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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING MARKETS Solar thermal technology is used extensively in all regions of the world to provide hot water, to heat and cool space, and to provide higher-temperature heat for industrial processes. Global capacity of glazed and unglazed solar thermal collectors continued to rise in 2015. The 18 largest markets in 2015 are spread across all continents and represent 93–94% of total the year's global additions. 1 (p See Figure 19 and Reference Table R8.) In 2015, their newly installed capacity totalled an estimated 37.2 GW th (53.1 million m2), down 14% from the 43.4 GW th installed by these countries in 2014. 2 The continued slowdown in 2015 was due primarily to shrinking markets in China and Europe. Despite the overall negative trend, significant market growth was reported from Denmark (up 55% over 2014), Turkey (10 %), Israel (9%), Mexico (8%) and Poland (7%). 3 Among the top 18 countries, vacuum tube collectors made up 76% of new installations, flat plate collectors 20% and unglazed water collectors (mostly for swimming pool heating) the remaining 4%. 4 These additions brought total global solar thermal capacity to an estimated 435 GW th (622 million m2) at the end of 2015, up from 409 GW th one year earlier. 5 (p See Figure 20.) There was enough capacity by year’s end to provide approximately 357 TWh (1,285 PJ) of heat annually. 6 The top countries for new installations in 2015 were China, Turkey, Brazil, India and the United States , and the top five for cumulative capacity at year-end were China, the United States, Germany, Turkey and Brazil. 7 (p See Figure 21 and Reference Table R8.) Of the top 18 installers, the leading countries for average market growth between 2010 and 2015 were Denmark (34%), Poland (14%) and Brazil (8%); the most significant market decline over this period was seen in France (-17%), Austria (-14%) and Italy (-14%). 8 China again was the largest market by far in 2015, with gross additions of 30.45 GW th (43.5 million m2) – 21 times more capacity than was added in second-placed Turkey. 9 At year’s end, China’s cumulative capacity in operation was an estimated 309.4 GW th , or about 71% of the world’s total. 10 China’s market contracted for the second consecutive year – falling 17% in 2015, after an 18% drop in 2014 – due to the slowdown in the construction industry and the weak national economy. 11 Vacuum tubes continued to dominate the Chinese market in 2015, accounting for 87% of added capacity; however, flat plate collectors were again popular, especially for roof and façade integration in urban areas. 12 Even though Turkey provides little policy support for solar thermal technologies, annual installations were up 10% in 2015, to an estimated 1.47 GW th (2.1 million m2). These new installations were delivered by a strong supply chain that includes about 800 sales points and around 3,000 specialised installers. 13 The share of vacuum tube collectors increased again in 2015, to 49% (44% in 2014), up from almost zero 10 years earlier. 14 Brazil ranked third for new installations in 2015, with 982 MW th (1.4 million m2) of glazed and unglazed collectors. 15 However, deployment remained below expectations, with the market down by 3% relative to 2014; this compares with Brazil’s high average annual growth rate of 8% between 2010 and 2015. 16 Constraints on the market included the national economic crisis, which reduced investment and purchasing power, and delay in implementing the next phase of the social housing programme Minha Casa Minha Vida. 17 India was fourth for new installations. Although there is high uncertainty regarding the market volume in fiscal year 2015–2016, preliminary estimates show that the market was stable compared to the previous year, when 826 MW th (1.18 million m2) of capacity was installed, and the share of vacuum tube collectors was around 80%. 18 A temporary reduction in demand has resulted from the suspension of India’s national grant scheme in 2014. As of early 2016, India’s government and solar thermal industry were discussing new support measures and, as a consequence, a renewable heating obligation was being drafted that, if enacted, would be the first of its kind worldwide. 19 The United States was the fifth biggest market for solar thermal collectors in 2015 and the world’s largest market for unglazed collectors for swimming pools, followed by Brazil (427 MW th ) and Australia (280 MW th ). 20 The unglazed segment accounted for 87% of US cumulative solar thermal capacity of 17 GW th at the end of 2014. 21 In the significantly smaller segment of glazed collectors, a capacity of 119 MW th was added in 2015; this was down 7% (after falling 19% in 2014) in response to low oil and gas prices and an increased focus on solar PV, driven by strong marketing efforts by solar PV system providers. 22 In the EU-28, the market volume dropped again in 2015 (down 6%), to an estimated 1.9 GW th (2.7 million m 2 ), following a 7% decline in 2014. 23 The EU’s total installed capacity in operation at the end of 2015 was approximately 33.3 GW th , representing around 8% of the world’s total. 24 With the exception of Denmark and Poland, all major European solar thermal markets contracted significantly in 2015: Austria’s market shrank by 12% relative to 2014, and declines also were seen in Germany (-10%), Spain (-6%), Italy (-15%) and France i (-33%). 25 Following 19% market growth in 2014, Greece maintained the same volume (189 MW th , 270,000 m2) in 2015, and its exports increased by another 7% (to 202 MW th , 288,571 m 2 ) thanks to rising demand in the MENA region. 26 Low oil and gas prices contributed significantly to the shrinking markets seen in much of Europe. In Germany, for example, low fuel prices drove up sales of gas- and oil-condensing boilers (by 7% and 30%, respectively); by contrast, the solar thermal market contracted by 10% to 100,500 systems, for a total of 564 MW th (806,000 m2) added during the year. 27 This significant reduction occurred despite an increase in Germany’s national incentive programme in April 2015. 28 Additional challenges for Italy, Spain and France included bureaucratic processes associated with national subsidy schemes, a slowdown in the housing industry and increased competition from other renewable heat technologies. 29 i Metropolitan France only, which includes mainland France and nearby islands in the Atlantic Ocean, English Channel and the Mediterranean Sea (not Overseas France). 70
SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING Figure 19. Solar Water Heating Collectors Additions, Top 18 Countries for Capacity Added, 2015 Gigawatts-thermal -17% 30 25 20 15 10 5 1.0 0 China Turkey Brazil India United Germany Australia Israel Mexico Denmark Poland Greece Spain Italy Austria France Switzerland States Gigawattsthermal 1.5 + 10% 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.3 0 - 3% 0 0 -10% - 7% + 9% + 8% + 55% + 7% Unglazed collectors Glazed (evacuated tube collectors) Glazed (flat plate collectors) Growth 2014/2015 0 - 6% - 15% - 12% - 33% - 22% - 21% Japan Source: See endnote 1 for this section. Additions represent gross capacity added. Figure 20. Solar Water Heating Collectors Global Capacity, 2005–2015 Gigawatts-thermal 500 400 Glazed collectors Unglazed collectors World Total 435 Gigawatts-thermal 300 200 100 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Source: IEA SHC. See endnote 5 for this section. Figure 21. Solar Water Heating Collectors Global Capacity, Shares of Top 12 Countries and Rest of World, 2014 Source: IEA SHC. See endnote 7 for this section. China 71% Rest of World 10% Others 4% 3% 3% United States Germany Turkey Brazil 1.9% Australia 1.4% India 1.3% Austria 0.9% Israel 0.8% Greece 0.7% Italy 0.7% Japan 0.6% 02 Data are for solar water collectors only (not including air collectors). RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 71
