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from 12.5 to 13.5, have high ionic strengths, and are dominated by Na and K in the early stage and by Ca in the later stage. The high pH will change the pore water chemistry which might affect the mineralogy of the interacting phases. All the above mentioned processes may induce mineral alterations (dissolution, transformation or precipitation) in the Boom Clay. The change in mineralogy and geochemical properties may affect the suitable properties of the Boom Clay as an effective barrier against radionuclide migration. The objective of the SMARAGD project is to provide high quality data for performance assessment calculations. Based on these calculations a judgement can be passed on the extent and the importance of mineralogical alterations on the overall performance of the Boom Clay as a geological barrier from long-term perspective. 2. Materials and methods All the samples for the study of the oxidation were taken from the underground research facility HADES in Mol, Belgium. The clay around the gallery was sampled by means of stainless steel cutting edges. The cutting edge in the Test Drift was taken between rings 41 and 42 to the East (TD R41-42E), the cutting edge in the Connecting Gallery was taken between rings 68 and 69 to the East (CG R68-69E). For the detailed analyses of the effects of oxidation on the clay close to the gallery lining, both clay cores (TD R41-42E and CG R68-69E) were cut into thin slices. For each clay core, the first 10 cm of clay was cut into slices of 2 mm. The slicing of the clay core was performed in an anaerobic glovebox with a controlled CO2 atmosphere. The mineralogy of the solids was investigated by means of XRD, FTIR and SEM techniques. In order to study the effects of an alkaline plume on the Boom Clay mineralogy, the bulk rock Boom Clay powders were interacted with Young Cement Water (YCW) and Evolved Cement Water (ECW) simulating the early and evolved alkaline fluids released from water-saturated concrete. The YCW is highly alkaline (pH = 13.5) solution dominated by K (5500 ppm) and Na (1490 ppm), while ECW is less alkaline (pH = 12.5) with Na and Ca as dominating cations (440 and 409 ppm respectively). The PE bottles were charged with 10 g of powdered Boom Clay and 121 ml of the reagent solution. The bottles were put inside the oven and left at a temperature of 60°C. After specific time intervals (90, 180, 360 and 510 days), the samples were withdrawn, and the solids were separated from solutions by centrifugation and filtration. The solid leftovers were subject to XRD, FTIR and SEM investigation. In addition, cation exchange capacity and surface area measurements were performed on the selected Boom Clay samples at the end of the alkaline plume batch experiment. 3. Results The mineralogical study of the oxidized samples from HADES URL showed that gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) was formed in the clay close to the gallery lining, both in the samples from Test Drift and the Connecting Gallery based on XRD investigation (Fig. 1). Its presence is limited to the first ~4.6 cm from the concrete/clay interface in the Test Drift and to the first ~4.2 cm from the concrete/clay interface in the Connecting Gallery. Further away from the concrete lining, the XRD patterns approach those of the undisturbed rock. In the Connecting Gallery, jarosite (KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6) was identified in the clay close to the gallery lining by means of XRD technique. In contrast, jarosite was absent in the samples from the Test Drift (Fig. 1). Calcite was not detected in the clay close to the gallery lining in the samples from the Connecting Gallery, while it was present in the Test Drift. The solid residuums of the Boom Clay samples were analyzed by XRD after 90, 180, 360 and 510 days of the interaction with YCW and ECW (Fig. 2). The everpresent change is the progressive decrease of the pyrite intensity in every studied sample. The py- 512
ite reflections completely disappeared after 510 days of the interaction with alkaline solutions. The most significant non-clay mineral transformation was observed in the region of 26-28 °2theta CuK , which is typical for Na-plagioclase/K-feldspar identification reflections. Apparently, the Kfeldspar KAlSi3O8 is formed at the expense of the Na-Ca plagioclase NaCaAlSi3O8. The formation of gypsum CaSO4.2H2O was observed after long runs in the ECW (Fig. 2 right). The XRD patterns of the clay fraction indicate lowering of the intensities of mixed-layered illite-smectite, kaolinite, chlorite as well as the illite reflections in the YCW with the progress of the alkaline attack. The drop of the intensities is not evident in the case of the ECW, where the diffractograms more or less aproach the XRD pattern of the undisturbed Boom Clay. The CEC of the undisturbed whole-rock Boom Clay (26 1.02 meq/100g) decreased to 21 2.66, 22 2.31 and 22 0.65 meq/100g respectively after 90, 180 and 360 days of the Boom Clay – Young Cement Water interaction. The initial CEC value of 42 2.47 meq/100g measured in the
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Interested in European research? Re
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD iii CONF
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“Impact of advanced fuel cycle sc
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“Sensitivity analysis techniques
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Topic: Support actions SAPIERR-II -
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CONFERENCE SUMMARIES
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supported. The Commission believes
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Ms Monika Hammarström of SKB in Sw
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Dr Bruno of Amphos 21 urged the swi
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measurements of actinides to determ
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Dr Peter Blümling of Nagra in Swit
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Future directions There seemed to b
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1. Introduction Keynote Address Pet
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tive waste management, a considerab
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the decision making process. The se
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All initiatives leading to encourag
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tegrating them as part of advanced
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General introduction and objectives
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Radioactive waste management: Where
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The intense development in nuclear
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Figure 3: Schematic diagram of the
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contributed to enhance knowledge ab
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the first time in French history, a
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PANEL DISCUSSION Summary of the Pan
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With the support of IAEA preliminar
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Assessment of Financial Provisions
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collected in the cost of the nuclea
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erated by Fortum) and one PWR unit
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pected. As to tunnel backfilling, t
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ferent, the technological solutions
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Discussion: As a response to a ques
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Cooperation in the development of g
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During the 1980’s it was realized
