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tive crack network, oriented along principal strains, is associated to each Gauss point of the finite element model. The crack opening is then linked to the tensile principal strains [5]. Because of an anisotropic strain tensor along a borehole, it results an anisotropic permeability tensor. Applying to the modelling of the long term dilatometer test, this approach permits to well reproduce the behaviours of indurated clays. An EDZ of few centimetres behind the borehole can be identified. In this area, a high fracture density, characterized by permeability increases of up to several orders of magnitude is observed as shown on Figure 6, which represents the axial permeability along (a) and on a section perpendicular (b) to the borehole after the borehole drilling and for the different dilatometer loads. Moreover, when dilatometer pressure increases, the permeability decreases and no significant water flow modification can be observed in EDZ along the dilatometer as illustrated on Figure 7, which represents the evolution with time of the overpressure in I2 after hydraulic tests and for different dilatometer loads. Finally, the comparisons between numerical predictions and measurements of the pressures in the intervals exhibit a good agreement and confirm that our model is able to catch the main hydro-mechanical processes occurring within the EDZ in Opalinus clay. 1.0E-14 1.0E-15 1.0E-16 1.0E-17 Kyy (m²) Packer Interval I2 (a) (b) borehole Dilatometer dilatometer loading increases from 3 to 5MPa Interval I1 borehole drilling y (m) 1.0E-18 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 444 Kyy (m²) 1.0E-14 1.0E-15 1.0E-16 1.0E-17 1.0E-18 1.0E-19 Dilatometer dilatometer loading increases from 3 to 5MPa x (m) 1.0E-20 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Figure 6: Axial permeability along the borehole (a) and on a section perpendicular to the borehole in mid-length of the dilatometer probe (b) after the borehole drilling and for different dilatometer loads 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 ΔPw (MPa) I2 time of reaction increases with dilatometer loading phase 4 Pdilato = 3MPa phase 8 Pdilato = 4MPa phase 10 Pdilato = 4.5MPa 0.02 0.00 phases 12 -13 Pdilato = 5MPa log Δt (s) 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 Figure 7: Evolution of overpressure in I2 in time after hydraulic tests and for different dilatometer loads 4. Conclusions The excavation damage zone is a phenomenon that occurs in the most rock masses as a consequence of underground excavation. The EDZ appears as an area around the underground openings, where geotechnical and hydro-geological properties are altered. The numerical model should be
able to predict the evolution of the permeability in the EDZ, in order to permit a correct design of the geo-structure. First, this paper presents a laboratory test that evaluates the influence of the temperature coupling with different elasto-plastic constitutive laws. Results show that the effect of the temperature is negligible considering thermo-elasticity. Second, this paper presents an in situ test that simulated the influence of bentonite swelling pressure on the axial transmissivity of an excavation damage zone in the Opalinus clay. A model based on a cubic law evolution of the permeability tensor is proposed. The comparisons between numerical predictions and measurements of the pressures in the intervals exhibit a good agreement and confirm that this model is able to catch the main hydro-mechanical processes occurring within the EDZ. 5. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the FRIA-FRS-FNRS, the national funds of scientific research in Belgium, and the European project TIMODAZ for their financial support. TIMODAZ is co-funded by the European Commission (EC) as part of the sixth Euratom research and training Framework Programme (FP6) on nuclear energy (2002 – 2006). References [1] Bernier F., Li X.L., Bastiaens W., Ortiz L., Van Geet M., Wouters L., Frieg B., Blümling P., Desrues J., Viaggiani G., Coll C., Chanchole S., De Greef V., Hamza R., Malinsky L., Vervoort A., Vanbrabant Y., Debecker B., Verstraelen J., Govaerts A., Wevers M., Labiouse V., Escoffier S., Mathier J.-F., Gastaldo L., Bühler Ch. (2004). Selfrac: fractures and self-healing within the excavation disturbed zone in clays. Final technical publishable report, 5th <strong>EU</strong>RATOM Framework Programme. [2] Bühler Ch. (2005). Selfrac (SE) Experiment: long term dilatometer experiment. Mont Terri Project - Technical Note, TN 99-03. [3] Dizier A., Collin F., Charlier R. (2008) TIMODAZ project. Benchmark 1- Phase 2: Hollow cylinder modelling. [4] Drücker D.C. and Prager W. (1952). Soil mechanics and plasticity analysis or limit design - Quarterly Applied Mathematics, 10 (2), 157-165. [5] Levasseur S., Charlier R., Frieg B., Collin F. (2009). Hydro-mechanical modelling of the Excavation Damage Zone around underground excavations: application to long term dilatometer experiment in Mont Terri Rock Laboratory (Selfrac Project), submitted to Engineering Geology. 445
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Interested in European research? Re
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD iii CONF
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“Impact of advanced fuel cycle sc
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“Sensitivity analysis techniques
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Topic: Support actions SAPIERR-II -
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CONFERENCE SUMMARIES
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supported. The Commission believes
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Ms Monika Hammarström of SKB in Sw
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Dr Bruno of Amphos 21 urged the swi
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measurements of actinides to determ
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Dr Peter Blümling of Nagra in Swit
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Future directions There seemed to b
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1. Introduction Keynote Address Pet
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tive waste management, a considerab
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the decision making process. The se
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All initiatives leading to encourag
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tegrating them as part of advanced
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General introduction and objectives
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Radioactive waste management: Where
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The intense development in nuclear
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Figure 3: Schematic diagram of the
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contributed to enhance knowledge ab
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the first time in French history, a
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PANEL DISCUSSION Summary of the Pan
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With the support of IAEA preliminar
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Assessment of Financial Provisions
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collected in the cost of the nuclea
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erated by Fortum) and one PWR unit
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pected. As to tunnel backfilling, t
