perceived by customers,<br />
associated with products acted as barriers in consumer decision making process and<br />
also affected consumer behaviour. Data showed that the problem of shortage of<br />
products on retail outlet as the major limitation as reported by the majority of<br />
respondents (88.88%). Only one retail outlet in Pantnagar market was another<br />
limitation and reported by 63.33 percent respondents. No home delivery (43.33%)<br />
and no any other alternative (36.66%) were also an issue till 2012.Consumers of<br />
Patanjali products also suggested to improve consumer acceptability (51.11%).<br />
Consumers suggested that Patanjali should provide the detailed information about<br />
eve-products. 48.88% suggested improving the delivery system. About 44%<br />
consumers suggested maintaining the regular delivery of products. More<br />
advertisement (41.11%) and clarity in advertisement (37.77%) regarding the product<br />
attributes were other suggestions given by the consumers. It was suggested by 30%<br />
consumers that Patanjali should pack the products especially juice in small amount<br />
in order to improve consumer acceptability. Easy availability of products at retail<br />
shops by 28.88% consumers whereas 21.11% consumers suggested reducing the cost<br />
of some cosmetic products like cream, cleanser, etc. There were 18-19% respondents<br />
who suggested to increase production of products.<br />
Khasgiwala and Bapat (2014) believe that despite of the great demand of Patanjali<br />
products, the company is still inefficient in its production and supply chain<br />
management. They address the case of retail store owner of Patanjali Ayurveda in<br />
Indore who himself is a highly satisfied consumer of Patanjali products that are low<br />
priced with reasonably good quality. And more so the product becomes value rich<br />
because they carry the name of Baba Ramdev on it but is frustrated with the<br />
availability of these products for other consumers as well.<br />
Patanjali’s products have captured a huge lot of consumers within a short span of<br />
time providing its loyal customers with exclusive quality and reduced price products.<br />
It has grown during these years with its excellent R&D facility, latest machinery,<br />
better cost management and high tech infrastructure by constructing India’s largest<br />
Food and Herbal Park. It has also established its market online giving a stiff<br />
competition to other FMCG companies. The trend of Patanjali products have<br />
increased tremendously with few limitations of non-availability of products at retail<br />
Dr. Anuja Agarwal, Sakshi Gupta, Srashti Gupta, Vinayak<br />
Nautiyal :: The Impact of Patanjali Products on the FMCG<br />
Business Hither to Dominated by Multi-Nationals like Hul, P&G,<br />
Nestle etc.<br />
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Volume - 4, Issue -5, January <strong>2017</strong><br />
Continuous 41 st Edition, Page No: 6361-6382<br />
stores, less number of retail outlets available and its irregular delivery system.<br />
Despite of its great demand, company is still inefficient in its production and supply<br />
chain management. The company is working on plugging the gaps in the supply<br />
chain and distribution and plans to implement ERP for better inventory management<br />
and consolidate its online presence. The company has worked on its objective of<br />
empowering farmers economically. In upcoming years, due to its herbal base<br />
products company might also leverage some tax exclusion under government<br />
policies leading to increase in its profits and decreased prices of product. The main<br />
marketing tool of the company is its good image after spirituality and is selling its<br />
products under the name of Swami Ramdev. Since Patanjali has its production inhouse,<br />
it gives it a competitive advantage over MNC’s like HUL, P&G, NESTLE<br />
etc.<br />
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY<br />
3.1 Description of Research Design and Procedures Used<br />
This is a descriptive and causal research of quantitative nature under which<br />
questionnaire study will be carried out. Also a descriptive qualitative research under<br />
which an interview will be carried out is also a part of our design. An ethnographic<br />
study will also be carried out in supermarkets to observe the nature of the buying<br />
behaviour of the consumers.<br />
3.2 Sources of Data<br />
Participants in this study will include Patanjali consumers (a minimum of 30<br />
participants of two age groups, i.e., 20-34 and 35-60 each and two gender, i.e., male<br />
and female) who will be given a questionnaire. The participants will be selected by<br />
giving it to family members, close friends and relatives. The sampling method to be<br />
used is non probability convenience sampling to select participants. The elements<br />
that will be characteristic of the sample will be sex, age, region and number of<br />
family members. An effort will be made to collect data proportionately from male<br />
and female sex, the age groups and the region. Also, shopkeepers of two Patanjali<br />
Shops and some general stores will be interviewed. The two Patanjali shops are:<br />
PatanjaliAarogya Kendra, Manoj Villa, Station Road, Vile Parle West, Mumbai –<br />
400056<br />
PatanjaliChikitsalya, 241, Chandra Mahal Building, Princess Street, Mumbai –<br />
400002<br />
3.3 Sampling Procedures<br />
A non-probability convenience sampling procedure will be used.<br />
3.4 Methods and Instuments of Data Gathering<br />
Instrument #1 Questionnaire - Materials included is a questionnaire which include<br />
14 questions which is given in the appendix A. The survey will measure the various<br />
independent variables using Likert scale and after primary data collection the data<br />
will be analysed using factor analysis with the help of SPSS. Also the distribution<br />
Dr. Anuja Agarwal, Sakshi Gupta, Srashti Gupta, Vinayak<br />
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network most preferred by consumers and products which consumers hope Patanjali<br />
should manufacture but is not in their product mix are asked. Even the buying<br />
frequency and how consumers stumbled upon Patanjali will be asked besides the<br />
usual demographic data.<br />
Instrument #2 Interview – The interview questions for the shopkeepers are included<br />
in the appendix B. For the interview part, shopkeepers of Patanjali shops will be<br />
asked their products which are the most selling and also in shortage, the products<br />
which are lying in the inventory and have low sales volume and lastly the products<br />
which consumers enquire about but Patanjali doesn’t manufacture.<br />
Instrument #3 Observation – The buying behaviour of the consumers in<br />
supermarkets and the interne will be observed under the ethnographic study to know<br />
which products the consumers buy the most.<br />
A questionnaire will be given to Patanjali consumers to know why they prefer<br />
Patanjali over other brands such as HUL, P&G and Nestle and the factors which are<br />
most influencing. A personal interview with Patanjali shopkeepers will be conducted<br />
about the FMCG products which are so much in demand that there is shortage for<br />
them, products which are not sold much and lead to too much inventory in the<br />
shelves and products about which customers inquire but Patanjali doesn’t<br />
manufacture so that it gives them an opportunity in the various categories of<br />
nutrition and supplements, grocery, home care, personal care and health care and if<br />
possible the quantitative data to support these answers will be noted. For e-<br />
commerce websites like Big Basket, Relaince Fresh Direct, ZopNow and Grofers,<br />
we will try to find the popular products and the shortage products and try to validate<br />
it with our previous data. A similar personal interview can be conducted for general<br />
stores. In supermarkets like Big Bazaar, Relaince Retail, D Mart, Spencer’s Retail<br />
and HyperCITY we can collect data by mere observation about the products which<br />
consumers buy.<br />
3.5 Methods of Data Analysis<br />
The methods of data analysis we are going to use are ANOVA, factor analysis and<br />
correlation analysis using SPSS.<br />
IV. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS<br />
Gender, age and number of family members might have a relationship with various<br />
perceptions. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) tested the perception level of people on<br />
various factors by gender (female, male), age (20-34, 35-60) and number of family members<br />
(1-5, 6-10) each independently. We used a level of significance of 0.05 for all statistical<br />
tests.<br />
Gender, age and number of family members might have a relationship with the<br />
quality perception. People with different age showed a relationship with the quality<br />
perception (F (1, 91) = 6.790, p = 0.011). Older people (n = 34, M = 4.000, SD = 0.7385)<br />
Dr. Anuja Agarwal, Sakshi Gupta, Srashti Gupta, Vinayak<br />
Nautiyal :: The Impact of Patanjali Products on the FMCG<br />
Business Hither to Dominated by Multi-Nationals like Hul, P&G,<br />
Nestle etc.<br />
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think more that the quality of Patanjali products is better than other brands than younger<br />
people (n = 59, M = 3.492, SD = 0.9891).<br />
Gender, age and number of family members might have a relationship with Baba<br />
Ramdev’s spirituality perception. People with different age showed a relationship with Baba<br />
Ramdev’s spirituality perception (F (1, 91) = 6.790, p = 0.000).Older people (n = 34, M =<br />
3.412, SD = 1.2090) believe more that Baba Ramdev’s spirituality attracts them towards<br />
Patanjali products than younger people (n = 59, M = 2.237, SD = 1.0058).<br />
Gender, age and number of family members might have a relationship with<br />
indigenous manufacturing perception. People with different age showed a relationship with<br />
indigenous manufacturing perception (F (1, 91) = 15.982, p = 0.000).Older people (n = 34,<br />
M = 4.324, SD = 0.8061) think indigenous manufacturing influences them to buy Patanjali<br />
products more than younger people (n = 59, M = 3.458, SD = 1.1036).<br />
Gender, age and number of family members might have a relationship with the<br />
ayurvedic perception. People with different gender showed a relationship with the ayurvedic<br />
perception (F (1, 91) = 4.484, p = 0.037). Female (n = 47, M = 4.085, SD = 0.8554) think<br />
that the ayurvedic properties of Patanjali products influences them to use it more than male<br />
(n = 46, M = 3.674, SD = 1.0122).<br />
Gender, age and number of family members might have a relationship with the<br />
experience perception. People with different age showed a relationship with the experience<br />
perception (F (1, 91) = 10.122, p = 0.002). Older people (n = 34, M = 4.235, SD = 0.6060)<br />
think that their overall experience with the products of Patanjali is better than younger<br />
people (n = 59, M = 3.695, SD = 0.8760).<br />
Oneway<br />
Gender<br />
0.0 = Female<br />
1.0 = Male<br />
Table 1: Descriptives<br />
95%<br />
Confidence<br />
Interval for<br />
Mean<br />
Std. Std. Lower Upper<br />
N Mean Deviation Error Bound Bound Minimum Maximum<br />
Price .0 47 3.574 .8532 .1245 3.324 3.825 2.0 5.0<br />
1.0 46 3.500 .9832 .1450 3.208 3.792 1.0 5.0<br />
Total 93 3.538 .9156 .0949 3.349 3.726 1.0 5.0<br />
Advertisements .0 47 3.383 1.0540 .1537 3.073 3.692 1.0 5.0<br />
1.0 46 2.935 1.1624 .1714 2.590 3.280 1.0 5.0<br />
Total 93 3.161 1.1257 .1167 2.929 3.393 1.0 5.0<br />
Quality .0 47 3.787 .8324 .1214 3.543 4.032 1.0 5.0<br />
1.0 46 3.565 1.0253 .1512 3.261 3.870 1.0 5.0<br />
Baba Ramdev's<br />
spirituality<br />
Total 93 3.677 .9344 .0969 3.485 3.870 1.0 5.0<br />
.0 47 2.745 1.2763 .1862 2.370 3.119 1.0 5.0<br />
1.0 46 2.587 1.1657 .1719 2.241 2.933 1.0 5.0<br />
Dr. Anuja Agarwal, Sakshi Gupta, Srashti Gupta, Vinayak<br />
Nautiyal :: The Impact of Patanjali Products on the FMCG<br />
Business Hither to Dominated by Multi-Nationals like Hul, P&G,<br />
Nestle etc.<br />
6368
Indigenous<br />
manufacturing<br />
ISSN: 2347-1697<br />
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Volume - 4, Issue -5, January <strong>2017</strong><br />
Continuous 41 st Edition, Page No: 6361-6382<br />
Total 93 2.667 1.2188 .1264 2.416 2.918 1.0 5.0<br />
.0 47 3.766 1.0470 .1527 3.459 4.073 1.0 5.0<br />
1.0 46 3.783 1.1336 .1671 3.446 4.119 1.0 5.0<br />
Total 93 3.774 1.0848 .1125 3.551 3.998 1.0 5.0<br />
Ayurvedic .0 47 4.085 .8554 .1248 3.834 4.336 1.0 5.0<br />
1.0 46 3.674 1.0122 .1492 3.373 3.975 1.0 5.0<br />
Total 93 3.882 .9538 .0989 3.685 4.078 1.0 5.0<br />
Available .0 47 3.191 1.0558 .1540 2.881 3.501 1.0 5.0<br />
1.0 46 3.239 .9703 .1431 2.951 3.527 1.0 5.0<br />
Total 93 3.215 1.0092 .1046 3.007 3.423 1.0 5.0<br />
Recommendations .0 47 3.702 1.0615 .1548 3.390 4.014 1.0 5.0<br />
1.0 46 3.674 .9441 .1392 3.394 3.954 1.0 5.0<br />
Total 93 3.688 .9998 .1037 3.482 3.894 1.0 5.0<br />
Experience .0 47 3.936 .7634 .1114 3.712 4.160 1.0 5.0<br />
1.0 46 3.848 .8936 .1318 3.582 4.113 1.0 5.0<br />
Total 93 3.892 .8270 .0858 3.722 4.063 1.0 5.0<br />
Table 2: ANOVA<br />
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.<br />
Price Between Groups .129 1 .129 .152 .697<br />
Within Groups 76.989 91 .846<br />
Total 77.118 92<br />
Advertisements Between Groups 4.670 1 4.670 3.797 .054<br />
Within Groups 111.911 91 1.230<br />
Total 116.581 92<br />
Quality Between Groups 1.146 1 1.146 1.317 .254<br />
Within Groups 79.177 91 .870<br />
Total 80.323 92<br />
Baba Ramdev's spirituality Between Groups .578 1 .578 .387 .536<br />
Within Groups 136.088 91 1.495<br />
Total 136.667 92<br />
Indigenous manufacturing Between Groups .006 1 .006 .005 .941<br />
Within Groups 108.252 91 1.190<br />
Total 108.258 92<br />
Ayurvedic Between Groups 3.931 1 3.931 4.484 .037<br />
Within Groups 79.768 91 .877<br />
Total 83.699 92<br />
Available Between Groups .053 1 .053 .051 .821<br />
Within Groups 93.646 91 1.029<br />
Total 93.699 92<br />
Recommendations Between Groups .019 1 .019 .018 .893<br />
Within Groups 91.938 91 1.010<br />
Total 91.957 92<br />
Experience Between Groups .181 1 .181 .263 .609<br />
Within Groups 62.743 91 .689<br />
Total 62.925 92<br />
Dr. Anuja Agarwal, Sakshi Gupta, Srashti Gupta, Vinayak<br />
Nautiyal :: The Impact of Patanjali Products on the FMCG<br />
Business Hither to Dominated by Multi-Nationals like Hul, P&G,<br />
Nestle etc.<br />
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Volume - 4, Issue -5, January <strong>2017</strong><br />
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Oneway<br />
Age<br />
0.0 = 20 - 34<br />
1.0 = 35-60<br />
Table 3: Descriptives<br />
95%<br />
Confidence<br />
Interval for<br />
Mean<br />
Std. Std. Lower Upper<br />
N Mean Deviation Error Bound Bound Minimum Maximum<br />
Price .0 59 3.492 .9168 .1194 3.253 3.730 1.0 5.0<br />
1.0 34 3.618 .9216 .1581 3.296 3.939 1.0 5.0<br />
Total 93 3.538 .9156 .0949 3.349 3.726 1.0 5.0<br />
Advertisements .0 59 3.068 1.0965 .1427 2.782 3.354 1.0 5.0<br />
1.0 34 3.324 1.1735 .2012 2.914 3.733 1.0 5.0<br />
Total 93 3.161 1.1257 .1167 2.929 3.393 1.0 5.0<br />
Quality .0 59 3.492 .9891 .1288 3.234 3.749 1.0 5.0<br />
1.0 34 4.000 .7385 .1267 3.742 4.258 1.0 5.0<br />
Total 93 3.677 .9344 .0969 3.485 3.870 1.0 5.0<br />
Baba Ramdev's .0 59 2.237 1.0058 .1309 1.975 2.499 1.0 5.0<br />
spirituality 1.0 34 3.412 1.2090 .2073 2.990 3.834 1.0 5.0<br />
Total 93 2.667 1.2188 .1264 2.416 2.918 1.0 5.0<br />
Indigenous<br />
manufacturing<br />
.0 59 3.458 1.1036 .1437 3.170 3.745 1.0 5.0<br />
1.0 34 4.324 .8061 .1382 4.042 4.605 2.0 5.0<br />
Total 93 3.774 1.0848 .1125 3.551 3.998 1.0 5.0<br />
Ayurvedic .0 59 3.746 .9209 .1199 3.506 3.986 1.0 5.0<br />
1.0 34 4.118 .9775 .1676 3.777 4.459 1.0 5.0<br />
Total 93 3.882 .9538 .0989 3.685 4.078 1.0 5.0<br />
Available .0 59 3.322 .9727 .1266 3.069 3.576 1.0 5.0<br />
1.0 34 3.029 1.0585 .1815 2.660 3.399 1.0 5.0<br />
Total 93 3.215 1.0092 .1046 3.007 3.423 1.0 5.0<br />
Recommendations .0 59 3.695 .9871 .1285 3.438 3.952 1.0 5.0<br />
1.0 34 3.676 1.0363 .1777 3.315 4.038 1.0 5.0<br />
Total 93 3.688 .9998 .1037 3.482 3.894 1.0 5.0<br />
Experience .0 59 3.695 .8760 .1140 3.467 3.923 1.0 5.0<br />
1.0 34 4.235 .6060 .1039 4.024 4.447 3.0 5.0<br />
Total 93 3.892 .8270 .0858 3.722 4.063 1.0 5.0<br />
Table 4: ANOVA<br />
Sum of Mean<br />
Squares Df Square F Sig.<br />
Price Between Groups .343 1 .343 .407 .525<br />
Within Groups 76.775 91 .844<br />
Total 77.118 92<br />
Advertisements Between Groups 1.411 1 1.411 1.115 .294<br />
Dr. Anuja Agarwal, Sakshi Gupta, Srashti Gupta, Vinayak<br />
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Within Groups 115.170 91 1.266<br />
Total 116.581 92<br />
Quality Between Groups 5.577 1 5.577 6.790 .011<br />
Within Groups 74.746 91 .821<br />
Total 80.323 92<br />
Baba Ramdev's Between Groups 29.753 1 29.753 25.325 .000<br />
spirituality<br />
Within Groups 106.913 91 1.175<br />
Indigenous<br />
manufacturing<br />
Total 136.667 92<br />
Between Groups 16.173 1 16.173 15.982 .000<br />
Within Groups 92.085 91 1.012<br />
Total 108.258 92<br />
Ayurvedic Between Groups 2.983 1 2.983 3.363 .070<br />
Within Groups 80.716 91 .887<br />
Total 83.699 92<br />
Available Between Groups 1.847 1 1.847 1.830 .179<br />
Within Groups 91.852 91 1.009<br />
Total 93.699 92<br />
Recommendations Between Groups .007 1 .007 .007 .932<br />
Within Groups 91.950 91 1.010<br />
Total 91.957 92<br />
Experience Between Groups 6.299 1 6.299 10.122 .002<br />
Within Groups 56.626 91 .622<br />
Total 62.925 92<br />
Oneway<br />
Number of family members<br />
0.0 = 1 - 5<br />
1.0 = 6 - 10<br />
Table 5: Descriptives<br />
95%<br />
Confidence<br />
Interval for<br />
Mean<br />
Std. Std. Lower Upper<br />
N Mean Deviation Error Bound Bound Minimum Maximum<br />
Price .0 75 3.533 .9054 .1046 3.325 3.742 1.0 5.0<br />
1.0 18 3.556 .9835 .2318 3.066 4.045 2.0 5.0<br />
Total 93 3.538 .9156 .0949 3.349 3.726 1.0 5.0<br />
Advertisements .0 75 3.187 1.0867 .1255 2.937 3.437 1.0 5.0<br />
1.0 18 3.056 1.3048 .3076 2.407 3.704 1.0 5.0<br />
Total 93 3.161 1.1257 .1167 2.929 3.393 1.0 5.0<br />
Quality .0 75 3.680 .9886 .1142 3.453 3.907 1.0 5.0<br />
1.0 18 3.667 .6860 .1617 3.326 4.008 3.0 5.0<br />
Total 93 3.677 .9344 .0969 3.485 3.870 1.0 5.0<br />
Baba Ramdev's .0 75 2.693 1.2837 .1482 2.398 2.989 1.0 5.0<br />
spirituality 1.0 18 2.556 .9218 .2173 2.097 3.014 1.0 4.0<br />
Total 93 2.667 1.2188 .1264 2.416 2.918 1.0 5.0<br />
Dr. Anuja Agarwal, Sakshi Gupta, Srashti Gupta, Vinayak<br />
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Volume - 4, Issue -5, January <strong>2017</strong><br />
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.0 75 3.800 1.1271 .1301 3.541 4.059 1.0 5.0<br />
1.0 18 3.667 .9075 .2139 3.215 4.118 2.0 5.0<br />
Total 93 3.774 1.0848 .1125 3.551 3.998 1.0 5.0<br />
Ayurvedic .0 75 3.893 1.0077 .1164 3.661 4.125 1.0 5.0<br />
1.0 18 3.833 .7071 .1667 3.482 4.185 2.0 5.0<br />
Total 93 3.882 .9538 .0989 3.685 4.078 1.0 5.0<br />
Available .0 75 3.160 1.0140 .1171 2.927 3.393 1.0 5.0<br />
1.0 18 3.444 .9835 .2318 2.955 3.934 2.0 5.0<br />
Total 93 3.215 1.0092 .1046 3.007 3.423 1.0 5.0<br />
Recommendations .0 75 3.653 1.0590 .1223 3.410 3.897 1.0 5.0<br />
1.0 18 3.833 .7071 .1667 3.482 4.185 2.0 5.0<br />
Total 93 3.688 .9998 .1037 3.482 3.894 1.0 5.0<br />
Experience .0 75 3.893 .8314 .0960 3.702 4.085 1.0 5.0<br />
1.0 18 3.889 .8324 .1962 3.475 4.303 3.0 5.0<br />
Total 93 3.892 .8270 .0858 3.722 4.063 1.0 5.0<br />
Price<br />
Advertisements<br />
Quality<br />
Baba<br />
