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[4] Gens, A. & Alonso, E. 1992. A framework for the behaviour of unsaturated expansive clays. Can. Geotech. J. 29: 1013-1032. 470
Summary NF-PRO – Mechanical and permeability properties of highly pre-compacted granular salt bricks Klaus Salzer, Till Popp, Heinz Böhnel Institut für Gebirgsmechanik GmbH Leipzig (IfG), Germany In the salt concept for the disposal of high level radioactive waste in deep geological rock formations granular salt is the favorite for backfilling of remaining openings because of its advantageous physical properties. However, its initial sealing capacity is low due to the high porosity. Besides others, the usage of pre-compacted blocks of crushed salt offers an alternative sealing concept. Our investigations are aiming to investigate both the mechanical compaction behaviour and the evolution of transport properties in salt bricks (artificial pressed granular salt with a porosity of ~8%), as a prerequisite to develop mechanism-based constitutive models describing these processes in the low porosity region (10 - 1%). A key factor is the role of water, since it affects in a complex manner the coupled hydraulical/mechanical properties of granular salt. 1. Introduction In the salt concept for the disposal of high level radioactive waste in deep geological rock formations granular salt is the favourite for backfilling of remaining openings because of its advantageous physical properties because (1) it has good compacting properties, (2) its thermal and mechanical properties after compaction are similar to the surrounding rock salt, and (3) it is easy available. Nevertheless a limiting factor for the use of backfill saliferous granulates is their initially high porosity and permeability, resulting in a low sealing capacity and mechanical integrity just after emplacement. In the framework of NF-PRO considerable efforts have been obtained regarding the knowledge about compaction of granular salt, not only with respect to the acting fundamental densification processes but also to improve its compaction behaviour. Besides adding bentonite to enhance compaction and to reduce permeability, an alternative concept is the use of pre-compacted salt stones, e.g. bricks, which are characterized by porosities
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Interested in European research? Re
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD iii CONF
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“Impact of advanced fuel cycle sc
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“Sensitivity analysis techniques
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Topic: Support actions SAPIERR-II -
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CONFERENCE SUMMARIES
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supported. The Commission believes
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Ms Monika Hammarström of SKB in Sw
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Dr Bruno of Amphos 21 urged the swi
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measurements of actinides to determ
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Dr Peter Blümling of Nagra in Swit
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Future directions There seemed to b
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1. Introduction Keynote Address Pet
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tive waste management, a considerab
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the decision making process. The se
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All initiatives leading to encourag
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tegrating them as part of advanced
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General introduction and objectives
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Radioactive waste management: Where
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The intense development in nuclear
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Figure 3: Schematic diagram of the
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contributed to enhance knowledge ab
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the first time in French history, a
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PANEL DISCUSSION Summary of the Pan
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With the support of IAEA preliminar
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Assessment of Financial Provisions
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collected in the cost of the nuclea
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erated by Fortum) and one PWR unit
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pected. As to tunnel backfilling, t
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ferent, the technological solutions
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Discussion: As a response to a ques
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Cooperation in the development of g
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During the 1980’s it was realized
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government on the operating license
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tions. EDRAM is another example of
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Discussion: The chairman opened the
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Communicating the safety of radioac
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Communicating the Safety of Radioac
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Geological repositories … Differe
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Geological long-term stability (pla
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Times & doses in perspective (examp
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Trust is generated (by the regulato
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4. The regulators could play a very
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Europe's nuclear industries, theref
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filled - one key example being coll
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Table 2. FP6 Integrated Projects an
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EUROTRANS focuses on the transmutat
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consensus that geological disposal
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102
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104
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significantly reduce the quantities
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Pyrochemical processes rely on refi
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Figure 3: Schematic layout of an el
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Considering pyrochemistry technolog
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agreed for support through an integ
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Table 1: Fuels irradiated in the SU
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lead cooling (see Fig. 5). Alternat
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Figure 6: Principle design characte
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Table 6: FUTURIX FTA fuels Fuel nam
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124
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After a review of the present statu
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suranium elements, “repository av
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nificant fraction of fast reactors.
