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Lasers in Surgery and Medicine<br />
<strong>Minimally</strong> Invasive Skin Rejuvenation With <strong>Erbium</strong>:<br />
<strong>YAG</strong> Laser Used in Thermal Mode<br />
Karin Kunzi-Rapp, MD, 1,2 * Christine C. Dierickx, MD, 3,4 * Bernard Cambier, MD, 5 and<br />
Michael Drosner, MD, PhD 6,7<br />
1<br />
Institute for Laser Technologies in Medicine and Metrology, University of Ulm, Germany<br />
2<br />
Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Ulm, Germany<br />
3<br />
Laser Skin Center, Boom, Belgium<br />
4<br />
Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Havard Medical School, Boston<br />
5<br />
Laser Clinic, Gent, Belgium<br />
6<br />
Cutaris Zentrum für Haut, Venen und Lasermedizin, Munich, Germany<br />
7<br />
Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Technical University of Munich, Germany<br />
Background and Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy<br />
and safety of a thermal mode <strong>Erbium</strong>:<strong>YAG</strong> <strong>laser</strong> several invivo<br />
morphological as well as clinical changes were<br />
monitored in a multi-center investigation.<br />
Study Design/Materials and Methods: An <strong>Erbium</strong>:<strong>YAG</strong><br />
<strong>laser</strong> was used at a thermal mode <strong>with</strong> sub-ablative<br />
fluences of 2.1 and 3.1 J/cm 2 <strong>with</strong> parallel air cooling to<br />
treat either periorbital, perioral rhytides or patients <strong>with</strong><br />
post-traumatic or acne scars. Two treatments were applied<br />
2 months apart, <strong>with</strong> follow-up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months<br />
post-treatment. Photographs were taken before and at each<br />
follow-up visit and evaluated by three blinded independent<br />
reviewers. Histology and immunohistochemistry for procollagen<br />
expression were investigated. Optical coherence<br />
tomography (OCT) was performed before, and at 4, 14, and<br />
28 days after single pass treatment <strong>with</strong> <strong>Erbium</strong>:<strong>YAG</strong><br />
thermal pulses.<br />
Results: The improvement of rhytides at 1–3 months<br />
follow-up was graded as excellent in 19%, good in 19%, fair<br />
in 31%, and no improvement in 31%. At the 6- to 12-month<br />
follow-up, the improvement was excellent in 40%, good in<br />
40%, fair in 20%, and no improvement in 0%. The<br />
improvement of scars at 3–6 months follow-up was graded<br />
as excellent in 50%, good in 25%, fair in 25%, and no<br />
improvement in 0%. Intra- and post-operative discomfort<br />
was described as mild by the patients. OCT, histological<br />
sections and immunohistochemistry demonstrated production<br />
of new collagen bundles.<br />
Conclusions: Thermal <strong>Erbium</strong>:<strong>YAG</strong> pulses can induce<br />
collagen neogenesis, as proved by temperature elevation<br />
and morphological changes in the upper dermis. This leads<br />
clinically to visible and long lasting reduction of wrinkles<br />
and scars after applying multiple passes <strong>with</strong> minimal sideeffects.<br />
Lasers Surg. Med.<br />
ß 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.<br />
Key words: Er:<strong>YAG</strong>; thermal pulses; collagen neogenesis;<br />
histology; immunohistochemistry; minimally <strong>invasive</strong><br />
resurfacing; optical coherence tomography (OCT);<br />
scar reduction; temperature recording; wrinkle reduction<br />
ß 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
Patients and physicians look for less <strong>invasive</strong> techniques<br />
to improve rhytides and scars. For many years, ablative<br />
<strong>laser</strong>s (CO2 and more recently Er:<strong>YAG</strong> <strong>laser</strong>s) have been<br />
used successfully for the treatment of wrinkles and scars<br />
[1–5], but their use is limited by the pain and down time for<br />
the patient and the relatively high risk of side effects and<br />
complications for the physician [6]. Therefore, the market<br />
of non-ablative techniques is growing fast and all kinds of<br />
different methods are available that claim to be efficient for<br />
reduction of wrinkles and scars. But after critical review<br />
and assessment of current literature in terms of their<br />
efficacy, all these non-ablative methods are not a comparable<br />
alternative to the ablative <strong>skin</strong> resurfacing [7–10].<br />
Both physician and patient should be willing to accept<br />
subtle, incremental, and gradual improvements. Also, a<br />
relatively high proportion of non-responders limit the<br />
clinical success rate [11]. Additionally these methods often<br />
need multiple treatments, are time consuming, and sometimes<br />
painful which makes them less attractive than<br />
originally intended. Finally, the non-ablative <strong>rejuvenation</strong><br />
treatment modalities are based on newly developed<br />
technologies. Therefore, these new devices <strong>with</strong> modest<br />
efficacy are often expensive for the practitioner.<br />
Compared to the CO2 <strong>laser</strong>, the main advantage of the<br />
Er:<strong>YAG</strong> <strong>laser</strong> for <strong>skin</strong> resurfacing, is precise ablation <strong>with</strong><br />
limited residual thermal damage (RTD). This results in<br />
