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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS Bio-heat Markets Biomass in many forms – as solids, liquids or gases – can be burned directly to produce heat for cooking and heating in the residential sector by means of the traditional use of biomass or in modern appliances. It also can be used at a larger scale to heat larger institutional and commercial buildings, or in industry to produce high-temperature process heat and/or lower-grade heat for heating or drying. The heat can be produced directly or co-produced with electricity via combined heat and power (CHP) systems and distributed from larger production facilities by district heating systems to provide heating (and in some case cooling) to residential, commercial and industrial customers. The traditional use of biomass for heat involves primarily the use of simple and inefficient devices to burn woody biomass, in the form of fuelwood or charcoal. 12 Biomass energy use in 2015 is estimated at 31 EJ, although it is difficult to quantify the volume consumed given the informal nature of the supply and uncertainty regarding the use of these biomass materials. 13 Consumption of fuelwood for traditional energy uses remained stable in 2015 compared to previous years, at an estimated 1.9 billion cubic metres (m3); the largest shares of fuelwood (as well as other fuels such as dung and agricultural residues) are consumed in Asia, South America and Africa. 14 The use of charcoal for cooking in many developing countries, especially in urban areas, has been increasing by an average of around 3% a year since 2010, reaching an estimated 55 million tonnes in 2015. 15 Modern bioenergy applications provided some 14.4 EJ of heat in 2015, of which an estimated 8.4 EJ was for industrial uses and 6.3 EJ was consumed in the residential and commercial sectors (used principally for heating buildings and cooking). 16 Modern biomass heat capacity in 2015 increased by an estimated 10 GW th to reach approximately 315 GW th. 17 Bioenergy accounts for around 10% of all industrial heat consumption, and its use in industry has been growing at about 1.3% annually over the past 15 years, principally from solid biomass. 18 The use of biomass residues to produce heat, often via CHP, is particularly important in bio-based industries. The pulp and paper sector was the largest industrial consumer of bioenergy for heat, sourcing some 43% of its heat requirements from biomass process residues such as bark and pulping liquors. 19 The food and tobacco industries also meet a considerable share of their energy needs with biomass. Heat is required to manufacture biofuels as well: for example, bagasse is used to generate heat and power in facilities that produce sugarcane-based ethanol. The principal regions that rely on biomass for industrial heat are Asia and South America (particularly Brazil, where bagasse is used in sugar production). 20 North America is the next largest user; however, the region’s use of bioenergy for heat is declining due to changes in the structure of the forestry and paper industries. 21 In the buildings sector, the largest consumers of modern biomass for heat by country include the United States, Germany, France, Sweden, Italy and Finland. 22 Europe is the largest consumer by region, due largely to efforts of EU Member States to meet mandatory targets under the Renewable Energy Directive. 23 Europe (primarily Italy, Germany, Sweden and France) also was the largest market for wood pellets for heating in 2015, although the region’s second consecutive mild winter reduced demand somewhat during the year. 24 Several countries in the Baltic and Eastern European regions have seen an increase in the use of wood fuels in recent years. Rising demand is driven by the countries’ ample biomass resources, widespread use of district heating and desire to reduce quantities of imported natural gas. In Lithuania, for example, 61% of energy used in district heating in 2015 was derived from local forestry industry residues. Lithuania’s biomass-based heat capacity tripled between 2011 and 2015, to 1,530 MW th. 25 The United States and Canada have strong traditions of using wood as a fuel for residential heating. As of 2014, some 2.5 million US households used fuelwood as their principal household heating fuel, and another 9 million homes used it as a secondary fuel. 26 Use of wood pellets also increased in these markets, although growth was constrained by low oil prices during 2015. 27 In China, a programme launched in 2008 to encourage the use of pelletised agricultural residues for heating and to reduce coal use in local district heating schemes has stimulated the growth of a national market and industry. The policy provides support to farmers to collect and process residues and so provides a useful rural economic incentive. It is estimated that more than 6 million tonnes of pellets, with an energy content of some 96 petajoules (PJ), were produced and used in China during 2015. 28 Biogas also is used in industrial and residential heating applications. In Europe, it is used increasingly to provide heat for both buildings (space) and industry (processes), often in conjunction with electricity production via CHP. 29 Asia leads the world in the use of small-scale biogas digesters to produce gas for cooking and space heating. More than 100 million people in rural China and 4.83 million people in India have access to digester gas. 30 44
BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of Biomass Sources in Global Heat and Electricity Generation, 2015 Biomass Sources in Heat Generation Solid biomass 77% Biomass Sources in Electricity Generation Solid biomass 71% MSW 18% Biogas 20% Source: See endnote 11 for this section. Biogas 4% Biofuels 1% MSW 8% Biofuels 1% Municipal solid waste (MSW) includes the renewable portion only. Figure 8. Bio-power Global Generation, by Country/Region, 2005–2015 Terawatt-hours / year 500 Figure Z. Total Biofuels Production Billions of litres 400 300 200 World Total 464 Terawatt-hours Rest of World China South America Asia North America European Union (EU-28) 100 Source: See endnote 32 for this section. 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Figure 9. Biofuels Global Production, Shares by Type and by Country/Region, 2015 4% HVO United States 46% 02 22% Biodiesel Brazil 24% Rest of World 15% 74% Ethanol EU 15% Source: See endnote 48 for this section. RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 45
Page 1 and 2: RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
Page 3 and 4: GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
Page 5 and 6: Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra
Page 9 and 10: RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
Page 11 and 12: Note: Some individuals have contrib
Page 13 and 14: Sweden Robert Fischer (University o
Page 15 and 16: REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh
