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4. Discussion and conclusions Three main activities are currently developed under PAMINA in the area of SA: A review of SA methods, a benchmark on SA methods and their application to analyse several PA models proposed by different participants. The review of SA techniques consists in an exhaustive search of methods of interest, screening and global methods, collecting information about its theoretical foundations, and about the interpretation of ‘sensitivity’ behind them. Special attention is paid to the expected benefits of using them and their shortcomings. PAMINA partners have shown more interest on global methods than on screening methods. Among global methods, Monte Carlo based methods, and more specifically regression based methods (linear and rank based) are among the most popular; although not very powerful, they do not need specific sampling and may be used under the most popular Monte Carlo techniques (SRS and LHS) used in a normal uncertainty analysis. Most powerful techniques, such as Sobol indices or FAST, need specific samples and are quite expensive in terms of number of runs needed. Most current research efforts are devoted to develop less expensive computing algorithms. Finally, the benchmark on SA methods is giving our group a good opportunity to test most interesting methods and learning about them. References� [1] Bolado, R., Castaings, W. and Tarantola, S. (2008). Contribution to the Sample Mean Plot for Graphical and Numerical Sensitivity Analysis. Submitted to Reliability Engineering and System Safety. [2] Box, G.E.P. and Draper, N.R. (1987). Empirical Model Building and Response Surfaces. Wiley Series in probability and Mathematical Statistics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [3] Conover, W.J. (1980). Practical Nonparametric Statistics. Second edition. Applied Probability and Statistics. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. [4] Cooke, R.M. and Van Noortwijk, J.M. (2000). Graphical Methods. In ‘Sensitivity analysis’, Saltelli, A., Chan, K. and Scott, E.M. (Editors). Wiley Series in probability and statistics. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. [5] Cukier. R.I., Fortuin, C.M., Shuler, K.E., Petschek, A.G. and Schaibly, J.K. (1973). Study of the Sensitivity of Coupled Reaction systems to Uncertainties in Rate Coefficients. I. Theory. Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 59 (8), 3873-3878. [6] Cukier. R.I., Schaibly, J.K. and Shuler, K.E. (1975). Study of the Sensitivity of Coupled Reaction systems to Uncertainties in Rate Coefficients. III. Analysis of the Approximations. Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 63 (3), 1140-1149. [7] Helton J.C., Johnson, J.D., Sallaberry, C.J. and Storlie, C.B. (2006). Survey of Samplingbased Methods for Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Vol. 91, 1175-1209. [8] Morris, M.D. (1991). Factorial Sampling Plans for Preliminary Computational Experiments. Technometrics, Vol. 33, Number 2, 161-174. [9] Saltelli, A., Tarantola, S. and Chan, K. (1999). A Quantitative, Model Independent Method for Global Sensitivity Analysis of Model Output. Technometrics, Vol. 41, Number 1, 39-56. [10] Saltelli, A. (2002). Making Best Use of Model Evaluations to compute Sensitivity Indices. Computer Physics Communications, Vol. 145, 280-297. [11] Schaibly, J.K. and Shuler, K.E. (1975). Study of the Sensitivity of Coupled Reaction systems to Uncertainties in Rate Coefficients. II. Applications. Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 59 (8), 3879-3888. 396
[12] Sobol, I.M. (1993). Sensitivity estimates for Nonlinear Mathematical Models. MMCE, Vol. 1, No. 4, 407-414. [13] Tarantola, S. Gatelli, D. and Mara, T.A. (2006). Random Balance Designs for the Estimation of First Order Global Sensitivity Indices. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Vol. 91, 717-727. 397
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Interested in European research? Re
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD iii CONF
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“Impact of advanced fuel cycle sc
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“Sensitivity analysis techniques
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Topic: Support actions SAPIERR-II -
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CONFERENCE SUMMARIES
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supported. The Commission believes
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Ms Monika Hammarström of SKB in Sw
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Dr Bruno of Amphos 21 urged the swi
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measurements of actinides to determ
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Dr Peter Blümling of Nagra in Swit
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Future directions There seemed to b
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1. Introduction Keynote Address Pet
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tive waste management, a considerab
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the decision making process. The se
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All initiatives leading to encourag
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tegrating them as part of advanced
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General introduction and objectives
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Radioactive waste management: Where
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The intense development in nuclear
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Figure 3: Schematic diagram of the
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contributed to enhance knowledge ab
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the first time in French history, a
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PANEL DISCUSSION Summary of the Pan
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With the support of IAEA preliminar
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Assessment of Financial Provisions
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collected in the cost of the nuclea
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erated by Fortum) and one PWR unit
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pected. As to tunnel backfilling, t
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ferent, the technological solutions
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Discussion: As a response to a ques
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Cooperation in the development of g
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During the 1980’s it was realized
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government on the operating license
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tions. EDRAM is another example of
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Discussion: The chairman opened the
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Communicating the safety of radioac
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Communicating the Safety of Radioac
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Geological repositories … Differe
