Euradwaste '08 - EU Bookshop - Europa

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The works performed within RTDC-1 permitted to ascertain some of the basic data on actinide speciation in carbonate, sulphate and phosphate systems, and to tackle the difficult silicate system. The retention models were compared and benchmarked; an inter-comparison exercise on data acquisition was also proposed. It is appearing that the modelling of retention of radionuclides by clay systems is robust as it permits to perform bottom-up modelling of natural samples from laboratory determination. The modelling on oxides depends largely on the surface state and thermodynamic stability of the phases. It seems necessary to account for the electrostatic properties of oxides. The influence of organic molecules on radionuclide retention depends mainly on their origins and interactions with the minerals. In a general manner, the anthropogenic molecules induce a decrease of the retention of radionuclides on clays. Synergistic sorption can nevertheless happen at the surface of oxides. For natural organic matter (NOM), the interaction with mineral has to be weak to apply linear additive models. Otherwise, a change in the ‘free energy’ of the system must be accounted. The identification of processes of natural organic layer coating on clays is still not clear. The solid solution formation has been clearly linked to adsorption. A thermodynamic expression considering the main component as the solvent can be proposed. A limiting quantity of actinides in natural calcite, as well as the structure of these solid solutions, has been evidenced. The incorporation of Se to pyrite is driven by redox processes. The main results will only be recalled and will not be developed. Readers can refer to the published works in references. Activity reports are also available in the annual proceedings of the Annual Workshops [1-3]. 2. Results 2.1 Work Package 1: Ionic species/speciation, processes determining physico-chemical conditions and generation of missing thermodynamic data The thermodynamic data or thermodynamic constant on complexation of curium (III) in carbonate solutions at variable temperature, of sulphate complexation of lanthanides (III) and uranium (VI) [4-6], and phosphate complexation of thorium (IV) was determined [2]. Common work on silicate complexation of actinides (III) and (IV) were also undergone in the French Commissariat à l’Énergie atomique and the Swedish Chalmers Technical University. 2.2 Work Package 2 - Ion exchange and surface complexation The sorption data of radionuclides at different redox state – i.e., Se(IV), Co(II), Ni(II), Eu(III), Cm(III), Y(III), U(VI), and Th(IV) –, on model oxides and clays – i.e., �-Fe2O3, goethite, -Al2O3, gibbstite, smectite, illite – [1, 2, 7-9], as well as on actual minerals – i.e., biotite, granodiorite, montmorillonite, Opalinus clays, Boom clay –, was studied [2]. The different sorption modelling were used or benchmarked [2, 3]. The combination and confrontation of modelling and spectroscopic data was also performed [9] as well as the influence of competing reaction [10] 2.3.1 Work Package 3 - Influence of organics on the retention of radionuclides by minerals This work package is devoted to the influence of organics, either natural or anthropogenic on the sorption of radionuclides. The sorption of cellulose degradation product was characterised in far field conditions and was shown to be very weak compared to natural organics [11-13]. The influence of the main organic component in nature, i.e. humic substances, was considered [11, 12]. Either a purely additive model [13-15], or a charge distribution model [16-19] were tested. The influence of the kinetic of humic complexation was also accounted in transport model [20]. Spectroscopic modification of actinides, chemical environments in humic-clay systems were also observed [21]. 498