Page 17 and 18: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
Page 19 and 20: RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
Page 21 and 22: TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
Page 23 and 24: SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
Page 25 and 26: INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
Page 27 and 28: 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
Page 29 and 30: markets, policy changes and uncerta
Page 31 and 32: Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
Page 33 and 34: Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
Page 35 and 36: also are growing, as are wind turbi
Page 37 and 38: n Latin America: Biomass-based heat
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Page 41 and 42: JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E
Page 43: 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BIOMA
Page 47 and 48: China, the third largest ethanol pr
Page 49 and 50: concluded long-term offtake agreeme
Page 51 and 52: GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
Page 53 and 54: GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
Page 55 and 56: HYDROPOWER Figure 12. Hydropower Gl
Page 57 and 58: OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O
Page 59 and 60: Country of Spain, the first commerc
Page 61 and 62: 7.3 GW was installed, for a total o
Page 63 and 64: Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad
Page 65 and 66: SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
Page 67 and 68: Sharp - in the storage market by in
Page 69 and 70: CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea
Page 71 and 72: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING F
Page 73 and 74: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
Page 75 and 76: WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
Page 77 and 78: WIND POWER Figure 23. Wind Power Gl
Page 79 and 80: WIND POWER INDUSTRY The wind power
Page 81 and 82: Sidebar 3. Renewable Power Technolo
Page 83 and 84: Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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Page 93 and 94: INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2
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The market for PAYG solar - micro-p
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in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th
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04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
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INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
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INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe
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SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
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05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun
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spearheaded by UNIDO, is designed t
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Specific commitments to renewable h
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Figure 39. Countries with Renewable
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Three US states took steps to expan
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volume requirements that were an in
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
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MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
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States, new dishwashers use 40% les
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1990 and 2008, design-related effic
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The Green Climate Fund included in
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appliances, and the country also ha
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07 FEATURE: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENE
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ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES Organisat
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e a successful means for addressing
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Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
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Table R4. Geothermal Power Global C
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Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity
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Table R8. Solar Water Heating Colle
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R11. Population Relying on Tr
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R13. Networks Furthering Ener
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets
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Table R19. Targets for Renewable Po
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Table R20. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R21. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R23. Heating and Cooling from
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Table R25. National and State/Provi
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Table R26. City and Local Renewable
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW unfccc-
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW bbc.com
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 76 See
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW India,
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW persona
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW which o
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW http://
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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRE
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE POLICY
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE “Res
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE 2015,
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY blog_
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY go.jp
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ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE Programme, 2013
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES 2016); so
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES FTI Consu
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NOTES 4. Bio-power Data Given exist
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GLOSSARY projects vary in technolog
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GLOSSARY Labelling. System in which
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GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru
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PHOTO CREDITS page 9 SAIREC, South
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