spirituality<br />
Indigenous<br />
manufacturing<br />
Ayurvedic<br />
Available<br />
Ramdev's<br />
Table 6: ANOVA<br />
Sum of Mean<br />
Squares Df Square F Sig.<br />
Between<br />
Groups<br />
.007 1 .007 .008 .927<br />
Within Groups 77.111 91 .847<br />
Total 77.118 92<br />
Between<br />
Groups<br />
.250 1 .250 .195 .660<br />
Within Groups 116.331 91 1.278<br />
Total 116.581 92<br />
Between<br />
Groups<br />
.003 1 .003 .003 .957<br />
Within Groups 80.320 91 .883<br />
Total 80.323 92<br />
Between<br />
Groups<br />
.276 1 .276 .184 .669<br />
Within Groups 136.391 91 1.499<br />
Total 136.667 92<br />
Between<br />
Groups<br />
.258 1 .258 .217 .642<br />
Within Groups 108.000 91 1.187<br />
Total 108.258 92<br />
Between<br />
Groups<br />
.052 1 .052 .057 .812<br />
Within Groups 83.647 91 .919<br />
Total 83.699 92<br />
Between<br />
Groups<br />
1.174 1 1.174 1.155 .285<br />
Within Groups 92.524 91 1.017<br />
Total 93.699 92<br />
Dr. Anuja Agarwal, Sakshi Gupta, Srashti Gupta, Vinayak<br />
Nautiyal :: The Impact of Patanjali Products on the FMCG<br />
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Recommendations<br />
Experience<br />
Between<br />
Groups<br />
.470 1 .470 .468 .496<br />
Within Groups 91.487 91 1.005<br />
Total 91.957 92<br />
Between<br />
Groups<br />
.000 1 .000 .000 .984<br />
Within Groups 62.924 91 .691<br />
Total 62.925 92<br />
Factor Analysis is used to explore the factors that affect the consumers of Patanjali. The<br />
descriptive statistics of the factor responses are measured.<br />
Table 7: Descriptive Statistics<br />
Mean Std. Deviation Analysis N<br />
Price 3.538 .9156 93<br />
Advertisements 3.161 1.1257 93<br />
Quality 3.677 .9344 93<br />
Baba Ramdev's spirituality 2.667 1.2188 93<br />
Indigenous manufacturing 3.774 1.0848 93<br />
Ayurvedic 3.882 .9538 93<br />
Availability 3.215 1.0092 93<br />
Recommendations 3.688 .9998 93<br />
Experience 3.892 .8270 93<br />
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy - This measure varies between 0 and<br />
1. A value of 0.6 is a suggested minimum. The KMO measure for our analysis is 0.633 and<br />
shows that the numbers of samples we have taken are adequate.<br />
Bartlett's Test of Sphericity - This tests the null hypothesis that the correlation matrix is an<br />
identity matrix. The measure should be less than 0.05. The significance value of our<br />
Bartlett’s Test is 0.00. Hence the null hypothesis is rejected and a relationship exists<br />
between the factors.<br />
Table 8: KMO and Bartlett's Test<br />
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. .633<br />
Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square 164.783<br />
Df 36<br />
Sig. .000<br />
Taken together, these tests provide a minimum standard which should be passed before a<br />
factor analysis (or a principal components analysis) should be conducted. In our analysis we<br />
have taken 9 variables, so we have 9 factors. We look only for the components that have<br />
eigenvalues of 1 or more. So we determine how many components meet this criterion. The<br />
initial eigenvalues for each component are listed in the 1 st column. Only the components 1, 2<br />
and 3 have eigenvalues more than 1. So we can look at the percentage of variance that each<br />
component explains. Component 1 has 30.231% variance, Component 2 has 16.262%<br />
variance and Component 3 has 12.665% variance which gives us a cumulative variance of<br />
Dr. Anuja Agarwal, Sakshi Gupta, Srashti Gupta, Vinayak<br />
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59.158% explained by these three components. So these three components have major<br />
variance within this set of data.<br />
Table 9: Total Variance Explained<br />
Extraction Sums of Squared Rotation Sums of Squared<br />
Initial Eigenvalues Loadings<br />
Loadings<br />
% of Cumulative % of Cumulative % of<br />
Component Total Variance % Total Variance % Total Variance<br />
1 2.721 30.231 30.231 2.721 30.231 30.231 2.051 22.784 22.784<br />
2 1.464 16.262 46.493 1.464 16.262 46.493 1.770 19.666 42.450<br />
3 1.140 12.665 59.158 1.140 12.665 59.158 1.504 16.708 59.158<br />
4 .942 10.472 69.630<br />
5 .783 8.699 78.329<br />
6 .641 7.117 85.446<br />
7 .580 6.450 91.895<br />
8 .460 5.113 97.009<br />
9 .269 2.991 100.000<br />
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.<br />
The scree plot graphs the eigenvalue against the component number. We look for a change<br />
for an elbow in the line. The only components above this break for elbow are retained. The<br />
elbow breaks at component 3. So this explains that component 1, 2 and 3 captures much<br />
more variance than any other component, while other successive components are accounting<br />
for smaller and smaller amounts of the total variance. So we can suggest retaining only<br />
component 1, 2 and 3. A plot of the eigenvalues is provided below.<br />
Cumulative<br />
%<br />
Figure 1: Screen Plot<br />
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The three components tell us about the major factors which should be considered first when<br />
understanding the consumers of Patanjali products. In component 1, the most important<br />
factor is advertisements whose value is 0.783. It means around 63 % variance in component<br />
1 is explained by advertisements. It is followed by quality, experience and price showing<br />
strong coefficients. This means that the 1 st component is Value Communication. In<br />
component 2 we have recommendations and ayurvedic as the important factors. Hence we<br />
call this factor Word of Mouth because we know that people give recommendations about<br />
ayurvedic products. In component 3 we have Baba Ramdev’s spirituality and indigenous<br />
manufacturing. We can call this Baba Ramdev’s indigenous factor as we can see Baba<br />
Ramdev promoting the swadeshi concept and hence people are getting attracted towards<br />
Patanjali.<br />
Table 10: Rotated Component Matrix a<br />
Component<br />
1 2 3<br />
Advertisements .738 -.113 .033<br />
Quality .711 .353 .134<br />
Experience .680 .473 .121<br />
Price .619 -.041 -.125<br />
Recommendations -.090 .783 -.078<br />
Ayurvedic .341 .646 .145<br />
Indigenous manufacturing .144 .244 .790<br />
Baba Ramdev's<br />
-.026<br />
spirituality<br />
.479 .527<br />
Availability .093 .295 -.725<br />
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.<br />
Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.<br />
a. Rotation converged in 5 iterations.<br />
For correlation analysis, it is a thumb rule that if the value of p is less than 0.05 then the<br />
correlation is considered to be significant. The values of Pearson coefficient is from -1 to<br />
1.The closer the value is to -1 to +1, the stronger the association is between the variables. In<br />
this case, we have a positive correlation between quality and price with the value of p =<br />
0.006 and r = 0.281 which means that there is a weak correlation, indicating the increase of<br />
price would lead to a slight increase in quality.<br />
Table 11 : Correlations<br />
Price Quality<br />
Price Pearson Correlation 1 .281 **<br />
Sig. (2-tailed) .006<br />
N 93 93<br />
Quality Pearson Correlation .281 ** 1<br />
Sig. (2-tailed) .006<br />
N 93 93<br />
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).<br />
Dr. Anuja Agarwal, Sakshi Gupta, Srashti Gupta, Vinayak<br />
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We have a positive correlation between quality and indigenous manufacturing with the<br />
value of p = 0.009 and r = 0.271 which means that there is a weak correlation, indicating the<br />
increase of indigenous manufacturing would lead to a slight increase in quality.<br />
Table 12 : Correlations<br />
Indigenous<br />
Quality Manufacturing<br />
Quality Pearson Correlation 1 .271 **<br />
Sig. (2-tailed) .009<br />
N 93 93<br />
Indigenous manufacturing Pearson Correlation .271 ** 1<br />
Sig. (2-tailed) .009<br />
N 93 93<br />
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).<br />
We have a positive correlation between indigenous manufacturing and Baba Ramdev's<br />
spirituality with the value of p = 0.000 and r = 0.378 which means that they are moderately<br />
correlated, indicating the increase of Baba Ramdev's spirituality would lead to a moderate<br />
increase in the indigenous manufacturing.<br />
Table 13 : Correlations<br />
Indigenous Baba Ramdev's<br />
manufacturing spirituality<br />
Indigenous manufacturing Pearson Correlation 1 .378 **<br />
Sig. (2-tailed) .000<br />
N 93 93<br />
Baba Ramdev's spirituality Pearson Correlation .378 ** 1<br />
Sig. (2-tailed) .000<br />
N 93 93<br />
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).<br />
We have a positive correlation between Ayurvedic products and quality with the value of p<br />
= 0.000 and r = 0.445 which means that they are moderately correlated, indicating the<br />
increase of Ayurvedic manufacturing would lead to a moderate increase in quality.<br />
Table 14 : Correlations<br />
Ayurvedic Quality<br />
Ayurvedic Pearson Correlation 1 .445 **<br />
Sig. (2-tailed) .000<br />
N 93 93<br />
Quality Pearson Correlation .445 ** 1<br />
Sig. (2-tailed) .000<br />
N 93 93<br />
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).<br />
Dr. Anuja Agarwal, Sakshi Gupta, Srashti Gupta, Vinayak<br />
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We have a positive correlation between Ayurvedic manufacturing and Baba Ramdev's<br />
spirituality with the value of p = 0.010 and r = 0.265 which means that there is a weak<br />
correlation, indicating the increase of Baba Ramdev promoting the use of ayurvedic<br />
products would lead to a slight increase in Ayurvedic manufacturing.<br />
Table 15 : Correlations<br />
Ayurvedic Baba Ramdev's spirituality<br />
Ayurvedic Pearson Correlation 1 .265 *<br />
Sig. (2-tailed) .010<br />
N 93 93<br />
Baba Ramdev's spirituality Pearson Correlation .265 * 1<br />
Sig. (2-tailed) .010<br />
N 93 93<br />
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).<br />
We have a positive correlation between indigenous manufacturing and Ayurvedic products<br />
with the value of p = 0.002 and r = 0.321 which means that there is a moderate correlation,<br />
indicating the increase of indigenous manufacturing would lead to a moderate increase in<br />
usage of Ayurvedic products by the consumers.<br />
Table 16 : Correlations<br />
Indigenous manufacturing Ayurvedic<br />
Indigenous manufacturing Pearson Correlation 1 .321 **<br />
Sig. (2-tailed) .002<br />
N 93 93<br />
Ayurvedic Pearson Correlation .321 ** 1<br />
Sig. (2-tailed) .002<br />
N 93 93<br />
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).<br />
We have a negative correlation between Indigenous manufacturing and availability with the<br />
value of p = 0.004 and r = -0.293 which means that there is a weak correlation, indicating<br />
Indigenous manufacturing would lead to a decrease in availability. As we can see large<br />
companies like HUL, P&G outsource their manufacturing activities and only concentrate on<br />
marketing activities. Hence, they do not have any availability issues in the market.<br />
Table 17 : Correlations<br />
Indigenous<br />
manufacturing Available<br />
Indigenous manufacturing Pearson Correlation 1 -.293 **<br />
Sig. (2-tailed) .004<br />
N 93 93<br />
Availability Pearson Correlation -.293 ** 1<br />
Sig. (2-tailed) .004<br />
N 93 93<br />
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).<br />
We have a positive correlation between recommendations and Ayurvedic manufacturing<br />
with the value of p = 0.002 and r = 0.314 which means that they are moderately correlated,<br />
Dr. Anuja Agarwal, Sakshi Gupta, Srashti Gupta, Vinayak<br />
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indicating the increase of word of mouth would lead to a moderate increase in Ayurvedic<br />
manufacturing.<br />
Table 18 : Correlations<br />
Recommendations Ayurvedic<br />
Recommendations Pearson Correlation 1 .314 **<br />
Sig. (2-tailed) .002<br />
N 93 93<br />
Ayurvedic Pearson Correlation .314 ** 1<br />
Sig. (2-tailed) .002<br />
N 93 93<br />
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).<br />
From the various distribution channels, this is a compiled product portfolio of the bestselling<br />
products of Patanjali.<br />
Table 19: Popular Patanjali Products<br />
Patanjali Products<br />
Popular<br />
Nutrition and Supplements Chyawanprash<br />
Chyawanprash<br />
Chyawanprash Special<br />
Badam Pak<br />
Special Kesar Chyawanprash<br />
Ghee<br />
Badam Pak<br />
Honey<br />
Ghee<br />
Health Drinks<br />
Cow Ghee<br />
Fruit Juice<br />
Honey<br />
Honey Pure<br />
Health Drinks<br />
Aloevera Juice/ Fibre Juice<br />
Amla Juice<br />
Grocery<br />
Biscuits and Cookies<br />
Spices<br />
Candy<br />
Herbal Tea<br />
Jam<br />
Murabba<br />
Soan Papdi<br />
Natural Sugar<br />
Broken Cereals (Dalia)<br />
Gram Flour (Besan)<br />
Pickle<br />
Salt<br />
Mustard Oil<br />
Corn Flakes<br />
Dal (Pulses)<br />
Rice<br />
Noodles<br />
Oats<br />
Wheat Atta<br />
Navratna Atta<br />
Biscuits and Cookies<br />
Marie<br />
Namkeen<br />
Jam<br />
Jam Mixed Fruit<br />
Murabba<br />
Amla Murabba<br />
Pickle<br />
Awla Pickle<br />
Mustard Oil<br />
Sarso Tel (Mustard)<br />
Noodles<br />
Atta Noodles<br />
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Papad<br />
Namkeen<br />
Bura<br />
Home Care<br />
Agarbatti<br />
Dish Wash Bar<br />
Herbal Gulal<br />
Personal Care<br />
Skin Care<br />
Body Care<br />
Face Wash<br />
Face Cream<br />
Face Pack<br />
Foot Cream<br />
Shave Gel<br />
Scrubs<br />
Dental Care<br />
Toothpaste<br />
Tooth Brush<br />
Tooth Powder (Manjan)<br />
Hair Care<br />
Shampoo<br />
Hair Oil<br />
Conditioner<br />
Hair Color<br />
Body Care<br />
Toiletries<br />
Detergent Powder<br />
Detergent Cake<br />
Hand Wash<br />
Soaps<br />
Eye Care<br />
Dish Wash Bar<br />
Super Dish Wash Bar<br />
Skin Care<br />
Body Care<br />
Tejus Body Lotion<br />
Face Wash<br />
Face Wash Saundarya<br />
Gel Aloevera<br />
Gulab Jal<br />
Face Wash Neem Tulsi<br />
Face Cream<br />
Anti Wrinkle Cream<br />
Beauty Cream<br />
Moisturizer Cream<br />
Shave Gel<br />
Herbal Shave Gel<br />
Dental Care<br />
Toothpaste<br />
Tooth Paste Dant Kanti<br />
Hair Care<br />
Shampoo<br />
Shampoo Kesh Kanti Natural<br />
Shampoo Milk Protein Shikakai<br />
Kesh Kanti Anti Dandruff Hair Cleanser Shampoo<br />
Kesh Kanti Reetha Hair Cleanser Silk & Shine<br />
Toiletries<br />
Detergent Powder<br />
Premium Detergent Powder (Machine)<br />
Detergent Cake<br />
Detergent Bar With Herbs<br />
Hand Wash<br />
Herbal Hand Wash<br />
Soaps<br />
Soap Ojas<br />
Soap Mogra<br />
Soap Multani Mitti<br />
Neem Kanti<br />
Haldi Chandan<br />
Aloe Vera Kanti<br />
Panchgavya Kanti Soap<br />
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Health Care<br />
Digestives<br />
Health and Wellness<br />
Rose Body Cleanser<br />
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS<br />
Restatement of the Problem<br />
The problem is to understand the important factors that affect the consumers on which Patanjali<br />
should concentrate and within these factors see how the demographics affected and to identify<br />
the best selling product of Patanjali and see which more products that consumer want Patanjali<br />
to manufacture to diversify their product portfolio and in turn grab more market share.<br />
Description of Procedures<br />
We used a questionnaire to find the various factors that affect consumers according to gender,<br />
age and number of family members. We interviewed shopkeepers about the products of Patanjali<br />
and also found out the popular Patanjali products on e-commerce websites such as ZopNow,<br />
Bigbasket, Snapdeal, supermarkets such as Reliancefreshdirect and the official Patanjali website.<br />
Major Findings<br />
We find that gender and age have a relationship with the various factors in determining the<br />
consumer’s perception towards Patanjali products. People with older age are more inclined<br />
towards the quality, Baba Ramdev’s spirituality, indigenous manufacturing and experience<br />
perception while in gender, female are more influenced by the ayurvedic products than male.<br />
Thus we accept the first alternate hypothesis. By factor analysis we find that Patanjali should<br />
mainly focus on advertisement, quality, price and experience which would ultimately lead to<br />
value communication. The next think automatically works for them as people give positive word<br />
of mouth or recommendation about Patanjali’s ayurvedic products. The last thing which they<br />
should focus upon is Baba Ramdev promoting swadeshi manufacturing. After promoting it<br />
towards consumers, Baba Ramdev has started promoting it to the shopkeepers also recently.<br />
Thus we accept the second alternate hypothesis. We have also found a basket of products of the<br />
most popular Patanjali products.<br />
Conclusion and Implications<br />
Thus it reinforces our objectives that there is a relationship between the demographics and the<br />
perception of Patanjali products and also the important factors for Patanjali.Baba Ramdev should<br />
promote swadeshi more towards younger generation as older people are by default influenced<br />
with it. Patanjali should try to convey the quality of products to men. Patanjali has increased<br />
their advertisement expenditure and this can be seen in our results where advertisement is the<br />
most important factor for consumers which are value communication.<br />
Recommendations<br />
Baba Ramdev should promote swadeshi more towards younger generation because older<br />
people are already influenced by swadeshi products.<br />
They should spend more on advertisements as we can see the returns on the advertisement<br />
perception of the consumers. It should be targeted more towards women as they get easily<br />
influenced wherever they see the health benefits of their family as they buy Patanjali<br />
products more frequently because they are the homemaker.<br />
The bestselling products on which they should focus are given in the analysis.<br />
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The products which they should manufacture according to consumers are pasta, soft drinks,<br />
make up kit, variety in hair colours, daily product like cheese, ice-cream, paneer, variety of<br />
sweets to distribute in festivals, sunscreens, perfumes, dairy products, milk, body wash,<br />
chocolates, cosmetics, hair dye, they must be available in smaller packages / refill packs,<br />
condoms, birth control pills, wines, anti repellent cream, hair gel, hair removal cream,<br />
bathroom cleaner like sunny floor cleaner, hair color, bread, oil, chips and dips, cheap<br />
stationery and books, muscle builder WEH protein like Endura Mass and baby products.<br />
Limitations of the study<br />
Region wise data couldn’t be collected.<br />
The out of stock popular products were not identified.<br />
Scope for future research<br />
We can further identify popular out of stock products on which Patanjali should focus.<br />
According to the region wise data we can identify clusters and their product preference.<br />
VI. REFERENCES<br />
[1] Bhushan, R. (2015, December 28). Baba Ramdev’s Patanjali becoming contender in consumer<br />
goods space; rival companies brace up for threat. ET Bureau, pp. 1 Retrieved from<br />
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-12-28/news/69356627_1_products-sunilduggal-consumer-goods-space<br />
[2] Khasgiwala, V and Bapat, H. A Yogic Business Revolution: Back to the Future! IOSR Journal<br />
of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 1, pp.59-67<br />
[3] Kumar, V., Jain, A., Rahman, Z., and Jain, A. (2014, 15 May). Marketing through Spirituality: A<br />