2.4 Work Package 4 - Formation of solid solutions and secondary phases, including retardation of anions A conceptualization of the mass action law for co-precipitation was proposed [22]. The particular case of actinide and lanthanide substitution into calcite received particular attention [23, 24]. Amongst anionic radionuclides, the solid-solution formation of Se in iron-sulphur compounds was particularly studied [1-3]. 3. Acknowledgements M.H. Bradbury is acknowledged for friendly guidance during these four years. References [1] P. Reiller, M.H. Bradbury, RTD Component 1. In: 1 st Annual Workshop Proceedings of the Integrated Project “Fundamental Processes of Radionuclide Migration” – 6th EC FP IP FUNMIG, CEA-R-6122 (Reiller, P., Buckau, G., Kienzler, B., Duro, L. and Martell, M. Eds.). CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette (2006) p. 7. [2] P. Reiller, M.H. Bradbury, RTD Component 1. In: 2nd Annual Workshop Proceedings of the Integrated Project “Fundamental Processes of Radionuclide Migration” – 6th EC FP IP FUNMIG (Buckau, G., Kienzler, B., Duro, L. and Montoya, V. Eds.). SKB, Stockholm (2007) p. 15. [3] P. Reiller, RTD Component 1. In: 3rd Annual Workshop Proceedings of the Integrated Project “Fundamental Processes of Radionuclide Migration” – 6th EC FP IP FUNMIG (Buckau, G., Kienzler, B. and Duro, L. Eds.). NDA, London (in press) p. [4] T. Vercouter, P. Vitorge, B. Amekraz, E. Giffaut, S. Hubert, C. Moulin, Inorg. Chem. 44 (2005) 5833. [5] T. Vercouter, B. Amekraz, C. Moulin, E. Giffaut, P. Vitorge, Inorg. Chem. 44 (2005) 7570. [6] T. Vercouter, P. Vitorge, B. Amekraz, C. Moulin, Inorg. Chem. 47 (2008) 2180. [7] N. Bryan, R.S. Brar, A.J. Hynes, P. Warwick, N.D.M. Evans, L. Knight, Metal ion sorption by inorganic oxide surfaces. In: 1st Annual Workshop Proceedings of Integrated Project “Fundamental processes of Radionuclide Migration” (IP FUNMIG), CEA-R-6122 (Reiller, P., Buckau, G., Kienzler, B., Duro, L. and Martell, M. Eds.). CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette (2006) p. 215. [8] E. Puukko, E. Puhakka, A. Lindberg, M. Olin, M. Hakanen, J. Lehikoinen, Mineral-specific sorption of Cs, Ni, Eu and Am on granodiorite and mica gneiss. In: 1 st Annual Workshop Proceedings of the Integrated Project “Fundamental Processes of Radionuclide Migration” – 6th EC FP IP FUNMIG, CEA-R-6122 (Reiller, P., Buckau, G., Kienzler, B., Duro, L. and Martell, M. Eds.). CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette (2006) p. 80. [9] M.H. Bradbury, B. Baeyens, Effect of inorganic carbon on the sorption of Ni(II), U(VI) and Eu(III) on illite. In: 1st Annual Workshop Proceedings of Integrated Project “Fundamental processes of Radionuclide Migration” (IP FUNMIG), CEA-R-6122 (Reiller, P., Buckau, G., Kienzler, B., Duro, L. and Martell, M. Eds.). CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette (2006) p. 225. [10] P. Warwick, T. Lewis, N.D.M. Evans, N. Bryan, L. Knight, Sorption of cellulose degradation products and asoociated components to clay minerals under far field conditions of an intermediate to loww level nuclear waste repository. In: 2nd Annual Workshop Proceedings of the 499
Page 2 and 3:
Interested in European research? Re
Page 4 and 5:
LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
Page 7 and 8:
TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD iii CONF
Page 9 and 10:
“Impact of advanced fuel cycle sc
Page 11 and 12:
“Sensitivity analysis techniques
Page 13 and 14:
Topic: Support actions SAPIERR-II -
Page 15:
CONFERENCE SUMMARIES
Page 18 and 19:
supported. The Commission believes
Page 20 and 21:
Ms Monika Hammarström of SKB in Sw
Page 22 and 23:
Dr Bruno of Amphos 21 urged the swi
Page 24 and 25:
measurements of actinides to determ
Page 26 and 27:
Dr Peter Blümling of Nagra in Swit
Page 28 and 29:
Future directions There seemed to b
Page 31 and 32:
1. Introduction Keynote Address Pet
Page 33 and 34:
tive waste management, a considerab
Page 35 and 36:
the decision making process. The se
Page 37:
All initiatives leading to encourag
Page 40 and 41:
tegrating them as part of advanced
Page 43:
General introduction and objectives
Page 47 and 48:
Radioactive waste management: Where
Page 49 and 50:
The intense development in nuclear
Page 51 and 52:
Figure 3: Schematic diagram of the
Page 53 and 54:
contributed to enhance knowledge ab
Page 55 and 56:
the first time in French history, a
Page 57 and 58:
PANEL DISCUSSION Summary of the Pan
Page 59:
With the support of IAEA preliminar
Page 63 and 64:
Assessment of Financial Provisions
Page 65 and 66:
collected in the cost of the nuclea
Page 67 and 68:
erated by Fortum) and one PWR unit
Page 69 and 70:
pected. As to tunnel backfilling, t
Page 71 and 72:
ferent, the technological solutions
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75:
Discussion: As a response to a ques