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government on the operating license
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tions. EDRAM is another example of
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Discussion: The chairman opened the
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Communicating the safety of radioac
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Communicating the Safety of Radioac
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Geological repositories … Differe
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Geological long-term stability (pla
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Times & doses in perspective (examp
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Trust is generated (by the regulato
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4. The regulators could play a very
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Europe's nuclear industries, theref
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filled - one key example being coll
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Table 2. FP6 Integrated Projects an
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EUROTRANS focuses on the transmutat
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consensus that geological disposal
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102
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104
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significantly reduce the quantities
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Pyrochemical processes rely on refi
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Figure 3: Schematic layout of an el
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Considering pyrochemistry technolog
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agreed for support through an integ
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Table 1: Fuels irradiated in the SU
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lead cooling (see Fig. 5). Alternat
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Figure 6: Principle design characte
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Table 6: FUTURIX FTA fuels Fuel nam
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124
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After a review of the present statu
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suranium elements, “repository av
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nificant fraction of fast reactors.
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high level waste at the considered
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Pu or M.A. by the time it is needed
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of U and Pu only. P&T could complem
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suranium elements, the thermal load
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Phase-Out TRU Transmutation Scenari
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10 nuclear nations (Argentina, Braz
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elease, strong radiation, pressure
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A1 3.79E+08 270 7.12E-07 A2 3.51E+0
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nuclear fission in the reactors. Th
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5. Conclusions The HLW arising from
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152
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tinides (MA) are destined for geolo
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[3] Enrique González: Head of Nucl
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158
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160
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erage level of funding of research
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Prior to NF-PRO, the question wheth
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nant exchangeable cation. This chan
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eal concentration gradient in sampl
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access shafts, providing higher per
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172
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in the European coordinated action
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proved, with amongst others the det
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4. Discussion Tests with dissolved
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though with a slow rate. The data i
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surface. The coupling between water
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nuclear waste within the near-field
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tion of the column [2]. Moreover, t
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case, the iron diffusion front in t
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5.1 Sorption As an example of the t
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corrosion; up-scaling of clay alter
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Bentonite barriers are very importa
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To determine the impact of temperat
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in the underground laboratory in Gr
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under isothermal conditions. If the
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202
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Zones around such openings which ex
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layout of cells developed by ENPC w
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) a) e) d) f) d) e) f) c) Figure 3.
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EDZ removal by additional excavatio
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[7] Wenk H.-R., Voltolini, M., Mazu
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that provided by various national s
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system robustness, rather than as s
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Regarding diffusion studies perform
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7. EDZ characterization and evoluti
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[4] Alonso, J. et al. 2004: Bentoni
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There has been a significant change
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226
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228
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2. Methodology ESDRED has been focu
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Figure 3: Reduced scale mock-up aft
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Figure 8: Demonstration of emplacem
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The various reports produced by the
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238
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2. Methodology In general, the work
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limitations of the selected press.
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Figure 3.2.1 Schematic representati
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which was relatively homogeneous in
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Figure 3.3.1 Emplacement of SF-Cani
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1.650 1.600 1.550 1.500 1.450 1.400
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the outlet with some pressure and f
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A experiment, using cross-hole seis
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This seal will be implemented as ri
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[6] Miehe, R., Kröhn, P., Moog, H.
