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Requirements for trust: overview � Trust depends upon the specific project - properties of the system - the way in which the system is implemented (incl. monitoring, reversibility, institutional control, …) - the scientific understanding about the system - the way in which the system has been assessed - p.m.: this includes also non-nuclear aspects (EIA, …) � … and upon decision-making process … - the existence of rules (and how they were developed) - the clarity in the sequence of decisions � delineate decisions - the behaviour of the people / organisations involved � … and requires the engagement of legitimate stakeholders - how to identify them (who is legitimated?) - how to involve them (how are they engaged?) 15 Zu/201008 16 Zu/201008 CEC_Communication_Zuidema_201008 Trust is generated (through the implementer & by science) … through good projects � consistent with siting, design & implementation principles � based on a sound scientific basis - 'home work' done through adequate RD+D programme & integration of science (interaction with scientific community) - achieve acceptance by informed scientific community (reviews, etc.) � no disagreements due to misunderstandings - allows proper identification & treatment of uncertainties - is starting point for all analyses � assessed with a proper & transparent analysis (incl. documentation) - working process (incl. QM) - methods, tools & information / data � abstraction of scientific basis - discussion of uncertainties & their importance (long time scales, …) - arguments - documentation (� 'auditability') - reviews CEC_Communication_Zuidema_201008 84
Trust is generated (by the regulator) … through adequate criteria & guidance and a high quality, transparent review process � Understandable overall system requirements � Transparent siting criteria (safety, interface to other issues (EIA, ..)) � Requirements and guidance for design (more than long-term safety) - long-term safety issues - operational aspects - monitoring/reversibility/retrievability � Stepwise approach - development of project - implementation of repository (role of monitoring, …) � Review - scope (& level of detail) in accordance with the stage of the project - independent, but through interaction with the implementer - responsive to the needs of society 17 Zu/201008 CEC_Communication_Zuidema_201008 Trust is generated (by policy maker) … by providing an adequate framework (legislation) � Reasonable and balanced (and understandable) overall goals 18 Zu/201008 - be clear about the need to solve an issue of national interest with visible progress within reasonable timescales (stepwise approach) - consider the needs of society (stepwise implementation, a certain level of reversibility, consider non-nuclear issues) - acknowledge the ambitious performance criteria used � Process - role of step-wise approach (adaptive staging) - involvement of all interest groups with clearly defined roles - maintain momentum & provide stability of process (duration of project phases longer than duration of ‘term of office’) CEC_Communication_Zuidema_201008 85
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Interested in European research? Re
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD iii CONF
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“Impact of advanced fuel cycle sc
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“Sensitivity analysis techniques
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Topic: Support actions SAPIERR-II -
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CONFERENCE SUMMARIES
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supported. The Commission believes
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Ms Monika Hammarström of SKB in Sw
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Dr Bruno of Amphos 21 urged the swi
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measurements of actinides to determ
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Dr Peter Blümling of Nagra in Swit
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Future directions There seemed to b
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1. Introduction Keynote Address Pet
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tive waste management, a considerab
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the decision making process. The se
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All initiatives leading to encourag
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tegrating them as part of advanced
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General introduction and objectives
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Radioactive waste management: Where
Page 49 and 50: The intense development in nuclear
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3: Schematic diagram of the
Page 53 and 54: contributed to enhance knowledge ab
Page 55 and 56: the first time in French history, a
Page 57 and 58: PANEL DISCUSSION Summary of the Pan
Page 59: With the support of IAEA preliminar
Page 63 and 64: Assessment of Financial Provisions
Page 65 and 66: collected in the cost of the nuclea
Page 67 and 68: erated by Fortum) and one PWR unit
Page 69 and 70: pected. As to tunnel backfilling, t
Page 71 and 72: ferent, the technological solutions
Page 75: Discussion: As a response to a ques
Page 79 and 80: Cooperation in the development of g
Page 81 and 82: During the 1980’s it was realized
Page 83: government on the operating license
Page 86 and 87: tions. EDRAM is another example of
Page 88 and 89: Discussion: The chairman opened the
Page 91 and 92: Communicating the safety of radioac
Page 93 and 94: Communicating the Safety of Radioac
Page 95 and 96: Geological repositories … Differe
Page 97 and 98: Geological long-term stability (pla
Page 99: Times & doses in perspective (examp
Page 105: 4. The regulators could play a very
Page 108 and 109: Europe's nuclear industries, theref
Page 110 and 111: filled - one key example being coll
Page 112 and 113: Table 2. FP6 Integrated Projects an
Page 114 and 115: EUROTRANS focuses on the transmutat
Page 116 and 117: consensus that geological disposal
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Page 122 and 123: significantly reduce the quantities
Page 124 and 125: Pyrochemical processes rely on refi
Page 126 and 127: Figure 3: Schematic layout of an el
Page 128 and 129: Considering pyrochemistry technolog
Page 130 and 131: agreed for support through an integ
Page 132 and 133: Table 1: Fuels irradiated in the SU
Page 134 and 135: lead cooling (see Fig. 5). Alternat
Page 136 and 137: Figure 6: Principle design characte
Page 138 and 139: Table 6: FUTURIX FTA fuels Fuel nam
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Page 142 and 143: After a review of the present statu
Page 144 and 145: suranium elements, “repository av
Page 146 and 147: nificant fraction of fast reactors.