faster reepithelialization and an improved side effect<br />
profile. On the other hand, immediate collagen shrinkage<br />
and delayed new collagen formation is reduced together<br />
<strong>with</strong> poor intra-operative hemostasis.<br />
Karin Kunzi-Rapp and Christine C. Dierickx contributed<br />
equally to the work.<br />
*Correspondence to: Dr. Karin Kunzi-Rapp, Institute for Laser<br />
Technologies and Metrology in Medicine, University of Ulm,<br />
Helmholtzstr. 12, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.<br />
E-mail: karin.rapp@ilm.uni-ulm.de<br />
Accepted 15 June 2006<br />
Published online in Wiley InterScience<br />
(www.interscience.wiley.com).<br />
DOI 10.1002/lsm.20380
2 KUNZI-RAPP ET AL.<br />
In an attempt to overcome the limitations of the shortpulsed,<br />
ablative Er:<strong>YAG</strong> <strong>laser</strong>s, modulated (short- and<br />
long-pulsed) Er:<strong>YAG</strong> systems were introduced. With the<br />
addition of significant coagulative properties, modulated<br />
Er:<strong>YAG</strong> systems combine precise control of ablation <strong>with</strong><br />
the ability to improve hemostasis and induce dermal<br />
collagen formation by means of thermal injury.<br />
However, compared to non-ablative <strong>skin</strong> <strong>rejuvenation</strong><br />
techniques, conventional CO2 and erbium resurfacing<br />
techniques cause thermo-mechanical tissue ablation <strong>with</strong><br />
the implication of visible and longer healing times. This has<br />
caused that traditional CO2 and erbium resurfacing<br />
techniques are nowadays largely abandoned, but has<br />
stimulated the search for techniques to deliver energy <strong>with</strong><br />
these <strong>laser</strong>s, deeper in the <strong>skin</strong> <strong>with</strong>out the unwanted<br />
ablation.<br />
The main effect of CO 2 and Er:<strong>YAG</strong> <strong>laser</strong> resurfacing is<br />
the stimulation of new collagen growth in the dermis.<br />
Histologically, it has been shown that these new collagens<br />
replace the elastotic collagen of the connective tissue<br />
matrix associated <strong>with</strong> wrinkles and photodamaged <strong>skin</strong><br />
in the upper dermis. Because water is the target chromophore<br />
of these <strong>laser</strong>s, they ablate the full epidermis before<br />
the <strong>laser</strong> energy affects the papillary dermis by heat<br />
diffusion.<br />
Theoretically, animal and clinical studies have shown<br />
that it is indeed possible to deliver CO 2 or erbium <strong>laser</strong><br />
energy deeper in the <strong>skin</strong> <strong>with</strong>out causing unwanted<br />
epidermal ablation [12–20]. Ross et al. 1999 [12] described<br />
the effect of stacking pulses of a CO 2-<strong>laser</strong> causing a less<br />
distinct line between denatured and intact collagen and an<br />
increased depth of the RTD. Using heat transfer models as<br />
well as animal models, it could be shown, that an erbium<br />
<strong>laser</strong> pulse can achieve greater RTD by lengthening the<br />
pulse width [13–15].<br />
The goal of our study was to determine whether an<br />
Er:<strong>YAG</strong> <strong>laser</strong> used <strong>with</strong> a sequence of sub-ablative pulse<br />
fluences below the ablation threshold, a so called thermal<br />
mode, could produce enough dermal injury <strong>with</strong>out complete<br />
epidermal ablation to cause new collagen synthesis.<br />
To evaluate the efficacy and safety for <strong>rejuvenation</strong> of a<br />
<strong>laser</strong> system already established in the dermatological<br />
practice the thermal mode of an Er:<strong>YAG</strong> <strong>laser</strong> was used for<br />
the treatment of facial wrinkles. In a first preliminary<br />
study we used a sub-ablative setting. A group of 29<br />
volunteers were treated twice at a 6-month interval at 33<br />
areas (periorbital 19, upper lips 11, lower lips/chin 2, cheeks<br />
1) <strong>with</strong> a single pass of Er:<strong>YAG</strong> thermal <strong>laser</strong> pulses at subablative<br />
fluences of 3.1–4.2 J/cm 2 , using parallel cooling<br />
<strong>with</strong> cold air. The clinical efficacy was evaluated by<br />
comparing pre- and post-photographs taken at baseline,<br />
1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the two treatments. Although<br />
the wrinkles were improved transitory at months 1 and 3,<br />
the 6 and 12 months follow-up photographs revealed no<br />
improvement, evaluated by the volunteers themselves,<br />
by the physicians or by uninvolved, blinded interpreters<br />
(Fig. 1).<br />
As some individuals showed good clinical responses [21]<br />
and some investigations reported histological changes<br />
Fig. 1. Periorbital wrinkles treated <strong>with</strong> a single pass of<br />
<strong>Erbium</strong>:<strong>YAG</strong> thermal <strong>laser</strong> pulses at sub-ablative fluences of<br />
2.4 J/cm 2 , parallel cooling <strong>with</strong> cold air, (A) before, (B) 7 months<br />
after treatment <strong>with</strong> mild structure changes.<br />
[22–24], a second study was initiated. In this study, the<br />
efficacy of multiple passes of Er:<strong>YAG</strong> thermal <strong>laser</strong> pulses<br />
at fluences below the ablation threshold was evaluated by<br />