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Geological long-term stability (pla
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Times & doses in perspective (examp
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Trust is generated (by the regulato
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4. The regulators could play a very
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Europe's nuclear industries, theref
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filled - one key example being coll
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Table 2. FP6 Integrated Projects an
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EUROTRANS focuses on the transmutat
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consensus that geological disposal
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102
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significantly reduce the quantities
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Pyrochemical processes rely on refi
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Figure 3: Schematic layout of an el
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Considering pyrochemistry technolog
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agreed for support through an integ
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Table 1: Fuels irradiated in the SU
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lead cooling (see Fig. 5). Alternat
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Figure 6: Principle design characte
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Table 6: FUTURIX FTA fuels Fuel nam
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124
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After a review of the present statu
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suranium elements, “repository av
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nificant fraction of fast reactors.
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high level waste at the considered
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Pu or M.A. by the time it is needed
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of U and Pu only. P&T could complem
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suranium elements, the thermal load
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Phase-Out TRU Transmutation Scenari
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10 nuclear nations (Argentina, Braz
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elease, strong radiation, pressure
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A1 3.79E+08 270 7.12E-07 A2 3.51E+0
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nuclear fission in the reactors. Th
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5. Conclusions The HLW arising from
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152
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tinides (MA) are destined for geolo
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[3] Enrique González: Head of Nucl
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158
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erage level of funding of research
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Prior to NF-PRO, the question wheth
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nant exchangeable cation. This chan
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eal concentration gradient in sampl
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access shafts, providing higher per
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172
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in the European coordinated action
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proved, with amongst others the det
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4. Discussion Tests with dissolved
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though with a slow rate. The data i
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surface. The coupling between water
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nuclear waste within the near-field
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tion of the column [2]. Moreover, t
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case, the iron diffusion front in t
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5.1 Sorption As an example of the t
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corrosion; up-scaling of clay alter
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Bentonite barriers are very importa
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To determine the impact of temperat
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in the underground laboratory in Gr
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under isothermal conditions. If the
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202
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Zones around such openings which ex
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layout of cells developed by ENPC w
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) a) e) d) f) d) e) f) c) Figure 3.
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EDZ removal by additional excavatio
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[7] Wenk H.-R., Voltolini, M., Mazu
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that provided by various national s
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system robustness, rather than as s
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Regarding diffusion studies perform
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7. EDZ characterization and evoluti
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[4] Alonso, J. et al. 2004: Bentoni
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There has been a significant change
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226
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2. Methodology ESDRED has been focu
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Figure 3: Reduced scale mock-up aft
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Figure 8: Demonstration of emplacem
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The various reports produced by the
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238
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2. Methodology In general, the work
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limitations of the selected press.
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Figure 3.2.1 Schematic representati
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which was relatively homogeneous in
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Figure 3.3.1 Emplacement of SF-Cani
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1.650 1.600 1.550 1.500 1.450 1.400
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the outlet with some pressure and f
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A experiment, using cross-hole seis
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This seal will be implemented as ri
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[6] Miehe, R., Kröhn, P., Moog, H.
