DESCRIPTIONS OF MEDICAL FUNGI

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206 Descriptions of Medical Fungi Trichophyton quinckeanum (Zopf) MacLeod & Münde Trichophyton quinckeanum may be distinguished from T. mentagrophytes by: (a) its characteristic culture appearance on Littman oxgall agar (i.e. raised, dome-like, bluishgrey suede-like colony with a narrow flat, greyish-white, suede-like border and no diffusible or reverse pigment) and on Sabouraud’s 5% salt agar (typically heaped and folded white suede-like colony, but with no distinctive dark reddish-brown submerged fringe and reverse pigment as seen on T. mentagrophytes); (b) microscopic morphology showing numerous slender clavate with some pyriform microconidia and moderate numbers of smooth thin-walled, clavate macroconidia; and (c) a rapid urease test, usually positive within 2 to 3 days. a b 20 µm Trichophyton quinckeanum (a) culture and (b) microconidia and macroconidia.
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 207 Trichophyton rubrum (Castellani) Semon Synonymy: Trichophyton fischeri Kane. Trichophyton raubitschekii Kane, Salkin, Weitzman & Smitka. Trichophyton kanei Summerbell. all varieties of T. rubrum. Trichophyton rubrum is an anthropophilic fungus that has become the most widely distributed dermatophyte of humans. It frequently causes chronic infections of skin, nails and rarely scalp. Granulomatous lesions may sometimes occur. Infected hairs do not fluoresce under Wood’s ultraviolet light, and microscopically may show endothrix or ectothrix type of invasion. Morphologically T. rubrum exhibits a spectrum of overlapping characters; for example culture surface texture may vary from downy to suede-like; culture surface pigmentation may vary from white to cream to deep red; culture reverse pigmentation may vary from colourless to yellowish to yellow-brown to wine red; numbers of microconidia range from none to scanty to many; shape of microconidia vary from slender clavate to pyriform; numbers of macroconidia range from none to scanty to many and may or may not have terminal projections. This is why so many varieties or synonyms have been described in the past. However, molecular evidence by Gräser et al. (1999b) reveals little variation between strains of T. rubrum and determined that the species is largely clonal. The majority of isolates, especially those causing tinea pedis and onychomycosis, are characterised by the production of scanty to moderate numbers of slender clavate microconidia and no macroconidia (formerly the “downy strain”). Some isolates, usually from cases of tinea corporis, are characterised by the production of moderate to abundant numbers of clavate to pyriform microconidia and moderate to abundant numbers of thin-walled, cigar-shaped macroconidia (formerly the “granular strain”). It should be stressed that intermediate strains do occur as many culture and morphological characteristics overlap. a b c d Trichophyton rubrum culture morphology; (a) “downy strain” with typical wine-red reverse; (b) “Y variety” with both yellow and red pigmentation; (c) “var. flava” with yellow pigmentation; (d) “granular strain” with red surface and reverse pigmentation.
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DESCRIPTIONS OF MEDICAL FUNGI

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