clinical means, by histology and immunohistochemistry, by<br />
optical coherence tomography (OCT) and by in vitro/in vivo<br />
temperature measurements.<br />
MATERIALS AND METHODS<br />
Laser<br />
Two variable pulsed Er:<strong>YAG</strong> <strong>laser</strong>s (SupErb XL and<br />
BURANE XL, WaveLight Laser Technologie AG, Erlangen,<br />
Germany) were used. We used the <strong>laser</strong> in a special thermal<br />
mode consisting of a sequence of 9–11 short pulses each<br />
<strong>with</strong> a fluence below the ablation threshold <strong>with</strong> an overall<br />
pulse duration of 200–270 milliseconds and a total energy<br />
density of 2.1–3.1 J/cm 2 . The parameters of this pulse
sequence were determined by temperature calculations as<br />
well as Monte–Carlo simulations in order to optimize<br />
heat penetration by conduction. Sub-ablative thermal<br />
Er:<strong>YAG</strong> <strong>laser</strong> pulses heat the stratum corneum and the<br />
epidermis due to absorption by the water content and<br />
cause temperature increase of the upper dermis by heat<br />
conduction.<br />
Histology<br />
The tissue samples were fixed in 4% freshly prepared<br />
paraformaldehyde, paraffin embedded, cut in 3 mm sections<br />
and stained <strong>with</strong> hematoxylin and eosin for histopathology.<br />
A specialized procedure to pronounce collagen fibers was<br />
done by Alcian blue staining.<br />
Immunohistochemistry<br />
Paraffin sections were mounted on poly-L-lysine coated<br />
slides. After deparaffinizing and rehydrating antigen<br />
retrieval of sections was done by protein kinase K at 378C<br />
for 10 minutes. Non-specific binding sites were blocked<br />
<strong>with</strong> goat serum. Human pro-collagen Type I C-peptide<br />
mouse monoclonal antibody (TaKaRa, Bio Europe S.A.,<br />
Gennevillier, France) was applied according to the manufacturer<br />
protocol. The highly sensitive Histostain-Plus<br />
streptavidin peroxidase staining procedure (Zymed<br />
Laboratories, Inc., San Francisco, CA) was used <strong>with</strong><br />
DAB chromogen staining. At optimal color development<br />
sections were immersed in sterile water, counterstained<br />
<strong>with</strong> Mayer’s hematoxylin and covered.<br />
Quantitative assessment of pro-collagen expression.<br />
To determine pro-collagen expression, positive staining<br />
fibroblasts were evaluated at 100 magnification using<br />
an optical microscope (Axiophot, Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany)<br />
<strong>with</strong> a CCD camera (Sony MC-3249) and calculated<br />
as percentage of the total number of fibroblasts by an<br />
imaging analysis software (OPTIMAS, MediaCypernetics,<br />
Silverspring MD). The numbers in Figure 5 represent<br />
averaged values of four counts.<br />
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)<br />
OCT (ISIS Optronics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) was<br />
performed before, and at 4, 14, and 28 days after single pass<br />
treatment of the outer forearm in two volunteers <strong>with</strong><br />
Er:<strong>YAG</strong> thermal pulses (fluence 4.2 J/cm 2 , spot size 5 mm),<br />
parallel cooling <strong>with</strong> cold air.<br />
Temperature Recording<br />
For temperature measurements we used a digital<br />
temperature probe (80 TK thermocouple module, Fluke<br />
Cooperation, Everett WA).<br />
Patient Selection<br />
Patient selection for the morphological (biometrical)<br />
study. Tissue biopsies were taken from seven<br />
volunteers scheduled for blepharoplasty or abdominoplasty<br />
<strong>with</strong> Fitzpatrick <strong>skin</strong> types 2–3 after informed written<br />
consent was obtained before, 2 and 4 weeks after treatment<br />
<strong>with</strong> Er:<strong>YAG</strong> thermal pulses at the same body side.<br />
MINIMALLY INVASIVE SKIN REJUVENATION WITH ER:<strong>YAG</strong> 3<br />
Patient selection for the clinical study. Subjects<br />
<strong>with</strong> wrinkles or scars were included in the clinical<br />
study. The first group consisted of 20 female subjects <strong>with</strong><br />
peri-orbital, peri-oral, or wrinkles on the cheeks. The<br />
Fitzpatrick phototypes ranged from I to III and the ages<br />
varied from 38 to 78 years (mean 55 years).<br />
A second group included 12 patients <strong>with</strong> scars. Six<br />
female and six male patients <strong>with</strong> phototypes I–III and<br />
ages ranging from 12 to 39 years (mean 29 years) were<br />
treated. The scars were either post-traumatic in nature and<br />
located on the face and extremities or were atrophic facial<br />
scars due to acne.<br />
Treatment Protocol<br />
All patients were treated <strong>with</strong> a 2,940 nm, variable pulse<br />
<strong>Erbium</strong>:<strong>YAG</strong> <strong>laser</strong> (SupErb XL or BURANE XL, Wave-<br />
Light Laser Technologie AG) in the thermal mode program.<br />
Thermal mode pulse sequences (total pulse duration 200–<br />
270 milliseconds) at sub-ablative fluences were used at<br />
total energy density of 2.1–3.1 J/cm 2 for a 5 mm spot size<br />
and at a frequency of 3 Hz. All procedures were performed<br />
<strong>with</strong>out local anesthesia. Eyes were protected <strong>with</strong> eye<br />
shields. Parallel to the application of thermal <strong>laser</strong> pulses<br />
