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02 Solar Lighting Systems BRAZIL Solar Home Systems (SHS) Biogas Installations Clean Cook Stoves Micro-Hydro Systems Community-based electrification - power generation and distribution Reliable electricity supply is critical for the sustainable development of rural communities. The member-run co-operative CRELUZ started its activities with the objective of extending the electric grid to rural homes within an area of 13,000 km². CRELUZ invested in six local run of river mini-hydropower plants as well as in wind to provide a reliable power supply, overcoming power cuts in the national electric grid. Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Created: 1966 | Members: 20,000 families in 36 municipalities | 4500 km of power lines, 3.96 MW of run of river mini-hydropower capacity
02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BIOMASS ENERGY Bioenergy draws on a wide range of potential feedstock materials: forestry and agricultural residues and wastes of many sorts, as well as material grown specifically for energy purposes. The raw materials can be converted to heat for use in buildings and industry, to electricity, or into gaseous or liquid fuels, which can be used in transport, for example. This degree of flexibility is unique amongst the different forms of renewable energy. 1 The most commonly used conversion methods – combustion of fuels to produce heat or electricity; anaerobic digestion to produce methane for heat or power production; and the conversion of sugary and starchy raw materials to ethanol, or of vegetable oils to biodiesel – all are well-established and commercial technologies. 2 A further set of conversion processes – for example, the production of liquid fuels from cellulosic materials by biological or thermochemical conversion processes, such as pyrolysis – are at earlier stages of commercialisation or still under development. 3 In 2015, drivers for the production and use of biomass energy included rapidly rising energy demand in many countries and local and global environmental concerns and goals. Challenges to bioenergy deployment included low fossil fuel prices and rapidly falling energy prices of some other renewable energy sources, especially wind and solar PV. 4 Ongoing debate about the sustainability of bioenergy, including indirect land-use change and carbon balance, also affected development in the sector. 5 Given these challenges, national policy frameworks continue to have a large influence on deployment. BIOENERGY MARKETS Bioenergy contributes more to primary global energy supply than any other renewable energy source. 6 Total energy demand supplied from biomass in 2015 was approximately 60 exajoules (EJ). 7 The use of biomass for energy has been growing at around 2% per year since 2010. 8 The bioenergy share in total global primary energy consumption has remained relatively steady since 2005, at around 10% i , despite a 24% increase in overall global energy demand between 2005 and 2015. 9 Bioenergy plays a role in all three main energy-use sectors: heat (and cooling), electricity and transport. The contribution of bioenergy to final energy demand for heat (traditional and modern) far outweighs its use in either electricity or transport. 10 (p See Figure 6.) Solid biomass represents the largest share of biomass used for heat and electricity generation, whereas liquid biofuel represents the largest source in the transport sector. 11 (p See Figure 7.) Figure 6. Shares of Biomass in Total Final Energy Consumption and in Final Energy Consumption by End-use Sector, 2014 Non-biomass 86% Biomass 14% Source: See endnote 10 for this section. Electricity 0.4% Heat buildings: traditional 8.9% Traditional biomass Modern biomass Non-biomass Heating buildings Heating Power industry Transport 2.8% 2.0% % 100 7.2% 25.3% Transport 0.8% 4.3% 75 Heat industry 2.2% 50 25 0 Heat buildings: modern 1.5% 02 i The final energy share is about 14%, as seen in Figure 6. RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 43
Page 1 and 2: RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
Page 3 and 4: GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
Page 5 and 6: Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra
Page 9 and 10: RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
Page 11 and 12: Note: Some individuals have contrib
Page 13 and 14: Sweden Robert Fischer (University o
Page 15 and 16: REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh
Page 17 and 18: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
Page 19 and 20: RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
Page 21 and 22: TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
Page 23 and 24: SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
Page 25 and 26: INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
Page 27 and 28: 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
Page 29 and 30: markets, policy changes and uncerta
Page 31 and 32: Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
Page 33 and 34: Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
Page 35 and 36: also are growing, as are wind turbi
Page 37 and 38: n Latin America: Biomass-based heat
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Page 41: JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E
Page 45 and 46: BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of
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Page 49 and 50: concluded long-term offtake agreeme
Page 51 and 52: GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
Page 53 and 54: GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
Page 55 and 56: HYDROPOWER Figure 12. Hydropower Gl
Page 57 and 58: OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O
Page 59 and 60: Country of Spain, the first commerc
Page 61 and 62: 7.3 GW was installed, for a total o
Page 63 and 64: Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad
Page 65 and 66: SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
Page 67 and 68: Sharp - in the storage market by in
Page 69 and 70: CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea
Page 71 and 72: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING F
Page 73 and 74: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
Page 75 and 76: WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
Page 77 and 78: WIND POWER Figure 23. Wind Power Gl
Page 79 and 80: WIND POWER INDUSTRY The wind power
Page 81 and 82: Sidebar 3. Renewable Power Technolo
Page 83 and 84: Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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Page 87 and 88: 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR
Page 89 and 90: through renewables-based mini-grids
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INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2
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The market for PAYG solar - micro-p
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in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th
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04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
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INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
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INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe
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SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
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05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun
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spearheaded by UNIDO, is designed t
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Specific commitments to renewable h
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Figure 39. Countries with Renewable
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Three US states took steps to expan
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volume requirements that were an in
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
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MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
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States, new dishwashers use 40% les
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1990 and 2008, design-related effic
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The Green Climate Fund included in
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appliances, and the country also ha
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07 FEATURE: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENE
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ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES Organisat
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e a successful means for addressing
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Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
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Table R4. Geothermal Power Global C
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Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity
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Table R8. Solar Water Heating Colle
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R11. Population Relying on Tr
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R13. Networks Furthering Ener
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets
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Table R19. Targets for Renewable Po
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Table R20. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R21. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R23. Heating and Cooling from
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Table R25. National and State/Provi
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Table R26. City and Local Renewable
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW unfccc-
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW bbc.com
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 76 See
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW India,
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW persona
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW which o
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW http://
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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRE
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE POLICY
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE “Res
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE 2015,
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY blog_
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY go.jp
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ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE Programme, 2013
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES 2016); so
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES FTI Consu
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NOTES 4. Bio-power Data Given exist
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GLOSSARY projects vary in technolog
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GLOSSARY Labelling. System in which
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GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru
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PHOTO CREDITS page 9 SAIREC, South
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