Page 148 and 149: high level waste at the considered
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Pu or M.A. by the time it is needed
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of U and Pu only. P&T could complem
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suranium elements, the thermal load
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Phase-Out TRU Transmutation Scenari
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10 nuclear nations (Argentina, Braz
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elease, strong radiation, pressure
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A1 3.79E+08 270 7.12E-07 A2 3.51E+0
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nuclear fission in the reactors. Th
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5. Conclusions The HLW arising from
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152
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tinides (MA) are destined for geolo
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[3] Enrique González: Head of Nucl
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158
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160
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erage level of funding of research
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Prior to NF-PRO, the question wheth
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nant exchangeable cation. This chan
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eal concentration gradient in sampl
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access shafts, providing higher per
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172
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in the European coordinated action
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proved, with amongst others the det
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4. Discussion Tests with dissolved
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though with a slow rate. The data i
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surface. The coupling between water
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nuclear waste within the near-field
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tion of the column [2]. Moreover, t
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case, the iron diffusion front in t
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5.1 Sorption As an example of the t
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corrosion; up-scaling of clay alter
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Bentonite barriers are very importa
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To determine the impact of temperat
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in the underground laboratory in Gr
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under isothermal conditions. If the
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202
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Zones around such openings which ex
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layout of cells developed by ENPC w
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) a) e) d) f) d) e) f) c) Figure 3.
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EDZ removal by additional excavatio
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[7] Wenk H.-R., Voltolini, M., Mazu
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that provided by various national s
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system robustness, rather than as s
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Regarding diffusion studies perform
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7. EDZ characterization and evoluti
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[4] Alonso, J. et al. 2004: Bentoni
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There has been a significant change
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226
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228
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2. Methodology ESDRED has been focu
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Figure 3: Reduced scale mock-up aft
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Figure 8: Demonstration of emplacem
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The various reports produced by the
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238
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2. Methodology In general, the work
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limitations of the selected press.
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Figure 3.2.1 Schematic representati
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which was relatively homogeneous in
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Figure 3.3.1 Emplacement of SF-Cani
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1.650 1.600 1.550 1.500 1.450 1.400
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the outlet with some pressure and f
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A experiment, using cross-hole seis
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This seal will be implemented as ri
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[6] Miehe, R., Kröhn, P., Moog, H.
