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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS Figure 18. Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Global Capacity, by Country/Region, 2005–2015 Figure 18. Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Global Capacity, by Country or Region, 2005–2015 Gigawatts 5 World Total 4.8 Gigawatts 4 Rest of World Spain United States 3 2 1 Source: See endnote 1 for this section. 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 announced 14 prequalified bidders (including numerous MENAbased developers) for a 50 MW facility. 17 In Algeria, where the government announced plans in 2015 to develop 2 GW of CSP by 2030, a number of new projects were in the development stage. 18 In the Middle East, construction started on Israel’s 121 MW Ashalim Plot B facility. Commercial operation is expected in 2017, and an additional 110 MW phase is expected to come online in 2018. 19 In Saudi Arabia, Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCC) i facilities under construction in Duba and Waad Al Shamaal will incorporate 50 MW each of CSP technology when they enter operation in 2017 and 2018, respectively. 20 As domestic energy demand rises in Saudi Arabia, CSP is considered a strategically important technology for maintaining the country’s status as a fossil fuel exporter. 21 In Latin America, construction continued on Chile’s 110 MW Atacama 1 plant. 27 Chile saw a notable milestone for CSP when a hybrid CSP/PV facility (incorporating 100 MW) won a baseload tender that also was open to combined-cycle gas technology. 28 CSP continued its push into developing markets with high DNI levels and specific strategic and/or economic alignment with the benefits of CSP technology. In this respect, CSP is receiving increased policy support in countries with limited oil and gas reserves, constrained power networks, or strong industrialisation and job creation agendas, including South Africa, Morocco and China. 29 China’s proposed CSP target of 5–10 GW by 2020 came amidst a flurry of development activity. 22 Construction at the 50 MW Qinghai Delingha facility commenced in late 2015. 23 The facility, which will mark the country’s first commercial CSP plant, is expected to come online in 2017. 24 Additional facilities totalling several hundred megawatts are in various stages of construction, although timelines for completion remain unclear. 25 Elsewhere in Asia, India’s 25 MW Gujarat Solar One facility entered construction after significant permitting delays. 26 i Integrated Solar Combined Cycle facilities are hybrid gas and solar plants that utilise both solar energy and natural gas for the production of electricity. 68
CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed year for industry as companies adapted to the shift of CSP markets. The continued stagnation of the Spanish market, along with a long predicted slowdown in the United States, resulted in increased capacity building in new focus markets. Established CSP players created new partnerships and invested in assets in new markets, while local industrial activity emerged in South Africa, the MENA region and China. 30 Recognising CSP’s potential for local manufacturing, engineering and skills development, many countries – including Morocco, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and the United Arab Emirates – continued to promote or enforce local content requirements in their CSP programmes during 2015. 31 Abengoa, the industry’s largest developer and builder, faced bankruptcy proceedings before reaching an agreement with its creditors and avoiding liquidation in early 2016. 32 The company’s rising debt was partially a result of Spanish energy reforms enacted in 2013, which reduced feed-in tariffs for CSP facilities. 33 As of early 2016, the company was expected to dispose of equity in several CSP facilities as it restructured its operations over the year. 34 Nonetheless, Abengoa and Saudia Arabia’s ACWA Power led the market in ownership of projects that either commenced operations or were under construction during 2015. 35 As a developer, owner and operator, ACWA continued to make strong inroads into the global CSP market, most notably through projects in South Africa and Morocco. 36 Other top companies in 2015, including those engaged in construction, operation and/or manufacturing, were Rioglass Solar (Belgium); Acciona, ACS Cobra, Sener and TSK (all Spain); and Brightsource, GE and Solar Reserve (all United States). 37 Leading manufacturer Schott Solar (Germany) sold its CSP receiver business to Rioglass Solar, the world’s largest manufacturer of CSP mirrors with plants in Chile, Israel, South Africa, Spain and the United States. 38 Rioglass Solar previously purchased the CSP receiver business of Siemens (Germany) in 2013. 39 GE acquired the power business of Alstom (France) – including the company’s CSP business – towards the end of 2015. 40 Developers continued to focus on larger plants, with many facilities exceeding 100 MW in size. South Africa increased the size limit of CSP plants under its Independent Power Producer Procurement programme from 100 MW to 150 MW. 41 These larger plants are being developed increasingly in water-scarce regions, so most new facilities are making use of dry cooling technology to reduce water consumption as well as environmental impact. 42 Almost all new CSP plants are being developed with TES systems, and global storage capacity is on the rise. The US Crescent Dunes facility represented a major step forward in this regard: with 10 hours of storage, the plant is capable of generating power at any time of day or night for half of the year. 43 In Morocco, the storage capacity planned for the Noor II facility, currently under construction, was increased from three to seven hours. 44 Faced by competition from solar PV due to its rapidly declining prices, the CSP industry has focused increasingly on maximising value through TES systems that provide dispatchable power. 45 Research conducted by the US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) on California power markets found that a large fraction of the value of CSP operating with TES appears to be derived from its ability to provide firm system capacity; this is especially the case where the penetration of variable renewables is high, or where there is a shortage of baseload capacity. 46 Under South Africa’s competitive bidding process, decreasing price caps coupled with strong competition resulted in a reduction of CSP bid prices by nearly 40% from round one (in late 2011) to round three (in late 2013) of the procurement process. 47 This trend was expected to continue with the announcement of new preferred bidders, originally scheduled for early 2016. 48 In Morocco, the next phases of the Noor Ouarzazate CSP complex will operate at significantly lower tariffs than other operational facilities in the region as a result of cheaper debt and learnings from the first phase. 49 A shift to cheaper component suppliers and the establishment of partnerships between leading CSP technology companies and Chinese counterparts also are helping to reduce costs. 50 R&D in the CSP sector is being driven by both private and public entities, often through partnerships between leading CSP firms or between private groups and government programmes. Improvements and cost reductions in TES continue to be strong focus areas of these activities. Related research programmes, some of which focused on novel storage media such as sand and concrete, were under way during 2015 in several countries, including Italy, the United States and the United Arab Emirates. 51 R&D programmes backed by the United States and the United Arab Emirates concentrated on improving CSP efficiency through the application of higher-temperature processes, which allow the more efficient transfer of heat and conversion of energy. Related research in 2015 was focused largely on the development of materials capable of housing high-temperature processes. 52 Other research was directed towards incremental cost reductions in CSP components, including heliostats and mirrors; the reduction of water usage in both steam/power generation and mirror cleaning; and the reduction of land requirements for CSP systems. 53 02 RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 69
