DESCRIPTIONS OF MEDICAL FUNGI

More documents

Recommendations

Info

106 Descriptions of Medical Fungi Histoplasma capsulatum Darling WARNING: RG-3 organism. Cultures of Histoplasma capsulatum represent a severe biohazard to laboratory personnel and must be handled with extreme caution in a Class II Biological Safety Cabinet (BSCII). Histoplasma capsulatum has a worldwide distribution, however the Mississippi-Ohio River Valley in the USA is recognised as a major endemic region. Environmental isolations of the fungus have been made from soil enriched with excreta from chicken, starlings and bats. Histoplasmosis is an intracellular mycotic infection of the reticuloendothelial system caused by the inhalation of the fungus. Approximately 95% of cases of histoplasmosis are inapparent, subclinical or benign. The remaining 5% of cases may develop chronic progressive lung disease, chronic cutaneous or systemic disease or an acute fulminating fatal systemic disease. All stages of this disease may mimic tuberculosis. Sporadic cases have been reported in Australia. Morphological Description: Histoplasma capsulatum exhibits thermal dimorphism growing in living tissue or in culture at 37 O C as a budding yeast-like fungus and in soil or culture at temperatures below 30 O C as a mould. Colonies at 25 O C are slow growing, white or buff-brown, suede-like to cottony with a pale yellow-brown reverse. Other colony types are glabrous or verrucose, and a red pigmented strain has been noted (Rippon, 1988). Microscopic morphology shows the presence of characteristic large, rounded, single-celled, 8-14 µm in diameter, tuberculate macroconidia formed on short, hyaline, undifferentiated conidiophores. Small, round to pyriform microconidia, 2-4 µm in diameter, borne on short branches or directly on the sides of the hyphae may also be present. Colonies at 37 O C grown on brain heart infusion (BHI) agar containing blood are smooth, moist, white and yeast-like. Microscopically, numerous small round to oval budding yeast-like cells, 3-4 x 2-3 µm in size are observed. Three varieties of Histoplasma capsulatum are recognised, depending on the clinical disease: var. capsulatum is the common cause of histoplasmosis; var. duboisii is the African type and var. farciminosum causes lymphangitis in horses. Histoplasma isolates may also resemble species of Sepedonium and Chrysosporium. Traditionally, positive identification required conversion of the mould form to the yeast phase by growth at 37 O C on enriched media, however for laboratory safety, culture identification by either exoantigen test or DNA sequencing is now preferred. Key Features: Clinical history, tissue morphology, culture morphology and positive exoantigen test or DNA sequencing. Molecular Identification: A probe for species recognition is commercially available (Padhye et al. 1992, Chemaly et al. 2001) and Elias et al. (2012) developed a multiplex- PCR for identification from cultures. Scheel et al. (2014) developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for detection directly in clinical samples which is affordable and useful in resource poor facilities. ITS sequencing may also be used for accurate identification (Estrada-Bárcenas et al. 2014, Irinyi et al. 2015). References: McGinnis (1980), Chandler et al. (1980), George and Penn (1986), Rippon (1988), de Hoog et al. (2000, 2015).
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 107 Histoplasma capsulatum Darling a b 20 µm Histoplasma capsulatum (a) culture and (b) microscopic morphology of the saprophytic or mycelial form showing characteristic large, rounded, single-celled, tuberculate macroconidia and smaller microconidia. Antifungal Susceptibility: H. capsulatum (Espinel-Ingroff 2003, Gonzalez et al. 2005, Sabatelli et al. 2006, Brilhante et al. 2012, Kathuria et al. 2014); MIC µg/mL. Antifungal Filamentous form Yeast form Range MIC 90 Range MIC 90 AmB
Page 1 and 2:
DESCRIPTIONS OF MEDICAL FUNGI THIRD
Page 3 and 4:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi iii P
Page 5 and 6:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi v PRE
Page 7 and 8:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi vii C
Page 9 and 10:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi ix CO
Page 11 and 12:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi xi CO
Page 13 and 14:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 1 The
Page 15 and 16:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 3 A u
Page 17 and 18:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 5 Aph
Page 19 and 20:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 7 Apo
Page 21 and 22:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 9 Art
Page 23 and 24:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 11 Ar
Page 25 and 26:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 13 As
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 21 Ne
Page 35 and 36:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 23 Th
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 27 Au
Page 41 and 42:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 29 Ba
Page 43 and 44:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 31 Th
Page 45 and 46:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 33 Bl
Page 47 and 48:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 35 Ca
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 45 RG
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 51 Ch
Page 65 and 66:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 53 Cl
Page 67 and 68: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 55 Cl
Page 73 and 74: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 61 Co
Page 75 and 76: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 63 Sy
Page 77 and 78: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 65 Co
Page 79 and 80: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 67 Cr
Page 85 and 86: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 73 Cu
Page 87 and 88: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 75 Th
Page 89 and 90: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 77 Cu
Page 91 and 92: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 79 Cy
Page 93 and 94: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 81 De
Page 95 and 96: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 83 Sy
Page 97 and 98: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 85 Ex
Page 99 and 100: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 87 RG
Page 101 and 102: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 89 Ex
Page 103 and 104: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 91 Th
Page 105 and 106: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 93 Mo
Page 107 and 108: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 95 Fu
Page 113 and 114: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 101 T
Page 115 and 116: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 103 G
Page 117: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 105 T
Page 121 and 122: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 109 K
Page 123 and 124: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 111 S
Page 127 and 128: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 115 L
Page 129 and 130: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 117 M
Page 149 and 150: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 137 N
Page 151 and 152: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 139 N
Page 155 and 156: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 143 O
Page 157 and 158: Descriptions of Medical Fungi 145 P
Page 169 and 170:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 157 S
Page 171 and 172:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 159 P
Page 173 and 174:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 161 P
Page 175 and 176:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 163 Q
Page 177 and 178:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 165 R
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 191 T
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 225 V
Page 239 and 240:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 227 V
Page 241 and 242:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 229 W
Page 243 and 244:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 231 K
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Descriptions of Medical Fungi 235 C
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
show all

DESCRIPTIONS OF MEDICAL FUNGI

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?