Case of Patanjali Yogpeeth. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 133, pp. 481-490<br />
[4] Rani, S. and Shukla, C. (2012, 9 September). Trend of Patanjali Products: An Ayurvedic Magic<br />
Wand for Healthy Living. Paripex – Indian Journal Of Research, 1(9), pp.93-94<br />
[5] Roy, A., Lath, P. and Sharma, T. (2015, October 1). PATANJALI AYURVED Waiting in the<br />
wings. Edelweiss, pp.1-16<br />
VII. BIOGRAPHIES<br />
Dr. Anuja Agarwal is Associate Dean-Technology Management<br />
MPSTME, NMIMS Mumbai. She has a Ph.D. in Management Studies<br />
(Ph.D. Topic: Study of Applying Creativity, Design Thinking and<br />
Innovation in Management Education) - Mumbai University and MCA,<br />
B.Sc. (Computer Science). Her areas of specialization are Design<br />
Thinking and Innovation in Management and Human Computer<br />
Interaction .She has contributed in over 10 research papers which<br />
consist of 6 International and 4 National Papers. She has also authored<br />
2 case studies and is a keen speaker in various seminars and<br />
conferences. Apart from that she has also co-authored in the section<br />
titled ‘Design Management in India’ in the Handbook of Design Management, published by Berg<br />
Publishers, UK in 2011.With a work experience of 24 years, including as a Visiting Faculty for<br />
Design Thinking & Leadership at Malardalen University, Sweden, she has also conducted courses<br />
on Innovation, Developed a Multidisciplinary Course on “Smart Cities” being offered to the students<br />
from all other schools under the NMIMS University.<br />
Some of her recent achievements include:<br />
Dr. Anuja Agarwal, Sakshi Gupta, Srashti Gupta, Vinayak<br />
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i.)<br />
ii.)<br />
Order of Merit Award for Academic Program on Smart Cities at the Business World Smart Cities<br />
Conclave and Awards Function in New Delhi on the 21st December 2016.<br />
Kyoto Design Lab Innovation Prize – The Team Won the First Prize For Developing a Low-Cost<br />
Product to Help Manage ‘Freezing’ in a Parkinson’s Disease Patient, at the 24hr Design<br />
Challenge in July 2015 at the Design4Health Conference held at Sheffield Hallam University,<br />
England.<br />
Sakshi Gupta was born in Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan on the 20 th of<br />
March, 1993. She is a final year student pursuing MBA (Tech.) Civil<br />
with Operations, Project and Infrastructure Management as<br />
Management Major at MPSTME, NMIMS Mumbai. She has worked as<br />
an intern in the construction sector and Kalyani Steels Limited, a<br />
reputed steel manufacturing sector company, in their Corporate Office<br />
in Pune under the guidance of the Top Management. She was also an<br />
Executive in Finance and Treasury Department for Civil Engineering<br />
Student Association (CESA) from 2013 to 2015. Her research interests<br />
include in the areas of operations, FMCG industry and technology<br />
management.<br />
Srashti Gupta is a final year student pursuing MBA (Tech.) Civil with<br />
Finance as major at MPSTME, NMIMS Mumbai. She has undertaken<br />
internships in construction sector and also as a project management<br />
intern at Shapoorji Pallonji Pvt. Ltd., helping with the coordination and<br />
key deliverables processes. Her research interests include the areas of<br />
technology management, affordable housing and real estate financing<br />
& pricing strategies.<br />
Vinayak Nautiyal was born in Bombay on the 12 th of September, 1994.<br />
He is a final year student pursuing MBA (Tech.) Civil with Finance as<br />
Management Major at MPSTME, NMIMS Mumbai. He has worked as<br />
an intern in the realty sector and the investment banking division. His<br />
research interests includes in the areas of technology management and<br />
financial technology.<br />
TO CITE THIS PAPER<br />
Agarwal, A. , Gupta, S., Gupta, S. , Nautiya, V.l (<strong>2017</strong>) :: “The Impact of Patanjali<br />
Products on the FMCG Business Hither to Dominated by Multi-Nationals like Hul,<br />
P&G, Nestle etc.” International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (ISSN:<br />
2347-1697), Vol. 4 No. (5), January <strong>2017</strong>, pp. 6361-6382, Paper ID: <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/E5/061<br />
Dr. Anuja Agarwal, Sakshi Gupta, Srashti Gupta, Vinayak<br />
Nautiyal :: The Impact of Patanjali Products on the FMCG<br />
Business Hither to Dominated by Multi-Nationals like Hul, P&G,<br />
Nestle etc.<br />
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www.ijifr.com<br />
Volume 4 Issue 5 January <strong>2017</strong><br />
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697<br />
Establishing the Relationship Between<br />
Learning Style and Leadership Potential<br />
of Higher Secondary Students of Different<br />
School Background<br />
Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/ E5/ 064 Page No. 6383-6391 Subject Area Education<br />
Key Words<br />
Learning Styles, Higher Secondary Students, Trichy Educational District<br />
Dr. R. Portia<br />
Assistant Professor<br />
Department of Education,<br />
Alagappa University College of Education,<br />
Alagappa University, Karaikudi -Tamil Nadu<br />
Abstract<br />
Learning style of an individual is of a natural formation as in the case of<br />
eating or dressing styles. The concept of learning is often attributed to the<br />
availability of learning situations. However, the learnability of an<br />
individual is stated to be associated with the learning style which the<br />
individual has developed in filtering out necessary information and storing<br />
it up for future use in varied situations. In other words, learning style is<br />
something pertaining to an intellectual act which an individual adopts in<br />
learning situations almost in the same manner suitable for his individuality<br />
as well as his psychological makeup bestowed on him by birth or learned<br />
from the associating environments since childhood. Therefore, learning<br />
style is an individual’s natural or habitual pattern of acquiring and<br />
processing information in learning situations. This paper presents the<br />
dominance of the four learning styles possessed by higher secondary<br />
students in total and in terms of schools background. The researcher<br />
endeavored to find the level of leadership potential of higher secondary<br />
students in total and in terms of schools background. Population selected for<br />
the present study comprises all the higher secondary students studying in<br />
higher secondary schools, located in Trichy educational district.<br />
I. INTRODUCTION<br />
The idea of individualized learning styles in fact originated in 1970s and greatly influenced<br />
educationists to make use of learning styles in education. Though there are criticisms against<br />
.<br />
This work is published under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<br />
Copyright©<strong>IJIFR</strong> <strong>2017</strong><br />
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the emphasis on learning styles in structuring methods of teaching, it has gained<br />
overwhelming support among the practicing teachers. The mode of teaching uniquely<br />
designed to suit the learners of different learning styles received support from all those<br />
interested in quality education. Among the experts known for proposing theories based on<br />
experimentations about the advantage of adopting learning style based classroom teaching,<br />
David A. Kolb’s model has emerged very prominent for providing experiential learning.<br />
Kolb’s model in the beginning placed four types of learning styles as concrete experience,<br />
abstract conceptualization, reflective observation, and active experimentation. According to<br />
Kolb’s model the ideal learning process engages all four of these modes in response to<br />
situational demands. In order for learning to be effective all four of these approaches must<br />
be incorporated. When individuals attempt to use all four approaches, the resulting learning<br />
styles are combinations of the individuals preferred approaches. These learning styles are<br />
given as i. Converger, ii. Diverger, iii. Assimilator, iv. Accommodator.<br />
In many of the studies pertaining to learning outcome, the sources of learning are<br />
attributed to three prominent categories of learning styles such as visual, auditory, and<br />
kinesthetic, and accordingly the learners are classified as visual learners, aural learners, and<br />
kinesthetic learners. The Swinburne University of Technology has published an instrument<br />
named as ‘VAK Learning Styles Self Assessment Questionnaire’ consisting of thirty<br />
statements for each of which the respondents have to choose one of three alternatives<br />
( 2 Retrived). However, Kolb’s learning styles seem to be still effective as researchers Peter<br />
Honey and Alan Mumford (2006) have adapted the same with four learning styles slightly<br />
modified to suit the learners who are to be classified as Activist, Reflector, Theorist, and<br />
Pragmatist ( 3 Retrived). Inspite of such modifications in Kolb’s model of learning styles, the<br />
Researcher still hopes that the original four learning styles put forth by Kolb seems to be<br />
more logical and scientific. Therefore, the researcher prepared and validated a learning style<br />
inventory making use of the four original learning styles – Converger, Diverger,<br />
Assimilator, and Accommodator.<br />
II. BACKGROUND AND REVIEW<br />
Researchers have started using brain imaging technologies which are helpful for<br />
them to find out the key areas of the brain responsible for each learning style. For example,<br />
Visual: the occipital lobes at the back of the brain manage the visual sense. Both the<br />
occipital and parietal lobes manage spatial orientation. Aural: the temporal lobes handle<br />
aural content. The right temporal lobes are especially important to music. Verbal: the<br />
temporal and frontal lobes, especially two specialized areas called Brocai and wernickei<br />
areas (in the left hemisphere of these two lobes). Physical: the cerebellum and the motor<br />
cortex (at the back of the frontal lobe) handle much of our physical movement. Logical: the<br />
parietal lobes especially the left side, drive for logical thinking. Social: the frontal and<br />
temporal lobes handle much of our social activities. The Limbic system (not shown apart<br />
from the hippocampus) also influences both the social and solitary styles. The limbic system<br />
Dr. R. Portia :: Establishing the Relationship Between Learning<br />
Style and Leadership Potential of Higher Secondary Students of<br />
Different School Background<br />
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Continuous 41 st Edition, Page No: 6383-6391<br />
has a lot to do with emotions, moods and aggression. Solitary: the frontal and parietal lobes,<br />
and the limbic system, are also active with this style ( 4 Retrived).<br />
Similarly, another most widely used model of learning style is ‘The Index of<br />
Learning Styles’ developed by Richard Felder and Linda Silverman in late 1980s.<br />
According to this model, there are four dimensions of learning styles, treating these<br />
dimensions as a continuum with one learning preference on the far left and the other on the<br />
far right. Using these learning style index to develop one’s own learning skills and to help<br />
create a rounded learning experience for other people they have suggested three steps – step<br />
1, step2, and step 3. Based on the outcome of the index in these steps, eight type of learners<br />
can be identified ( 5 Retrieved).<br />
Brunton, Bruce (2015) used the Kolb learning style inventory to assess individual<br />
student learning styles. The results indicate that the student learning style has no significant<br />
effect on performance undermining the claims of those who advocate greater instructional<br />
design concern for different learning styles.<br />
However, the study reported by Sitar, Alesa Sasa, et al (2011) has indicated that<br />
learning style is important for creative performance. In addition to exploring the relationship<br />
between learning style and creativity, the researchers reported here, tested self efficacy and<br />
enjoyment as mediators. 150 students participated in the study. Hierarchical regression<br />
analysis indicated that independent and collaborative learning styles were associated with<br />
higher creativity.<br />
Aydil, Bunyamin (2016) has reported a study on the relationship between 8 th grade<br />
students’ learning style and their mathematical attitude. Sample of the research consisted of<br />
100 eight grade students having education in a school in the Central Anatolia. Kolb learning<br />
style inventory was used for studying learning styles, and an Attitude scale towards<br />
mathematics was also uses. According to the data obtained it has been noted that attitude<br />
level to mathematics of 8 th grade students and the learning styles are related.<br />
Lee, Bokyung and Kim Haedong (2014) have investigated Korean university level<br />
EFL learners’ learning style preferences. The characteristics of learning style preferences<br />
and implications for effective English learning were examined through the quantitative<br />
analysis of 496 subjects’ responses to a learning style survey and their English achievement<br />
and term end performances. The findings indicated Korean learners’ auditory style<br />
preferences is noticeable and visual and individual learning styles are also considered to be<br />
primary learning styles, whereas tactile, kinesthetic, and group learning styles less favoured.<br />
Bhatti Rahmatullah and Bart William M. (2013) have designed the present study to<br />
explore the influence of learning styles on scholastic achievement levels. The frequencies of<br />
the participants falling under the four learning style categories are Convergent – 28,<br />
Divergent – 49, Assimilator – 76, and Accommodator – 40. The instruments used in the<br />
study were the Kolb learning style inventory and a demographic form. The major findings<br />
of the study were that the dominant learning style was Assimilator, and a positive significant<br />
relationship was found between the learning style assimilator and academic achievement of<br />
different gender.<br />
Dr. R. Portia :: Establishing the Relationship Between Learning<br />
Style and Leadership Potential of Higher Secondary Students of<br />
Different School Background<br />
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Continuous 41 st Edition, Page No: 6383-6391<br />
III. OBJECTIVES<br />
‣ To find the dominance of the four learning styles possessed by higher secondary<br />
students in total and in terms of schools background.<br />
‣ To find the level of leadership potential of higher secondary students in total and in<br />
terms of schools background.<br />
‣ To find the significance of difference in learning styles of higher secondary students<br />
belonging to different schools background.<br />
‣ To find the significance of difference in leadership potential of higher secondary<br />
students belonging to different schools background.<br />
‣ To find the significance of correlation between learning styles and leadership<br />
potential of higher secondary students in total and in terms of schools background.<br />
IV. HYPOTHESES<br />
‣ The subjects of the study are of equal dominance in all the four learning styles.<br />
‣ The level of leadership potential of higher secondary students in total and in terms of<br />
schools background is moderate.<br />
‣ There is no significant difference in learning styles of higher secondary students<br />
belonging to different schools background.<br />
‣ There is no significant difference in leadership potential of higher secondary<br />
students belonging to different schools background.<br />
‣ There is no significant correlation between learning styles and leadership potential of<br />
higher secondary students in total and in terms of schools background.<br />
V. RESEARCH DESIGN<br />
‣ POPULATION<br />
Population of the present study comprises all the higher secondary students studying<br />
in higher secondary schools, located in Trichy educational district.<br />
‣ SAMPLE<br />
About 100 students from each type of school – government, aided, and private<br />
higher secondary schools located in Trichy educational district were chosen randomly to<br />
form the sample of the study.<br />
‣ METHOD<br />
The stated problem generates quantitative data by adopting survey method of<br />
research, suitable for correlative analysis.<br />
‣ RESEARCH TOOLS<br />
The following research tools have been used for data collection.<br />
Learning Style Inventory: The tool was prepared and validated by the researcher. The<br />
inventory consists of four sections each one is meant for each one of the following four<br />
dimensions – Diverger, Assimilator, Converger, and Accommodator. Section one (Diverger)<br />
consists of 20 items, section two Assimilator consists of 14 items, section three Converger<br />
comprises 6 items, and the section four Accommodator comprises 9 items. The statements<br />
Dr. R. Portia :: Establishing the Relationship Between Learning<br />
Style and Leadership Potential of Higher Secondary Students of<br />
Different School Background<br />
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of the inventory were designed on the basis of the findings reported in previous studies on<br />
the characteristics of the particular learning styles. For each item the respondent has to mark<br />
tick or cross to show whether the statement is appropriate to him or not. The researcher has<br />
established content validity, construct validity, and factorial validity. The test of reliability<br />
has reported 0.82 reliability coefficient.<br />
Leadership Potential Scale – prepared and standardized by Chandrakumar, P.S. and<br />
Parthiban, S. (2014).<br />
‣ STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES<br />
For testing the hypotheses, Arithmetic Mean, Standard Deviation, ANOVA, Scheffe test,<br />
Carl Pearson’s Product Moment correlation were used.<br />
VI. ANALYSIS OFDATA<br />
Hypothesis 1: The subjects of the study are of equal dominance in all the four learning<br />
styles.<br />
Table 1: The subjects of the study are of equal dominance in all the four learning styles<br />
Category<br />
N<br />
Diverger Assimilator Converger Accommodator<br />
N % N % N % N %<br />
Government 100 23 23.0 31 31.0* 25 25.0 21 21.0<br />
Aided 100 30 30.0* 24 24.0 23 23.0 23 23.0<br />
Private 100 21 21.0 25 25.0 27 27.0* 27 27.0*<br />
Overall Sample 300 40 13.3 65 21.6 84 28.0 111 37.0*<br />
* indicates the level of learning style<br />
Hypothesis 2: The level of leadership potential of higher secondary students in total and in<br />
terms of schools background is moderate.<br />
Table 2: Level of leadership potential of higher secondary students in total and in terms of<br />
schools background<br />
Variable N<br />
Low Moderate High<br />
N % N % N %<br />
Government 100 27 27.0 41 41.0* 32 32.0<br />
Aided 100 28 28.0 38 38.0* 34 34.0<br />
Private 100 25 25.0 31 31.0 44 44.0*<br />
Overall Sample 300 78 26.0 126 42.0* 96 32.0<br />
* indicates the level of leadership potential<br />
Hypothesis 3: There is no significant difference in learning styles of higher secondary<br />
students belonging to different schools background.<br />
Table 3: Difference in learning styles of higher secondary students belonging to different<br />
schools background<br />
Calculated<br />
