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03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR ENERGY ACCESS Figure ??. BlindNumber of Renwable Energy Policies, by Type, Figure 2011 34. – Early-2015 Number of Pay As You Go Enterprises by Country/Region EAST AFRICA Kenya 10 Uganda Tanzania 6 6 Rwanda 3 Ethiopia 2 WEST AFRICA Ghana 2 Sierra Leone 2 Burkina Faso 1 Côte d’Ivoire 1 Nigeria 1 NORTH AFRICA Mauritania 1 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Sudan 2 Zambia 2 Comoros 1 DR Congo 1 Namibia 1 Somaliland 1 South Africa 1 South Sudan 1 Zimbabwe 1 DEVELOPING ASIA India 6 Cambodia 2 Lao PDR 1 Philippines 1 INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT AND BUSINESS MODELS In addition to enhanced investment and positive market trends, 2015 saw the continued maturation of innovative business models. The use of mobile payment systems and scratch cards continued to flourish, especially as energy companies began to collaborate with the telecommunications industry to design and implement solutions (such as Mobisol, a company that combines solar energy with an affordable payment plan via mobile phone) that result in modern energy services and business opportunities for people in rural areas. 65 In India, SunEdison and Omnigrid Micropower Company are electrifying rural villages by pairing commercial solar customers with telecom companies that need to power their cellular towers. A solar-powered mini-grid is first built to power the phone tower, on which additional mini-grid capacity is developed that can be sold to local villagers. The year 2015 also saw the launch in East Africa of the “Powerhive” business model, which combines solar PV arrays, battery storage and smart metering systems with mobile telecommunications and payment applications. 66 M-KOPA uses charging outlets for mobile phones as a key part of its business model in Africa. More than 280,000 homes in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda used M-KOPA’s solar systems with mobile payment and charging configurations during the year. 67 Peru Colombia Guatemala Haiti Marshall Islands Pacific Islands LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARRIBEAN 3 1 1 1 PACIFIC 1 1 94
The market for PAYG solar – micro-payment schemes that have become more popular in recent years – continued to grow in 2015. 68 Under PAYG schemes, customers typically pay a small upfront fee for a solar charger kit, a portable system and a control unit that can be used for powering LED lights and charging devices such as mobile phones. They then pay for the energy they need, either in advance or on a regular basis depending on consumption. It is estimated that by the end of 2015, the PAYG model had been commercialised by some 32 companies operating in nearly 30 countries. 69 (p See Figure 34.) It is most prominent in East African countries (Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania) and in India, but it is quickly developing in other regions as well. Examples of successful PAYG operations include Simpa Networks (India), SolarNow (Uganda), MKOPA (Kenya), Off Grid Electric (Rwanda and Tanzania) and Azuri (spread across sub-Saharan Africa). Greenlight Planet (in East and West Africa, and South Asia), a market leader that has commercialised about 3 million solar lighting systems, launched its PAYG model in early 2015. In Tanzania, Off Grid Electric is installing off-grid solar devices for more than 10,000 households and businesses per month using this model. 70 Another category of business model focuses on bundled packages that sell not only energy equipment but also integrated services, from simple solar lamps with radios and mobile phones to aspirational products such as televisions. In Nicaragua, Barefoot Power sells a small plug-and-play home system, which can provide lighting services to households, charge a cell phone and power a portable DVD player. 71 POLICY DEVELOPMENTS Government policies in developing countries are one of the most important factors for the deployment of DRE technologies. 72 Robust policy frameworks that address a wide range of market issues – from regulations and financing to business support and training – can lead to rapid transformations in energy access. 73 Policies that support DRE deployment include auctions, dedicated electrification targets, initiatives related to clean renewable cooking, and fiscal and other incentives that focus on specific renewable energy technologies (e.g., exemptions on VAT and import duties). An array of national governments across Africa, Asia and Latin America announced the expansion of existing targets and policies for DRE systems or the creation of new ones during 2015. Kenya, Rwanda and Tanzania all removed VATs on solar products in 2014–2015. India successfully removed excise duties on off-grid solar systems in 2014, and, in 2015, Uttar Pradesh (the Indian state with the most people lacking access to energy) announced plans to waive its VAT on solar energy equipment as well. 74 (p See Table 3.) In Africa, Rwanda approved its new energy policy, which included a target of reaching 22% of its population with DRE systems by 2017/2018, thereby increasing its off-grid power generation to 22 MW. Even before this policy was approved, Rwanda had partnered with Mobisol and the EU to provide solar PV systems to 49,000 households and 1,000 schools by 2019, representing a total installed capacity of 7.9 MW. 75 Tanzania announced a target of 1 million solar installations by the end of 2017, which is expected to supply solar electricity to 10% of the nation’s population and to create over 15,000 solar jobs. 76 Ghana launched a PAYG home solar programme in collaboration with Azuri Technology to provide electricity to 100,000 households. 77 Mali is promoting the sale of 1,500 solar kits with the support of local banks, which will offer special loans to users. 78 In Asia, the Philippines announced plans to build 150 to 200 micro-hydropower plants to provide electricity to people in remote regions, with a goal of increasing the country's hydro generating capacity by 50 MW. 79 Bangladesh declared its intention to install up to 6 million SHS by 2018 and plans to finance the installation of about 1,550 solar irrigation pumps by 2017. 80 India announced plans to install some 8,960 solar agri-pumps in the state of Maharashtra by the end of 2015; in addition, 500 solar-powered mini-grids are to be installed by the end of 2016 through the state’s Smart Power for Rural Development programme, financed by the Rockefeller Foundation. 81 In early 2016, the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh introduced its “Mini-grid Policy” encouraging the development of solar/biogas/biomass mini-grids of up to 500 kW with an array of incentives, including a 30% investment subsidy. 82 03 In Latin America and the Caribbean, Guyana announced plans to install 6,000 SHS in its hinterland communities. 83 Under the National Photovoltaic Household Electrification programme, Peru intends to install 12,500 solar PV systems to power 500,000 households to ensure that 95% of its population has access to electricity by the end of 2018. 84 RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 95
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RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
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Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