cooling was provided <strong>with</strong> a constant flow of cold air level 1<br />
(Cryo 5 <strong>skin</strong> cooling system, Zimmer MedizinSystems, Neu-<br />
Ulm, Germany). No pre-cooling was performed. At each<br />
treatment, the entire treatment area was irradiated <strong>with</strong><br />
3–5 consecutive <strong>laser</strong> passes <strong>with</strong> minimal overlap. No<br />
wiping was performed between the passes. Additional<br />
passes over the wrinkles or scars were given until the<br />
clinical endpoint of <strong>skin</strong> whitening was obtained (Fig. 2).<br />
The number of passes needed to reach the <strong>skin</strong> whitening<br />
depended on the humidity of the <strong>skin</strong> and coincidences <strong>with</strong><br />
thermally induced necrosis of the stratum corneum and the<br />
epidermis. Normally, more than five passes were necessary.<br />
All treatment sites received two treatments <strong>with</strong> an<br />
interval of 2 months. Post-exposure <strong>skin</strong> care consisted of<br />
Fig. 2. Clinical endpoint (whitening of the epidermis) for the<br />
Er:<strong>YAG</strong> treatment of wrinkles <strong>with</strong> multiple passes of Er:<strong>YAG</strong><br />
thermal <strong>laser</strong> pulses at sub-ablative fluences of 2.1 J/cm 2 and<br />
parallel cooling <strong>with</strong> cold air.
4 KUNZI-RAPP ET AL.<br />
an antibiotic ointment for reepithelialization and moistening<br />
purposes. Sun blocks were recommended once healing<br />
was complete. Patients came in for follow-up at 1, 3, 6, and<br />
12 months post-treatment. Photographs were taken at each<br />
follow-up visit and side effects were noted. Pre-and postoperative<br />
photographs were captured <strong>with</strong> a digital Sony<br />
camera (Cyber-shot 3.3 megapixels, DSC-F505V, Sony<br />
Electronics) and were compared to evaluate treatment<br />
response. Assessments were done by three blinded independent<br />
reviewers, using a five-point improvement scale<br />
(Table 1).<br />
RESULTS<br />
Biometrical Results<br />
Histology. Examination of the biopsies taken 2 weeks<br />
after treatment under light microscopy H&E staining<br />
revealed a hypertrophic epidermis, caused by a thickened<br />
stratum spinosum. In the papillary dermis we found<br />
vasodilatation and a mild perivascular infiltration of<br />
inflammatory cells. Four weeks after treatment the<br />
epidermis flattened and the upper dermis demonstrated<br />
more tightly packed collagen bundles <strong>with</strong> parallel orientation<br />
to the <strong>skin</strong> surface (Fig. 3).<br />
Structural evaluation of the treated samples compared to<br />
non-treated samples showed a decrease in clumping of<br />
collagen bundles and an increased amount of thin collagen<br />
fibers <strong>with</strong> regular orientation in the upper dermis<br />
extending from the basement membrane zone.<br />
Immunohistochemistry. Immunhistological staining<br />
4 weeks after treatment (Fig. 4) showed a marked increase<br />
of pro-collagen expression in dermal fibroblasts till a depth<br />
of about 320 mm. When we compared different treatment<br />
modalities, mild ablation <strong>with</strong> two passes at a fluence of 5 J/<br />
cm 2 as well as ablation followed by one pass of the<br />
combination mode (ablative pulses in combination <strong>with</strong><br />
the thermal pulses) induced pro-collagen expression in<br />
40.1% of the fibroblasts. Two passes of thermal pulses alone<br />
showed a pro-collagen expression in 25.5%. In untreated<br />
<strong>skin</strong> 5.6% of the fibroblasts were activated (Fig. 5).<br />
Optical coherence tomography. OCT is a non<strong>invasive</strong><br />
technique for high resolution imaging in the<br />
tissue. It is based on the same concept like ultrasound:<br />
waves are backscattered by tissue inhomogenities and<br />
analyzed over time of flight to obtain spatial resolved<br />
resolution. Before <strong>laser</strong> treatment OCT pictures of normal<br />
<strong>skin</strong> clearly showed the epidermal–dermal junction separated<br />
by a small band <strong>with</strong> a low scattering structure. In the<br />
upper dermis clearly demarcated homogeneous dark<br />
structures indicated the blood vessels. Four days after<br />
thermal Er:<strong>YAG</strong> <strong>laser</strong> pulses crusting and edema were still<br />
TABLE 1. Grading Scale<br />
Worse 0<br />
No improvement 1<br />
Fair improvement 2<br />
Good improvement 3<br />
Excellent improvement 4<br />
obvious. After 2 weeks OCT images could still detect<br />
inflammatory cells in the tissue marked by blurred <strong>skin</strong><br />
structures. Four weeks after treatment dense reflecting<br />
structures in the upper dermis were indicating an increase<br />
of collagen fibers (Fig. 6).<br />
Fig. 3. Histological sections H&E stained before and 4 weeks<br />
after Er:<strong>YAG</strong> thermal <strong>laser</strong> pulses (original magnification<br />
100 ): (A) before Er:<strong>YAG</strong> <strong>laser</strong> treatment and (B) 4 weeks after<br />
Er:<strong>YAG</strong> thermal <strong>laser</strong> pulses; the epidermis flattened and in<br />
the upper dermis (*) new collagen bundles and less elastosis<br />
became obvious. [Figure can be viewed in color online via<br />
www.interscience.wiley.com.]
