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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS Table 2. Status of Renewable Technologies: Costs and Capacity Factors BIO-POWER Levelised Cost of Energy R USD/kWh 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 Africa Asia Central America and the Caribbean Eurasia Europe Middle East North America Pacific South America China India United States GEOTHERMAL POWER Levelised Cost of Energy R USD/kWh Africa Asia Central America and the Caribbean Eurasia Europe Middle East North America Pacific South America China India United States 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 HYDRO POWER Levelised Cost of Energy R USD/kWh 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Africa Asia Central America and the Caribbean Eurasia Europe Middle East North America Pacific South America China India United States SOLAR PV Levelised Cost of Energy R USD/kWh 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Africa Asia Central America and the Caribbean Eurasia Europe Middle East North America Pacific South America China India United States = LCOE range = LCOE weighted average wa = weighted average 82
Investment Cost R USD min max wa Capacity Factor R % min max wa Africa 625 5579 1654 0.454 0.913 0.618 Asia 536 6082 1486 0.202 0.95 0.623 Central America and the Caribbean 534 7805 1021 0.225 0.796 0.317 Eurasia 1344 7106 1756 0.713 0.958 0.831 Europe 507 7957 3249 0.228 0.933 0.835 Middle East 885 4272 2895 0.291 0.929 0.566 North America 510 7641 3584 0.228 0.958 0.847 Pacific 3852 3851 3851 0.508 0.506 0.507 South America 547 7885 1662 0.206 0.942 0.531 China 542 6082 1576 0.206 0.95 0.618 India 536 5497 1112 0.202 0.976 0.626 United States 1062 7641 4076 0.891 0.958 0.93 Investment Cost R USD min max wa Capacity Factor R % min max wa Africa 1719 7689 3818 0.8 0.92 0.84 Asia 1514 8736 3148 0.411 0.929 0.83 Central America and the Caribbean 3260 3537 3413 0.57 0.6 0.58 Eurasia 2613 3278 3113 0.8 0.8 0.8 Europe 3613 8919 5209 0.6 0.8 0.66 Middle East North America 2029 8353 5017 0.74 0.923 0.83 Pacific 3303 4676 3796 0.6 0.8 0.8 South America 3027 4348 3587 0.8 0.95 0.82 China 1501 9722 1943 India 1501 7475 2169 United States 2941 8353 5961 0.74 0.9 0.79 Investment Cost R USD min max wa Capacity Factor R % min max wa Africa 454 6730 1478 0.264 0.856 0.413 Asia 458 7553 1212 0.139 0.947 0.46 Central America and the Caribbean 674 5416 2945 0.25 0.8 0.476 Eurasia 519 5416 2945 0.169 0.854 0.421 Europe 528 7913 1790 0.140 0.713 0.353 Middle East 453 2186 1303 0.201 0.757 0.316 North America 723 7103 2252 0.184 0.89 0.509 Pacific 1780 4119 2984 0.241 0.614 0.504 South America 527 7211 1851 0.251 0.945 0.569 China 458 7220 1023 0.131 0.947 0.451 India 467 5759 1321 0.115 0.898 0.451 United States 723 6757 1384 0.31 0.779 0.398 Investment Cost R USD min max wa Capacity Factor R % min max wa Africa 944 4110 2649 0.016 0.278 0.199 Asia 819 7997 1624 0.101 0.247 0.166 Central America and the Caribbean 1600 4000 2076 0.155 0.227 0.198 Eurasia 1545 3697 2775 0.117 0.127 0.119 Europe 944 2827 1408 0.098 0.30 0.123 Middle East 1311 4000 2553 0.174 0.347 0.256 North America 800 5900 2365 0.095 0.336 0.196 Pacific 1180 7539 2857 0.114 0.271 0.191 South America 1132 4326 2249 0.130 0.404 0.320 China 998 7780 1439 0.101 0.184 0.170 India 833 4916 1403 0.159 0.247 0.206 United States 965 5900 2336 0.095 0.336 0.197 02 RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 83
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RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
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Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
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FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra
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RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
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Note: Some individuals have contrib
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Sweden Robert Fischer (University o
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REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
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RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
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TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
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SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
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INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
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01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
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markets, policy changes and uncerta
Page 31 and 32: Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
Page 33 and 34: Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
Page 35 and 36: also are growing, as are wind turbi
Page 37 and 38: n Latin America: Biomass-based heat
Page 39 and 40: n Africa: Although biofuel producti
Page 41 and 42: JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E
Page 43 and 44: 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BIOMA
Page 45 and 46: BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of
Page 47 and 48: China, the third largest ethanol pr
Page 49 and 50: concluded long-term offtake agreeme
Page 51 and 52: GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
Page 53 and 54: GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
Page 55 and 56: HYDROPOWER Figure 12. Hydropower Gl
Page 57 and 58: OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O
Page 59 and 60: Country of Spain, the first commerc
Page 61 and 62: 7.3 GW was installed, for a total o
Page 63 and 64: Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad
Page 65 and 66: SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
Page 67 and 68: Sharp - in the storage market by in
Page 69 and 70: CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea
Page 71 and 72: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING F
Page 73 and 74: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
Page 75 and 76: WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
Page 77 and 78: WIND POWER Figure 23. Wind Power Gl
Page 79 and 80: WIND POWER INDUSTRY The wind power
Page 81: Sidebar 3. Renewable Power Technolo
Page 85 and 86: Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
Page 87 and 88: 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR
Page 89 and 90: through renewables-based mini-grids
Page 91 and 92: India Tanzania Kenya Ethiopia 661,6
Page 93 and 94: INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2
Page 95 and 96: The market for PAYG solar - micro-p
Page 97 and 98: in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th
Page 99 and 100: 04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
Page 101 and 102: INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
Page 103 and 104: INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe
Page 105 and 106: SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
Page 107 and 108: 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun
Page 109 and 110: spearheaded by UNIDO, is designed t
Page 111 and 112: Specific commitments to renewable h
Page 113 and 114: Figure 39. Countries with Renewable
Page 115 and 116: Three US states took steps to expan
Page 117 and 118: volume requirements that were an in
Page 119 and 120: Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
Page 121 and 122: Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
Page 123 and 124: 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
Page 125 and 126: MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
Page 127 and 128: States, new dishwashers use 40% les
Page 129 and 130: 1990 and 2008, design-related effic
Page 131 and 132: The Green Climate Fund included in
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appliances, and the country also ha
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07 FEATURE: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENE
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ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES Organisat
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e a successful means for addressing
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Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
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Table R4. Geothermal Power Global C
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Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity
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Table R8. Solar Water Heating Colle
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R11. Population Relying on Tr
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R13. Networks Furthering Ener
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets
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Table R19. Targets for Renewable Po
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Table R20. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R21. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R23. Heating and Cooling from
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Table R25. National and State/Provi
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Table R26. City and Local Renewable
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW unfccc-
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW bbc.com
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 76 See
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW India,
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW persona
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW which o
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW http://
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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRE
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE POLICY
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE “Res
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE 2015,
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY blog_
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY go.jp
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ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE Programme, 2013
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES 2016); so
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES FTI Consu
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NOTES 4. Bio-power Data Given exist
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GLOSSARY projects vary in technolog
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GLOSSARY Labelling. System in which
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GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru
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PHOTO CREDITS page 9 SAIREC, South
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