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dence. For waste canister transport
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The main waste canister characteris
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placement borehole. The BSK 3 canis
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Figure 6: Sketch of the Pushing Rob
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268
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1.1 Water Cushion Application SKB (
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In the case of SKB and Posiva, the
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Deposition machine tests with load
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Figure 10: Details of electrical pu
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the very heavy weight (43 ton) of t
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is no experience in either the work
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the case of the long plug elaborate
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values measured in the percolated w
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plug the concrete was mixed manuall
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2.3 Testing of low-pH shotcrete for
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290
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energy is produced by fission of ur
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3.2. Integration 3.2.1. Pool Facili
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3.4. Education and Training Apart f
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298
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Fig. 1.1: EU Member States involved
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Fig. 1.3: Stakeholders and interest
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- Present state of scientific level
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6. Training courses Key events of t
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308
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materials, the essential aspects of
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2.1 Geological formation scale (10
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porosity outside the clay interlaye
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eduction in De with increasing prop
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well-defined profile, with the high
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Th(IV) sorption on montmorillonite
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RN migration experiments and model
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tion/organization and its Cu(II) re
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326
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ganic/organic colloids”; WP 4.5
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Figure 1: Schematic of the FEBEX dr
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within feldspars in the three grani
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Colloid Concentration (ppm) 160 140
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form. Clay colloids were detected i
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References [1] Retrock (2005). Trea
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vance on radionuclide migration. Ma
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342
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The Ruprechtov site, located in the
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Colloid Concentration / μg/l 10000
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exists as a stable mineral phase in
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pared to other sites with SOC-beari
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[3] Hauser, W. Geckeis, H., Götz,
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The science and technology group, r
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FEPCAT RTDC 1 RTDC 2 RTDC 3 Clay-ri
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A1: Transport mechanisms Diffusivit
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360
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maintaining and develop competence
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A project would be justified to det
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366
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The main goal of RTDC-1 is to provi
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3. RTDC3 In RTD component 3 methodo
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lower depths are less saline. For t
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[3] Marivoet, J., Beuth, T., Alonso
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certainty, conducted in RTDC-1 as W
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A simplistic summary might place PA
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There are at least three non-numeri
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10-11 June 2008. The workshop was a
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Close dialogue between a regulator
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ony, interactions, etc., and to che
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specific sampling strategy, with th
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2.2.3 Graphical methods Let us call
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3. The sensitivity analysis benchma
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4. Discussion and conclusions Three
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398
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2. Methodology The project particip
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Closely related to this proposal on
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4.3 Structure The TP structure must
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4.5 Implementation It is proposed t
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5.1 The CARD Project has shown that
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� What steps should be taken to m
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412
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414
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materials. For attaining the stated
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the bottom of the heated press-mold
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420
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422
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focuses on the study of the combine
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emitting radioactive waste to study
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428
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2.1 Laboratory experiment The dispo
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3. Results 3.1 Laboratory experimen
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Barrier. Clays in Natural & Enginee
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2. Experimental data 2.1 Laboratory
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sented in the accompanying poster,
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440
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situ stress to model the gallery ex
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tive crack network, oriented along
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446
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ous reasons, SCK•CEN chose to foc
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lery, are already monitoring temper
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[1] Bernier F., Li X.L., Weetjens E
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Concrete The cement used is an Ordi
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Brucite Ettringite 10 �m 8 �m F
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458
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2. Methodology In the case of cylin
Page 478 and 479: cell dismantled after 6 months, roo
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Page 488 and 489: 2. Experimental Methodology A salt
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Page 494 and 495: obtained experimental results [1].
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Page 500 and 501: elease falls typically between 1 an
Page 502 and 503: Figure 3: Left: Spent fuel surface
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Page 506 and 507: 1. Data compilation and evaluation
Page 508 and 509: Volumetric deformation [%] 20 18 16
Page 510 and 511: An overview of the test procedure w
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Page 514 and 515: The works performed within RTDC-1 p
Page 516 and 517: Integrated Project “Fundamental P
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Page 520 and 521: The Ruprechtov natural analogue sit
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Page 530 and 531: elative intensity (cps) 8000 6000 4
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Page 536 and 537: 2. SAPIERR I and II In Europe, the
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Page 540 and 541: eing partners if an ERDO is formall
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Page 544 and 545: 2. Methodology Based on existing da
Page 546 and 547: external funds ensuring the indepen
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Page 552 and 553: Mr Jozef BALAZ JAVYS, a.s. - Nuclea
Page 554 and 555: Prof. Gunnar Johan BUCKAU Forschung
Page 556 and 557: Dr Mario DIONISI APAT - Dipartiment
Page 558 and 559: Dr Paloma GÓMEZ GONZÁLEZ CIEMAT -
Page 560 and 561: Ms Aurélie JESTIN SOGEDEC Z.I. Dig
Page 562 and 563: Dr Patrick MAJERUS Ministry of Heal
Page 564 and 565: Mr Zoltán NAGY PURAM - Department
Page 566 and 567: Ms Katerina PTACKOVA European Commi
Page 568 and 569: Prof. Christian SCHRÖDER Universit
Page 570 and 571: Dr Ján TIMUL'ÁK DECOM Slovakia, s
Page 572: Dr. Eng. Shuichi YAMAMOTO Obayashi
Page 575: Publications for sale: • via EU B
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