Fig. 4. Immunhistochemical sections stained <strong>with</strong> mAb<br />
against pro-collagen: (A) before and (B) 4 weeks after single<br />
pass treatment <strong>with</strong> Er:<strong>YAG</strong> thermal <strong>laser</strong> pulses at subablative<br />
fluences of 3.5 J/cm 2 , parallel cooling <strong>with</strong> cold air. The<br />
brown staining indicates the pro-collagen expression of dermal<br />
fibroblasts (original magnification 100 ).<br />
Temperature recording. The basic approach of the<br />
thermal pulses was to heat up the upper dermis to a<br />
sublethal temperature and maintain this temperature for a<br />
time period up to 300 milliseconds to induce collagen<br />
remodeling. Monte–Carlo simulations as well as heat<br />
transfer calculations resulted in temperature profiles at<br />
different depths of the <strong>skin</strong>. These simulations resulted in a<br />
pulse sequence consisting of short pulses <strong>with</strong> different<br />
pulse energies below the ablation threshold. The calculations<br />
determined the temperature increase till a maximum<br />
of about 608C in the depth of the upper dermis (150 mm) was<br />
reached. This temperature was maintained for more than<br />
30 milliseconds. Temperature profiles were verified by<br />
temperature measurements <strong>with</strong> a digital temperature<br />
probe in ex vivo human <strong>skin</strong> samples. Different programs of<br />
thermal pulses showed characteristic temperature elevations<br />
in the epidermis shown in Figure 7.<br />
MINIMALLY INVASIVE SKIN REJUVENATION WITH ER:<strong>YAG</strong> 5<br />
% positive cells<br />
45<br />
40<br />
35<br />
30<br />
25<br />
20<br />
15<br />
10<br />
5<br />
0<br />
25,5<br />
In one volunteer, the temperature profile was measured<br />
in vivo by placing the temperature probe into the dermis of<br />
the forearm in a depth of 335 mm. The depth of this probe<br />
was controlled by OCT. After application of one thermal<br />
Er:<strong>YAG</strong> <strong>laser</strong> pulse sequence temperature profile was<br />
recorded. In this depth the temperature increase was about<br />
38C after a single thermal pulse sequence <strong>with</strong> a fluence of<br />
3.5 J/cm 2 and a spot size of 5 mm. It took about 40 seconds to<br />
reach the initial <strong>skin</strong> temperature (Fig. 7c). If cooling was<br />
performed during repetitive pulses the time to reach the<br />
value of the initial temperature was reduced to about<br />
1 second (picture not shown).<br />
Clinical Results<br />
Average post-operative follow-up was 6–12 months for<br />
the wrinkle group and 3–6 months for the scar group. The<br />
wrinkle reduction or scar improvement was significant in<br />
most cases and improved over time. Improvement of<br />
rhytides at 1–3 months follow-up was graded as excellent<br />
in 19%, good in 19%, fair in 31%, and no improvement in<br />
31%. At the 6–12 months follow-up, the improvement was<br />
excellent in 40%, good in 40%, fair in 20%, and no<br />
improvement in 0% (Figs. 8 and 9). Improvement of scars<br />
at 3–6 months follow-up was graded as excellent in 50%,<br />
good in 25%, fair in 25%, and no improvement in 0%<br />
(Figs. 10 and 11).<br />
Intra- and post-operative discomfort was described as<br />
mild by the patient. Superficial crusting occurred and<br />
reepithelialization was complete in 3–4 days. Mild postoperative<br />
erythema persisted for 3–4 weeks. In one patient<br />
<strong>with</strong> a history of herpes simplex, a reactivation of latent<br />
labial herpes simplex virus infection occurred after the first<br />
<strong>laser</strong> treatment. When acyclovir was given prophylactically<br />
40,1<br />
TP 3.5 J/cm² ablation 5 J/cm² control<br />
Fig. 5. Quantitative assessment of pro-collagen expression<br />
calculated as a percentage of total number of fibroblasts (the<br />
numbers represent averaged values of four counts). Biopsies<br />
taken 4 weeks after single pass treatment <strong>with</strong> Er:<strong>YAG</strong> <strong>laser</strong>:<br />
TP 3.5 J/cm 2 : thermal pulses at sub-ablative fluences of 3.5 J/<br />
