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01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW Sidebar 2. Jobs in Renewable Energy Employment in the renewable energy sector increased by 5% in 2015, to 8.1 million jobs (direct and indirect), as estimated by IRENAi. (p See Table 1 and Figure 5.) Solar PV and wind power remained the most dynamic markets, while solar PV and biofuels provided the largest numbers of jobs. In addition, large-scale hydropower accounted for another 1.3 million direct jobs in 2015. Renewable energy markets and employment were characterised by favourable policy frameworks in several countries, regional shifts in investment and increased labour productivity. Enabling policy frameworks remained a key driver of employment, as illustrated by the ambitious solar targets in India and the wind energy auctions, coupled with financing rules to encourage local content, in Brazil. Greater renewable energy deployment, particularly in Asia, and sluggish markets in Europe continued to drive regional shifts in employment numbers. Meanwhile, increasing labour productivity and automation have negatively affected employment in certain technologies, such as solar PV and bioenergy. Although growth in jobs was slower in 2015 than in previous years, the total number of jobs worldwide continued to rise, in stark contrast with depressed labour markets in the broader energy sector. Record solar PV deployment enhanced job creation, with the number of jobs up 11% over the 2014 estimate. China was the undisputed leader in solar PV employment in 2015, with 1.7 million jobs, followed by Japan and the United States. India continued to emerge as a major market, and the number of jobs in the sector increased accordingly. In the EU, however, solar PV employment decreased by 13% in 2014, the most recent year for which data are available. Employment in liquid biofuels declined by an estimated 6% in 2015, even as global production rose relative to 2014, due mainly to increasing mechanisation in some countries. The United States and Brazil, for example, saw minor job losses even as biofuel production rose. In the EU, biofuel employment was up 8% in 2014. In Southeast Asia, Malaysia and Thailand increased production to meet growing domestic demand in 2015, creating new job opportunities. Indonesia, however, suffered job losses as exports declined. Wind power witnessed a record year with strong market growth in several countries. As result, global employment was up 5%, with close to half of all wind power jobs in China. Germany and the United States also were top players in 2015, followed by India and Brazil. In solar heating and cooling, China continued to lead but suffered job losses for the second year running due to the economic slowdown, the reduced demand in the real estate industry and the removal of subsidies in 2013. Turkey, India, Brazil, the United States and the EU also are major employers in solar heating and cooling. Employment in the small-scale hydropower industry decreased by 5% in 2015, due largely to job retrenchments in China. IRENA’s estimates indicate that global employment in large-scale hydropowerii totalled 1.3 million direct jobs, dominated by positions in operation and maintenance. China, Brazil and India were the leading employers. Considering all renewable energy technologies, the leading employers in 2015 were China, Brazil, the United States and India. The global top 10 employers include four countries from Asia, compared with only three in 2013. China accounted for more than one-third of global renewable energy installations in 2015 and led employment with 3.5 million jobs. Marginal gains in solar PV and wind power were offset somewhat by losses in the solar heating and cooling and smallscale hydropower sectors. In addition, employment in large-scale hydropower in China supported around 440,000 direct jobs, most of which were in construction. For the fourth year in a row, the EU registered renewable energy job losses in 2014 (the latest available data). Employment fell by 3% due to decreasing investments and adverse policy conditions in some countries. Europe’s wind industry provided most of the jobs. As of 2014, employment in the solar PV industry was just one-third of its 2011 peak. Despite a 32% decline in solar PV employment, in 2014 Germany remained the leading renewable energy employer by far – with almost as many jobs as the next three countries combined (France, the United Kingdom and Italy). Renewable energy employment in the United States increased by 6% in 2015. All solar (solar PV, CSP and solar heating and cooling) employment rose by 22%, with most of these jobs in installation of residential solar PV rooftop systems. Women represented 24% of the solar workforce, up from 19% in 2013. Wind power employment also increased, and prospects for future growth improved with the multi-year extension of the Production Tax Credit in December. In Brazil, most renewables employment was found in bioenergy and large-scale hydropower. Jobs in the wind sector are increasing due to rising deployment and local manufacturing. Elsewhere in Latin America, jobs also are increasing in the wind and solar sectors. The Indian solar and wind power markets have seen substantial activity as the ambitious renewable energy targets are translated into concrete policy frameworks. Central and state auctions for solar PV contributed to the installation of 2 GW in 2015 and to an impressive pipeline of 23 GW. Employment in solar PV expanded by 23% in 2015, and jobs in the wind sector also rose. Japan experienced notable gains in solar PV deployment in recent years, resulting in a 28% increase in employment in 2014. It is likely that there was additional job growth in 2015; however, recent reductions in feed-in-tariffs may change the upward trend. Africa presents specific data challenges, but it is clear that a number of solar PV, wind and geothermal power projects in Egypt, Kenya, Morocco and South Africa created new jobs. IRENA estimates that the continent had more than 60,000 renewable energy jobs (not including large-scale hydropower) in 2015. Close to one-half of these jobs are in South Africa and about one-fourth are in northern Africa. i This sidebar is drawn from IRENA, Renewable Energy and Jobs – Annual Review 2016. Data are principally for 2014–2015, with dates varying by country and technology, including some instances where only dated information is available. ii IRENA defines large-scale hydropower as projects above 10 MW. Definitions may vary across IRENA member countries. Projects below 10 MW are considered as small-scale hydropower. 40
JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. Estimated Direct and Indirect Jobs in Renewable Energy Worldwide, by Industry World China Brazil United States India Japan THOUSAND JOBS Bangladesh European Union i Germany France Rest of EU Solar PV 2,772 1,652 4 194 103 377 127 38 21 84 Liquid biofuels 1,678 71 821 c 277 f 35 3 23 35 47 Wind power 1,081 507 41 88 48 5 0.1 149 20 162 Solar heating/ cooling 939 743 41 d 10 75 0.7 10 6 19 Solid biomass a,g 822 241 152e 58 49 48 214 Biogas 382 209 85 9 48 4 14 Hydropower (small-scale) b 204 100 12 8 12 5 12 4 31 Geothermal energy a 160 35 2 17 31 55 CSP 14 4 0.7 5 Total 8,052 h 3,523 918 769 416 388 141 355 j 170 644 k Note: Figures provided in the table are the result of a comprehensive review of primary (national entities such as ministries, statistical agencies, etc.) and secondary (regional and global studies) data sources and represent an ongoing effort to update and refine available knowledge. Data do not include largescale hydropower. Totals may not add up due to rounding. a Power and heat applications (including heat pumps in the case of the EU). b Although 10 MW is often used as a threshold, definitions are inconsistent across countries. c About 268,400 jobs in sugar cane and 190,000 in ethanol processing in 2014; also includes 200,000 indirect jobs in equipment manufacturing and 162,600 jobs in biodiesel in 2015. d Equipment manufacturing and installation jobs. e Biomass power direct jobs run to only 15,500. f Includes 227,562 jobs for ethanol and 49,486 jobs for biodiesel in 2015. g Traditional biomass is not included. h The total for ‘World’ is calculated by adding the individual totals of the technologies, with 3,700 jobs in ocean energy, 11,000 jobs in renewable municipal and industrial waste and 14,000 jobs in others (jobs that cannot be broken down by technology). i All EU data are from 2014, and the two major EU countries are represented individually. j Includes 8,300 jobs in publicly funded R&D and administration; not broken down by technology. k Includes 8,000 jobs in renewable municipal and industrial waste and 3,700 jobs in ocean energy. Source: IRENA Figure 5. Jobs in Renewable Energy Bioenergy (biomass, biofuels, biogas) Geothermal Source: IRENA Hydropower (small-scale) i 01 Solar Energy (solar PV, CSP, solar heating/cooling) Wind Power = 50,000 jobs World Total: 8.1 Million Jobs i Employment for large-scale hydropower not included. i - Employment information for large-scale hydropower is incomplete and not included RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 41