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dence. For waste canister transport
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The main waste canister characteris
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placement borehole. The BSK 3 canis
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Figure 6: Sketch of the Pushing Rob
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268
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1.1 Water Cushion Application SKB (
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In the case of SKB and Posiva, the
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Deposition machine tests with load
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Figure 10: Details of electrical pu
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the very heavy weight (43 ton) of t
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is no experience in either the work
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the case of the long plug elaborate
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values measured in the percolated w
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plug the concrete was mixed manuall
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2.3 Testing of low-pH shotcrete for
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290
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energy is produced by fission of ur
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3.2. Integration 3.2.1. Pool Facili
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3.4. Education and Training Apart f
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298
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Fig. 1.1: EU Member States involved
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Fig. 1.3: Stakeholders and interest
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- Present state of scientific level
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6. Training courses Key events of t
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308
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materials, the essential aspects of
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2.1 Geological formation scale (10
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porosity outside the clay interlaye
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eduction in De with increasing prop
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well-defined profile, with the high
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Th(IV) sorption on montmorillonite
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RN migration experiments and model
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tion/organization and its Cu(II) re
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326
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ganic/organic colloids”; WP 4.5
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Figure 1: Schematic of the FEBEX dr
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within feldspars in the three grani
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Colloid Concentration (ppm) 160 140
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form. Clay colloids were detected i
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References [1] Retrock (2005). Trea
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vance on radionuclide migration. Ma
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342
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The Ruprechtov site, located in the
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Page 368 and 369: [3] Hauser, W. Geckeis, H., Götz,
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Page 372 and 373: FEPCAT RTDC 1 RTDC 2 RTDC 3 Clay-ri
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Page 386 and 387: The main goal of RTDC-1 is to provi
Page 388 and 389: 3. RTDC3 In RTD component 3 methodo
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Page 408 and 409: 2.2.3 Graphical methods Let us call
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Page 416 and 417: 2. Methodology The project particip
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Page 420 and 421: 4.3 Structure The TP structure must
Page 422 and 423: 4.5 Implementation It is proposed t
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Page 432 and 433: materials. For attaining the stated
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Page 440 and 441: focuses on the study of the combine
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Page 446 and 447: 2.1 Laboratory experiment The dispo
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Page 452 and 453: 2. Experimental data 2.1 Laboratory
Page 454 and 455: sented in the accompanying poster,
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446
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ous reasons, SCK•CEN chose to foc
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lery, are already monitoring temper
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[1] Bernier F., Li X.L., Weetjens E
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Concrete The cement used is an Ordi
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Brucite Ettringite 10 �m 8 �m F
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458
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2. Methodology In the case of cylin
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cell dismantled after 6 months, roo
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[3] G.E. Gdowski, Humid Air Corrosi
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crucial to predict the hydration ra
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load is higher, since the load appl
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[4] Gens, A. & Alonso, E. 1992. A f
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2. Experimental Methodology A salt
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proof of healing in salt rocks. It
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476
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obtained experimental results [1].
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dependent shear strength softening
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482
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elease falls typically between 1 an
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Figure 3: Left: Spent fuel surface
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488
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1. Data compilation and evaluation
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Volumetric deformation [%] 20 18 16
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An overview of the test procedure w
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496
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The works performed within RTDC-1 p
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Integrated Project “Fundamental P
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502
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The Ruprechtov natural analogue sit
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esults and integrated to develop a
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508
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510
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from 12.5 to 13.5, have high ionic
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elative intensity (cps) 8000 6000 4
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516
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518
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2. SAPIERR I and II In Europe, the
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after extensive interactions have t
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eing partners if an ERDO is formall
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526
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2. Methodology Based on existing da
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external funds ensuring the indepen
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532
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534
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Mr Jozef BALAZ JAVYS, a.s. - Nuclea
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Prof. Gunnar Johan BUCKAU Forschung
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Dr Mario DIONISI APAT - Dipartiment
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Dr Paloma GÓMEZ GONZÁLEZ CIEMAT -
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Ms Aurélie JESTIN SOGEDEC Z.I. Dig
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Dr Patrick MAJERUS Ministry of Heal
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Mr Zoltán NAGY PURAM - Department
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Ms Katerina PTACKOVA European Commi
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Prof. Christian SCHRÖDER Universit
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Dr Ján TIMUL'ÁK DECOM Slovakia, s
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Dr. Eng. Shuichi YAMAMOTO Obayashi
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