Page 79 and 80:
Cooperation in the development of g
Page 81 and 82:
During the 1980’s it was realized
Page 83:
government on the operating license
Page 86 and 87:
tions. EDRAM is another example of
Page 88 and 89:
Discussion: The chairman opened the
Page 91 and 92:
Communicating the safety of radioac
Page 93 and 94:
Communicating the Safety of Radioac
Page 95 and 96:
Geological repositories … Differe
Page 97 and 98:
Geological long-term stability (pla
Page 99 and 100:
Times & doses in perspective (examp
Page 101 and 102:
Trust is generated (by the regulato
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105:
4. The regulators could play a very
Page 108 and 109:
Europe's nuclear industries, theref
Page 110 and 111:
filled - one key example being coll
Page 112 and 113:
Table 2. FP6 Integrated Projects an
Page 114 and 115:
EUROTRANS focuses on the transmutat
Page 116 and 117:
consensus that geological disposal
Page 118 and 119:
102
Page 120 and 121:
104
Page 122 and 123:
significantly reduce the quantities
Page 124 and 125:
Pyrochemical processes rely on refi
Page 126 and 127:
Figure 3: Schematic layout of an el
Page 128 and 129:
Considering pyrochemistry technolog
Page 130 and 131:
agreed for support through an integ
Page 132 and 133:
Table 1: Fuels irradiated in the SU
Page 134 and 135:
lead cooling (see Fig. 5). Alternat
Page 136 and 137:
Figure 6: Principle design characte
Page 138 and 139:
Table 6: FUTURIX FTA fuels Fuel nam
Page 140 and 141:
124
Page 142 and 143:
After a review of the present statu
Page 144 and 145:
suranium elements, “repository av
Page 146 and 147:
nificant fraction of fast reactors.
Page 148 and 149:
high level waste at the considered
Page 150 and 151:
Pu or M.A. by the time it is needed
Page 152 and 153:
of U and Pu only. P&T could complem
Page 154 and 155:
suranium elements, the thermal load
Page 156 and 157:
Phase-Out TRU Transmutation Scenari
Page 158 and 159:
10 nuclear nations (Argentina, Braz
Page 160 and 161:
elease, strong radiation, pressure
Page 162 and 163:
A1 3.79E+08 270 7.12E-07 A2 3.51E+0
Page 164 and 165:
nuclear fission in the reactors. Th
Page 166 and 167:
5. Conclusions The HLW arising from
Page 168 and 169:
152
Page 170 and 171:
tinides (MA) are destined for geolo
Page 172 and 173:
[3] Enrique González: Head of Nucl
Page 174 and 175:
158
Page 176 and 177:
160
Page 178 and 179:
erage level of funding of research
Page 180 and 181:
Prior to NF-PRO, the question wheth
Page 182 and 183:
nant exchangeable cation. This chan
Page 184 and 185:
eal concentration gradient in sampl
Page 186 and 187:
access shafts, providing higher per
Page 188 and 189:
172
Page 190 and 191:
in the European coordinated action
Page 192 and 193:
proved, with amongst others the det
Page 194 and 195:
4. Discussion Tests with dissolved
Page 196 and 197:
though with a slow rate. The data i
Page 198 and 199:
surface. The coupling between water
Page 200 and 201:
nuclear waste within the near-field
Page 202 and 203:
tion of the column [2]. Moreover, t
Page 204 and 205:
case, the iron diffusion front in t
Page 206 and 207:
5.1 Sorption As an example of the t
Page 208 and 209:
corrosion; up-scaling of clay alter
Page 210 and 211:
Bentonite barriers are very importa
Page 212 and 213:
To determine the impact of temperat
Page 214 and 215:
in the underground laboratory in Gr
Page 216 and 217:
under isothermal conditions. If the
Page 218 and 219:
202
Page 220 and 221:
Zones around such openings which ex
Page 222 and 223:
layout of cells developed by ENPC w
Page 224 and 225:
) a) e) d) f) d) e) f) c) Figure 3.
Page 226 and 227:
EDZ removal by additional excavatio
Page 228 and 229:
[7] Wenk H.-R., Voltolini, M., Mazu
Page 230 and 231:
that provided by various national s
Page 232 and 233:
system robustness, rather than as s
Page 234 and 235:
Regarding diffusion studies perform
Page 236 and 237:
7. EDZ characterization and evoluti
Page 238 and 239:
[4] Alonso, J. et al. 2004: Bentoni
Page 240 and 241:
There has been a significant change
Page 242 and 243:
226
Page 244 and 245:
228
Page 246 and 247:
2. Methodology ESDRED has been focu
Page 248 and 249:
Figure 3: Reduced scale mock-up aft
Page 250 and 251:
Figure 8: Demonstration of emplacem
Page 252 and 253:
The various reports produced by the
Page 254 and 255:
238
Page 256 and 257:
2. Methodology In general, the work
Page 258 and 259:
limitations of the selected press.