Dimension School Type Mean<br />
‘p’ Value<br />
‘F’ Value<br />
Government 13.26<br />
Diverger<br />
5.62 0.00**<br />
Aided 16.32**<br />
Dr. R. Portia :: Establishing the Relationship Between Learning<br />
Style and Leadership Potential of Higher Secondary Students of<br />
Different School Background<br />
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Continuous 41 st Edition, Page No: 6383-6391<br />
Assimilator<br />
Converger<br />
Accommodator<br />
** significant at 1% level<br />
Private 12.84<br />
Government 11.26<br />
Aided 12.01<br />
Private 11.64<br />
Government 4.65<br />
Aided 4.81<br />
Private 4.69<br />
Government 6.11<br />
Aided 6.26<br />
Private 7.85**<br />
2.29 0.12<br />
1.59 0.29<br />
4.99 0.00**<br />
Hypothesis 4: There is no significant difference in leadership potential of higher secondary<br />
students belonging to different schools background.<br />
Table 4: Difference in leadership potential of higher secondary students belonging to different<br />
schools background<br />
Calculated<br />
Variable School Type Mean<br />
‘p’ Value<br />
‘F’ Value<br />
Government 68.64<br />
Leadership<br />
Aided 67.39 1.23 0.45<br />
Potential<br />
Private 69.12<br />
Hypothesis 5: There is no significant correlation between learning styles and leadership<br />
potential of higher secondary students in total and in terms of schools background.<br />
Table 5: Correlation between learning styles and leadership potential of higher secondary<br />
students in total and in terms of schools background<br />
Dependent<br />
Calculated ‘p’<br />
Variable 1 Variable 2 N<br />
variable<br />
‘r’ Value Value<br />
Diverger<br />
100 0.21 0.03*<br />
Government<br />
Assimilator Leadership 100 0.27 0.00**<br />
Converger Potential 100 0.22 0.02*<br />
Accommodator 100 0.34 0.00**<br />
Diverger<br />
100 0.39 0.00**<br />
Aided<br />
Assimilator Leadership 100 0.23 0.01*<br />
Converger Potential 100 0.64 0.00**<br />
Accommodator 100 0.20 0.04*<br />
Diverger<br />
100 0.58 0.00**<br />
Private<br />
Assimilator Leadership 100 0.22 0.02*<br />
Converger Potential 100 0.49 0.00**<br />
Accommodator 100 0.61 0.00**<br />
Diverger<br />
300 0.24 0.00**<br />
Overall Sample<br />
Assimilator Leadership 300 0.29 0.00**<br />
Converger Potential 300 0.11 0.02*<br />
Accommodator 300 0.32 0.00**<br />
** significant at 1% level *significant at 5% level<br />
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Style and Leadership Potential of Higher Secondary Students of<br />
Different School Background<br />
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VII. FINDINGS OF THE STUDY<br />
The higher secondary students in the schools in Trichy educational district are found to<br />
be dominant in the learning style – Accommodator with 37% of them falling under this<br />
category. The higher secondary students in private schools are found to be dominant in<br />
the learning style Converger (27%) and Accommodator (27%). For the dimensions<br />
Diverger, the higher secondary students in aided higher secondary schools are found to<br />
be dominant (30%). On studying the learning style Assimilator, it is found that higher<br />
secondary students in government schools are found to be dominant (31%).<br />
The higher secondary students studying in the schools in Trichy educational district are<br />
found to be moderate in their leadership potential with 42% of them falling under this<br />
category. The students studying in higher secondary schools run by private management<br />
are found to be high in their leadership potential (44%). However, the students studying<br />
in aided and government schools are found to have reported to be moderate.<br />
Higher secondary students studying in private schools in Trichy educational district are<br />
found to be significantly higher than their counterparts in aided schools and government<br />
schools in the learning style Accommodator. The higher secondary students in aided<br />
schools are found to be higher than those in private and government schools in the<br />
learning style Diverger. However, no significant difference in observed among the three<br />
category of institutions with regard to the learning styles Assimilator, and Converger.<br />
On studying the difference among the higher secondary students of private, aided, and<br />
government higher secondary schools with regard to leadership potential, no significant<br />
difference is found.<br />
On testing the significance of correlation between learning styles and leadership potential<br />
of higher secondary students in total as well as in terms of types of schools, it is found<br />
that there exists significant correlation between them in total as well as in terms of types<br />
of school management.<br />
VIII. DISCUSSION<br />
As it was assumed at the beginning of the study that the majority of the higher secondary<br />
students would seek for concrete experiences to strengthen their basic understanding about<br />
the varied concepts they are expected to master, it has come out at the end that the<br />
assumption was valid, as a large percentage of the students have reported to have the<br />
learning style accommodator. Similarly, the researcher held the assumption in the beginning<br />
that the students of higher secondary schools would be largely attracted towards<br />
materializing what they have learnt in practical situations. That is, the higher secondary<br />
students being at the peak of adolescence naturally be oriented towards experimentation of<br />
ideas and the theories they have mastered so as to verify the strength of their own thinking<br />
in both abstract as well as active performing of the same. Since the assumption is true, the<br />
study has shown that the chosen subjects possess the learning style accommodator<br />
predominantly. The students of this age group are mostly enthusiastic about investigating<br />
the world to identify their standing and position with regard to their intellectual, physical,<br />
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Style and Leadership Potential of Higher Secondary Students of<br />
Different School Background<br />
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Continuous 41 st Edition, Page No: 6383-6391<br />
and social competencies. This may be the reason for the subjects of the study to report the<br />
dominant presence of learning style accommodator.<br />
True to the finding of the subjects with regard to their learning style, their leadership<br />
potential is found to be just moderate. The higher secondary students being accommodators<br />
in their learning style are prone to gaining concrete understanding of facts and figures on the<br />
basis of concrete experiences. They are also inclined to active experimentation of what they<br />
have learnt in realistic manner. Therefore, prompted by the style of learning followed by<br />
their style of acting, they are not at this stage of higher secondary prepared enough to look<br />
for leadership activities which are more off emotional and social oriented ones. Only after<br />
crossing the stage of higher secondary level schooling, it seems, it is possible for them to<br />
come out of the crucial and practical situations in studies and enter into social and emotional<br />
conditions which call for manifestation of leadership qualities which may satisfy the self by<br />
serving and leading the fellow beings.<br />
Moreover, the differential analysis has revealed that in the learning style<br />
accommodator, the students of private higher secondary schools are at the lead. It may be<br />
inferred from these that the environment available for private school students is congenial<br />
enough for practicing the learning style accommodator with the facilities and opportunities<br />
available for them. Likewise, the higher secondary students of aided schools are reported to<br />
be higher than private and government school students in the learning style diverger. These<br />
students also seem to be much oriented towards concrete experiences and nurturing the habit<br />
of reflective observation making them to be imaginative and capable of giving fruitful<br />
solutions. It may also be attributed to the prevailing conditions available in such institutions<br />
which enjoy both governmental assistance and liberal contributions of the management for<br />
the successful learning of their students. All these outcomes of the study naturally lead to<br />
the core fact that one to one relationship should exist between these two factors which is<br />
confirmed again in the present study.<br />
IX. CONCLUSION<br />
The researcher would like to conclude by reporting that the present investigation on the two<br />
psychological characteristics – learning style and leadership potential has brought out new<br />
findings in respect of higher secondary students which has long been absent in the realm of<br />
adolescent psychology. The crucial finding with regard to higher secondary students’<br />
learning style - accommodator is capable of explaining the general nature of higher<br />
secondary students who are capable of bursting out of silent activity and emerging into a<br />
more challenging and novel field of involvement, hither to not expected of them even by<br />
their own family members, soon after the completion of their course of study.<br />
X. REFERENCES<br />
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/learning styles<br />
[2] http://www.vark-learn.com/english/page.asp?p=helpsheets<br />
[3] 3.http://www.clinteach.com.au/assets/LEARNING-STYLES-Kolb-QUESTIONNAIRE.pdf<br />
[4] http://www.learning-styles-nline.com/overview/<br />
Dr. R. Portia :: Establishing the Relationship Between Learning<br />
Style and Leadership Potential of Higher Secondary Students of<br />
Different School Background<br />
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[5] http://www.mindtools.com/mnemisty.html#sthash.yu5roe9p.dpuf.<br />
[6] Aydin, Bunyamin (2016). Examination of the relationship between eighth grade students'<br />
learning styles and attitudes towards mathematics, Journal of Education and Training<br />
Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2, Feb 2016.<br />
[7] Bhatti Rahmatullah and Bart William M. (2013). On the effect of learning style on<br />
scholastic achievement, Current Issues in Education, Vol. 16, No. 2, Aug 2013.<br />
[8] Brunton, Bruce (2015). Learning styles and student performance in introductory economics,<br />
Journal of Education for Business, Vol. 90, No. 2, 2015.<br />
[9] Lee, Bokyung and Kim Haedong (2014). What can we learn from our learners' learning<br />
styles?, English Language Teaching, Vol. 7, No. 9, 2014.<br />
[10] Sitar, Alesa Sasa, et al (2011). Individual learning styles and creativity, Creativity Research<br />
Journal, Vol. 28, No. 3, 2016.<br />
TO CITE THIS PAPER<br />
Portia, R. (<strong>2017</strong>) :: “Establishing the Relationship Between Learning Style and<br />
Leadership Potential of Higher Secondary Students of Different School<br />
Background” International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (ISSN:<br />
2347-1697), Vol. 4 No. (5), January <strong>2017</strong>, pp. 6383-6391, Paper ID: <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/E5/064<br />
Dr. R. Portia :: Establishing the Relationship Between Learning<br />
Style and Leadership Potential of Higher Secondary Students of<br />
Different School Background<br />
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www.ijifr.com<br />
Volume 4 Issue 5 January <strong>2017</strong><br />
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697<br />
To Study the Effectiveness of Homoeopathic<br />
Medicines in Allergic Rhinitis<br />
Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/ E5/ 065 Page No. 6392-6397 Subject Area Homoeopathy<br />
Key Words<br />
Allergy, Rhinitis, Homoeopathic Medicines, Miasms, Outcome<br />
Dr. Siva Rami Reddy. E<br />
PhD Scholar,<br />
Sri Ganganagar Homoeopathic Medical College,<br />
Hospital and Research Center,<br />
Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India<br />
Abstract<br />
Studies using Homoepathy have reported beneficial effects from treating<br />
allergy rhinitis. Rhinitis is inflammation of the nasal mucosa and includes<br />
common symptoms like nasal discharge, itching, sneezing, nasal blockage<br />
or congestion. This article review evidence from controlled trials for the use<br />
of homoepathy in allergic rhinitis. Allergic rhinitis is a global health<br />
problem that is often treated with homoepathy. The objective of this review<br />
will be to evaluate the effectiveness of homoepathic medicines in allergic<br />
rhinitis. The clinical study was undertaken with on aim to prove the efficacy<br />
of Homoeopathic medicines in cases of allergic rhinitis at Sri Ganganagar<br />
homoeopathic medical college and Hospital. All indicated homoeopathic<br />
medicines on the base of totality of symptoms which prove beneficial for all<br />
the case and thus the effectiveness of homoepathic medicines was proved in<br />
the treatment of Allergic Rhinitis.<br />
I. INTRODUCTION<br />
Rhinitis is described as inflammation of the nasal mucosa and includes common symptoms<br />
like sneezing, obstruction of the nasal passage, conjunctive, nasal and pharyngeal itching<br />
and lacrymation. All symptoms occurring in a temporal relationship to allergen exposure.<br />
Although commonly seasonal due to elicitation by airborne pollens, it can be perennial in an<br />
environment of chronic expoure 1 . About 10% of the population suffers from allergies to<br />
extrinsic allergens such as animal dander, mites, house dust, moulds, yeast and pollen 2 .<br />
Which manifest nasal and ocular symptoms that occur as a result of the development of an<br />
inflammatory hypersensitivity reaction to aeroallergens deposited on the nasal mucosa and<br />
conjunctiva 3 ? Allergic rhinitis is a global health problem, and is increasing in prevalence 4 .<br />
Prevalence estimate ranges from as low as 4 percent to more than 40 percent 5 . There are<br />
.<br />
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three types of rhinitis commonly seen in clinical practice: allergic, non allergic and<br />
infective. Mixed forms also occur 6 . The onset of allergenic rhinitis appears to be highest in<br />
the school going children usually before five years of age. Studies conducted in school<br />
going children’s indicate an incidence of 27.5% in 1999 in the age group of six to fifteen<br />
years 7 . Aetiology of allergic rhinitis is environmental, heredity, inhalants, ingestant,<br />
contactans, drugs, infections, intestinal helminthes and tissue proteins in body fluids 8 .<br />
Allergic rhinitis is an immunoglobin E mediated immunologic response of the nasal<br />
mucosa to airborne allergens such as pollens or allergens in individuals with a sensitized<br />
immune system produces degranulation of mast cells with the release of chemical<br />
mediators. Thee mediators are responsible for the symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Allergic<br />
rhinitis is clinically defined by the presence of sneezing, obstruction of the nasal passage,<br />
conjunctives, nasal and pharyngeal itching and lacrymation which are reversible<br />
spontaneously or with treatment 9 . Allergic rhinitis affects quality of life, performance and<br />
attendance at school 10 and work. It has significant impact on health care costs 11 .<br />
Allergic rhinitis is also a global health problem, affecting five hundred million patients<br />
worldwide 12 . The prevention of perennial rhinitis consists of avoiding as far as possible;<br />
exposure to any identifiable etiological factor but this is often diffcult 13 . People with allergic<br />
rhinitis may be at higher risk for other allergic including potentially serious food or latex<br />
allergies 14 .The result of struggle can be seen primarily up on the mental, emotional or<br />
physical level, depending up on the over all state of health at t he moment of the stress 15 .<br />
Susceptibility is an inherent capacity in all living thing to react to stimuli in the environment<br />
and represent a fundamental quality that distinguishes the living from the non living 16 .<br />
According to H.A. Robert ‘we may define susceptibility primarily as the reaction of the<br />
organism to external and internal influences’ 17 .<br />
II. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY<br />
This study was conducted on the patients who attended the Out Patient department of Sri<br />
ganganagar Homoeopathic Medical College, Hospital and Research Center, Sri ganganagar<br />
and the study was undertaken for a period of six months. Detailed case was taken, analysis<br />
and evaluation following Homoeopathic principles was done 18 .The potency was selected on<br />
the basis of individual susceptibility.<br />
The outcomes were an improvement of symptoms recorded in monthly basis<br />
individual symptoms which includes any appropriate measures of nasal discharge, itching,<br />
sneezing and nasal congestion. A number of subgroups, homoeopathic potency, age group,<br />
and types of tonsillitis (Acute and Chronic) were analyzed.<br />
Statistical Analysis: Data were presented as proportion and percentage and difference in<br />
proportion were analyzed by using T test.<br />
III. RESULT<br />
30 Allergic Rhinitis patients with mean ± SD, maximum cases were observed in age group (<br />
0 to 15 years).<br />
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Table 1: Distribution Of Allergic Rhinitis To Age Group<br />
Age Group No. of Cases Percentage (%)<br />
0 – 5 6 20.00%<br />
5 – 10 16 53.33%<br />
10 – 15 8 26.66%<br />
Total 30 100%<br />
Among 30 Allergic Rhinitis patients with mean ± SD, maximum cases were observed in age<br />
group of 0 – 5 years in 6 (20%) cases, 5 – 10 years in 16 (53.33%) cases, 10 – 15 years of<br />
age group had 8 (26.66%) cases.<br />
Table 2: Distribution Of Allergic Rhinitis According To Sex<br />
No. of Cases Percentage (%)<br />
Male 13 43.33%<br />
Female 17 56.66%<br />
Total 30 100%<br />
Patients were in the male 13 (43.33%) and 17 (56.66%) patients were females. Out of 30<br />
cases 17 (56.66%) were females and 13 (43.33%) were males. In the age group 0 – 5 years 2<br />
cases (6.66%) males, and 4 cases (13.33%) females. In the group 5 – 10 years, 8 cases<br />
(26.66%) males, 8 cases (26.66%) females and in the age group 10 – 15 there were 3 cases<br />
(10%) males, and cases (16.66%).<br />
Out of randomly selected cases 14 (46.66%) cases suffering for 0 to 1 year, 6(20%)<br />
cases suffering for 1 to 2 years. 7 (23.33%) cases were suffering for 2 to 3 years, 3 (10%)<br />
cases suffering for 3 to 4 years. In the research of Homoeopathic medicines in the treatment<br />
of rhinitis 10 medicines were prescribed to the patients according to the symptoms similarity<br />
and the following observations were made.<br />
Table 3: Distribution of Drugs Used In Treatment Of Allergic Rhinitis<br />
Drugs<br />
No. of Cases Percentage%<br />
Arsenicum Album 6 20.00%<br />
Sabadilla 5 16.6%6<br />
Allium Cepa 4 13.33%<br />
Baryta Carbonica 3 10.00%<br />
Pulsatilla Pratensis 3 10.00%<br />
Calcarea Carbonica 3 10.00%<br />
Sulphur 2 6.66%<br />
Lycopodium Clavatum 2 6.66%<br />
Baryta Iodata 1 3.33%<br />
Natrium Muriaticum 1 3.33%<br />
Total 30 100%<br />
Arsenicum Album is the most effective medicine out of the total ten Homoeopathic<br />
medicines chosen for the study. Arsenicum Album cured 3 patients and 3 got improvement<br />
hence it can be concluded that Arsenicum Album is more effective. During the study it was<br />
found that the next effective medicine for the treatment of Rhinitis is Sabadilla 1 cases got<br />
