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03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR ENERGY ACCESS<br />
Argentina (2011), 2.4 MW in India (2012) and 0.7 MW in Morocco<br />
(2012). 36<br />
The use of DRE in the cooking and heating sector also continued<br />
to flourish in 2015 due to advances in technology, increased<br />
awareness of deforestation and increased government support.<br />
At the end of 2014, it was estimated that, worldwide, some<br />
28 million households had adopted clean cook stoves, most of<br />
which were in Asia and Africa. 37 (p See Figure 32.) The social<br />
enterprise Envirofit International had sold 1 million cook stoves<br />
across 45 countries as of November 2015. 38<br />
It is estimated that at least a few thousand mini-grids were in<br />
operation as of 2015, with primary markets in Bangladesh,<br />
Cambodia, China, India, Mali and Morocco. 42 In the Indian state<br />
of Uttar Pradesh, a 250 kW solar mini-grid powering 60 street<br />
lights and 450 buildings (homes, schools and a healthcare<br />
facility) was finished in 2015. 43 A number of mini-grid projects<br />
also were launched in Africa, including the integrated Kalangala<br />
Infrastructure Services Project in Uganda, a single solar-based<br />
1.6 MW mini-grid. 44<br />
In addition, the use of biogas for cooking continued to gain<br />
prominence in 2015. For example, Bangladesh installed more<br />
than 36,000 biogas cook stoves in 2015 through its domestic<br />
biogas programme, to reach a total of 90,000 in operation. 39 In<br />
Africa, nearly 60,000 bio-digesters were operating in 2015 across<br />
Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. 40<br />
The year 2015 also saw the continued expansion of DRE for other<br />
applications, such as energy for productive and commercial uses<br />
as well as for public services such as street lighting or health<br />
care. 41 ( p See Table 3.)<br />
Table 3. Examples of Distributed Renewable Energy Use for Productive Energy Services<br />
ENERGY SERVICE INCOME-GENERATING VALUE RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES<br />
Irrigation<br />
Better crop yields, higher-value crops, greater reliability<br />
of irrigation systems, enabling of crop growth during<br />
periods when market prices are higher<br />
Wind, solar PV, biomass, micro-hydro<br />
Illumination Reading, extension of operating hours Wind, solar PV, biomass, micro-hydro,<br />
geothermal<br />
Grinding, milling,<br />
husking<br />
Drying, smoking<br />
(preserving with<br />
process heat)<br />
Creation of value-added products from raw agricultural<br />
commodities<br />
Creation of value-added products, preservation of<br />
products that enables sale in higher-value markets<br />
Wind, solar PV, biomass, micro-hydro<br />
Biomass, solar heat, geothermal<br />
Expelling Production of refined oil from seeds Biomass, solar heat<br />
Transport Reaching new markets Biomass (biodiesel)<br />
TV, radio, computer,<br />
Internet, telephone<br />
Battery charging<br />
Refrigeration<br />
Support of entertainment businesses, education, access<br />
to market news, co-ordination with suppliers and<br />
distributors<br />
Wide range of services for end-users<br />
(e.g., phone charging business)<br />
Selling cooled products, increasing the durability of<br />
products<br />
Wind, solar PV, biomass, micro-hydro,<br />
geothermal<br />
Wind, solar PV, biomass, micro-hydro,<br />
geothermal<br />
Wind, solar PV, biomass, micro-hydro<br />
Source: See endnote 41 for this chapter.<br />
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