role of China's women in rice farming systems - PDF, 101 mb - usaid

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Greeley, M., Rural Technology, Rural Institutions and the Rural Poorest, Discussion Paper, IDS, Brighton, 1980. Harriss, B., Post Harvest Rice Processing Systems in Rural Bangladesh: Technology Economics and Employment, BJAE, Dhaka, 1979. Jabbar, M.A., and Faruque, A.K.M., Labour Requirement for Production of Major Crops in Bangladesh, BJAE, Dhaka, 1978. Von Harder, G.M., Women’s Role in Rice Processing, Women for Women, Dhaka, 1975. 220
13 Women and technology: rice processing in Bangladesh Saleha Begum" Summary This paper is concerned with the effects upon female employment of technical change in rice milling in Bangladesh. The gender division of labor in Bangladesh agriculture is rigidly demarcated; women are responsible for most agricultural work within the farmyard but do not undertake field or market work. Traditionally, their major economic contribution to agricultural output has been in rice processing, especially husking and polishing. Most women work as unpaid family labor but women from the poorest households depend upon wage labor work provided by their richer neighbors. In recent years increasing landlessness and falling real wages are making more households economically dependent upon female wage labor work. At the same * The field work upon which this paper is based was undertaken whilst I was a Research Officer with the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK and was supported financially by a grant from the British Overseas Development Administration. The paper was written whilst on a Ford Foundation grant as a graduate student in the Dept. of Rural Sociology, Cornell University, New York, USA. I am very grateful to all these Institutions for their assistance and support. 22 1
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WOMEN IN RICE FARMING
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© International Rice Research Inst
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Notes References 3 The changing rol
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10 Women’s access to land resourc
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The wider implications of HYV rice
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27 Wet-seeded rice K. Moody and V.
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8.2 11.1 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 1
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List of tables 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
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7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4
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14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8
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egression results (1976-77) 17.4c O
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The International Rice Research Ins
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Kada, Yukiko, Department of Agricul
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List of participants Abanilla, Rane
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Halim, Abdul, Bangladesh Agricultur
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Shahi, Mridula, Department of Plant
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Denning, Alice Flinn, Leo A. Gonzal
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technologies and their potential im
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for hired labor (Abdullah and Zeide
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productivity. Labor-saving technica
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Table 1.2 Levels of irrigation, mod
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Sajogyo (CP1983) reports that hired
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technology such as tractors, thresh
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using technologies is needed. Resea
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placement, and bio-fertilizers. The
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3. Generally, the first activities
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genetic endowments, and intrafamily
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the new household economics. The se
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tends to be in the eye of the behol
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Table 2.2 Regressions: FHDO 1963 da
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The primary results on which the es
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Table 2.4 Elasticity estimates: Nor
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eight equation system which can be
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It is possible, I think, to specula
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Rosenweig, Mark, ‘Neoclassical Th
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contemporary women’s health and f
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Table 3.2 Japan: Annual farm and of
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off-farm were opened and expanded e
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igger. But the proportion of women
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labor input index; the area of each
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Table 3.6 Correlation coefficients
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Table 3.8 Labor input and women’s
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foreseable future, that women conti
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4 Women’s labor and the technolog
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Increasing use was also made of pow
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Aggravation of agricultural managem
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Table 4.3 Women’s percentage of a
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women’s labor hours off the farm
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5 ‘Half-sky’* role of China’s
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agricultural activities and have sh
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agricultural technique for the wome
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various ways which fit into their h
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Table 6.1 Distribution of sample fa
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average annualized earnings of Gatb
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Table 6.3 Distribution of married f
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Table 6.5 Estimated average market
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Table 6.7 Estimates of working wive
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of these, village families are diff
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Table 6.9 Selected market participa
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Conclusion The analysis of labor su
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7 Changing labor patterns of women
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women’s labor. Santiago (1980) fo
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households, hereafter called low in
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The weaving industry, which had dis
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Figure 7.1 Division of tasks betwee
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In households with older children,
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still expanding opportunity open to
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Figure 7.4: Average hours spent per
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expansion of the harvesting period
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In weeding and replanting one fourt
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( pakyaw ) harvesting (Table 7.4).