Page 1 and 2: RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
Page 3 and 4: GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
Page 5 and 6: Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra
Page 9 and 10: RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
Page 11 and 12: Note: Some individuals have contrib
Page 13 and 14: Sweden Robert Fischer (University o
Page 15 and 16: REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh
Page 17 and 18: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
Page 19 and 20: RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
Page 21 and 22: TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
Page 23 and 24: SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
Page 25 and 26: INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
Page 27 and 28: 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
Page 29 and 30: markets, policy changes and uncerta
Page 31 and 32: Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
Page 33 and 34: Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
Page 35 and 36: also are growing, as are wind turbi
Page 37 and 38: n Latin America: Biomass-based heat
Page 39: n Africa: Although biofuel producti
Page 43 and 44: 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BIOMA
Page 45 and 46: BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of
Page 47 and 48: China, the third largest ethanol pr
Page 49 and 50: concluded long-term offtake agreeme
Page 51 and 52: GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
Page 53 and 54: GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
Page 55 and 56: HYDROPOWER Figure 12. Hydropower Gl
Page 57 and 58: OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O
Page 59 and 60: Country of Spain, the first commerc
Page 61 and 62: 7.3 GW was installed, for a total o
Page 63 and 64: Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad
Page 65 and 66: SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
Page 67 and 68: Sharp - in the storage market by in
Page 69 and 70: CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea
Page 71 and 72: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING F
Page 73 and 74: SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
Page 75 and 76: WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
Page 77 and 78: WIND POWER Figure 23. Wind Power Gl
Page 79 and 80: WIND POWER INDUSTRY The wind power
Page 81 and 82: Sidebar 3. Renewable Power Technolo
Page 83 and 84: Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
Page 85 and 86: Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
Page 87 and 88: 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR
Page 89 and 90: through renewables-based mini-grids
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India Tanzania Kenya Ethiopia 661,6
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INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2
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The market for PAYG solar - micro-p
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in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th
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04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
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INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
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INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe
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SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
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05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun
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spearheaded by UNIDO, is designed t
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Specific commitments to renewable h
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Figure 39. Countries with Renewable
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Three US states took steps to expan
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volume requirements that were an in
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
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MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
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States, new dishwashers use 40% les
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1990 and 2008, design-related effic
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The Green Climate Fund included in
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appliances, and the country also ha
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07 FEATURE: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENE
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ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES Organisat
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e a successful means for addressing
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Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
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Table R4. Geothermal Power Global C
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Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity
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Table R8. Solar Water Heating Colle
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R11. Population Relying on Tr
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R13. Networks Furthering Ener
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets
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Table R19. Targets for Renewable Po
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Table R20. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R21. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R23. Heating and Cooling from
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Table R25. National and State/Provi
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Table R26. City and Local Renewable
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW unfccc-
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW bbc.com
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 76 See
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW India,
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW persona
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW which o
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE E
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE POLICY
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE “Res
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ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE 2015,
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY blog_
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ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY go.jp
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ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE Programme, 2013
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES 2016); so
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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES FTI Consu
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NOTES 4. Bio-power Data Given exist
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GLOSSARY projects vary in technolog
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GLOSSARY Labelling. System in which
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GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru
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PHOTO CREDITS page 9 SAIREC, South
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