2j7YOwO

More documents

Recommendations

Info

03 MALI Renewable mini-grids – flexibility in application In the village of Bancoumanan, international partners and the local community have collaborated on the installation of a hybrid mini-grid that provides energy for the local population (190 end-users). Local technicians were trained for operation and maintenance tasks, and the system is managed by a local company. Combining solar energy and diesel, the village of Bancoumanan illustrates the flexibility of community-based renewable energy projects. Bancoumanan, Mali | Created: 2015 | Village energy committee: 11 members | 33 kW solar PV and 68 kW diesel mini-grid
03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR ENERGY ACCESS For well over 1 billion people around the world, obtaining access to the energy required to meet very basic needs remains a daily struggle. In many rural areas of developing countries as well as some urban slums and peri-urban areas, connections to central electric grids are economically prohibitive and may take decades to materialise, if at all. 1 Moreover, grid connectivity does not fully address the need for access to sustainable heating and cooking options. 2 Distributed renewable energy (DRE) i systems – power, cooking, heating and cooling systems that generate and distribute services independently of any centralised system, in both urban and rural areas of the developing world – already provide energy services to millions of people, and numbers continue to increase annually. DRE systems can serve as a complement to centralised energy generation systems, or as a substitute. They offer an unprecedented opportunity to accelerate the transition to modern energy services in remote and rural areas, while also offering co-benefits. Such co-benefits include improved health (through the displacement of indoor air pollution), a contributons to climate change mitigation, as well as positive effects on income growth, women’s empowerment and distributive equity. 3 They can provide affordable lighting, enhance communications and facilitate greater quality and availability of education. 4 DRE systems, as well as the hybridisation of existing mini-grids, may also reduce dependence on fossil fuel imports. Numbers and trends differ greatly by region. ( R See Reference Tables R10 and R11.) In Africa, nearly 60% of people have no access to reliable electricity. 6 To put this number in perspective, the entire continent of Africa has about 150 GW of installed power generating capacity, uses about 3% of the world’s electricity (mostly within South Africa) and emits only about 1% of the world’s carbon dioxide emissions. 7 With 45 GW of installed capacity, the entire electricity supply of sub-Saharan Africa (excluding South Africa) is less than that of Turkey. 8 The official electrification rate for sub-Saharan Africa is 32%. 9 In Asia, China and many industrialised countries, such as Malaysia and Singapore, have made great strides towards electrification. However, in other countries in the region, comparatively high percentages of national populations remain without access to modern energy. India, for example, is home to more people without reliable access to electricity networks (237 million, or 19% of the population) than any other country worldwide. 10 Bangladesh has approximately 60 million people without electricity access (39% of the population), Pakistan has 50 million people without access (27%) and Indonesia has 49 million people without access (19%). 11 In addition, more than 840 million people in India rely on firewood, dung cakes, charcoal or crop residue to meet their household cooking needs, along with an estimated 450 million people in China, 140 million in Bangladesh, 105 million in Pakistan and 98 million in Indonesia. 12 This chapter provides a picture of the current status of DRE markets in developing countries and presents an overview of the major networks and programmes that were operational in 2015. STATUS OF ENERGY ACCESS: AN OVERVIEW The two most common ways to measure energy access are through 1) metrics related to electricity, and 2) metrics illustrating the level of dependence on solid or traditional fuels, such as biomass, for cooking. Approximately 1.2 billion people around the world (17% of the global population) live without electricity and 2.7 billion people are without clean cooking facilities (38% of the global population), the vast majority of whom are in the Asia-Pacific region and in sub-Saharan Africa. 5 (p See Figures 26 and 27.) Although the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has an electrification rate of almost 92%, in some individual countries, high shares of the population still lack access to modern energy. In Yemen, for example, 54% of the population (or 13 million people) does not have access to electricity, and 8 million people lack access to non-solid fuel for cooking. 13 Similarly, throughout Latin America and the Caribbean, 95% of inhabitants have access to grid electricity; the 22 million people without access are concentrated largely in seven countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Guatemala, Haiti, Nicaragua and Peru. 14 About 35 million people in the region (14% of inhabitants) do not have access to clean forms of cooking; in Haiti, 92% of the population use conventional cooking fuels and devices, while Honduras, Guatemala and Nicaragua have access rates of less than 50%. 15 03 i See Sidebar 9 in GSR 2014 for more on the definition and conceptualisation of DRE. RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 87
Page 1 and 2:
RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
Page 3 and 4:
GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
Page 5 and 6:
Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
Page 7 and 8:
FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra
Page 9 and 10:
RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
Page 11 and 12:
Note: Some individuals have contrib
Page 13 and 14:
Sweden Robert Fischer (University o
Page 15 and 16:
REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh
Page 17 and 18:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
Page 19 and 20:
RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
Page 21 and 22:
TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
Page 23 and 24:
SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
Page 25 and 26:
INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
Page 27 and 28:
01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
Page 29 and 30:
markets, policy changes and uncerta
Page 31 and 32:
Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
Page 33 and 34:
Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
Page 35 and 36: also are growing, as are wind turbi
Page 37 and 38: n Latin America: Biomass-based heat
Page 39 and 40: n Africa: Although biofuel producti
Page 41 and 42: JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E
Page 43 and 44: 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BIOMA
Page 45 and 46: BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of
Page 47 and 48: China, the third largest ethanol pr
Page 49 and 50: concluded long-term offtake agreeme
Page 51 and 52: GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
Page 53 and 54: GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
Page 55 and 56: HYDROPOWER Figure 12. Hydropower Gl
Page 57 and 58: OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O
Page 59 and 60: Country of Spain, the first commerc
Page 61 and 62: 7.3 GW was installed, for a total o
Page 63 and 64: Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad
Page 65 and 66: SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
Page 67 and 68: Sharp - in the storage market by in
Page 69 and 70: CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea
Page 71 and 72: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING F
Page 73 and 74: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
Page 75 and 76: WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
Page 77 and 78: WIND POWER Figure 23. Wind Power Gl
Page 79 and 80: WIND POWER INDUSTRY The wind power
Page 81 and 82: Sidebar 3. Renewable Power Technolo
Page 83 and 84: Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
Page 85: Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
Page 89 and 90: through renewables-based mini-grids
Page 91 and 92: India Tanzania Kenya Ethiopia 661,6
Page 93 and 94: INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2
Page 95 and 96: The market for PAYG solar - micro-p
Page 97 and 98: in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th
Page 99 and 100: 04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
Page 101 and 102: INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
Page 103 and 104: INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe
Page 105 and 106: SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
Page 107 and 108: 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun
Page 109 and 110: spearheaded by UNIDO, is designed t
Page 111 and 112: Specific commitments to renewable h
Page 113 and 114: Figure 39. Countries with Renewable
Page 115 and 116: Three US states took steps to expan
Page 117 and 118: volume requirements that were an in
Page 119 and 120: Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
Page 121 and 122: Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
Page 123 and 124: 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
Page 125 and 126: MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
Page 127 and 128: States, new dishwashers use 40% les
Page 129 and 130: 1990 and 2008, design-related effic
Page 131 and 132: The Green Climate Fund included in
Page 133 and 134: appliances, and the country also ha
Page 135 and 136: 07 FEATURE: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENE
Page 137 and 138:
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES Organisat
Page 139 and 140:
e a successful means for addressing
Page 141 and 142:
Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
Page 143 and 144:
Table R4. Geothermal Power Global C
Page 145 and 146:
Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity
Page 147 and 148:
Table R8. Solar Water Heating Colle
Page 149 and 150:
Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
Page 151 and 152:
Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
Page 153 and 154:
Table R11. Population Relying on Tr
Page 155 and 156:
Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
Page 157 and 158:
Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
Page 159 and 160:
Table R13. Networks Furthering Ener
Page 161 and 162:
Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
Page 163 and 164:
Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
Page 165 and 166:
Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
Page 167 and 168:
Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
Page 169 and 170:
Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets
Page 171 and 172:
Table R19. Targets for Renewable Po
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Table R20. Cumulative Number 1 of C
Page 179 and 180:
Table R21. Cumulative Number 1 of C
Page 181 and 182:
Table R23. Heating and Cooling from
Page 183 and 184:
Table R25. National and State/Provi
Page 185 and 186:
Table R26. City and Local Renewable
Page 187 and 188:
ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW unfccc-
Page 189 and 190:
ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW bbc.com
Page 191 and 192:
ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 76 See
Page 193 and 194:
ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW India,
Page 195 and 196:
ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW persona
Page 197 and 198:
ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW which o
Page 199 and 200:
ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW http://
Page 201 and 202:
ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRE
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
Page 245 and 246:
ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
Page 247 and 248:
ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE POLICY
Page 249 and 250:
ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE “Res
Page 251 and 252:
ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE 2015,
Page 253 and 254:
ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY blog_
Page 255 and 256:
ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY go.jp
Page 257 and 258:
ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE Programme, 2013
Page 259 and 260:
ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES 2016); so
Page 261 and 262:
ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES FTI Consu
Page 263 and 264:
NOTES 4. Bio-power Data Given exist
Page 265 and 266:
GLOSSARY projects vary in technolog
Page 267 and 268:
GLOSSARY Labelling. System in which
Page 269 and 270:
GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru
Page 271 and 272:
PHOTO CREDITS page 9 SAIREC, South
show all

2j7YOwO

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?