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cured, 3 cases got improved, 1 patient not improved. Alliun cepa 1 case got cured, 3 cases<br />
improved, Baryta carbonica 2 cases cured, 1 case improved. Pulsatilla Pratensis 1 case<br />
cured, 1 case improved and 1 case not improved. Clacarea Carbonica 1 case cured, 2 cases<br />
improved. Sulphur 2 cases improved. Lycopodium Clavatum 1 case cured and 1 case<br />
improved. Baryta Iodata 1 case cured. Natrium Muriaticum 1 case cured.<br />
IV. DISCUSSION<br />
Among 30 Allergic Rhinitis patients with mean ± SD, maximum cases were observed in age<br />
group of 0 – 5 years in 6 (20%) cases, 5 – 10 years in 16 (53.33%) cases, 10 – 15 years of<br />
age group had 8 (26.66%) cases. Patients were in the male 13 (43.33%) and 17 (56.66%)<br />
patients were females. Out of 30 cases 17 (56.66%) were females and 13 (43.33%) were<br />
males. In the age group 0 – 5 years 2 cases (6.66%) males, and 4 cases (13.33%) females. In<br />
the group 5 – 10 years, 8 cases (26.66%) males, 8 cases (26.66%) females and in the age<br />
group 10 – 15 there were 3 cases (10%) males, and cases (16.66%).<br />
Out of randomly selected cases 14 (46.66%) cases suffering for 0 to 1 year, 6(20%)<br />
cases suffering for 1 to 2 years. 7 (23.33%) cases were suffering for 2 to 3 years, 3 (10%)<br />
cases suffering for 3 to 4 years.This study reflects the predominance of Psoric Miasm in the<br />
cases of Allergic Rhinitis. Out of 30 cases as a Fundamental miasms Psoric expression was<br />
seen in 14 (46.67%) cases, Sycotic expression was seen in 13 (43.33%) cases, Tubercular<br />
expression was seen in 1 case (3.33%), and syphilitic expression was seen in 2 (6.67%)<br />
cases. Out of 30 cases Dominant Miasm Psoric expression was seen in 10 (33.33%) cases,<br />
Sycotic expression was seen in 13 (43.33%) cases, and Tubercular expression was seen in 7<br />
(23.33%) cases.<br />
In the research of Homoeopathic medicines in the treatment of rhinitis 10 medicines<br />
were prescribed to the patients according to the symptoms similarity and the following<br />
observations were made. All indicated homoeopathic medicines on the base of totality of<br />
symptoms which prove beneficial for all the case and thus the effectiveness of homoepathic<br />
medicines was proved in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Arsenicum Album is the most<br />
effective medicine out of the total ten Homoeopathic medicines chosen for the study.<br />
Arsenicum Album cured 3 patients and 3 got improvement hence it can be concluded that<br />
Arsenicum Album is more effective. During the study it was found that the next effective<br />
medicine for the treatment of Rhinits is Sabadilla 1 cases got cured, 3 cases got improved, 1<br />
patients not improved. Alliun cepa 1 case got cured, 3 cases improved, Baryta carbonica 2<br />
cases cured, 1 case improved. Pulsatilla Pratensis 1 case cured, 1 case improved and 1 case<br />
not improved. Clacarea Carbonica 1 case cured, 2 cases improved. Sulphur 2 cases<br />
improved. Lycopodium Clavatum 1 case cured and 1 case improved. Baryta Iodata 1 case<br />
cured. Natrium Muriaticum 1 case cured.<br />
The overall response of the treatment with the help 10 homoepathic medicines. It<br />
was observed that out of 30 patient, 18 (60%) patients were cured, 10 (33%) patients had<br />
improvement, 2 (7%) patients showed no response, 30 patients, 18 (60%) patient were<br />
cured, 10 (33%) patients improved, 2 (7%) patients showed no response.<br />
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V. CONCLUSION<br />
The research shows that Homoeopathic medicines play an important role in the treatment of<br />
allergic rhinitis. The study depicts that 60% of patients got relief from the Homoeopathy<br />
medicines and this is not a small number. The most effective remedies during the study were<br />
Aresenicum album, sabadilla, allium Cepa, Baryta Carbonica, Pulsatilla Pratensis, Calcarea<br />
Carbonica, Lycopodium Clavatum, Baryta Iodata, Natrium Muriaticum. There were no side<br />
effective during the treatment and it can be concluded that homoeopathic medicines can be<br />
help the patient to take a new lease on life.<br />
During the study it was observed that in almost all the cases the homoeopathic<br />
medicines responded well and the patient not only got rid of the main complaints of rhinitis<br />
but also got rid of the associated complaints with restoration of health. With the help of use<br />
of homoeopathic medicines even surgical intervention was avoided. Thus we can conclude<br />
that Homoeopathic medicines used with holistic approach are very effective in treating the<br />
cases of recurrent Allergic Rhinitis.<br />
VI. REFERENCES<br />
[1] Fauci Anthony S, Kasper Dennis L, Longo Dan L, Braunwald Eugene, Hauser Stephen L,<br />
Jameson J Larry, Harrisons principles of Internal Medicine. 17 th ed. USA: The Mc Graw Hill<br />
Companies: 2008.p.2068.Vol – 2.<br />
[2] Burton Martin, Leighton Susanna, Robson Andrew, Russell John. Hall and colmans<br />
Diseasesof the ENT. 15 th ed. Edinburgh: Harcourt Pub. Limited: 2000.p.103.<br />
[3] Goldman Lee, Ausiello Dennis, Cecil Medicine. 23 rd ed. New Delhi. Elsevier, a division of<br />
Reed Elsevier India Private Limited, 2008.p.1937. Vol-2.<br />
[4] Gleeson Michael, browning George G, Burtin Martin J, Hibbert John, Scott Browns<br />
otorhinolaryngology, Head and neck surgery. 7 th ed. Kirby street, Londan: Edwar Arnold<br />
(publishers) ltd: 2008.p.1388-92.Vol-2.<br />
[5] www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ocean/aap.<br />
[6] Angier E, willington J, Scadding G, Homes S, Walker S, Management of allergic and non<br />
allergic rhinitis; a primary care summary of the BSACI guideline. Prim Care Respir J 2010,<br />
19:217-222.<br />
[7] Parthasarathy A, IAP text book of paediatrics.3 rd ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical<br />
Publishers (P) Ltd:2006.p.860.<br />
[8] Hathiram Bachi T, Grewal D.S, ENT simplified. 1 st ed. Mumbai: Bhalani Book<br />
Depot:1999.p.191.<br />
[9] Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, Denburg J, Togias A, Zuberibier T, Baena Cagnani CE,<br />
Canonica GW, Van Weel C, Agache I, Ait khaled N, Bachert C, Blaiss MS, Bonini S,<br />
BouletLP, Bousquet PJ< Camargos P,: allergic Rhinits and its impact on Asthma 2008 updte.<br />
Allergy 2008,63:8-160.<br />
[10] Walker S, Khan wasti S, Fletcher M, Cullinan P, Harris J, Sheikh A: seasonal allergic rhinitis<br />
is associated with a determimental effect on examination performance in U.K. teenagers:case<br />
contral study.J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;120:381-387.<br />
[11] Malone DC, Lawson KA, Smit DH, Michael Arrighi H: A cost of illness study of allergic<br />
rhinitis in the United State. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997:99:22 – 27.<br />
[12] Brozek JL, Bousquet J, Casale TB: Allergic Rhinits and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA)<br />
guidelines:2010 Revision. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010:126:466 – 476.<br />
[13] Boon Nicholas A, Colledge Nicki R, Walker Brian R, Hunter John A.A. Davidsons principal<br />
and practice of Medicine. 20 th ed. USA: Publication Elsevier Limited:2006.p.729.<br />
[14] www.healthcentral.com/allegery/understanding-allergy-000077_5145.html.<br />
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[15] Vitholkas George, The science of Homoepathy. 1 st ed. New Delhi: B Jain publishers:<br />
1997.p.21,14,13.<br />
[16] Dhawale M.L, Principles and Practice of Homoepathy. 3 rd ed. Mumbai: I.C.R.<br />
Publications:2000.p.245,253. Vol-1.<br />
[17] Roberts Herbert A, The Principles and Art of Cure by Homoeopathy. Reprint ed. New Delhi:<br />
B Jain Publishers; 1999. P. 150.<br />
[18] Hahnemann Dr.S.C.F, The Chronic Miasm Psora and Psedopsora, B. Jain Publisher(P) Ltd.,<br />
New Delhi:1999.p.14.<br />
TO CITE THIS PAPER<br />
Reddy E, S. R. (<strong>2017</strong>) :: “To Study the Effectiveness of Homoeopathic Medicines in<br />
Allergic Rhinitis” International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (ISSN:<br />
2347-1697), Vol. 4 No. (5), January <strong>2017</strong>, pp. 6392-6397, Paper ID: <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/E5/065<br />
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Volume 4 Issue 5 January <strong>2017</strong><br />
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697<br />
Chitosan from Shrimp Bio-Waste: Potential<br />
Antibacterial Agent<br />
Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/ E5/ 067 Page No. 6398-6403 Subject Area Biotechnology<br />
Key Words<br />
Chitosan, Chitin, Marine Sources, Antibacterial Activity<br />
1 st Vinusha Bellamkonda<br />
2 nd Vidya Sagar Reddy Gundarapu<br />
3 rd Vijaya Chalamacherla<br />
Research Scholars,<br />
Department of Biotechnology,<br />
Vikrama Simhapuri University,<br />
Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India<br />
Assistant Professor,<br />
Department of Marine Biology,<br />
Vikrama Simhapuri University,<br />
Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India<br />
Abstract<br />
Chitosan is a polysaccharide biopolymer derived primarily from crustacean<br />
waste, currently received considerable attention due to its biocompatibility<br />
and nontoxic nature. The present study is aimed to extract chitosan from<br />
Marine sources like shells of shrimp, crab and fish scales and to investigate<br />
its antimicrobial properties against important Gram positive and negative<br />
pathogenic Bacteria. Chitosan was obtained from shell waste sequentially<br />
by deproteinisation, demineralisation, decolourization and deacetylation<br />
processes. The amount of Chitosan extracted from Crab shell, Shrimp shell<br />
and Fish scales was 79%, 47.08% and 24.03%, respectively. The isolated<br />
chitosan showed antibacterial activity against all the 7 organisms tested<br />
(Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluroscence, Klebsialla pneumoniae, Bacillus<br />
substilis, Bacillus megaterium Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus vulgaris).<br />
of the three sources tested Chitosan obtained from shrimp waste showed<br />
high antibacterial activity when compared to Chitosan from crab and Fish<br />
scales. The results of the present study provide the base-line information for<br />
the utilization of chitosan in the development of antimicrobials in pharma<br />
and food industries.<br />
I. INTRODUCTION<br />
The shellfish processing industry in India generates 125,000 to 150,000 tons of shell waste<br />
per year (Ramyadevi, 2012). About 35-45% by weight of crustacean shell raw material is<br />
.<br />
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discarded as waste when processed into headless shell-on products. These shells are major<br />
wastes of seafood industries and they tend to cause unpleasant odours and environmental<br />
pollution if not adequately processed (Al-Sagheer , 2009). Crustacean shell wastes mainly<br />
consists of 30–40 % protein, 30–50 % calcium carbonate, and 20–30 % chitin, etc., which<br />
could be used to produce high value added materials if recycled (Nouri , 2015).<br />
Chitosan, deacetylated product of chitin is a nontoxic biopolymer (Abdulkarim ,<br />
2013) and it is commercially produced from the crustacean shell wastes through different<br />
degrees of deacetylation, which attribute to a variety of properties (Rinaudo, 2006). Due to<br />
its excellent biological characteristics, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low<br />
toxicity, over the past few years, chitosan has gained multiple applications ranging from<br />
pharmaceutical, cosmetic, medical, food and agricultural field (Szymanska, 2015). It has<br />
several advantages over other types of natural antimicrobials, such as higher antimicrobial<br />
activity, broader spectrum of activity, higher killing rate and lower toxicity toward<br />
mammalian cells (Rabea, 2003). In this context, the present study aimed to extract Chitin<br />
from marine sources. The obtained chitin was transformed into the more useful chitosan and<br />
evaluated the antibacterial activity against important Gram positive and negative pathogenic<br />
bacteria.<br />
II. METHODOLOGY<br />
2.1.Extraction of Chitin<br />
Chitin and chitosan were prepared from shell waste according to the method suggested by<br />
Kumari, 2014.The shell waste (crab, shrimp and fish scales) was obtained from nearby<br />
processing industries and initially subjected to shade drying for 2 days and then placed in<br />
hot air oven at 60 0 c for 24 hours. The shell waste (100g) was treated with 4% NaOH<br />
(100ml) at room temperature for 24hours for deprotenation. The deproteinized shells were<br />
then treated with 4% HCl (100ml) at room temperature for 12hours for demineralization to<br />
yield chitin<br />
2.2. Extraction of Chitosan from Chitin<br />
Chitosan was obtained from extracted chitin through deacetylation method (Kumari, 2014).<br />
The extracted chitin was dissolved in 50% NaOH (100ml) at 60°C for 8h to obtain crude<br />
chitosan. After filtration, the residue was obtained, washed three times with hot distilled<br />
water at 60°C. The crude chitosan was obtained by drying in a hot air oven at 50°C<br />
overnight. Then 10% acetic acid was added to the residue and stored for 12 hours at room<br />
temperature. The dissolved sample was reprecipitated by adding 40% NaOH. The residue<br />
was removed by filtration, then two fold volumes of ethanol was added to the filtrate. The<br />
crystal of water-soluble chitosan was liberated after incubation at ambient conditions<br />
overnight and dried in oven at 50°C.<br />
2.3. Assay of Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan:<br />
Antibacterial assay was carried out by disc diffusion technique (Bauer,1966). A 24 hours<br />
old culture of test organisms (0.5ml) was applied on to sterile nutrient agar plates to prepare<br />
Vinusha Bellamkonda, Vidya Sagar Reddy Gundarapu, Vijaya<br />
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Antibacterial Agent<br />
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a lawn culture. The test organisms used in the study were Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas<br />
fluroscence, Klebsialla pneumoniae, Bacillus substilis, Bacillus megaterium Staphylococcus<br />
aureus and Proteus vulgaris. The sterile Whatmann No 1 filter paper discs were soaked in<br />
chitosan solution (500mg/100ml) obtained from different sources i.e shells of shrimp, crab<br />
and fish scales. Streptomycin (10µg) was used as positive control.<br />
III. RESULTS<br />
3.1 Extraction Of Chitin And Water Soluble Chitosan Soluble Chitosan<br />
The yield of chitin from shrimp, crab shell waste and fish scales were 45%, 70%, 20%<br />
respectively and the yield of chitosan from shrimp, crab shell waste, and fish scales were<br />
47.08%, 79% and 24.03%, respectively (figure:1). In this study highest amount of chitin and<br />
chitosan was extracted from crab shells.<br />
A B C<br />
D E F<br />
Plate A & B:Extracted Chitin and Chitosan from Fish scales<br />
Plate C & D: Extracted Chitin and Chitosan from Crab Shell<br />
Plate E & F:Extracted Chitin and Chitosan from Shrimp shell<br />
100%<br />
80%<br />
70%<br />
79%<br />
60%<br />
40%<br />
20%<br />
45%<br />
47.80%<br />
20%<br />
24.03%<br />
chitin<br />
chitosan<br />
0%<br />
Shrimp shell Crab shell Fish scales<br />
Figure 1: Yeild of Chitin and Chitosan from different sources<br />
Vinusha Bellamkonda, Vidya Sagar Reddy Gundarapu, Vijaya<br />
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Antibacterial Agent<br />
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3.2.Assay of Antibacterial Activity::<br />
Antibacterial activity of chitosan extracted from different sources was tested against 7<br />
pathogenic bacterial strains and the results obtained were presented in Figure-2. All isolates<br />
shows sensitivity against Chitosan. The chitosan from the 3 different sources showed<br />
antibacterial activity against all pathogenic bacteria tested. However, chitosan obtained from<br />
Shrimp showed highest antibacterial activity when compared to Crab and Fish. Among all<br />
the test organisms, Klebsiella pneumoniac showed highest susceptibility (2.6mm inhibition<br />
zone) towards chotosan from shrimp. When compared to positive control (Streptomycin)<br />
chitosan obtained from all sources showed 10% more activity against all pathogenic bacteria<br />
tested.<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1 1<br />
4<br />
2<br />
2<br />
4 2<br />
4<br />
4<br />
3 3 3 3<br />
A B C D<br />
2<br />
1 1<br />
1<br />
4<br />
2<br />
2<br />
4<br />
2<br />
4<br />
3<br />
3 3<br />
E F G<br />
Figure-2: Assay of antibacterial activity of chitosan against tested organisms-Zones of<br />
Inhibition (mm).<br />
Plates: A. Escherichia coli, B. Bacillus megaterium, C. Bacillus subtilis, D. Klebsiella<br />
pneumonia E. Pseudomonas fluorescence. F. Proteus vulgar, G. Staphylococcus aureus.<br />
Wells 1-shrimp chitosan, 2-crab chitosan, 3-fish chitosan, 4-positive control (streptomycin)<br />
3<br />
2.5<br />
2<br />
1.5<br />
1<br />
0.5<br />
0<br />
Fish<br />
Crab<br />
Shrimp<br />
Streptomycin<br />
Figure 3 : Assay of antibacterial activity of chitosan-Zones of Inhibition (mm)<br />
Vinusha Bellamkonda, Vidya Sagar Reddy Gundarapu, Vijaya<br />
Chalamacherla :: Chitosan from Shrimp Bio-Waste: Potential<br />
Antibacterial Agent<br />
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IV. CONCLUSION<br />
Chitosan has been extracted from marine sources of by-products which form cheap and<br />
abundant functional raw materials. According to studies and analyses of different<br />
crustaceans shells (shrimp, crab, and fish scales), there was great variability of this<br />
composition where chitosan amounts were varied of approximately for shrimp (47%), crab<br />
(79%) and fish scales (29%) . This study has also been conducted to assess inhibitory<br />
effects of chitosan in terms of zone of inhibition. Chitosan obtained from shrimp showed<br />
significant antibacterial activity than crab and fish. Chitosan would have advantages as new<br />
antibacterial agents due to their higher activity and since they are also more readily soluble<br />
in water than the native polysaccharides.<br />
V. REFERENCES<br />
[1] A.Abdulkarim, M.T.Isa, S.Abdulsalam, A.J.Muhammad &A.O. Ameh,” Extraction and<br />
Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan from Mussel Shell”, Civil and Environmental<br />
Research, 3(2), 108-114 (2013).<br />
[2] Abdul Karim Shah, Zeenat M. Ali, Abdul Rehman Memon, A. JabbarLaghari, Moina Akhtar<br />
Mughal, Syed Farman Ali Shah, Hussain Saleem, “Exploitation of Low Cost Coal Fly Ash<br />
Adsorbent with Coagulants for the Treatment of Industrial Complex Nature Dyes Wastewater”,<br />
IJSER Vol. 4, Issue 9, pp 109-119 (2013).<br />
[3] A.Domard, M.Rinadudo,”Preparation and characterization of fully deacetylatedchitosan”,I J<br />
BiolMacromol. 5: 49-52,(1983).<br />
[4] A.Einbu, K.M. Vårum,(2008) “Characterization of chitin and its hydrolysis to GlcNAc and<br />
GlcN”, Biomacromolecules, 9:1870–1875 (2008).<br />
[5] A.W.Bauer, W.M.Kirby, .J.CCherris and M. Truck,”Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a<br />
standardized single disk method”, The American Journal of Clinical Pathology,45, No 4, 493–<br />
496(1966).<br />
[6] B.Jung, C.Kim, K.Choi, YM.Lee, J.Kim, “Preparation of amphiphilic chitosan and `their<br />
antimicrobial activities”,J. Appl. Polym. Sci, 72:1713-1719 (1999).<br />
[7] B.Moerschbacher, El. Gueddari, “Bio-activity matrices for partially acetylated chitosan<br />