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high level waste at the considered
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Pu or M.A. by the time it is needed
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of U and Pu only. P&T could complem
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suranium elements, the thermal load
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Phase-Out TRU Transmutation Scenari
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10 nuclear nations (Argentina, Braz
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elease, strong radiation, pressure
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A1 3.79E+08 270 7.12E-07 A2 3.51E+0
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nuclear fission in the reactors. Th
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5. Conclusions The HLW arising from
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152
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tinides (MA) are destined for geolo
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[3] Enrique González: Head of Nucl
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158
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160
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erage level of funding of research
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Prior to NF-PRO, the question wheth
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nant exchangeable cation. This chan
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eal concentration gradient in sampl
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access shafts, providing higher per
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172
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in the European coordinated action
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proved, with amongst others the det
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4. Discussion Tests with dissolved
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though with a slow rate. The data i
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surface. The coupling between water
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nuclear waste within the near-field
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tion of the column [2]. Moreover, t
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case, the iron diffusion front in t
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5.1 Sorption As an example of the t
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corrosion; up-scaling of clay alter
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Bentonite barriers are very importa
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To determine the impact of temperat
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in the underground laboratory in Gr
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under isothermal conditions. If the
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202
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Zones around such openings which ex
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layout of cells developed by ENPC w
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) a) e) d) f) d) e) f) c) Figure 3.
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EDZ removal by additional excavatio
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[7] Wenk H.-R., Voltolini, M., Mazu
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that provided by various national s
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system robustness, rather than as s
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Regarding diffusion studies perform
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7. EDZ characterization and evoluti
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[4] Alonso, J. et al. 2004: Bentoni
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There has been a significant change
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226
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228
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2. Methodology ESDRED has been focu
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Figure 3: Reduced scale mock-up aft
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Figure 8: Demonstration of emplacem
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The various reports produced by the
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238
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2. Methodology In general, the work
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limitations of the selected press.
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Figure 3.2.1 Schematic representati
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which was relatively homogeneous in
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Figure 3.3.1 Emplacement of SF-Cani
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1.650 1.600 1.550 1.500 1.450 1.400
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the outlet with some pressure and f
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A experiment, using cross-hole seis
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This seal will be implemented as ri
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[6] Miehe, R., Kröhn, P., Moog, H.
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dence. For waste canister transport
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The main waste canister characteris
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placement borehole. The BSK 3 canis
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Figure 6: Sketch of the Pushing Rob
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268
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1.1 Water Cushion Application SKB (
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In the case of SKB and Posiva, the
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Deposition machine tests with load
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Figure 10: Details of electrical pu
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the very heavy weight (43 ton) of t
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is no experience in either the work
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the case of the long plug elaborate
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values measured in the percolated w
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plug the concrete was mixed manuall
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2.3 Testing of low-pH shotcrete for
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290
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energy is produced by fission of ur
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3.2. Integration 3.2.1. Pool Facili
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3.4. Education and Training Apart f
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298
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Fig. 1.1: EU Member States involved
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Fig. 1.3: Stakeholders and interest
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- Present state of scientific level
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6. Training courses Key events of t
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308
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materials, the essential aspects of
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2.1 Geological formation scale (10
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porosity outside the clay interlaye
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eduction in De with increasing prop
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well-defined profile, with the high