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dence. For waste canister transport
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The main waste canister characteris
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placement borehole. The BSK 3 canis
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Figure 6: Sketch of the Pushing Rob
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268
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1.1 Water Cushion Application SKB (
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In the case of SKB and Posiva, the
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Deposition machine tests with load
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Figure 10: Details of electrical pu
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the very heavy weight (43 ton) of t
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is no experience in either the work
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the case of the long plug elaborate
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values measured in the percolated w
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plug the concrete was mixed manuall
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2.3 Testing of low-pH shotcrete for
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290
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energy is produced by fission of ur
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3.2. Integration 3.2.1. Pool Facili
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3.4. Education and Training Apart f
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298
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Fig. 1.1: EU Member States involved
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Fig. 1.3: Stakeholders and interest
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- Present state of scientific level
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6. Training courses Key events of t
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308
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materials, the essential aspects of
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2.1 Geological formation scale (10
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porosity outside the clay interlaye
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eduction in De with increasing prop
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well-defined profile, with the high
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Th(IV) sorption on montmorillonite
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RN migration experiments and model
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tion/organization and its Cu(II) re
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326
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ganic/organic colloids”; WP 4.5
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Figure 1: Schematic of the FEBEX dr
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within feldspars in the three grani
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Colloid Concentration (ppm) 160 140
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form. Clay colloids were detected i
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References [1] Retrock (2005). Trea
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vance on radionuclide migration. Ma
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342
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The Ruprechtov site, located in the
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Colloid Concentration / μg/l 10000
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exists as a stable mineral phase in
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pared to other sites with SOC-beari
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[3] Hauser, W. Geckeis, H., Götz,
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The science and technology group, r
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FEPCAT RTDC 1 RTDC 2 RTDC 3 Clay-ri
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A1: Transport mechanisms Diffusivit
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360
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maintaining and develop competence
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A project would be justified to det
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366
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The main goal of RTDC-1 is to provi
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3. RTDC3 In RTD component 3 methodo
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lower depths are less saline. For t
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[3] Marivoet, J., Beuth, T., Alonso
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certainty, conducted in RTDC-1 as W
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A simplistic summary might place PA
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There are at least three non-numeri
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10-11 June 2008. The workshop was a
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Close dialogue between a regulator
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ony, interactions, etc., and to che
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specific sampling strategy, with th
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2.2.3 Graphical methods Let us call
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3. The sensitivity analysis benchma
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4. Discussion and conclusions Three
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398
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2. Methodology The project particip
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Closely related to this proposal on
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4.3 Structure The TP structure must
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4.5 Implementation It is proposed t
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5.1 The CARD Project has shown that
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� What steps should be taken to m
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412
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414
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materials. For attaining the stated
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the bottom of the heated press-mold
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420
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422
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focuses on the study of the combine
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emitting radioactive waste to study
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428
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2.1 Laboratory experiment The dispo
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3. Results 3.1 Laboratory experimen
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Barrier. Clays in Natural & Enginee
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2. Experimental data 2.1 Laboratory
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sented in the accompanying poster,
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440
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situ stress to model the gallery ex
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tive crack network, oriented along
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446
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ous reasons, SCK•CEN chose to foc
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lery, are already monitoring temper
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[1] Bernier F., Li X.L., Weetjens E
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Concrete The cement used is an Ordi
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Brucite Ettringite 10 �m 8 �m F
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458
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2. Methodology In the case of cylin
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cell dismantled after 6 months, roo
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[3] G.E. Gdowski, Humid Air Corrosi
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crucial to predict the hydration ra
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load is higher, since the load appl
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[4] Gens, A. & Alonso, E. 1992. A f
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2. Experimental Methodology A salt
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proof of healing in salt rocks. It
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476
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obtained experimental results [1].
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dependent shear strength softening
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482
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elease falls typically between 1 an
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Figure 3: Left: Spent fuel surface
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488
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1. Data compilation and evaluation
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Volumetric deformation [%] 20 18 16
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An overview of the test procedure w
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496
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The works performed within RTDC-1 p
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Integrated Project “Fundamental P
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502
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The Ruprechtov natural analogue sit
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esults and integrated to develop a
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508
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510
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from 12.5 to 13.5, have high ionic
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elative intensity (cps) 8000 6000 4
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516
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518
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2. SAPIERR I and II In Europe, the
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after extensive interactions have t
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eing partners if an ERDO is formall
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526
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2. Methodology Based on existing da
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external funds ensuring the indepen
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532
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534
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Mr Jozef BALAZ JAVYS, a.s. - Nuclea
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Prof. Gunnar Johan BUCKAU Forschung
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Dr Mario DIONISI APAT - Dipartiment
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Dr Paloma GÓMEZ GONZÁLEZ CIEMAT -
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Ms Aurélie JESTIN SOGEDEC Z.I. Dig
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Dr Patrick MAJERUS Ministry of Heal
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Mr Zoltán NAGY PURAM - Department
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Ms Katerina PTACKOVA European Commi
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Prof. Christian SCHRÖDER Universit
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Dr Ján TIMUL'ÁK DECOM Slovakia, s
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Dr. Eng. Shuichi YAMAMOTO Obayashi
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