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RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
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Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
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FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra
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RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
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Note: Some individuals have contrib
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Sweden Robert Fischer (University o
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REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh
Page 17 and 18: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
Page 19 and 20: RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
Page 21 and 22: TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
Page 23 and 24: SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
Page 25 and 26: INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
Page 27 and 28: 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
Page 29 and 30: markets, policy changes and uncerta
Page 31 and 32: Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
Page 33 and 34: Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
Page 35 and 36: also are growing, as are wind turbi
Page 37 and 38: n Latin America: Biomass-based heat
Page 39 and 40: n Africa: Although biofuel producti
Page 41 and 42: JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E
Page 43 and 44: 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BIOMA
Page 45 and 46: BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of
Page 47 and 48: China, the third largest ethanol pr
Page 49 and 50: concluded long-term offtake agreeme
Page 51 and 52: GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
Page 53 and 54: GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
Page 55 and 56: HYDROPOWER Figure 12. Hydropower Gl
Page 57 and 58: OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O
Page 59 and 60: Country of Spain, the first commerc
Page 61 and 62: 7.3 GW was installed, for a total o
Page 63 and 64: Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad
Page 65 and 66: SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
Page 67: Sharp - in the storage market by in
Page 71 and 72: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING F
Page 73 and 74: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
Page 75 and 76: WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
Page 77 and 78: WIND POWER Figure 23. Wind Power Gl
Page 79 and 80: WIND POWER INDUSTRY The wind power
Page 81 and 82: Sidebar 3. Renewable Power Technolo
Page 83 and 84: Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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Page 87 and 88: 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR
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Page 91 and 92: India Tanzania Kenya Ethiopia 661,6
Page 93 and 94: INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2
Page 95 and 96: The market for PAYG solar - micro-p
Page 97 and 98: in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th
Page 99 and 100: 04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
Page 101 and 102: INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
Page 103 and 104: INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe
Page 105 and 106: SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
Page 107 and 108: 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun
Page 109 and 110: spearheaded by UNIDO, is designed t
Page 111 and 112: Specific commitments to renewable h
Page 113 and 114: Figure 39. Countries with Renewable
Page 115 and 116: Three US states took steps to expan
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
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MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
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States, new dishwashers use 40% les
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1990 and 2008, design-related effic
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The Green Climate Fund included in
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appliances, and the country also ha
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07 FEATURE: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENE
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ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES Organisat
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e a successful means for addressing
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Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
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Table R4. Geothermal Power Global C
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Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity
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Table R8. Solar Water Heating Colle
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R11. Population Relying on Tr
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R13. Networks Furthering Ener
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets
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Table R19. Targets for Renewable Po
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Table R20. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R21. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R23. Heating and Cooling from
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Table R25. National and State/Provi
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Table R26. City and Local Renewable
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW unfccc-
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW bbc.com
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 76 See
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW India,
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW persona
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW which o
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW http://
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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRE
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE POLICY
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE “Res
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE 2015,
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY blog_
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY go.jp
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ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE Programme, 2013
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES 2016); so
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES FTI Consu
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NOTES 4. Bio-power Data Given exist
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GLOSSARY projects vary in technolog
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GLOSSARY Labelling. System in which
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GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru
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PHOTO CREDITS page 9 SAIREC, South
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