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FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra
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RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
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Note: Some individuals have contrib
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Sweden Robert Fischer (University o
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REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
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RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
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TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
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SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
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INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
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01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
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markets, policy changes and uncerta
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Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
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Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
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also are growing, as are wind turbi
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n Latin America: Biomass-based heat
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n Africa: Although biofuel producti
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JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E
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Page 45 and 46: BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of
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Page 49 and 50: concluded long-term offtake agreeme
Page 51 and 52: GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
Page 53 and 54: GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
Page 55 and 56: HYDROPOWER Figure 12. Hydropower Gl
Page 57 and 58: OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O
Page 59 and 60: Country of Spain, the first commerc
Page 61 and 62: 7.3 GW was installed, for a total o
Page 63 and 64: Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad
Page 65 and 66: SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
Page 67 and 68: Sharp - in the storage market by in
Page 69 and 70: CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea
Page 71 and 72: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING F
Page 73 and 74: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
Page 75 and 76: WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
Page 77 and 78: WIND POWER Figure 23. Wind Power Gl
Page 79 and 80: WIND POWER INDUSTRY The wind power
Page 81 and 82: Sidebar 3. Renewable Power Technolo
Page 83 and 84: Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
Page 85 and 86: Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
Page 87 and 88: 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR
Page 89 and 90: through renewables-based mini-grids
Page 91 and 92: India Tanzania Kenya Ethiopia 661,6
Page 93: INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2
Page 97 and 98: in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th
Page 99 and 100: 04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
Page 101 and 102: INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
Page 103 and 104: INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe
Page 105 and 106: SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
Page 107 and 108: 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun
Page 109 and 110: spearheaded by UNIDO, is designed t
Page 111 and 112: Specific commitments to renewable h
Page 113 and 114: Figure 39. Countries with Renewable
Page 115 and 116: Three US states took steps to expan
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Page 119 and 120: Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
Page 121 and 122: Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
Page 123 and 124: 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
Page 125 and 126: MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
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Page 129 and 130: 1990 and 2008, design-related effic
Page 131 and 132: The Green Climate Fund included in
Page 133 and 134: appliances, and the country also ha
Page 135 and 136: 07 FEATURE: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENE
Page 137 and 138: ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES Organisat
Page 139 and 140: e a successful means for addressing
Page 141 and 142: Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
Page 143 and 144: Table R4. Geothermal Power Global C
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Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity
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Table R8. Solar Water Heating Colle
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R11. Population Relying on Tr
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R13. Networks Furthering Ener
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets
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Table R19. Targets for Renewable Po
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Table R20. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R21. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R23. Heating and Cooling from
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Table R25. National and State/Provi
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Table R26. City and Local Renewable
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW unfccc-
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW bbc.com
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 76 See
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW India,
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW persona
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW which o
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW http://
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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRE
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE POLICY
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE “Res
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE 2015,
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY blog_
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY go.jp
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ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE Programme, 2013
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES 2016); so
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES FTI Consu
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NOTES 4. Bio-power Data Given exist
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GLOSSARY projects vary in technolog
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GLOSSARY Labelling. System in which
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GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru
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PHOTO CREDITS page 9 SAIREC, South
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