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ferent, the technological solutions
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Discussion: As a response to a ques
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Cooperation in the development of g
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During the 1980’s it was realized
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government on the operating license
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tions. EDRAM is another example of
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Discussion: The chairman opened the
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Communicating the safety of radioac
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Communicating the Safety of Radioac
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Geological repositories … Differe
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Geological long-term stability (pla
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Times & doses in perspective (examp
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Trust is generated (by the regulato
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4. The regulators could play a very
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Europe's nuclear industries, theref
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filled - one key example being coll
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Table 2. FP6 Integrated Projects an
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EUROTRANS focuses on the transmutat
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consensus that geological disposal
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102
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104
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significantly reduce the quantities
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Pyrochemical processes rely on refi
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Figure 3: Schematic layout of an el
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Considering pyrochemistry technolog
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agreed for support through an integ
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Table 1: Fuels irradiated in the SU
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lead cooling (see Fig. 5). Alternat
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Figure 6: Principle design characte
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Table 6: FUTURIX FTA fuels Fuel nam
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124
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After a review of the present statu
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suranium elements, “repository av
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nificant fraction of fast reactors.
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high level waste at the considered
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Pu or M.A. by the time it is needed
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of U and Pu only. P&T could complem
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suranium elements, the thermal load
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Phase-Out TRU Transmutation Scenari
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10 nuclear nations (Argentina, Braz
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elease, strong radiation, pressure
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A1 3.79E+08 270 7.12E-07 A2 3.51E+0
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nuclear fission in the reactors. Th
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5. Conclusions The HLW arising from
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152
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tinides (MA) are destined for geolo
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[3] Enrique González: Head of Nucl
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158
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160
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erage level of funding of research
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Prior to NF-PRO, the question wheth
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nant exchangeable cation. This chan
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eal concentration gradient in sampl
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access shafts, providing higher per
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172
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in the European coordinated action
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proved, with amongst others the det
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4. Discussion Tests with dissolved
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though with a slow rate. The data i
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surface. The coupling between water
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nuclear waste within the near-field
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tion of the column [2]. Moreover, t
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case, the iron diffusion front in t
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5.1 Sorption As an example of the t
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corrosion; up-scaling of clay alter
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Bentonite barriers are very importa
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To determine the impact of temperat
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in the underground laboratory in Gr
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under isothermal conditions. If the
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202
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Zones around such openings which ex
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layout of cells developed by ENPC w
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) a) e) d) f) d) e) f) c) Figure 3.
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EDZ removal by additional excavatio
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[7] Wenk H.-R., Voltolini, M., Mazu
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that provided by various national s
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system robustness, rather than as s
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Regarding diffusion studies perform
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7. EDZ characterization and evoluti
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[4] Alonso, J. et al. 2004: Bentoni
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There has been a significant change
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226
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228
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2. Methodology ESDRED has been focu
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Figure 3: Reduced scale mock-up aft
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Figure 8: Demonstration of emplacem
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The various reports produced by the
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238
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2. Methodology In general, the work
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limitations of the selected press.