cm 2 ; ablation 5 J/cm 2 : ablative Er:<strong>YAG</strong> <strong>laser</strong> pulses at ablative<br />
fluences of 5 J/cm 2 ; control: untreated <strong>skin</strong> in the same<br />
individual of the same location (either eyelid or abdominal<br />
<strong>skin</strong>).<br />
5,6
6 KUNZI-RAPP ET AL.<br />
Fig. 6. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) before and after<br />
single pass treatment <strong>with</strong> Er:<strong>YAG</strong> thermal <strong>laser</strong> pulses at<br />
sub-ablative fluences of 4.2 J/cm 2 , parallel cooling <strong>with</strong> cold air:<br />
(A) before <strong>laser</strong> treatment OCT pictures clearly showed the<br />
epidermal–dermal junction separated by a small band <strong>with</strong> a<br />
low scattering structure (dotted line). In the upper dermis<br />
clearly demarcated homogeneous dark structures indicated<br />
the blood vessels *. B: Four days after Er:<strong>YAG</strong> thermal <strong>laser</strong><br />
before the second treatment, another outbreak could be<br />
prevented. No hyper- or hypopigmentation, textural<br />
changes or scarring were observed in this patient group<br />
<strong>with</strong> <strong>skin</strong> types I–III. Average post-operative follow-up was<br />
6–12 months for the wrinkle group and 3–6 months for the<br />
scar group.<br />
DISCUSSION<br />
CO2 or erbium resurfacing is a well-established method<br />
to treat facial rhytides associated <strong>with</strong> photoaging [1–5].<br />
These techniques completely disrupt or remove the<br />
epidermis. Subsequent loss of barrier function results in<br />
discomfort, edema, transudation, and focal crusting.<br />
Epidermal loss also increases the risk of infection, pigmentary<br />
changes and scarring [6].<br />
Non-ablative <strong>skin</strong> <strong>rejuvenation</strong>, which does not remove<br />
the epidermis, was specifically developed as a bettertolerated<br />
alternative to ablative <strong>laser</strong> resurfacing. The<br />
objective is to achieve selective, heat-induced denaturation<br />
of dermal collagen that leads to subsequent new collagen<br />
deposition <strong>with</strong> as little damage to the epidermis as<br />
pulses crusting and edema were still obvious (bars indicate<br />
thickness of the crusts). C: After 2 weeks OCT images could<br />
still detect inflammatory cells in the tissue marked by blurred<br />
<strong>skin</strong> structures. The epidermal–dermal junction is not<br />
demarcated. D: Four weeks after treatment dense reflecting<br />
structures in the upper dermis were indicating an increase of<br />
collagen fibers. [Figure can be viewed in color online via www.<br />
interscience.wiley.com.]<br />
possible. The main problem <strong>with</strong> non-ablative <strong>skin</strong> <strong>rejuvenation</strong>,<br />
however, is poor and/or unpredictable efficacy<br />
compared <strong>with</strong> ablative treatments [7–11,25,26].<br />
Microscopic changes associated <strong>with</strong> wrinkles occur<br />
primarily in the dermis [27–30]. Wrinkle reduction, by<br />
means of thermal damage to the dermis, is based on the<br />
induction of synthesis of new collagen and other components<br />
of extracellular matrix [13,25]. In this study, a<br />
thermal mode Er:<strong>YAG</strong> <strong>laser</strong> was used to examine the effect<br />
on wrinkle/scar reduction by dermal heating.<br />
At commonly utilized ablative Er:<strong>YAG</strong> parameters, the<br />
zone of RTD typically does not exceed 50 mm [33,34]. The<br />
amount of thermal damage is dependent on the repetition<br />
frequency, while the <strong>laser</strong> fluence is of much less importance<br />
for the depth of necrosis [35,36]. The thermal pulse<br />
structure in this study was composed of a sequence of short<br />
Er:<strong>YAG</strong> pulses (200–270 milliseconds) below the ablation<br />
threshold. It was developed in such a way to increase the<br />
temperature in the upper dermis to about 608C in order to<br />
induce collagen denaturation. In our ex/in vivo studies we<br />
could confirm the temperature increase to 608C only for the
A<br />
temperature / °C<br />
B<br />
temperature / °C<br />
C<br />
