DESCRIPTIONS OF MEDICAL FUNGI

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186 Descriptions of Medical Fungi Sporothrix schenckii complex It is now recognised that Sporothrix schenckii is a species complex of five distinct species: S. schenckii sensu strictu, S. brasiliensis, S. globosa, S. mexicana and S. luriei (Marimon et al. 2007, Romeo et al. 2011, Barros et al. 2011, Oliveira et al. 2014, Zhang et al. 2015b). RG-2 organism. Sporothrix schenckii complex is a dimorphic fungus and has a worldwide distribution, particularly in tropical and temperate regions. It is commonly found in soil and on decaying vegetation and is a well-known pathogen of humans and animals. Sporotrichosis is primarily a chronic mycotic infection of the cutaneous or subcutaneous tissues and adjacent lymphatics characterised by nodular lesions which may suppurate and ulcerate. Infections are caused by the traumatic implantation of the fungus into the skin, or very rarely, by inhalation into the lungs. Secondary spread to articular surfaces, bone and muscle is not infrequent, and the infection may also occasionally involve the central nervous system, lungs or genitourinary tract. Sporothrix schenckii Hektoen & Perkins Morphological Description: Colonies at 25 O C, are slow growing, moist and glabrous, with a wrinkled and folded surface. Some strains may produce short aerial hyphae and pigmentation may vary from white to cream to black. Conidiophores arise at right angles from thin septate hyphae and are usually solitary, erect and tapered toward the apex. Conidia are formed in clusters on tiny denticles by sympodial proliferation at the apex of the conidiophore, their arrangement often suggestive of a flower. As the culture ages, conidia are subsequently formed singly along the sides of both conidiophores and undifferentiated hyphae. Conidia are ovoid or elongated, 3-6 x 2-3 µm, hyaline, one-celled and smooth-walled. In some isolates, solitary, darkly-pigmented, thickwalled, one-celled, obovate to angular conidia may be observed along the hyphae. On brain heart infusion (BHI) agar containing blood at 37 O C, colonies are glabrous, white to greyish-yellow and yeast-like consisting of spherical or oval budding yeast cells. Molecular Identification: DNA sequencing using ITS, D1/D2, β-tubulin, calmodulin and chalcone synthase genes is recommended for species identification (Marimon et al. 2007, Romeo et al. 2011, Barros et al. 2011, Oliveira et al. 2014, Zhang et al. 2015b). MALDI-T<strong>OF</strong> MS: Oliverira et al. (2015) established a MALDI-T<strong>OF</strong> protocol and reference database for the identification of Sporothrix species. Key Features: Hyphomycete characterised by thermal dimorphism and clusters of ovoid, denticulate conidia produced sympodially on short conidiophores. References: McGinnis (1980), Domsch et al. (1980), Rippon (1988), de Hoog et al. (1985, 2000, 2015). Antifungal Susceptibility: S. schenckii variable data for amphotericin B and azoles; testing of individual strains recommended (Alvarado-Ramirez and Torres-Rodriguez 2007, Marimon et al. 2008, Silveira et al. 2009, Oliveira et al. 2011, Ottonelli Stopiglia et al. 2014, Rodrigues et al. 2014, Australian National data); MIC µg/mL. Antifungal Range MIC 90 Antifungal Range MIC 90 AmB 0.03->16 >16 POSA 0.03->16 8 ITRA 0.03->16 >16 VORI 0.125->16 >16 TERB 0.03-1 0.5
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 187 Sporothrix schenckii complex 10 µm Sporothrix schenckii PAS stained tissue section showing budding yeast-like cells. a b 10 µm Sporothrix schenckii (a) culture at 25 O C and (b) budding yeast cells in BHI at 37 O C. 10 µm Sporothrix schenckii conidiophores and conidia at 25 O C.
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DESCRIPTIONS OF MEDICAL FUNGI

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