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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS Hydropower capacity in Brazil increased in 2015 by 2.5 GW (2.8%), including 2.3 GW of large-scalei hydro (>30 MW) capacity, for a year-end total of 91.7 GW. 10 Despite the increase in capacity, hydropower output, at 382 TWh, dropped again (2.7% relative to 2014) due to continuing drought conditions. Between 2011 and 2015, Brazil’s hydropower output declined about 15%, even as capacity expanded by about 11%. 11 New capacity is being built in a manner to improve the power system’s resilience to drought. 12 In 2015, 17 additional 75 MW turbines (1,275 MW) became operational at Brazil’s Jirau plant, with just over 3 GW in place by year’s end. 13 Jirau’s sister plant, Santo Antonio (3.57 GW when completed), also along the Madeira River, added three units (212 MW) for a total of 2.5 GW. 14 Two units (728 MW) came online at the Teles Pires plant, which will yield 1.82 GW when completed. 15 The 11.2 GW Belo Monte was partially commissioned in early 2016, with full commissioning to follow when new transmission infrastructure is in place. Transmission lines continue to be one of the main bottlenecks for development of renewable energy projects in Brazil, with the majority of the country’s transmission projects behind schedule. 16 Turkey appears to be on track to achieve its target of 34 GW of hydropower capacity by 2023; this target is part of the country’s plan to pursue all available resources to meet rapidly growing electricity demand. 17 Turkey added 2.2 GW in 2015, bringing the total to 25.9 GW. 18 Hydropower production has been affected by severe fluctuations in rainfall: following a particularly dry period and sharp drop in output in 2014, production rebounded in 2015 by nearly 66%, to 66.9 TWh. 19 India ranked fourth for new installations. In 2015, the country brought online approximately 1.9 GW of new hydropower capacity, most (1.8 GW) of which was in the category of largescale hydro (>25 MW per facility), and ended the year with a total of 47 GW. Generation in 2015 was an estimated 135 TWh; output of large-scale facilities was 123 TWh, a drop of 5.7% from 2014. 20 Completed facilities included the 800 MW Koldam project; this plant in the lap of the Himalayas in the northern state of Himachal Pradesh was long-delayed due to ecological and geological concerns. 21 In the state of Uttarakhand, the 330 MW Shrinagar run-of-river project started operation, with a portion of the plant’s output designated for local consumption at no charge. 22 Neighbouring Bhutan completed the 126 MW Dagachhu runof-river station, the first transboundary Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project registered with the UNFCCC. 23 All of the plant’s output is destined for the Indian power market. 24 In Nepal, construction of new plants, such as the 111 MW Rasuwagadi and the 456 MW Upper Tamakoshi, suffered severe setbacks due to damage from the April 2015 earthquake and its aftershocks. 25 Nepal temporarily lost 150 MW of hydropower capability (about 30% of total), exacerbating an already severe electricity shortfall. 26 Vietnam, which ranked fifth for installations, added a little over 1 GW of capacity in 2015. New capacity included the first of three 400 MW units at the Lai Chau plant; when completed, it will be Vietnam’s third largest hydropower facility. 27 The country also commissioned the first of two 260 MW units at the Huoi Quang plant, with the second to follow in 2016. 28 Serious drought conditions have depleted Vietnam’s reservoirs and strained hydropower production. 29 Several other countries in the region completed projects during the year, including: Malaysia brought online the remaining 708 MW of the 944 MW Murun plant; Lao PDR finalised about 600 MW, including the 180 MW Nam Ngiep 2 plant, which has specially designed turbines for its head height of 495 metres; and Cambodia bolstered its inadequate electricity supply with the 338 MW Russei Chrum River dam (financed and built by Chinese corporations). 30 Myanmar completed a 140 MW plant on the Paunglaung River, which the government considered a major success in dealing with challenges posed by rapidly increasing power demand and very limited access to electricity, while overcoming significant population resettlement challenges. 31 In March 2016, on the eve of the bi-annual meeting of the Mekong River Commission, China announced plans to release additional water into the downstream portions of the Mekong River, continuing into early April 2016 to help alleviate severe water shortages in the drought-stricken downstream countries of Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. 32 In North America, the United States continued to rank third globally for installed hydropower capacity but added only 70 MW to its grid in 2015, for a year-end total of 79.7 GW. 33 The country experienced a fourth consecutive year of decline in output due to unfavourable hydrological conditions, with generation of 251 TWh, 7.6% below the average for the preceding decade. 34 Canada completed 0.7 GW of new facilities and expansions in 2015, raising total installed capacity to 79 GW, while maintaining output at 376 TWh for the year. 35 British Columbia’s Waneta expansion project added 335 MW to an existing facility, cost-effectively capturing power from flow that otherwise would be spilled. 36 Also in 2015, the 270 MW Romaine-1 project – the second of four planned cascading plants – was completed in Québec. 37 The Russian Federation continued to rank fifth globally for total installed capacity, adding a net of 143 MW in 2015 for a year-end total of 47.9 GW. 38 Hydropower generation (160 TWh) was down 4.1% relative to 2014. 39 RusHydro completed several refurbishment projects in 2015 and had plans to continue modernisation efforts for improved reliability, efficiency and security. 40 The Russian Federation's Boguchanskaya plant, which saw completion of the last of nine 333 MW units in late 2014, achieved an effective capacity of 3 GW when its vast reservoir finally reached design capacity in June 2015. 41 Following transmission and other plant upgrades, the effective capacity of the restored Sayano- Shushenskaya plant (6.4 GW) increased by another 700 MW, for a total of 5.1 GW. 42 In Africa, Ethiopia neared completion of its 1.87 GW Gibe III plant, after nine years of construction, bringing 2 of the project’s 10 turbines into service. Gibe III has one of the tallest concrete dams (246 metres) of its type in the world. 43 As of early 2016, UNESCO’s World Heritage Centre continued to monitor the project’s social and ecological impacts. 44 Once completed, the plant is expected to increase Ethiopia’s electricity supply significantly and to pave the way for the country to become a major power exporter. 45 i Brazil reports hydropower capacity separately by size category, at the thresholds of 1 MW (very small) and 30 MW (small). India reports hydropower above a threshold of 25 MW, separately from smaller facilities. 54
HYDROPOWER Figure 12. Hydropower Global Capacity, Shares of Top Six Countriesand Rest of World, 2015 Figure 14. Hydropower Global Capacity, Shares of Top Six Countries and Rest of World, 2015 China 27.9% Brazil 8.6% United States 7.5% Canada 7.4% Russian Federat. 4.5% Rest of World 39.7% Source: See endnote 2 for this section. India 4.4% Global capacity reached 1,064 GW Figure 13. Hydropower Capacity and Additions, Top Nine Countries for Capacity Added, 2015 Figure 15. . Hydropower Capacity and Additions, Top Nine Countries for Capacity Added, 2015 Gigawatts 300 250 + 16.1 100 Gigawatts + 2.5 Added in 2015 2014 total 200 80 + 0.7 02 150 60 + 1.9 100 40 + 2.2 50 0 China 20 0 + 1.0 + 0.6 + 0.7 + 0.6 Brazil Turkey India Vietnam Malaysia Canada Lao PDR Colombia Source: See endnote 5 for this section. Additions are net of repowering and retirements. RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 55
