DESCRIPTIONS OF MEDICAL FUNGI

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6 Descriptions of Medical Fungi Apophysomyces complex Historically the genus Apophysomyces was considered to be monotypic and A. elegans was reported to be an important human pathogen in immunocompetent patients following traumatic implantation. A phylogenetic revision of the genus has identified three additional species, A. ossiformis, A. trapeziformis and A. variabilis. Many isolates previously identified as A. elegans, now appear to be A. variabilis (Alvarez et al. 2010a). Molecular identification is required to accurately differentiate these species. Morphological characteristics overlap so identification and reporting of Apophysomyces complex is recommended for most diagnostic laboratories. Molecular Identification: The ITS region and D1/D2 domain may provide for accurate species identification (Halliday et al. 2015). ITS restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis has also been described (Chakrabarti et al. 2003). RG-2 organism. Apophysomyces elegans Misra, Srivastava & Lata Morphological Description: Colonies are fast growing, white, becoming brownish grey with age, downy with no reverse pigment, and are composed of broad, sparsely septate (coenocytic) hyphae. Sporangiophores are unbranched, straight or curved, slightly tapering towards the apex, up to 540 µm long, 3-6 µm in width near the apophysis, and hyaline when young but developing a light to dark brown pigmentation and a conspicuous subapical thickening 10-16 µm below the apophysis with age. Sporangiophores arise at right angles from the aerial hyphae and often have a septate basal segment resembling the “foot cell” commonly seen in Aspergillus. Rhizoids are thin-walled, subhyaline and predominantly unbranched. Sporangia are multispored, small (20-58 µm diameter), typically pyriform in shape, hyaline at first, sepia-coloured when mature, with distinct apophyses and columellae. Columellae are hemispherical in shape and the apophyses are distinctly funnel or bell-shaped. Sporangiospores are smooth-walled, subspherical to cylindrical, (5-8 x 4-6 µm), subhyaline to sepia in mass. Good growth at 26 O C, 37 O C and 42 O C. RG-2 organism. Apophysomyces variabilis Alvarez et al. Morphological Description: Colonies are fast growing, whitish with scarce aerial mycelium and no reverse pigment. Sporangiophores are erect, generally arising singly, unbranched, slightly tapering towards the apex, up to 100-400 µm long, 2-3.5 µm in width near the apophysis, hyaline when young but developing a light greyish brown pigmentation with age. Sporangia are multispored, small (15-50 µm diameter), typically pyriform in shape, hyaline at first, sepia-coloured when mature, with distinct apophyses and columellae. Columellae are hemispherical in shape and the apophyses are short and distinctly funnel-shaped. Sporangiospores are smooth-walled, variable in shape, trapezoid, ellipsoidal, sub-triangular or claviform, (5-14 x 3-6 µm), subhyaline to sepia in mass. Good growth at 26 O C, 37 O C and 42 O C.
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 7 Apophysomyces complex 10 μm a 10 μm b Apophysomyces elegans/variabilis (a) young, multispored, pyriform shaped sporangium showing a typical funnel-shaped apophysis but without the subapical thickening of a more mature sporangiophore, and (b) mature sporangium showing distinct funnelshaped apophyses, columellae, and a conspicuous pigmented subapical thickening which constricts the lumen of the sporangiophore below the apophysis (arrow). Sporangiospores are smooth-walled, oblong and subhyaline.
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DESCRIPTIONS OF MEDICAL FUNGI

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