Page 260 and 261:
Figure 3.2.1 Schematic representati
Page 262 and 263:
which was relatively homogeneous in
Page 264 and 265:
Figure 3.3.1 Emplacement of SF-Cani
Page 266 and 267:
1.650 1.600 1.550 1.500 1.450 1.400
Page 268 and 269:
the outlet with some pressure and f
Page 270 and 271:
A experiment, using cross-hole seis
Page 272 and 273:
This seal will be implemented as ri
Page 274 and 275:
[6] Miehe, R., Kröhn, P., Moog, H.
Page 276 and 277:
dence. For waste canister transport
Page 278 and 279:
The main waste canister characteris
Page 280 and 281:
placement borehole. The BSK 3 canis
Page 282 and 283:
Figure 6: Sketch of the Pushing Rob
Page 284 and 285:
268
Page 286 and 287:
1.1 Water Cushion Application SKB (
Page 288 and 289:
In the case of SKB and Posiva, the
Page 290 and 291:
Deposition machine tests with load
Page 292 and 293:
Figure 10: Details of electrical pu
Page 294 and 295:
the very heavy weight (43 ton) of t
Page 296 and 297:
is no experience in either the work
Page 298 and 299:
the case of the long plug elaborate
Page 300 and 301:
values measured in the percolated w
Page 302 and 303:
plug the concrete was mixed manuall
Page 304 and 305:
2.3 Testing of low-pH shotcrete for
Page 306 and 307:
290
Page 308 and 309:
energy is produced by fission of ur
Page 310 and 311:
3.2. Integration 3.2.1. Pool Facili
Page 312 and 313:
3.4. Education and Training Apart f
Page 314 and 315:
298
Page 316 and 317:
Fig. 1.1: EU Member States involved
Page 318 and 319:
Fig. 1.3: Stakeholders and interest
Page 320 and 321:
- Present state of scientific level
Page 322 and 323:
6. Training courses Key events of t
Page 324 and 325:
308
Page 326 and 327:
materials, the essential aspects of
Page 328 and 329:
2.1 Geological formation scale (10
Page 330 and 331:
porosity outside the clay interlaye
Page 332 and 333:
eduction in De with increasing prop
Page 334 and 335:
well-defined profile, with the high
Page 336 and 337:
Th(IV) sorption on montmorillonite
Page 338 and 339:
RN migration experiments and model
Page 340 and 341:
tion/organization and its Cu(II) re
Page 342 and 343:
326
Page 344 and 345:
ganic/organic colloids”; WP 4.5
Page 346 and 347:
Figure 1: Schematic of the FEBEX dr
Page 348 and 349:
within feldspars in the three grani
Page 350 and 351:
Colloid Concentration (ppm) 160 140
Page 352 and 353:
form. Clay colloids were detected i
Page 354 and 355:
References [1] Retrock (2005). Trea
Page 356 and 357:
vance on radionuclide migration. Ma
Page 358 and 359:
342
Page 360 and 361:
The Ruprechtov site, located in the
Page 362 and 363:
Colloid Concentration / μg/l 10000
Page 364 and 365:
exists as a stable mineral phase in
Page 366 and 367:
pared to other sites with SOC-beari
Page 368 and 369:
[3] Hauser, W. Geckeis, H., Götz,
Page 370 and 371:
The science and technology group, r
Page 372 and 373:
FEPCAT RTDC 1 RTDC 2 RTDC 3 Clay-ri
Page 374 and 375:
A1: Transport mechanisms Diffusivit
Page 376 and 377:
360
Page 378 and 379:
maintaining and develop competence
Page 380 and 381:
A project would be justified to det
Page 382 and 383:
366
Page 384 and 385:
368
Page 386 and 387:
The main goal of RTDC-1 is to provi
Page 388 and 389:
3. RTDC3 In RTD component 3 methodo
Page 390 and 391:
lower depths are less saline. For t
Page 392 and 393:
[3] Marivoet, J., Beuth, T., Alonso
Page 394 and 395:
certainty, conducted in RTDC-1 as W
Page 396 and 397:
A simplistic summary might place PA
Page 398 and 399:
There are at least three non-numeri
Page 400 and 401:
10-11 June 2008. The workshop was a
Page 402 and 403:
Close dialogue between a regulator
Page 404 and 405:
ony, interactions, etc., and to che
Page 406 and 407:
specific sampling strategy, with th
Page 408 and 409:
2.2.3 Graphical methods Let us call
Page 410 and 411:
3. The sensitivity analysis benchma
Page 412 and 413:
4. Discussion and conclusions Three
Page 414 and 415:
398
Page 416 and 417:
2. Methodology The project particip
Page 418 and 419:
Closely related to this proposal on
Page 420 and 421:
4.3 Structure The TP structure must
Page 422 and 423:
4.5 Implementation It is proposed t
Page 424 and 425:
5.1 The CARD Project has shown that
Page 426 and 427:
� What steps should be taken to m
Page 428 and 429:
412
Page 430 and 431:
414
Page 432 and 433:
materials. For attaining the stated
Page 434 and 435:
the bottom of the heated press-mold
Page 436 and 437:
420
Page 438 and 439:
422
Page 440 and 441:
focuses on the study of the combine
Page 442 and 443:
emitting radioactive waste to study
Page 444 and 445:
428
Page 446 and 447:
2.1 Laboratory experiment The dispo
Page 448 and 449:
3. Results 3.1 Laboratory experimen
Page 450 and 451:
Barrier. Clays in Natural & Enginee
Page 452 and 453:
2. Experimental data 2.1 Laboratory
Page 454 and 455:
sented in the accompanying poster,
Page 456 and 457:
440
Page 458 and 459:
situ stress to model the gallery ex
Page 460 and 461:
tive crack network, oriented along
Page 462 and 463:
446
Page 464 and 465: ous reasons, SCK•CEN chose to foc
Page 466 and 467: lery, are already monitoring temper
Page 468 and 469: [1] Bernier F., Li X.L., Weetjens E
Page 470 and 471: Concrete The cement used is an Ordi
Page 472 and 473: Brucite Ettringite 10 �m 8 �m F
Page 474 and 475: 458
Page 476 and 477: 2. Methodology In the case of cylin
Page 478 and 479: cell dismantled after 6 months, roo
Page 480 and 481: [3] G.E. Gdowski, Humid Air Corrosi
Page 482 and 483: crucial to predict the hydration ra
Page 484 and 485: load is higher, since the load appl
Page 486 and 487: [4] Gens, A. & Alonso, E. 1992. A f
Page 488 and 489: 2. Experimental Methodology A salt
Page 490 and 491: proof of healing in salt rocks. It
Page 492 and 493: 476
Page 494 and 495: obtained experimental results [1].
Page 496 and 497: dependent shear strength softening
Page 498 and 499: 482
Page 500 and 501: elease falls typically between 1 an
Page 502 and 503: Figure 3: Left: Spent fuel surface
Page 504 and 505: 488
Page 506 and 507: 1. Data compilation and evaluation
Page 508 and 509: Volumetric deformation [%] 20 18 16
Page 510 and 511: An overview of the test procedure w
Page 512 and 513: 496
Page 516 and 517: Integrated Project “Fundamental P
Page 518 and 519: 502
Page 520 and 521: The Ruprechtov natural analogue sit
Page 522 and 523: esults and integrated to develop a
Page 524 and 525: 508
Page 526 and 527: 510
Page 528 and 529: from 12.5 to 13.5, have high ionic
Page 530 and 531: elative intensity (cps) 8000 6000 4
Page 532 and 533: 516
Page 534 and 535: 518
Page 536 and 537: 2. SAPIERR I and II In Europe, the
Page 538 and 539: after extensive interactions have t
Page 540 and 541: eing partners if an ERDO is formall
Page 542 and 543: 526
Page 544 and 545: 2. Methodology Based on existing da
Page 546 and 547: external funds ensuring the indepen
Page 548 and 549: 532
Page 550 and 551: 534
Page 552 and 553: Mr Jozef BALAZ JAVYS, a.s. - Nuclea
Page 554 and 555: Prof. Gunnar Johan BUCKAU Forschung
Page 556 and 557: Dr Mario DIONISI APAT - Dipartiment
Page 558 and 559: Dr Paloma GÓMEZ GONZÁLEZ CIEMAT -
Page 560 and 561: Ms Aurélie JESTIN SOGEDEC Z.I. Dig
Page 562 and 563: Dr Patrick MAJERUS Ministry of Heal
Page 564 and 565:
Mr Zoltán NAGY PURAM - Department
Page 566 and 567:
Ms Katerina PTACKOVA European Commi
Page 568 and 569:
Prof. Christian SCHRÖDER Universit
Page 570 and 571:
Dr Ján TIMUL'ÁK DECOM Slovakia, s
Page 572:
Dr. Eng. Shuichi YAMAMOTO Obayashi
Page 575:
Publications for sale: • via EU B
show all

Euradwaste '08 - EU Bookshop - Europa

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?