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RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
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Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
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FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra
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RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
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Note: Some individuals have contrib
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Sweden Robert Fischer (University o
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REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
Page 19 and 20: RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
Page 21 and 22: TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
Page 23 and 24: SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
Page 25 and 26: INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
Page 27 and 28: 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
Page 29 and 30: markets, policy changes and uncerta
Page 31 and 32: Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
Page 33 and 34: Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
Page 35 and 36: also are growing, as are wind turbi
Page 37 and 38: n Latin America: Biomass-based heat
Page 39 and 40: n Africa: Although biofuel producti
Page 41 and 42: JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E
Page 43 and 44: 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BIOMA
Page 45 and 46: BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of
Page 47 and 48: China, the third largest ethanol pr
Page 49 and 50: concluded long-term offtake agreeme
Page 51 and 52: GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
Page 53 and 54: GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
Page 55 and 56: HYDROPOWER Figure 12. Hydropower Gl
Page 57 and 58: OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O
Page 59 and 60: Country of Spain, the first commerc
Page 61 and 62: 7.3 GW was installed, for a total o
Page 63 and 64: Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad
Page 65 and 66: SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
Page 67 and 68: Sharp - in the storage market by in
Page 69: CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea
Page 73 and 74: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
Page 75 and 76: WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
Page 77 and 78: WIND POWER Figure 23. Wind Power Gl
Page 79 and 80: WIND POWER INDUSTRY The wind power
Page 81 and 82: Sidebar 3. Renewable Power Technolo
Page 83 and 84: Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
Page 85 and 86: Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
Page 87 and 88: 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR
Page 89 and 90: through renewables-based mini-grids
Page 91 and 92: India Tanzania Kenya Ethiopia 661,6
Page 93 and 94: INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2
Page 95 and 96: The market for PAYG solar - micro-p
Page 97 and 98: in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th
Page 99 and 100: 04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
Page 101 and 102: INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
Page 103 and 104: INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe
Page 105 and 106: SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
Page 107 and 108: 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun
Page 109 and 110: spearheaded by UNIDO, is designed t
Page 111 and 112: Specific commitments to renewable h
Page 113 and 114: Figure 39. Countries with Renewable
Page 115 and 116: Three US states took steps to expan
Page 117 and 118: volume requirements that were an in
Page 119 and 120: Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
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MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
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States, new dishwashers use 40% les
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1990 and 2008, design-related effic
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The Green Climate Fund included in
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appliances, and the country also ha
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07 FEATURE: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENE
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ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES Organisat
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e a successful means for addressing
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Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
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Table R4. Geothermal Power Global C
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Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity
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Table R8. Solar Water Heating Colle
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R11. Population Relying on Tr
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R13. Networks Furthering Ener
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets
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Table R19. Targets for Renewable Po
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Table R20. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R21. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R23. Heating and Cooling from
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Table R25. National and State/Provi
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Table R26. City and Local Renewable
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW unfccc-
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW bbc.com
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 76 See
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW India,
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW persona
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW which o
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW http://
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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRE
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE POLICY
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE “Res
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE 2015,
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY blog_
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY go.jp
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ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE Programme, 2013
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES 2016); so
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES FTI Consu
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NOTES 4. Bio-power Data Given exist
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GLOSSARY projects vary in technolog
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GLOSSARY Labelling. System in which
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GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru
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PHOTO CREDITS page 9 SAIREC, South
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