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increase with the crop area. These
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References Ancheta, R., The Filipin
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Vries, P. de., Farmers and landless
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the product and their access to the
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the new technology, and who loses a
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While these changes are of course n
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and demand and hence, presumably, o
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Economic Survey’s recent re-studi
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Table 8.2 Proportions of male and f
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classes devote large quantities of
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Table 8.4 Changes in the share of p
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Cimanuk river basin (West Java) sin
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Table 8.6 Percentage distribution o
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Figure 8.2: Monthly fluctuation in
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also that methods of harvesting (an
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educe labor costs, but also the ero
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trends in the third world, London,
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White, B., and Hastuti, E.L., Diffe
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modernized irrigation, and multiple
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engaged in agriculture has declined
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Table 9.3 Percentage hired and fami
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Table 9.4 Percentage and average la
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higher returns from HYV) and labore
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Table 9.5 Indicators of cultivation
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Table 9.8 Comparison of labor use (
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kedokan -harvestshare exchange syst
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Table 9. 11 Income earned per hour
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of housework, women’s contributio
Page 205 and 206: 10 Women’s access to land resourc
Page 207 and 208: Soentoro et al., 1981; Lyon, 1976;
Page 209 and 210: eported by some writers (see the pr
Page 211 and 212: Tebasan is the contract with the sh
Page 213 and 214: contract has a different name in th
Page 215 and 216: time as HYVs of rice began to be wi
Page 217 and 218: To understand the whole strategy of
Page 219: Mosher, A.T., Getting Agriculture M
Page 222 and 223: training in rice cultivation, secon
Page 224 and 225: canals which lead from inland areas
Page 226 and 227: eduction of acidity through leachin
Page 228 and 229: cucumber, squashes, eggplant, long
Page 230 and 231: Table 11.2 Communal hired wage and
Page 232 and 233: Women’s role in vegetable, fruit
Page 234 and 235: Table 11.4 Major vegetable, fruit a
Page 236 and 237: women’s local labor. Many product
Page 238 and 239: harvesting all are predominantly fe
Page 240 and 241: Increased use of female extension w
Page 243 and 244: 12 Women in rice farming systems in
Page 245 and 246: 24 to 36 hours until the seeds spli
Page 247 and 248: the kitchen or in a special shelter
Page 249 and 250: Technology programs in Bangladesh a
Page 251 and 252: processing on average 1200 lbs. to
Page 253: whole process of technological diss
Page 257 and 258: Another important strand of her arg
Page 259 and 260: importance of the economic role pla
Page 261 and 262: Increasing landlessness or near-lan
Page 263 and 264: Table 13.1 Modal characteristics of
Page 265 and 266: work. Female wage-earning household
Page 267 and 268: Table 13.4 Distribution of househol
Page 269 and 270: very low. In Modhupur, however, the
Page 271 and 272: eceiving applications for rice mill
Page 273 and 274: placed by the change in technique.
Page 275: Ford Foundation, 1977. Martius von
Page 278 and 279: activities, the opportunities for p
Page 280 and 281: and 39 per cent had 1 to 4 members.
Page 282 and 283: The number of houses in which each
Page 284 and 285: Table 14.11 Itemized expenditure of
Page 286 and 287: 49 years old were widows (Table 14.