oligomers”, Advances in Chitin Science,Vol IX (CD): 10-23 (2007).<br />
[8] C. Rejane Goy, T.B.Sinara, Morais, B.G.Odilio and Assis,” Evaluation of the antimicrobial<br />
activity of chitosan and its quaternized derivative on E. coli and S. aureus growth”,Revista<br />
Brasileira de Farmacognosia.,Volume 26, Issue 1,pages 122-127(2016).<br />
[9] E.S.Abdou, K.S.A.Nagy, &M.Z.Elsabee,” Extraction and characterization of chitin and<br />
chitosan from local sources”, Bioresource Technology, 99:1359−1367 (2008).<br />
[10] E.Szymanska &K. Winnicka, “Stability of Chitosan – A Challenge for Pharmaceutical and<br />
Biomedical Application”, Marine Drugs, 13, 1819-1864(2015).<br />
[11] ET.Dunn, EW.Grandmaison, MFA.Goosen, “Applications and Properties of Chitosan”, J<br />
BioactCompatPolym, 7: 370- 97(1992).<br />
[12] F.A.Al-Sagheer, M.A. Al-Sughayer, S.Muslim &M.Z Elsabee, “Extraction and<br />
Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan from Marine Sources in Arabian Gulf”, Carbohydrate<br />
Polymers, 77,410-419 (2009).<br />
[13] G. Crini , P.M. Badot,” Application of chitosan, a natural aminopolysaccharide, for dye<br />
removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption processes using batch studies: A review of<br />
recent literature”,Progr. Polym. Sci, 33:399–447 (2008).<br />
[14] Han-Fen Huang,Chien-Fang Peng,“Antibacterial and antifungal activity of alkylsulfonated<br />
chitosan”, Biomarkers and Genomic Medicine Volume 7, Issue 2, Pages 83–86.<br />
Vinusha Bellamkonda, Vidya Sagar Reddy Gundarapu, Vijaya<br />
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[15] I.Batista, GAF. Roberts, “A novel facile technique for deacetylating chitin” Makromol<br />
Chem,191: 435-43(1990).<br />
[16] K.Kurita “Chitin and chitosan functional biopolymer from marine crustaceans”, Mar<br />
Biotechnol,8: 203-26 (2006).<br />
[17] M.Nouri, F.Khodaiyan, S.H.Razavi &M. Mousavi, “Improvement of Chitosan Production from<br />
Persian Gulf Shrimp Waste by Response Surface Technology”, Food Hydrocolloids, 3, 1-9<br />
(2015).<br />
[18] M. Rinaudo, “Chitin and Chitosan: Properties and Applications”, Progress Polymer Science,<br />
31, 603-632 (2006).<br />
[19] M.E.Rabea, C.V Badawy, G.Stevens, W. Smagghe and Steurbaut,” Chitosan as antimicrobial<br />
agent: applications and mode of action”, Biomacromolecules, 4, pp 1457–1465 (2003).<br />
[20] ML.Bade,”Structure and isolation of native animal chitins. In: Goosen MFA, Ed. Applications<br />
of chitin and chitosan”, Lancaster: Technomic Publishing. 253-77 (1997).<br />
[21] N.Acosta, C. Jimenez, V.Borau and A. Heras,”Extraction and characterization of chitin from<br />
crustaceans”, Biomass Bioenerg, 5(2): 145-53 (1993).<br />
[22] R.A.Muzzarelli, R.Rochetti,”Determination of the degree of deacetylationof chitosan by first<br />
derivative ultraviolet spectrophotometry”, Journal of CarbohydrPolym. 5:461-72(1985).<br />
[23] S.Kumari& P.K Rath, “Extraction and Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan from (Labeo<br />
Rohit) Fish Scales”, Procedia Material Science, 6, 482-489 (2014).<br />
[24] R.Minke, J.Blackwell.“The structure of α – chitin”, Journal of Molecular Biology,120: 167 –<br />
181 (1978).<br />
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Volume 4 Issue 5 January <strong>2017</strong><br />
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697<br />
Data Mining Techniques for Fraud<br />
Detection in Health Insurance<br />
Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/ E5/ 068 Page No. 6404-6410 Subject Area<br />
Key Words<br />
Computer<br />
Engineering<br />
Data Mining, Health Insurance Fraud, Supervised, Unsupervised, Clustering,<br />
Geo-Location Information<br />
1 st Pranali Pawar<br />
2 nd Namrata Ghuse<br />
M.tech. Student,<br />
Department of Computer Engineering,<br />
Sandip Institute of Technology and Research Centre ,<br />
Nashik, Maharashtra<br />
Professor,<br />
Department of Computer Engineering,<br />
Sandip Institute of Technology and Research Centre ,<br />
Nashik, Maharashtra<br />
Abstract<br />
An effective method of data mining for health insurance fraud detection that<br />
identifies suspicious behaviour of health care providers. Fraud and abuse on<br />
medical claims became a major concern for health insurance companies last<br />
decades. Estimates made for the studied U.S. Medicaid health insurance<br />
program is that up to 10% of the claims are fraudulent. Fraud involves<br />
intentional deception or misrepresentation intended to result in an<br />
unauthorized benefit. It is shocking because the incidence of health<br />
insurance fraud keeps increasing every year. Nowadays there is huge<br />
amount of data stored in real world databases and this amount continues to<br />
grow fast. So, there is a need for semi-automatic methods that discover the<br />
hidden knowledge in such database. Data mining automatically filtering<br />
through immense amounts of data to find known/unknown patterns bring<br />
out valuable new perceptions and make predictions. Data mining which is<br />
divided in to two learning techniques viz., supervised and unsupervised is<br />
employed to detect fraudulent claims. Basically these techniques are used<br />
for fraud detection in health insurance.<br />
I. INTRODUCTION<br />
Health care fraud and abuse losses represent tens of billions of dollars each year in many<br />
countries. Medical fraud can occur at various levels. According to, fraud and corruption in<br />
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health care industry can be grouped in illicit activities associated to affiliates, medical<br />
professionals, staff and manager and suppliers. Although fraud may not necessarily lead to<br />
direct legal consequences, it can become a critical problem for the business if it is very<br />
prevalent and if the prevention procedures are not failsafe. There is a difference between<br />
fraud prevention and detection. Fraud prevention describes measures to avoid fraud to occur<br />
in the first place. In contrast, fraud detection involves identifying fraud as quickly as<br />
possible once it has been committed. According to the National Health Care Anti-Fraud<br />
Association, healthcare fraud is an intentional deception or misrepresentation made by a<br />
person, or an entity that could result in some unauthorized benefit to him or his accomplices.<br />
Health care abuse is produced when either the provider practices are inconsistent with sound<br />
scale, business or medical practices and result in an unnecessary cost or in reimbursement of<br />
services that are not medically necessary or that fail to meet professionally recognized<br />
standards for health care. In order to assure the healthy operation of a healthcare insurance<br />
system, fraud and abuse detection mechanisms are imperative, but highly specialized<br />
domain knowledge is required. Furthermore, well-designed detection policies, able to adapt<br />
to new trends acting simultaneously as prevention measures, have to be considered.<br />
Data mining part of an iterative process is called knowledge discovery in databases (KDD)<br />
can assist to extract this knowledge automatically? It has allowed better direction and use of<br />
health care fraud detection and investigative resources by recognizing and quantifying the<br />
underlying attributes of fraudulent claims, fraudulent providers, and fraudulent beneficiaries.<br />
Automatic fraud detection helps to reduce the manual parts of a fraud screening/checking<br />
process becoming one of the most established industry/government data mining<br />
applications. In several countries fraudulent and abusive behavior in health insurance is a<br />
major problem. Fraud in medical insurance covers a wide range of activities in terms of cost<br />
and sophistication. Health insurance systems are either sponsored by governments or<br />
managed by the private sector, to share the health care costs in those countries. The<br />
ISAPREs system, modelled closely on US HMOs (Health Maintenance Organization),<br />
wascreatedin1981with the objective of giving the consumer more choices through a<br />
competitive health insurance system and by expanding private provision of health services.<br />
Affiliates of private health insurance companies may pay an additional contribution for a<br />
specific health plan. The fee determines the level of coverage and a limit over the health<br />
care expenses are defined for each plan. In 1990, the government established a public<br />
institution called Superintendence of ISAPREs to regulate the private health insurance<br />
market. It mediates between consumers and the ISAPREs, regulates the market in order to<br />
guarantee all contracts, and provides information to the public to increase the members’<br />
knowledge and market transparency.<br />
Supervised techniques (classification) cannot classify new types of disease claims whereas<br />
unsupervised techniques (clustering) cannot detect duplicate claims i.e. fraud. So, a novel<br />
hybrid approach for health insurance fraud detection is proposed. The drawbacks of<br />
supervised and unsupervised techniques are explained with the help of examples below.<br />
Raw data for health care fraud detection come mostly from insurance carriers (this also<br />
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partly explains why little research exists to detect insurance carriers’ fraud), including<br />
governmental health departments and private insurance companies. Major governmental<br />
health departments that have been reported in the literature include the Bureau of National<br />
Health Insurance (NHI) in Taiwan.<br />
Consider there are two claims made by the same patient, out of which one is the original<br />
claim and the other one is a duplicate claim as shown in Fig. 1. Duplicate claim is formed by<br />
changing the date but keeping rest of the patient’s details same.<br />
Figure 1: Original and duplicate claims made by the same patient<br />
In Fig. 2, both the claims (original and duplicate) get classified into their respective classes<br />
based on the training given to the SVM. Here, the duplicate claim gets classified into the<br />
fraudulent class and hence gets detected.<br />
Figure 2: Classifying the claims<br />
II. SURVEY REVIEW<br />
1. Phua et. al. highlights fraud committed in insurance industry as one of the most studied<br />
in terms of the number of data mining-based fraud detection publications, existing four<br />
sub-groups of insurance fraud detection: home, crop, automobile and medical<br />
insurances. In an on-line discounting learning algorithm to indicate whether a case has a<br />
high possibility of being a statistical outlier in data mining applications such as fraud<br />
detection is used for identifying meaningful rare cases in health insurance pathology<br />
data from Australia’s Health Insurance Commission (HIC).<br />
2. Becker et. al. identify the effects of fraud control expenditures and hospital and patient<br />
characteristics on up coding, treatment intensity and health outcomes in the Medicare<br />
and Medicaid programs. Cox applied a fraud detection system based on fuzzy logic for<br />
analyzing health care provider claims. This fuzzy system uses rules derived from human<br />
experts for detecting anomalous behavior patterns. Tasks performed in support of a data<br />
mining project for HCFA (Health Care Financing Administration) such as customer<br />
discussions, data extraction and cleaning, transformation of the database and auditing of<br />
the data.<br />
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3. Ross Gayleret. al. defines the professional fraudster, formalises the main types and sub<br />
types of known fraud and presents the nature of data evidence collected within affected<br />
industries. Within the business context of mining the data to achieve higher cost savings,<br />
this research presents methods and techniques together with their problems. Compared<br />
to all related reviews on fraud detection, this survey covers much more technical articles<br />
and is the only one, to the best of our knowledge, which proposes alternative data and<br />
solutions from related domains.<br />
4. Qi Liu et. al. develop sophisticated antifraud approaches incorporating data mining,<br />
machine learning or other methods. This introduce some preliminary knowledge of U.S.<br />
health care system and its fraudulent behaviours, analyses the characteristics of<br />
healthcare data and reviews and compares currently proposed fraud detection<br />
approaches using healthcare data in the literature as well as their corresponding data preprocess<br />
methods. Also a novel healthcare fraud detection method including geo-location<br />
information is proposed.<br />
5. Dr. YuZhanget. al. explore show predictive fraud detection systems developed using<br />
ICD-9 claims data will initially react to the introduction of ICD-10. We have developed<br />
a basic fraud detection system incorporating both unsupervised and supervised learning<br />
methods in order to examine the potential fraudulence of both ICD-9 and ICD-10 claims<br />
in a predictive environment. Using this system, we are able to analyze the ability and<br />
performance of statistical methods trained using ICD-9 data to properly identify<br />
fraudulent ICD-10 claims. This research makes contributions to the domains of medical<br />
coding, healthcare informatics, and fraud detection.<br />
6. Guido Cornelis van Capelleveen proposed methodology enabled successful<br />
identification of fraudulent activity in several cases; however linking these identified<br />
incidents with irrefutable de jure fraud proved to be a difficult process. From 17 top<br />
suspicions analysed, we reported eventually 12 of those to officials, a precision rate of<br />
approximately 71%. In the two interviews conducted with Medicaid Fraud Experts,<br />
experiences were gained on requirements for the design of the analytics and an effective<br />
implementation of the method. They found that outlier based predictors are not likely to<br />
succeed as fraud classification technology, though it explored an important role as<br />
decision supportive technology for resource allocation of fraud audits.<br />
III. MODELLING<br />
There is a growing concern among the insurance industry about the increasing incidence of<br />
abuse and fraud in health insurance. FICCI sub group on health insurance fraud was setup to<br />
deliberate upon the issue and come up with a working paper on health insurance abuse and<br />
fraud management for the practitioners within the health insurance industry and to suggest a<br />
framework of best practices. Health care has become a major expenditure in the US since<br />
1980. Both the size of the health care sector and the enormous volume of money involved<br />
make it an attractive fraud target. According to the Office of Management and Budget, in<br />
2010, about 9%, or around $47.9 billion of the US’S Medicare expenditure was lost due to<br />
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Fraud Detection in Health Insurance<br />
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fraud1. Therefore, effective fraud detection is important for reducing the cost of health care<br />
system. Detecting health care fraud and abuse, however, needs intensive medical<br />
knowledge.<br />
However, fraud and abuse in medical claims have become an important concern within<br />
public and private health insurance companies in Chile the last years due to the increasing<br />
losses in revenues.[8] In addition, these losses entail an increase in operation costs<br />
diminishing the resources for health benefits. This increase does not match with an<br />
epidemiologist change of the population, but with an inadequate use of the healthcare<br />
system. In 1986, a public institution called COMPIN was created by the government for<br />
handling complaints of the affiliates against the ISAPREs. COMPIN has the faculty for<br />
modifying the ISAPRE’s resolution. Doctor Affiliate complicities are difficult tight. The<br />
labor instability generates potential unemployment which motivates an illegal use of these<br />
benefits. Objective parameters for the granting of medical claims do not exist. The<br />
exponential increase of the number of medical claims complicates an appropriate control.<br />
Processing medical claims is an exhausting manual task that involves analysis, checking,<br />
resolution and audit of high volumes of medical claims daily within a limited period of three<br />
days from their reception.[9] These control activities are done by few medical experts who<br />
have the responsibility of approving, modifying or rejecting the subsidies solicited.<br />
Therefore, discovering fraudulent and abusive medical claims is not an easy process for<br />
human’s experts.Considering ECM and SVM, The block diagram for the hybrid model of<br />
fraud detection. Steps in Hybrid Model Construction:<br />
Doctor bills patients for the services/ equipment given to them during their treatment.<br />
Patient files claims to the insurance company.<br />
Claims are submitted to the Hybrid Framework wherein clustering (ECM) is followed by<br />
classification (SVM) to detect the fraudulent claims.<br />
There is an expert who tags the fraudulent claims for further investigation with the<br />
insurance company.<br />
The legitimate claims are further passed to the insurance company and those claims are<br />
paid to the patients.<br />
Figure 3: Block Diagram<br />
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The medical industry has also taken advantage of 3D printing's ability to make unique<br />
objects that might otherwise be tough to build using traditional methods. U.S. surgeons<br />
implanted a 3D-printed skull piece to replace 75 percent of a patient's skull during an<br />
operation in March 2013. Researchers also built a 3D-printed ear mold that served as the<br />
framework for a bioengineered ear with living cells.<br />
The spread of 3D printing technology around the world could also shrink geographical<br />
distances for both homeowners and businesses. Online marketplaces already allow<br />
individuals to upload 3D-printable designs for objects and sell them anywhere in the world.<br />
Rather than pay hefty shipping fees and import taxes, sellers can simply arrange for a sold<br />
product to be printed at whatever 3D printing facility is closest to the buyer.<br />
IV. CONCLUSION<br />
In this paper the study of review data mining uncovers patterns hidden in data to deliver<br />
knowledge. Data mining involves mainly classification and clustering techniques.<br />
Considering the advantages and disadvantages of most of the classification and clustering<br />
techniques, ECM is chosen as the clustering technique because the data flows in<br />
continuously and there is a need to cluster dynamic data and SVM as classification<br />
techniques in it provides the scalability and usability that are needed in a good quality data<br />
mining system.<br />
V. REFERENCES<br />
[1] Min Nelofar Kureshi, Syed Sibte Raza Abidi,“A Predictive Model for Personalized<br />
Therapeutic Interventions in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer”, IEEE Journal of Health<br />
Informatics Vol. 20, No.1 January 2016.<br />
[2] Vipula Rawte, G Anuradha, “Fraud Detection in Health Insurance using Data Mining<br />
Techniques”, International conference of ICCTCT 2015, Mumbai.<br />
[3] Dr. Biswendu Bardhan. “Frauds in Health Insurance”,<br />
http://healthcare.financialexpress.com/200711/market13.shtml.<br />
[4] Melih Kirlidoga, Cuneyt Asuk(2012) A fraud detection approach with data mining in health<br />
insurance. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences62 (2012 ) 989 - 994.<br />