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Th(IV) sorption on montmorillonite
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RN migration experiments and model
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tion/organization and its Cu(II) re
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326
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ganic/organic colloids”; WP 4.5
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Figure 1: Schematic of the FEBEX dr
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within feldspars in the three grani
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Colloid Concentration (ppm) 160 140
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form. Clay colloids were detected i
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References [1] Retrock (2005). Trea
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vance on radionuclide migration. Ma
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342
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The Ruprechtov site, located in the
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Colloid Concentration / μg/l 10000
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exists as a stable mineral phase in
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pared to other sites with SOC-beari
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[3] Hauser, W. Geckeis, H., Götz,
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The science and technology group, r
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FEPCAT RTDC 1 RTDC 2 RTDC 3 Clay-ri
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A1: Transport mechanisms Diffusivit
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360
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maintaining and develop competence
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A project would be justified to det
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366
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368
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The main goal of RTDC-1 is to provi
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3. RTDC3 In RTD component 3 methodo
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lower depths are less saline. For t
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[3] Marivoet, J., Beuth, T., Alonso
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certainty, conducted in RTDC-1 as W
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A simplistic summary might place PA
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There are at least three non-numeri
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10-11 June 2008. The workshop was a
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Close dialogue between a regulator
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ony, interactions, etc., and to che
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specific sampling strategy, with th
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2.2.3 Graphical methods Let us call
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3. The sensitivity analysis benchma
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4. Discussion and conclusions Three
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398
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2. Methodology The project particip
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Closely related to this proposal on
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4.3 Structure The TP structure must
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4.5 Implementation It is proposed t
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5.1 The CARD Project has shown that
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� What steps should be taken to m
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412
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414
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materials. For attaining the stated
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the bottom of the heated press-mold
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Page 440 and 441: focuses on the study of the combine
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Page 446 and 447: 2.1 Laboratory experiment The dispo
Page 448 and 449: 3. Results 3.1 Laboratory experimen
Page 450 and 451: Barrier. Clays in Natural & Enginee
Page 452 and 453: 2. Experimental data 2.1 Laboratory
Page 454 and 455: sented in the accompanying poster,
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Page 458 and 459: situ stress to model the gallery ex
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Page 464 and 465: ous reasons, SCK•CEN chose to foc
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Page 468 and 469: [1] Bernier F., Li X.L., Weetjens E
Page 470 and 471: Concrete The cement used is an Ordi
Page 472 and 473: Brucite Ettringite 10 �m 8 �m F
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Page 476 and 477: 2. Methodology In the case of cylin
Page 478 and 479: cell dismantled after 6 months, roo
Page 480 and 481: [3] G.E. Gdowski, Humid Air Corrosi
Page 482 and 483: crucial to predict the hydration ra
Page 484 and 485: load is higher, since the load appl
Page 488 and 489: 2. Experimental Methodology A salt
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Page 494 and 495: obtained experimental results [1].
Page 496 and 497: dependent shear strength softening
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Page 500 and 501: elease falls typically between 1 an
Page 502 and 503: Figure 3: Left: Spent fuel surface
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Page 506 and 507: 1. Data compilation and evaluation
Page 508 and 509: Volumetric deformation [%] 20 18 16
Page 510 and 511: An overview of the test procedure w
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Page 514 and 515: The works performed within RTDC-1 p
Page 516 and 517: Integrated Project “Fundamental P
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Page 520 and 521: The Ruprechtov natural analogue sit
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Page 528 and 529: from 12.5 to 13.5, have high ionic
Page 530 and 531: elative intensity (cps) 8000 6000 4
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2. SAPIERR I and II In Europe, the
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after extensive interactions have t
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eing partners if an ERDO is formall
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526
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2. Methodology Based on existing da
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external funds ensuring the indepen
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532
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534
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Mr Jozef BALAZ JAVYS, a.s. - Nuclea
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Prof. Gunnar Johan BUCKAU Forschung
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Dr Mario DIONISI APAT - Dipartiment
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Dr Paloma GÓMEZ GONZÁLEZ CIEMAT -
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Ms Aurélie JESTIN SOGEDEC Z.I. Dig
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Dr Patrick MAJERUS Ministry of Heal
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Mr Zoltán NAGY PURAM - Department
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Ms Katerina PTACKOVA European Commi
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Prof. Christian SCHRÖDER Universit
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Dr Ján TIMUL'ÁK DECOM Slovakia, s
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Dr. Eng. Shuichi YAMAMOTO Obayashi
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