Page 288 and 289: micro-level study which was conduct
Page 291 and 292: 15 The role of women in household p
Page 293 and 294: of activities in order to maximize
Page 295 and 296: Figure 15.2: Relative participation
Page 297 and 298: per cent respectively (Figure 15.1)
Page 299 and 300: Women exercised a great deal of con
Page 301 and 302: Table 15.1 Male/female contribution
Page 303 and 304: communities, Parbatiya, Newar Maith
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Table 15.3 Detailed breakdown of ag
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Figure 15.4: Male/female time input
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Figure 15.6: Male/female input into
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During these periods men and women
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true of the other rice growing area
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Most of this additional labor was r
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egion, and sex-specific nature of v
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y scholars of ‘New Home Economics
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16 Technological infusion and emplo
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paper is concluded in section 4. An
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states, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra
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women earners per household and wom
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Table 16.4c Labor use (person-days)
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second and a male labor to female l
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a common practice in rural India to
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Table 16.10 Average earnings of cas
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The impact of technology on women i
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Mitra, A., Populution Growth, Nutri
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often higher than those borne by me
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fields, for instance, is important
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By and large, we would expect the i
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forthcoming if there were a higher
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Table 17.2 Labor use by type of lab
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Table 17.3b Tamil Nadu: mean use of
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permanent labor. While a higher use
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Table 17.4b Tamil Nadu: HYV rice an
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(d) Farm size tends to be related n
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(d) (e) 326 States observed that ev
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severe than for the men, both in ma
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Summary and concluding comments Fro
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in many instances male members did
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women, organised by the Internation
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18 Experiment of the Working Women
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increasing the economic returns to
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Table 18.3 Average monthly earnings
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formal credit, the women establishe
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Figure 18.2: The branches of the Wo
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Narasapur In Narasapur, traditional
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were house and construction, purcha
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19 Landless women agricultural labo
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are often diametrically opposed, in
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while men may be involved in a more
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Another feature of this area is tha
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2) Pump-sets and tanks 3) Rain and
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work in Kerala. In this connection,
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Table 19.5 Average contributions to
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noted is that where both husband an
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coir workers, etc.). The result is
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further development to provide empl
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References Bardhan, Kalpana, Work a
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Tables 20.2 and 20.3 which give som
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Table 20.5 Area, production and ave
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The project on ‘Women and Rice Cu
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the end of the data collection peri
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should not be the sole consideratio
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21 Paddy production, processing and
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Bengal, Assam and large parts of Bi
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Table 21.2 Area, production and yie
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Table 21.4 Transplanted area as a p
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Table 21.5a Regression results. (De
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Tablse 21.8 Regional distribution o
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Table 21.10 Estimated amount of ric
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a less critical factor if paddy wer
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8 Kerala, Orissa and Assam were exc
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Sen, Gita, Women agricultural labor
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Directing scientific and technologi
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Table 22.1 Comparative efficiency o
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designing milling machinery which w
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Table 22.2 Technical and economic c
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Table 22.3 Technologies for stabili
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Figure 22.3: Schematic flow diagram
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Central Institute of Agricultural E
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and development projects have repea
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although there are a growing number
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natural disasters, declining rainfa
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Figure 23.1 : Division of labor and
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in The Gambia, for example, a woman
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germinates with the rains and gets
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A farming systems approach requires
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where irrigation perimeters are to
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women actually lost some of their t
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migration from the settlement area
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for which women are responsible nee
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action by women to fight to retain
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References Agarwal, Bina, ‘Agricu
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The mobilization of women’s labor
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of the second weeding of their sorg
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function to emphasize that it is pr
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conflicts at the margin with women
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6 In the context of the household,
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Moreover, these are photoperiod ins
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(b) development of improved varieti
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Farmers often grow a small area of
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not suited to the tropics, however.
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Discussion following What kind of n
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27 Wet-seeded rice K. Moody and V.G
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and wet-seeded rice. Levelling of t
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soaked in water for 24 hours and th
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weed control is only a part of succ
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ecause root anchorage is poor (Cast
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planting and save on the cost of he
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IRRI (International Rice Research I
Page 515 and 516:
28 Biological nitrogen fixation in
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inoculation technology is still at
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economical limiting factors, and la
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Microbiology of tropical soils and
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production technology and many of t
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Team formation Teams are formed at
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those operations involving the pest
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Figure 29.2 Insect pest population
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After the farmer classes are over,
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Table 29.2 Weekly farmers leaders
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IRRI machinery program strategy In
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Figure 30.1: Hold-on type IRRI drum
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countries and single prototype mach
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Figure 30.5: Commercially produced
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Figure 30.7: Tractor P.T.O. powered
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Increases in fuel costs make thresh
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Figure 30.8: Major avenues for N tr
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Figure 30.11 : Oscillating plunger
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(d) Rolling Presswheel Applicator
Page 554 and 555:
Table 30.3 Advanced tests, 1983 dry
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ness were essential links in the te
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PARC, Government of Pakistan and IR
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planned and introduced so that land
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This work will provide the basis fo
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irds, and fetching fuel, wood, and
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