[5] Dan Ventura. Class Lecture, Topic: “SVM Example.” BYU University of Physics and<br />
Mathematical Sciences, Mar. 12, 2009.<br />
[6] Shunzhi Zhu, Yan Wang, Yun Wu, “Health Care Fraud Detection Using Nonnegative Matrix<br />
Factorization”, The 6 th International Conferenceon Computer Science & Education (ICCSE<br />
2011) August 3-5, 2011. Super Star Virgo, Singapore.<br />
[7] Zhongyuan Zhang, Tao Li, Chris Ding, Xiangsun Zhang, “Binary Matrix Factorization with<br />
Applications”, Proceeding ICDM ’07 Proceedings of the 2007 Seventh IEEE International<br />
Conference on Data Mining Pages 391-400.<br />
[8] Mohammad Sajjad Ghaemi. Class Lecture, Topic: “Clustering and Nonnegative Matrix<br />
Factorization”. DAMAS LAB, Computer Science and Software Engineering Department,<br />
Laval University. Apr.12, 2013.<br />
[9] Haesun Park. Class Lecture, Topic: “Nonnegative Matrix Factorization for Clustering”. School<br />
of Computational Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA,<br />
USA, July 2012.<br />
[10] Fashoto Stephen G., Owolabi Olumide, Sadiku J., Gbadeyan Jacob A, “Application of Data<br />
Mining Technique for Fraud Detection in Health Insurance Scheme Using Knee-Point K-<br />
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Means Algorithm”, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(8): 140-144, 2013<br />
ISSN 1991-8178.<br />
[11] Williams, G.& Huang, Z.(1997). Mining the Knowledge Mine: The Hot Spots Methodology<br />
for Mining Large Real World Databases. Proc. of the 10th Australian Joint Conference on<br />
Artificial Intelligence.<br />
[12] Wong, W., Moore, A., Cooper, G. & Wagner, M. (2003). Bayesian Network Anomaly Pattern<br />
Detection for Detecting Disease Outbreaks. Proc. Of ICML 03, 217-223.<br />
TO CITE THIS PAPER<br />
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Health Insurance” International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (ISSN:<br />
2347-1697), Vol. 4 No. (5), January <strong>2017</strong>, pp. 6404-6410, Paper ID: <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/E5/068<br />
Pranali Pawar, Namrata Ghuse :: Data Mining Techniques for<br />
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Volume 4 Issue 5 January <strong>2017</strong><br />
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697<br />
Privacy Preserving Data Leak Detection<br />
Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/ E5/ 033 Page No. 6411-6417 Subject Area<br />
Computer<br />
Engineering<br />
Key Words<br />
data leakage, fingerprint technique, content-scrutiny job,<br />
Sarisha Kumari.S<br />
M.Tech. Student,<br />
Department of Computer Engineering,<br />
Musaliar College of Engineering and Technology<br />
Pathanamthitta, Kerala<br />
Abstract<br />
Leaked sensitive data records has amplified dramatically during the last<br />
few years, from 412 million in 2012 to 822 million in 2013 [1]. Security<br />
firms, research institutions and government organizations are the main<br />
areas facing the data leakage problem. Data leak simply means that a<br />
secret data get exposed or data leakage is the unauthorized transmission of<br />
data. Unintentional or accidental data leakage is also unauthorized. Human<br />
mistakes are one of the main causes of data leak. A person mistakenly<br />
sending a confidential message to all contacts in his e-mail is a data leak<br />
caused by human mistake. Data leakage is defined as the accidental or<br />
unintentional distribution of private or sensitive data to an illegal entity.<br />
Sensitive data in companies and organizations include intellectual property<br />
(IP), financial information, patient information, private credit-card data,<br />
and other information depending on the business and the industry. This<br />
paper proposes a data-leak detection solution environment. Can design,<br />
implement, and evaluate fingerprint technique that enhances data privacy<br />
throughout data-leak detection operations. It enables the data owner to<br />
securely delegate the content-scrutiny job to DLD providers without<br />
revealing the sensitive data.<br />
I. INTRODUCTION<br />
Since there is a rapid growth in data-leak instances, it is necessary to take few steps against<br />
data loss. Data leakage detection is necessary to solve the issue. After detecting whether any<br />
data leakage has occurred or not, can take measures to overcome it. A data-leak detection<br />
solution can be outsourced and be deployed in a semi honest detection environment. Data<br />
leak detection (DLD) provider is used, which is responsible to detect whether any data leak<br />
occurred. Rabin fingerprint and fuzzy fingerprint technique can be designed, implemented,<br />
.<br />
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and evaluated to enhance data privacy during data-leak detection operations. It enables the<br />
data owner to securely delegate the content-inspection task to DLD provider without<br />
exposing the sensitive data. Using our detection method, the DLD provider, who is<br />
modelled as a honest-but-curious adversary, can only gain limited knowledge about the<br />
sensitive data from either the released digests, or the content being inspected. Using<br />
proposed techniques, an Internet service provider (ISP) can carry out exposure on its<br />
customer’s traffic securely and provide data-leak detection as an add-on service for its<br />
clients. Otherwise individuals can mark their own sensitive data and ask the administrator of<br />
their local network to detect data leaks for them. There are two goals:<br />
Security Goal<br />
Privacy Goal<br />
Security Goal<br />
The sensitive data is accidentally leaked by a legitimate user termed as inadvertent data<br />
leak.DLD provider can be used to detect this type of leaks over supervised network<br />
channels.<br />
Privacy Goal<br />
Prevent the DLD provider from gaining knowledge of sensitive data during the<br />
detection process. The DLD provider is semi-honest , who follows proposed protocols to<br />
carry out the operations, but may attempt to gain knowledge about the sensitive data of the<br />
data owner. The DLD provider is given digests of sensitive data from the data owner and<br />
the content of network traffic to be examined. From the detection viewpoint, a<br />
straightforward method is for the DLD provider to be attentive and report if any sensitive<br />
fingerprint matches the fingerprints from the traffic. Then, the DLD provider learns the<br />
resultant shingle, as it knows the content of the packet. Therefore, the central challenge is<br />
to prevent the DLD provider from learning the sensitive values even in data-leak<br />
scenarios.<br />
II. PRIOR WORK<br />
There have been several advances in understanding the privacy needs or the privacy<br />
requirement of security applications. This paper identifies the privacy needs in an<br />
outsourced data-leak detection service and provides a systematic solution to enable<br />
privacy-preserving DLD services. Shingle with Rabin fingerprint was used previously for<br />
identifying similar spam messages in a collaborative setting, as well as collaborative<br />
worm containment, virus scan , and fragment detection. In comparison, we tackle the<br />
unique data-leak detection problem in an outsourced setting where the DLD provider is<br />
not fully trusted. GoCloudDLP is a little different, which allows its customers to<br />
outsource the detection to a fully honest DLD provider. Our fuzzy fingerprint method<br />
differs from these solutions and enables its adopter to provide data leak detection as a<br />
service. The customer or data owner does not need to fully trust the DLD provider using<br />
our approach. Bloom filter is a space-saving data structure for set membership test, and it<br />
is used in network security from network layer to application layer. The fuzzy Bloom<br />
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filter invented in constructs a special Bloom filter that probabilistically sets the<br />
corresponding filter bits to 1’s. Although it is designed to support a resource-sufficient<br />
routing scheme, it is a potential privacy-preserving technique. We do not invent a variant<br />
of Bloom filter for our fuzzy fingerprint, and our fuzzification process is separate from<br />
membership test. The advantage of separating fingerprint fuzzification from membership<br />
test is that it is flexible to test whether the fingerprint is sensitive with or without<br />
fuzzification. Besides fingerprint-based detection, other approaches can be applied to<br />
data-leak detection.<br />
III. PROPOSED SYSTEM<br />
Operations Include:<br />
PREPROCESS: Run by the data holder to organize the digests of sensitive data.<br />
RELEASE: Data owner sends the preprocessed data digests to the DLD provider for<br />
detection purpose.<br />
MONITOR and DETECT: DLD provider collects the outgoing traffic of particular<br />
organization and calculates digests of traffic content, and identifies potential leaks.<br />
REPORT: DLD provider returns data-leak alerts to the data owner where there may be false<br />
positives along with true positives.<br />
POSTPROCESS: Data owner pinpoints true data-leak instances. The protocol is based on<br />
strategically computing data similarity, specifically the quantitative similarity between the<br />
sensitive information and the observed network traffic. High similarity indicates potential<br />
data leak.<br />
Figure 1: Data leak detection model<br />
3.1Shingles and Rabin Fingerprints<br />
The DLD provider receives digests of sensitive data from the data owner. The data<br />
owner uses Rabin fingerprint and fuzzy fingerprint algorithm to generate hard to- reverse<br />
(i.e., one-way) digests through polynomial modulus operation. First generates small<br />
fragments of data (sensitive data or network traffic), which preserves the local features of<br />
the data. Each fragment will be of fixed size and fragments are called shingle (q-gram). If<br />
a fragment consists of 3 elements, then it is 3-gram. Example: Data – “abcdef” can be<br />
divided into four fragments of fixed size {abc, bcd, cde, def}. Since there are three<br />
elements in each fragment, it is 3-gram. Each fragment is treated as a polynomial q(x)<br />
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using it’s ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) values and<br />
fingerprint of each fragment is calculated. Each coefficient of q(x) is one bit in fragment.<br />
For above example, fragment abc can be represented in polynomial form as : q(x)= x +<br />
x + . Rabin fingerprints are computed by performing polynomial modulus operations,<br />
and also implemented with XOR, shift, and table look-up operations. The shingle-andfingerprint<br />
process is defined as follows approach can tolerate sensitive data modification<br />
to some extent, e.g., inserted tags, small amount of character substitution, and lightly<br />
reformatted data. In fingerprinting, each shingle is treated as a polynomial q(x). Each<br />
coefficient of q(x), i.e., ci, is one bit in the shingle. q(x) is mod by a selected irreducible<br />
polynomial p(x). Rabin fingerprint f = q(x) mod p(x)<br />
f = c 1 x k−1 + c 2 x k−2 + . . . + c k−1 x + c k mod p(x) …………….. (1)<br />
p(x) is an irreducible polynomial.<br />
3.2 Fuzzy Fingerprint Protocol<br />
Rabin fingerprints are passed through certain logical operations to obtain fuzzy<br />
fingerprints.<br />
1) PREPROCESS: This action is run by the data owner on each piece of sensitive<br />
data.<br />
a) The data owner chooses four public parameters (q, p(x)). q is the length of a shingle. p(x),<br />
is an irreducible polynomial used in Rabin fingerprint. Each fingerprint is p f –bit long. The<br />
positions of 1’s and 0’s in M indicate the bits to preserve and to randomize in the<br />
fuzzification, respectively.<br />
b) The data owner computes S, which is the set of all Rabin fingerprints of the piece of<br />
sensitive data.<br />
c) The data owner transforms each fingerprint f ∈ S into a fuzzy fingerprint f * with<br />
randomized bits (specified by the mask M). The procedure is described as follows: for each<br />
f ∈ S, the data owner generates a random p f -bit binary string f˙, mask out the bits not<br />
randomized by f˙’ = (NOT M) AND f ˙ (1’s in M indicate positions of bits not to<br />
randomize), and fuzzify f with f * = f XOR f˙’. Bit value of fingerprint x +9x +<br />
x can be calculated as: ∗ +9 ∗ + ∗ =90679. Similarly bit value<br />
of each fingerprint is calculated.<br />
f* = ((NOT M) AND f ˙) XOR f ……………..(2)<br />
All fuzzy fingerprints are collected and form the output of this operation, the fuzzy<br />
fingerprint set, S*.<br />
2) RELEASE: This operation is run by the data owner. The fuzzy fingerprint set S*<br />
obtained by PREPROCESS is released to the DLD provider for use in the detection, along<br />
with the public parameters (q, p(x)). The data owner keeps S for use in the subsequent<br />
POSTPROCESS operation.<br />
3) MONITOR: This operation is run by the DLD provider. The DLD provider<br />
monitors the network traffic T from the data owner’s organization. Identifies TCP flows and<br />
extract contents in a TCP session as T˜.<br />
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4) DETECT: This operation is run by the DLD provider on each T˜ as follows.<br />
a) The DLD provider first computes the set of Rabin fingerprints of traffic content T˜ based<br />
on the public parameters. The set is denoted as T.<br />
b) The DLD provider tests whether each fingerprint f’∈ T is also in S*using the fuzzy<br />
equivalence test.<br />
E( f ‘, f *) = NOT (M AND ( f ‘ XOR f *))…………… (3)<br />
c) The DLD provider aggregates the outputs from the preceding step and raises alerts based<br />
on a threshold.<br />
5) REPORT: If DETECTION on T˜ yields an alert, the DLD provider reports the set<br />
of detected candidate leak instances ˆT to the data owner.<br />
6) POSTPROCESS: After receiving ˆT, the data owner test every f ‘ ∈ ˆT to see<br />
whether it is in S.<br />
Similarly, leaked images can also be detected by applying Rabin and Fuzzy fingerprint<br />
methods. Data owner can create fingerprint for image or part of a large image. Since even a<br />
small image is comprised of large number of pixels, it will generate number of sentences for<br />
each image. ASCII value corresponding to each pixel is calculated to form sentences.<br />
Sentence will be grouped into fragments of three elements each. Each of the three elements<br />
in all fragments are converted into polynomial form. For example: q(x)= x + x + .<br />
Rabin fingerprint is generated by performing modulus operation. Fuzzy fingerprint of image<br />
can be generated by performing the same logical operations that were done on document<br />
data:<br />
f* = ((NOT M) AND f ˙) XOR f<br />
Finally fingerprints can be sending to data leak detector, which is responsible to find out the<br />
data leak if any. Data leak detector will capture the data in the network traffic of that<br />
particular data owner and convert it into fingerprints. Comparison operation will result true<br />
positives along with number of false positives. Word documents will return very few false<br />
positives but image documents output consist of number of false positives.<br />
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT<br />
Data leakage detection is performed and sends back to the data owner that which all data<br />
were leaked. Privacy of data is preserved by using fingerprint techniques.<br />
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VI. CONCLUSIONN<br />
A data leak detection solution environment has been successfully proposed. Designed,<br />
implemented, and evaluated fingerprint technique that enhances data privacy during dataleak<br />
detection operation. It enables the data owner to securely delegate the contentinspection<br />
task to DLD providers without exposing the sensitive data. Security and privacy<br />
goal is achieved throughout the detection operation. Only the fingerprints of data are<br />
sending to the detector to perform detection operation. After performing comparison<br />
operation, data leak detector will find out the potential data leaks. Detection of word as well<br />
as images can be performed by this method.<br />
VII. REFERENCES<br />
[1] X. Shu and D. Yao, “Data leak detection as a service,” in Proc. 8th Int.Conf. Secur. Privacy<br />
Commun. Netw., 2012, pp. 222–240.<br />
[2] Risk Based Security. (Feb. 2014). Data Breach Quick-View: An Executive’s Guide to 2013 Data<br />
Breach Trends.[Online]. Available: https://www.riskbasedsecurity.com/reports/2013-<br />
DataBreachQuickView.pdf, accessed Oct. 2014.<br />
[3] Ponemon Institute. (May 2013). 2013 Cost of Data Breach Study: Global Analysis.<br />
[Online].Available:<br />
https://www4.symantec.com/mktginfo/whitepaper/053013_GL_NA_WP_Ponemon-2013-Cost-of-a-<br />
Data-Breach Report_daiNA_cta72382.pdf, accessed Oct. 2014.<br />
[4] Identity Finder. Discover Sensitive Data Prevent Breaches DLP Data Loss Prevention. [Online].<br />
Available: http://www.identityfinder.com/, accessed Oct. 2014.<br />
[5] K. Borders and A. Prakash, “Quantifying information leaks in outbound web traffic,” in Proc.<br />
30th IEEE Symp. Secur. Privacy, May 2009, pp. 129–140.<br />
[6] H. Yin, D. Song, M. Egele, C. Kruegel, and E. Kirda, “Panorama: Capturing system-wide<br />
information flow for malware detection and analysis,” in Proc. 14th ACM Conf. Comput. Commun.<br />
Secur., 2007, pp. 116–127.<br />
[7] K. Borders, E. V. Weele, B. Lau, and A. Prakash, “Protecting confidential data on personal<br />
computers with storage capsules,” in Proc. 18th USENIX Secur. Symp., 2009, pp. 367–382.<br />
[8] A. Nadkarni and W. Enck, “Preventing accidental data disclosure in modern operating systems,”<br />
in Proc. 20th ACM Conf. Comput. Commun. Secur., 2013, pp. 1029–1042.<br />
[9] A. Kapravelos, Y. Shoshitaishvili, M. Cova, C. Kruegel, and G. Vigna, “Revolver: An<br />
automated approach to the detection of evasiveweb-based malware,” in Proc. 22nd USENIX Secur.<br />
Symp., 2013, pp. 637–652.<br />
[10] X. Jiang, X. Wang, and D. Xu, “Stealthy malware detection and monitoring through VMMbased<br />
‘out-of-the-box’ semantic view reconstruction,” ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. Secur., vol. 13, no. 2,<br />
2010, p. 12.<br />
[11] Matt Curtin, Kent Information Services, Inc.(march 1997).<br />
[12] G. Karjoth and M. Schunter, “A privacy policy model for enterprises,” in Proc. 15th IEEE<br />
Comput. Secur. Found. Workshop, Jun. 2002, pp. 271–281.<br />
[13] J. Jung, A. Sheth, B. Greenstein, D. Wetherall, G. Maganis, and T. Kohno, “Privacy oracle: A<br />
system for finding application leaks with black box differential testing,” in Proc. 15th ACM Conf.<br />
Comput. Commun. Secur., 2008, pp. 279–288.<br />
[14] Y. Jang, S. P. Chung, B. D. Payne, and W. Lee, “Gyrus: A framework for user-intent<br />
monitoring of text-based networked applications,” in Proc. 23rd USENIX Secur. Symp., 2014, pp.<br />
79–93.<br />
[15] K. Xu, D. Yao, Q. Ma, and A. Crowell, “Detecting infection onset with behavior-based<br />
policies,” in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Netw. Syst. Secur., Sep. 2011, pp. 57–64.<br />
[16] M. O. Rabin, “Fingerprinting by random polynomials,” Dept. Math., Hebrew Univ. Jerusalem,<br />
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Jerusalem, Israel, Tech. Rep. TR-15-81, 1981.<br />
[17] A. Shabtai et al., A Survey of Data Leakage Detection and Prevention Solutions,<br />
5SpringerBriefs in Computer Science, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-2053-8_2, © The Author(s) 2012.<br />