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Figure 3.2.1 Schematic representati
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which was relatively homogeneous in
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Figure 3.3.1 Emplacement of SF-Cani
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1.650 1.600 1.550 1.500 1.450 1.400
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the outlet with some pressure and f
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A experiment, using cross-hole seis
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This seal will be implemented as ri
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[6] Miehe, R., Kröhn, P., Moog, H.
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dence. For waste canister transport
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The main waste canister characteris
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placement borehole. The BSK 3 canis
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Figure 6: Sketch of the Pushing Rob
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268
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1.1 Water Cushion Application SKB (
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In the case of SKB and Posiva, the
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Deposition machine tests with load
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Figure 10: Details of electrical pu
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the very heavy weight (43 ton) of t
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is no experience in either the work
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the case of the long plug elaborate
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values measured in the percolated w
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plug the concrete was mixed manuall
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2.3 Testing of low-pH shotcrete for
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290
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energy is produced by fission of ur
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3.2. Integration 3.2.1. Pool Facili
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3.4. Education and Training Apart f
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298
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Fig. 1.1: EU Member States involved
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Fig. 1.3: Stakeholders and interest
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- Present state of scientific level
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6. Training courses Key events of t
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308
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materials, the essential aspects of
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2.1 Geological formation scale (10
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porosity outside the clay interlaye
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eduction in De with increasing prop
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well-defined profile, with the high
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Th(IV) sorption on montmorillonite
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RN migration experiments and model
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tion/organization and its Cu(II) re
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326
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ganic/organic colloids”; WP 4.5
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Figure 1: Schematic of the FEBEX dr
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within feldspars in the three grani
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Colloid Concentration (ppm) 160 140
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form. Clay colloids were detected i
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References [1] Retrock (2005). Trea
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vance on radionuclide migration. Ma
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342
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The Ruprechtov site, located in the
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Colloid Concentration / μg/l 10000
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exists as a stable mineral phase in
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pared to other sites with SOC-beari
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[3] Hauser, W. Geckeis, H., Götz,
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The science and technology group, r
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FEPCAT RTDC 1 RTDC 2 RTDC 3 Clay-ri
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A1: Transport mechanisms Diffusivit
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360
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maintaining and develop competence
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A project would be justified to det
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366
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The main goal of RTDC-1 is to provi
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3. RTDC3 In RTD component 3 methodo
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lower depths are less saline. For t
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[3] Marivoet, J., Beuth, T., Alonso
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certainty, conducted in RTDC-1 as W
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A simplistic summary might place PA
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There are at least three non-numeri
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10-11 June 2008. The workshop was a
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Close dialogue between a regulator
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ony, interactions, etc., and to che
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specific sampling strategy, with th
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2.2.3 Graphical methods Let us call
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Page 416 and 417: 2. Methodology The project particip
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Page 432 and 433: materials. For attaining the stated
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Page 446 and 447: 2.1 Laboratory experiment The dispo
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Page 458 and 459: situ stress to model the gallery ex
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Page 464 and 465: ous reasons, SCK•CEN chose to foc
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Page 470 and 471: Concrete The cement used is an Ordi
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Page 476 and 477: 2. Methodology In the case of cylin
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Page 488 and 489: 2. Experimental Methodology A salt
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An overview of the test procedure w
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496
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The works performed within RTDC-1 p
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Integrated Project “Fundamental P
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502
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The Ruprechtov natural analogue sit
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esults and integrated to develop a
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508
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510
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from 12.5 to 13.5, have high ionic
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elative intensity (cps) 8000 6000 4
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516
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518
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2. SAPIERR I and II In Europe, the
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after extensive interactions have t
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eing partners if an ERDO is formall
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526
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2. Methodology Based on existing da
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external funds ensuring the indepen
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532
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534
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Mr Jozef BALAZ JAVYS, a.s. - Nuclea
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Prof. Gunnar Johan BUCKAU Forschung
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Dr Mario DIONISI APAT - Dipartiment
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Dr Paloma GÓMEZ GONZÁLEZ CIEMAT -
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Ms Aurélie JESTIN SOGEDEC Z.I. Dig
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Dr Patrick MAJERUS Ministry of Heal
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Mr Zoltán NAGY PURAM - Department
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Ms Katerina PTACKOVA European Commi
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Prof. Christian SCHRÖDER Universit
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Dr Ján TIMUL'ÁK DECOM Slovakia, s
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Dr. Eng. Shuichi YAMAMOTO Obayashi
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