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RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
Page 3 and 4: GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
Page 5 and 6: Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra
Page 9 and 10: RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
Page 11 and 12: Note: Some individuals have contrib
Page 13 and 14: Sweden Robert Fischer (University o
Page 15 and 16: REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh
Page 17 and 18: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
Page 19 and 20: RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
Page 21 and 22: TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
Page 23 and 24: SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
Page 25 and 26: INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
Page 27 and 28: 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
Page 29 and 30: markets, policy changes and uncerta
Page 31 and 32: Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
Page 33 and 34: Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
Page 35 and 36: also are growing, as are wind turbi
Page 37 and 38: n Latin America: Biomass-based heat
Page 39 and 40: n Africa: Although biofuel producti
Page 41 and 42: JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E
Page 43 and 44: 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BIOMA
Page 45 and 46: BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of
Page 47 and 48: China, the third largest ethanol pr
Page 49 and 50: concluded long-term offtake agreeme
Page 51 and 52: GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
Page 53: GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
Page 57 and 58: OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O
Page 59 and 60: Country of Spain, the first commerc
Page 61 and 62: 7.3 GW was installed, for a total o
Page 63 and 64: Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad
Page 65 and 66: SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
Page 67 and 68: Sharp - in the storage market by in
Page 69 and 70: CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea
Page 71 and 72: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING F
Page 73 and 74: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
Page 75 and 76: WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
Page 77 and 78: WIND POWER Figure 23. Wind Power Gl
Page 79 and 80: WIND POWER INDUSTRY The wind power
Page 81 and 82: Sidebar 3. Renewable Power Technolo
Page 83 and 84: Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
Page 85 and 86: Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
Page 87 and 88: 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR
Page 89 and 90: through renewables-based mini-grids
Page 91 and 92: India Tanzania Kenya Ethiopia 661,6
Page 93 and 94: INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2
Page 95 and 96: The market for PAYG solar - micro-p
Page 97 and 98: in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th
Page 99 and 100: 04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
Page 101 and 102: INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
Page 103 and 104: INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe
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SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
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05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun
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spearheaded by UNIDO, is designed t
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Specific commitments to renewable h
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Figure 39. Countries with Renewable
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Three US states took steps to expan
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volume requirements that were an in
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
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MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
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States, new dishwashers use 40% les
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1990 and 2008, design-related effic
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The Green Climate Fund included in
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appliances, and the country also ha
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07 FEATURE: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENE
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ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES Organisat
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e a successful means for addressing
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Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
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Table R4. Geothermal Power Global C
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Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity
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Table R8. Solar Water Heating Colle
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R11. Population Relying on Tr
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R13. Networks Furthering Ener
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets
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Table R19. Targets for Renewable Po
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Table R20. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R21. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R23. Heating and Cooling from
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Table R25. National and State/Provi
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Table R26. City and Local Renewable
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW unfccc-
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW bbc.com
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 76 See
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW India,
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW persona
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW which o
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW http://
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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRE
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE POLICY
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE “Res
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE 2015,
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY blog_
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY go.jp
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ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE Programme, 2013
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES 2016); so
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES FTI Consu
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NOTES 4. Bio-power Data Given exist
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GLOSSARY projects vary in technolog
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GLOSSARY Labelling. System in which
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GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru
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PHOTO CREDITS page 9 SAIREC, South
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