[18] Stallings, W. (1995). Network and internetwork security: principles and practice (Vol.1).<br />
Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.<br />
[19] Sandip A. Kale, S.V.Kulkarni International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and<br />
Communication Engineering Vol. 1, Issue 9, November 2012.<br />
[20] Chandni Bhatt and Richa Sharma Chandni Bhatt et al, / (IJCSIT) International Journal of<br />
Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 5 (2) , 2014, 2556-2558<br />
[21] B. Bloom. Space/time tradeoffs in in hash coding with allowable errors. Communications of the<br />
ACM, 13(7):422-426, 1970.<br />
[22] F. Bonomi, M. Mitzenmacher, R. Panigrahy, S. Singh, and G. Varghese. Beyond Bloom filters:<br />
From approximate membership checks to approximate state machines. To appear in Proc. of<br />
SIGCOMM, 2006.<br />
TO CITE THIS PAPER<br />
Kumari, S. S. (<strong>2017</strong>) :: “Privacy Preserving Data Leak Detection” International<br />
Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (ISSN: 2347-1697), Vol. 4 No. (5),<br />
January <strong>2017</strong>, pp. 6411-6417, Paper ID: <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/E5/033<br />
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Volume 4 Issue 5 January <strong>2017</strong><br />
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697<br />
Segmentation of Handwritten Tamil<br />
Character from Palm Script using<br />
Histogram Approach<br />
Paper ID <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/ E5/ 023 Page No. 6418-6424 Subject Area<br />
Key Words<br />
Computer<br />
Engineering<br />
Tamil Palm Manuscript, Line Segmentation,Character Segmentation,<br />
Vertical Projection, Bounding Box<br />
1 st B. Kiruba Assistant Professor,<br />
2 nd A. Nivethitha Department of Computer Science & Engineering<br />
3 rd Dr. M. Vimaladevi Hindusthan Institute of Technology, Coimbatore<br />
Abstract<br />
Tamil Palm script character segmentation is one of the difficult phases in<br />
machine recognition. Tamil is the most popular script in India. Tamil palm<br />
script consist of vowels, consonants and various modifiers. Individual letter<br />
decides the accuracy of character recognition technique hence proper<br />
segmentation is needed. This paper presents an image segmentation of<br />
Tamil handwriting from palm leaf manuscripts. The process is includes of<br />
three steps: background elimination to separate text by Otsu‘s algorithm,<br />
line segmentation and character segmentation. A simple histogram based<br />
approach to segment Tamil palm script character is proposed in this paper.<br />
Various challenges in segmentation of Tamil script are also discussed.<br />
I. INTRODUCTION<br />
Tamil character segmentation from palm manuscript is an important task for Recognition<br />
System. Segmentation is the method of splitting the image into text lines, words and then<br />
into characters which are particularly useful for classification. Segmenting character from<br />
palm manuscript is extremely challenging, while the characters structure and content differ<br />
significantly. The correctness of the OCR system depends on the segmentation. If the<br />
characters are segmented correctly the recognition system gives best results. Regions or<br />
objects are divided from an image in segmentation phase. Mainly segmentation, tries to<br />
extract essential component of the script, which are certainly characters. This is desirable<br />
because the classifier recognizes these characters only [1]. Segmentation phase is also<br />
critical in contributing to this inaccuracy due to touching characters, which the classifier<br />
.<br />
This work is published under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<br />
Copyright©<strong>IJIFR</strong> <strong>2017</strong><br />
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cannot correctly recognize. Even in good quality documents, some nearby font touch each<br />
other due to improper scanning resolution [2]. The organization of the paper is as follows<br />
feature of Tamil Script are described in section 2, section 3 illustrate about the palm<br />
manuscript. Section 4 describes the framework of proposed system which includes<br />
preprocessing techniques and segmentation algorithms, Section 5 presents experimental<br />
results and Section 6 describes the conclusion and future works. Section 7 provides the<br />
references.<br />
II. FEATURES OF TAMIL SCRIPT<br />
Tamil is a traditional language which is broadly spoken in most part of the south India.<br />
There are 12 vowels, 18 consonants and one special character present in unique Tamil<br />
Script. Each vowel combined by pure consonant to create a value of 216 consonant-vowel<br />
(CV) combinations. These add up to a total of 247 Tamil characters. Tamil Language<br />
alphabetic system is derived from the prehistoric Brahmi script which serves as a base for<br />
most of the Indian languages. The vowels and consonants of Tamil alphabet set are given in<br />
the table 1.1:<br />
Table 1.1 Modern Tamil Character Set<br />
Vowels அ, ஆ, இ, ஈ, உ , ஊ ,எ , ஏ , ஐ , ஒ , ஓ ,<br />
ஔ<br />
Constants க், ங் , ச் , ஞ் , ட் , ண் ,த் , ந் , ப் ,ம் , ய்<br />
Grantha<br />
Aytam<br />
,ர் ,ல் , வ் ,ழ் , ள் , ற் , ன்<br />
க், ஷ், ஸ்<br />
ஃ<br />
A well developed handwritten character Recognition system is still not available for<br />
Tamil language. The main reasons for this are:<br />
1. Tamil Language has a very large character set<br />
2. Letter structure is very complex<br />
3. Due to complex letter structure, writing styles of people vary significantly<br />
4. There is no Tamil character database that exists for testing purposes in the public<br />
domain.<br />
III. PALM LEAF DOCUMENT IMAGE<br />
Palm leaf manuscript is one of the writing medium in India especially in Southern India.<br />
However palm leaf writing was accomplished since the prehistoric times its precise origin is<br />
still unclear. Agrawal stated that, “It is hard to say exactly when the palm-leaf begins to be<br />
used for writing. There is no scope of palm-leaf manuscripts in India before the 10th<br />
century. However, the palm-leaf was certainly in use before than this from the time when<br />
it’s mentioned as a writing material in several mythical works and its picture representation<br />
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can be seen in several sculptures and monuments [3]. Palm leaf manuscripts are special<br />
from other documents. The major troubles with them investigation are deprived quality<br />
(fragility and deterioration over age),Poor contrast, holes, ghosting noise, spots on the<br />
media, constricted spaced lines with overlapping and touching components, abnormal<br />
varying shapes, and different styles of characters, which depend on the writer and even the<br />
era of writing.<br />
In general, Palm leaf images changes to distorted images due to the presence of noise, low<br />
or high contrast both in the edge area and image area. Removal of distortion, edge or<br />
boundary improvement, self regulation edge detection, variance adjustment is included in<br />
preprocessing stage and characters are finally segmented. Various enhancement techniques<br />
are necessary for improving the difference stretch in palm leaf images [4] because much<br />
kind of noises damages the quality of palm manuscripts. Different techniques for sequential<br />
manuscript image enhancement are determined by the purpose of improving individual<br />
readability while maintaining the original look and feel of the document. The current printed<br />
document, also palm leaf documents images are typically crucial to analyses.<br />
Palm<br />
manuscripts<br />
Preprocessing<br />
Background elimination using<br />
Otsu thresholding<br />
Segmentation<br />
Line segmentation<br />
Character<br />
segmentation<br />
Figure 1: Tamil Character Segmentation from Palm Manuscripts<br />
IV. FRAMEWORK FOR PROPOSED SYSTEM<br />
The Tamil character segmentation from palm manuscript process is shown above in the<br />
figure 4.1. We performed our experiments over a database generated by Collecting 15 Tamil<br />
palm manuscript samples and scanned by optical scanner. The image files are stored in jpg<br />
format.<br />
4.1 IMAGE PREPROCESSING<br />
Data are collected every time for recognition and optically scanned image. Text is<br />
converting into digital form by using a flatbed scanner having resolution between 100 and<br />
600 dpi and stored. These picture elements such as pixels may have values of 0 or 1 for<br />
binary images, 0– 255 for gray-scale images and three channels of 0–255 color i.e. RGB<br />
values for color images. This collected raw data should be further analyzed to get useful<br />
information. Such processing includes the following:<br />
4.1.1 RGB TO GRAY CONVERSION<br />
The optically scanned palm script is stored as a JPEG image. The image may save as<br />
other formats such as BMP; TIFF etc. are also used for recognition. All these images are in<br />
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RGB format are converted into gray scale as shown below in the figure 2, then the RGB<br />
values for each pixel and make as output a distinct value reflecting the intensity of that<br />
pixel. The averages of each channel are contributed as (R+B+C)/3.The value of a pixel lies<br />
under 0 to 1 or under 0 to 255 depending upon its class.<br />
Figure 2: Gray Scale Image<br />
Figure 3: Binary image<br />
4.1.2 THRESHOLDING USING OTSU’S ALGORITHM<br />
Thresholding is a main technique in image segmentation applications. Otsu<br />
technique is kind of global thresholding in which it depend only gray value of the image.<br />
The basic suggestion of thresholding is to decide on a best gray-level threshold value for<br />
separating objects of interest in an image from the background based on their gray-level<br />
distribution. The gray-level histogram of an image is generally considered as well-organized<br />
tools for improvement of thresholding algorithms. By turning all pixels below some<br />
threshold to zero and all pixels about that threshold to one, thresholding creates binary<br />
image which is shown in the above figure4.3. If g(x, y) is a threshold account of f(x, y) at<br />
various global thresholds T, it can be defined as [4]<br />
g(x, y) = 1 if f(x, y) ≥ T<br />
= 0 otherwise<br />
4.1.2 SKEW DETECTION AND CORRECTION<br />
Handwritten Palm manuscript may initially be skewed or skewness may introduce in<br />
palm script scanning process. This effect is accidental in many real cases, and it should be<br />
eliminated because it effectively decreases the accuracy of the consecutive processes such<br />
as segmentation. Skewness is corrected by using projection profile Analysis[5]. A twofold<br />
image into one-dimensional array (projection profile) conversion is known as projection.<br />
Each line in projection profile has a value that produce a number of black pixels in the<br />
corresponding row of the image and lines on document are represented as horizontal<br />
histogram profile.For those images contain zero skewed angle, the horizontal projection<br />
profile has channel which is equal with the space between the lines. And also the<br />
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maximum peak height which is equal to text lines height present in document images.<br />
Therefore, this method calculates the difference in projection profile at a number of<br />
dissimilar angles is equal to angle that have the most difference.<br />
4.2 SEGMENTATION<br />
After the image is preprocessed using methods discussed in section 4.1, histogram<br />
projections in y direction are obtained in order to perform Line segmentation and then x<br />
histogram projections for character segmentation. The process of segmentation mainly<br />
follows the following pattern:<br />
1) Identify the text lines in the page.<br />
2) Finally identify individual character in each line.<br />
4.2.1 LINE SEGMENTATION<br />
Using global horizontal projection profile each line in a given image are identified [4]. It is<br />
used to calculate sum of all white pixels on each row and construct subsequent histogram.<br />
The process of line segmentation is as follows [6]:<br />
Figure 4: Histogram of the image<br />
Step 1: Horizontally scan the preprocessed image and find the number of white pixels in<br />
each row.<br />
Step 2: Plot the histogram in y direction for the white pixel count for the image.<br />
Step 3: Scan the histogram projection to find first white pixel count with zero and remember<br />
that y coordinate as y1.<br />
Step 4: To find white pixel counts to be non zero since the characters would have started<br />
continuous histogram projection scanning is needed.<br />
Step 5: Finally we get the first white pixel count as zero and remember that y coordinate as<br />
y2.<br />
Step 6: Scan the image from y1 to y2 rows for the segmented line.<br />
Step7: Clear y1 and y2.<br />
Step 8: Repeat the above steps till the end of the histogram.<br />
4.2.2 CHARACTER SEGMENTATION<br />
To segment each character present in the database must follow the below process:<br />
Step 1: Initially Tamil palm manuscript is scanned by using optical scanner.<br />
Step 2: Convert Palm script scanned image to gray image by using Matlab function.<br />
B. Kiruba, A. Nivethitha, Dr. M. Vimaladevi:: Segmentation of<br />
Handwritten Tamil Character from Palm Script using<br />
Histogram Approach<br />
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ISSN: 2347-1697<br />
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (<strong>IJIFR</strong>)<br />
Volume - 4, Issue -5, January <strong>2017</strong><br />
Continuous 41 st Edition, Page No: 6418-6424<br />
Step 3: Gray image converted to binary image by using Otsu’s thresholding algorithm<br />
Step 4: To normalize image against thickness of the character, thinning operation is done by<br />
using Matlab bwmorph function.<br />
Step 5: Calculate the white pixel in each column.<br />
Step 6: Find the region which contain single white pixel.<br />
Step7: Substitute all such columns by 1.<br />
Step8: Invert the image to make such columns as 0 and text characters will have original<br />
pixels.<br />
Step9: By using standard Matlab function plot the Bounding Box for characters.<br />
Step10: Extract and save the segmented character in separate file as shown in the figure 5<br />
Figure 5: Segmented Characters<br />
5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS<br />
In this research, segmentation scheme on 75 different script line used and it totally<br />
contains 2098 characters are found in script line. From the experiment, total number of lines<br />
recognized of 96 % accuracy and boundary box algorithm bound the characters of 97%<br />
result and characters found correctly were 87% accuracy. Different script segmentation<br />
detail is shown in the following table 5.1. During character segmentation, the error occur<br />
because of Tamil Script include consonants are modified in various ways from left, right,<br />
up or down to form a meaningful letter. Independent upright lines in the words are wellknown<br />
as separate symbol by the algorithm used. For perfect segmentation, all the modifiers<br />
must be segmented so that their detection can be properly done.<br />
Table 5.1: Overall segmentation Recognized results<br />
Line segmentation Lines in the script Recognized line Accuracy<br />
75 72 96%<br />
Character Segmentation Characters in the script Recognized character Accuracy<br />
2098 1817 87%<br />
VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK<br />
In this segmentation process the global horizontal projection algorithm is tested with<br />
several Tamil palm manuscript images and produce results as 87 %. This method provides<br />
robust results, but it could not exactly segment the overlapped lines. A heuristic techniques<br />
needs to be consideration of in case of overlapping lines and characters to recover the loss<br />
text. In future, the progress will aim at improve the recognition accuracy of the proposed<br />
B. Kiruba, A. Nivethitha, Dr. M. Vimaladevi:: Segmentation of<br />
Handwritten Tamil Character from Palm Script using<br />
Histogram Approach<br />
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ISSN: 2347-1697<br />
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (<strong>IJIFR</strong>)<br />
Volume - 4, Issue -5, January <strong>2017</strong><br />
Continuous 41 st Edition, Page No: 6418-6424<br />
system by using more data sets and provide solution to the overlapping line and character<br />
problem present in the ancient Tamil manuscripts.<br />
VII. REFERENCES<br />
[1] Raghuraj Singh. S. Yadav and Prabhat Verma (2010) “Optical Character Recognition (OCR)<br />
for Printed Devnagari Script Using Artificial Neural Network”, International Journal of<br />
Computer Science & Communication, Vol. 1, No. 1, , pp. 91-95.<br />
[2] Vijay kumar and Pankaj K. Sengar (2010) “Segmentation of Printed Text in Devanagari<br />
Script and Gurmukhi Script”, International Journal of Computer Applications,Vol 3, No.8,<br />
pp. 24-29.<br />
[3] Zhixin Shi , Srirangaraj Setlur, Venu Govindaraju (2008), “Digital Enhancement of Palm<br />
Leaf Manuscript Images using Normalization Techniques”, IEEE conference, Computer<br />
Vision, Graphics & Image Processing, pp.687-692.<br />
[4] Vikas J Dongre , Vijay H Mankar (2011) ”Devanagri Document Segmentation<br />
using Histogram Approach”, “International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and<br />
Information Technology (IJCSEIT), Vol.1, No.3, pp.68-73.<br />
[5] Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods (2007), “Digital Image Processing”, 2nd ed.,<br />
Beijing: Publishing House of Electronics Industry.<br />
[6] Y. Lu, Tan, C. Lim (2003), "Improved nearest neighbor based approach toaccurate<br />
document skew estimation." In Document Analysis and Recognition, 2003. Proceedings.<br />
Seventh International Conference on, pp. 503-507.<br />
[7] Anupama ,N, Rupa, Ch, & Sreenivasa Reddy, E (2013), ”Character Segmentation for<br />
Telugu Image Document using Multiple Histogram Projections”, Global Journal of<br />
Computer Science and Technology Graphics & Vision, Vol. 13, Issue 5.<br />
[8] Mallikarjunaswamy, B.P, Karunakara K (2011), “Graph Based Approach for Background<br />
Elimination and Segmentation of the Image” , Research Journal of Computer Systems<br />
Engineering- An International Journal, Vol. 02, Issue 02.<br />
[9] Olarik Surinta and Rapeeporn Chamchong.Image segmentation of historical handwriting<br />
from palm leaf manuscript 2008 in IFIP International federation for Information processing,<br />
[10] Sagar,B.M, Shoba, G, Ramakanth Kumar, P. (2008), “Character Segmentation algorithms<br />
for kannada optical character Recognition, Proceedings of the 2008 International<br />
Conferenceon Wavelet Analysis and Pattern Recognition.<br />
[11] Nallapareddy Priyanka, Srikanta Pal, Ranju Mandal, (2010) “Line and Word Segmentation<br />
Approach for Printed Documents”, IJCA Special Issue on Recent Trends in Image<br />
Processing and Pattern Recognition-RTIPPR, pp 30-36.<br />
TO CITE THIS PAPER<br />
Kiruba, B., Nivethitha, A., Vimaladevi, M. (<strong>2017</strong>) :: “Segmentation of Handwritten<br />
Tamil Character from Palm Script using Histogram Approach” International<br />
Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (ISSN: 2347-1697), Vol. 4 No. (5),<br />
January <strong>2017</strong>, pp. 6418-6424, Paper ID: <strong>IJIFR</strong>/V4/E5/023<br />
B. Kiruba, A. Nivethitha, Dr. M. Vimaladevi:: Segmentation of<br />
Handwritten Tamil Character from Palm Script using<br />
Histogram Approach<br />
6424