temperature / °C<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
0 10 20<br />
time / s<br />
30 40<br />
100<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
0 5 10 15 20 25 30<br />
time / s<br />
33<br />
32<br />
31<br />
30<br />
29<br />
28<br />
27<br />
0 20 40 60 80<br />
time / s<br />
Fig. 7. Temperature measurements <strong>with</strong> a digital temperature<br />
probe: (A) at the epidermis in ex vivo <strong>skin</strong> samples after a<br />
single Er:<strong>YAG</strong> thermal <strong>laser</strong> pulse (fluence 3.5 J/cm 2 , spot size<br />
5 mm); (B) at the epidermis in ex vivo <strong>skin</strong> samples after a<br />
single Er:<strong>YAG</strong> thermal <strong>laser</strong> pulse <strong>with</strong> a fluence of 4.2 J/cm 2 ;<br />
(C) in vivo by placing a temperature probe into the dermis of<br />
the forearm at a depth of 330 mm (OCT controlled) after a single<br />
Er:<strong>YAG</strong> thermal <strong>laser</strong> pulse (fluence 3.5 J/cm 2 , spot size 5 mm);<br />
the temperature profile was recorded for 70 seconds. It took<br />
about 40 seconds to reach the initial <strong>skin</strong> temperature.<br />
layers near the basal membrane zone. In deeper dermal<br />
layers the temperature increase was only very mild after<br />
application of only one pulse. However, in our clinical<br />
study, we used multiple passes over the wrinkles. This most<br />
likely resulted in a thermal build up by heat conduction<br />
because the thermal relaxation of the treated tissue is very<br />
slow (Fig. 7). After desiccation of the tissue the main<br />
chromophore for the Er:<strong>YAG</strong> <strong>laser</strong> radiation deprived. As a<br />
result, the optical penetration depth was enlarged, resulting<br />
in further diminished ablation efficiency, enhanced<br />
deposition of heat, and increased the zone of thermal injury.<br />
MINIMALLY INVASIVE SKIN REJUVENATION WITH ER:<strong>YAG</strong> 7<br />
% Patients<br />
50<br />
45<br />
40<br />
35<br />
30<br />
25<br />
20<br />
15<br />
10<br />
5<br />
0<br />
none slight moderate dramatic<br />
1-3 months 6-12 months<br />
Fig. 8. Wrinkle improvement in 20 female subjects <strong>with</strong><br />
periorbital, perioral, or wrinkles on the cheeks treated <strong>with</strong><br />
multiple passes of Er:<strong>YAG</strong> thermal <strong>laser</strong> pulses at sub-ablative<br />
fluences of 2.1 J/cm 2 , parallel cooling <strong>with</strong> cold air. Assessments<br />
were done on photographs taken at 1–3 months or 6–<br />
12 months follow-up by three blinded independent reviewers,<br />
using a five-point improvement scale (Table 1).<br />
This finding can be understood by recalling that the<br />
threshold fluence for <strong>skin</strong> ablation <strong>with</strong> the Er:<strong>YAG</strong> <strong>laser</strong><br />
is between 0.5 and 1 J/cm 2 [14,33,35]. At pulse fluences<br />
below these values, the coagulation depth increases<br />
linearly <strong>with</strong> the applied fluence [36]. Longer pulse<br />
durations increase the ablation threshold [15]. A higher<br />
ablation threshold simply enables a larger heat deposition<br />
into the tissue and the elevated temperature persists for a<br />
longer time due to the lower temperature gradients at these<br />
depths.<br />
While non-ablative <strong>skin</strong> <strong>rejuvenation</strong> <strong>with</strong> intense<br />
pulsed light sources, visible or near-infrared light sources<br />
or radiofrequency cause no epidermal damage at all, a<br />
thermal mode Er:<strong>YAG</strong> <strong>laser</strong> damages the epidermis but<br />
does not remove it [10].<br />
After two passes of thermal pulses clinical as well as OCT<br />
data revealed limited thermal damage of the epidermis. In<br />
an in vivo <strong>skin</strong> model we could show 4 days after <strong>laser</strong><br />
treatment mostly upper epidermis was injured but basal<br />
Fig. 9. Wrinkle improvement at 12 months follow-up in a 56year-old<br />
woman treated <strong>with</strong> multiple passes of Er:<strong>YAG</strong><br />
thermal <strong>laser</strong> pulses at sub-ablative fluences of 2.1 J/cm 2 ,<br />
parallel cooling <strong>with</strong> cold air.
8 KUNZI-RAPP ET AL.<br />
% Patients<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
no slight moderate dramatic<br />
Fig. 10. Scar improvement in 12 patients (6 female, 6 male)<br />
<strong>with</strong> post-traumatic or acne scars located on face and<br />
extremities treated <strong>with</strong> multiple passes of Er:<strong>YAG</strong> thermal<br />
<strong>laser</strong> pulses at sub-ablative fluences of 2.1 J/cm 2 , parallel<br />
cooling <strong>with</strong> cold air. Assessments were done on photographs<br />
taken at 3–6 months follow-up by three blinded independent<br />
reviewers, using a five-point improvement scale (Table 1).<br />
keratinocytes were preserved [22,23]. The damaged epidermis<br />
was not removed and acted as a wound dressing.<br />
After reepithelialization, a hypertrophic epidermis as well<br />
as inflammatory cells in the upper dermis persisted for<br />
more than 2 weeks. This indicated that the reparative<br />
phase was not finished at that time. Immunhistochemical<br />
findings still showed activated fibroblasts <strong>with</strong> pro-collagen<br />
1 expression in the upper dermis 4 weeks after treatment.<br />
The number of these fibroblasts was significantly higher<br />
than the basal expression of pro-collagen 1 in untreated<br />
<strong>skin</strong>, but it was not as high as the expression after a mild<br />
ablative treatment. Because the temperature increase in<br />
the upper dermis in ablative resurfacing is less than after<br />
sub-ablative thermal pulses the effect seems not only to be<br />
based on the temperature. Fatemi et al. [37] focused on the<br />
early histological changes after non-ablative <strong>laser</strong> treatment<br />
<strong>with</strong> a 1,320 nm Nd:<strong>YAG</strong> <strong>laser</strong>. They concluded that<br />
immediate vascular damage, recruitment of inflammatory<br />
cells, and release of mediators may be responsible for<br />
the clinical improvements associated <strong>with</strong> non-ablative<br />
Fig. 11. Scar improvement at 6 months follow-up in a 49-yearold<br />
woman treated <strong>with</strong> multiple passes of Er:<strong>YAG</strong> thermal<br />
<strong>laser</strong> pulses at sub-ablative fluences of 2.1 J/cm 2 , parallel<br />
cooling <strong>with</strong> cold air. [Figure can be viewed in color online via<br />
www.interscience.wiley.com.]<br />
resurfacing. Recently Drnovsˇek-Olup et al. [38] found a<br />
sub-epidermal regeneration zone to a depth of about 120–<br />
240 mm after treatment <strong>with</strong> non-ablative Er:<strong>YAG</strong> <strong>laser</strong><br />
fluences of 1.5 and 1.75 J/cm 2 . This zone consisted of<br />
edematous tissue <strong>with</strong> stellate appearing cells <strong>with</strong><br />
immunhistochemically positive staining to smooth muscle<br />
actin monoclonal antibody. These activated fibroblasts did<br />
undergo an epidermal–mesenchymal transition (EMT)<br />
which indicated the proliferative phase of wound healing<br />
<strong>with</strong> production of extracellular matrix components [39].<br />
The last phase of wound healing is characterized by<br />
remodeling of the granulation tissue. In this stage collagen<br />
3 is replaced by collagen 1 and proteoglycans are synthesized.<br />
This neocollagen brings an indispensable support to<br />
the dermis and fills the wrinkle. Furthermore myofibroblasts<br />
in wound healing are responsible for wound<br />
contraction and fibroplasia [40,41].<br />
The purpose of our clinical study was to determine the in<br />
vivo response to dermal injury <strong>with</strong>out complete epidermal<br />
ablation. We therefore used a 2,940 nm Er:<strong>YAG</strong> <strong>laser</strong> in a<br />
thermal mode <strong>with</strong> sub-ablative settings: fluence of 2.1–<br />
3.1 J/cm 2 , 200–270 milliseconds, slight overlapping, a spot<br />
size of 5 mm, a repetition rate of 3 Hz and multiple pulse<br />
stacking mode. These <strong>laser</strong> settings were chosen on the<br />
base of results of theoretical studies of repetitive Er:<strong>YAG</strong><br />
treatments [14,36].<br />
We showed that the thermal damage pattern included<br />
limited epidermal damage, but no epidermal removal. A<br />
rapid repair response was initiated <strong>with</strong> complete recovery<br />
of the epidermis <strong>with</strong>in 3–4 days <strong>with</strong> minimal discomfort.<br />
Since the dermis was uniformly denatured by the multiple<br />
pulse stacking technique, we introduced a way to reproducibly<br />
induce denaturation of the treated tissue area<br />
and thus may allow to achieve more reproducible therapeutic<br />
results: in the wrinkle group up to 80% of patients<br />
obtained moderate to dramatic improvement of wrinkles<br />
while 75% of patients obtained the same results in the scar<br />
group.<br />
Although clinically observable results were present in<br />
most of the patients, overall patient satisfaction was low.<br />
The in vivo response to tissue damage consists namely of<br />
three consecutive phases: an inflammatory phase, a<br />
proliferation phase, and a remodeling phase [31,32]. This<br />
explains why clinically observable results were only seen<br />
between 3 and 6 months after initial treatment, <strong>with</strong><br />
further improvement between 6 and 12 months. This<br />
relatively long period before clinically observable results<br />
were seen, may lead to low patient satisfaction grade.<br />
Additional topical or other non-<strong>invasive</strong> treatment modalities<br />
might help to speed up the results and increase the<br />
patient satisfaction.<br />
CONCLUSIONS<br />
Thermal mode Er:<strong>YAG</strong> <strong>laser</strong> pulses can induce collagen<br />
neogenesis, as proved by temperature elevation and<br />
morphological changes in the upper dermis, which leads<br />
clinically to visible and long lasting reduction of wrinkles<br />
and scars after applying multiple passes <strong>with</strong> minimal<br />
side-effects.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS<br />
The authors thank Detlev Russ, Institute for Laser<br />
Technologies in Medicine and Metrology at the University<br />
of Ulm for providing the theoretical data and for the<br />
performance of the temperature measurements.<br />
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