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NOTES ENERGY UNITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS METRIC PREFIXES kilo (k) = 10 3 mega (M) = 10 6 giga (G) = 10 9 tera (T) = 10 12 peta (P) = 10 15 exa (E) = 10 18 VOLUME 1 m 3 = 1,000 litres (l) 1 US gallon = 3.78 l 1 Imperial gallon = 4.55 l Example: 1 TJ = 1,000 GJ = 1,000,000 MJ = 1,000,000,000 kJ = 1,000,000,000,000 J = 1012 J 1 J = 0.001 MJ = 0.000001 GJ = 0.000000001 TJ ENERGY UNIT CONVERSION Multiply by: GJ Toe MBtu MWh GJ 1 0.024 0.948 0.278 Toe 41.868 1 39.683 11.630 MBtu 1.055 0.025 1 0.293 MWh 3.600 0.086 3.412 1 Toe = tonnes oil equivalent 1 Mtoe = 41.9 PJ Example: 1 MWh x 3.600 = 3.6 GJ HEAT OF COMBUSTION (HIGH HEAT VALUES) 1 l ethanol = 84,530 Btu / US gallon = 21.2 MJ / l 1 l biodiesel = 127,960 Btu / US gallon = 32.1 MJ / l Example: 1) These values can vary with fuel and temperature. 2) Around 1.5 litres of ethanol is required to equate to 1 litre of gasoline. 3) Heat values from U.S. Department of Energy Alternative Fuels Data Center. SOLAR THERMAL HEAT SYSTEMS 1 million m² = 0.7 GW th Used where solar thermal heat data have been converted from square metres (m²) into gigawatts thermal (GW th), by accepted convention. COPYRIGHT & IMPRINT Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century REN21 Secretariat 1 Rue Miollis, Building VII 75015 Paris France 270
PHOTO CREDITS page 9 SAIREC, South Africa International Renewable Energy Conference © REN21 page 16 Community bioenergy project in Jühnde, Germany © Bioenergiedorf Jühnde page 18 © Matej Kastelic, shutterstock page 22 Geothermal field of Gunnuhver, Iceland © Jarcosa page 22 Dam of water power plant, Spain © Iakov Filimonov page 24 Royal Belum, Malaysia © Abd. Halim Hadi page 26 Fetlar community energy minibus project © Fetlar Developments Ltd page 29 Wind turbine field © NREL Image Gallery page 35 Dam © Deborah Lee Rossiter page 35 "Barefoot" solar engineer and rooftop solar in India © Abbie Trayler-Smith / Panos Pictures / Department for International Development page 36 Wind turbine in Iceland © Freyr Sverrisson, Sunna Research page 37 Solar district heating collector field in Denmark © Savo-Solar page 39 Electric green car charging © Editor77 page 42 CRELUZ-G hydroeletric plants in Brazil © Grupo Creluz page 44 Biogas plant and sewage sludge drying © Robert Schneider, dreamstime.com page 46 Wood pellets © Kuhar page 48 Biofuel factory © Stockr page 49 Palm Oil Mill Factory © Tan Kian Yong page 50 Renewable energy cycle © Ramona Georgescu page 51 Geothermal borehole © Johann Ragnarsson page 51 Mutnovskaya Geothermal Power Station on Kamchatk © Alexander Piragis page 52 Geothermal spa in hot spring pool © Alexander Piragis page 53 Three Gorges Dam © Wei Wei page 55 A Hoover Dam © Photoquest page 57 Ocean © Chris Van Lennep page 57 DeltaStream turbine © Tidal Energy (TEL) page 58 Back view of bioWAVE device © BioPower Systems Pty Ltd page 58 Side view of bioWAVE device © BioPower Systems Pty Ltd page 59 Seagen, the world's first large scale commercial tidal stream generator located in the narrows between Strangford and Portaferry © Paul J Martin page 61 Solar rooftop on building © Kittibowornphatnon page 62 Solar panels © Gui jun peng page 63 Solar field © Julia Burlachenko page 64 Solar panels field © Marina Scurupii page 65 Solar R & D center © Lukeqiang page 66 Solaric factory in Bhatara, in Dhaka © Palash Khan page 66 Solar panels © Franco Nadalin page 68 Concentrated Solar Thermal Plant in California © Piotr Zajda page 69 Solar boilers based on unique Fresnel collector technology © Golasza page 71 Glasspoint solar process heat field © Glasspoint page 73 Glasspoint parabolic mirror © Glasspoint page 74 Contemporary hot water © Jcfotografo page 75 Wind turbines on Rolling Hills, Altamont Pass, California © Terrance Emerson page 77 Wind turbines © Vikau page 78 Windmills © Eugene Suslo page 80 Wind Energy Power © Imagoinsulae page 86 Community solar thermal hybrid isolated mini-grid project in Mali © Mali Folkecentre page 89 Solar lamp installation in Mongolia © Benjamin Sovacool page 89 Solar lightbulb in Mongolia © Benjamin Sovacool page 90 Artisan potter making a 'clean cook stove' in Tanzania, © Russell Watkins / Department for International Development page 90 Solar Lantern, Christopher, Zambia, © Patrick Bentley, SolarAid page 90 "Barefoot", solar engineers in Tinginaput, India © Abbie Trayler-Smith / Panos Pictures / Department for International Development page 90 Azuri Technologies Ltd. solar home system in Rwanda © Ashden page 90 Small hydro-electric alternator for an African town © René Paul Gosselin page 90 Dam and bridge at Usina Granja Velha, Brazil, built by CRELUZ, © Ashden page 92 Solar Powered Street Light in Dharnai Village in India © Vivek M. / Greenpeace page 93 TECNOSOL engineer installing solar PV in Nicaragua © Ashden page 94 Kenyan family with Azuri Technologies Ltd PAYG solar technology © Ashden page 94 Azuri Technologies Ltd IndiGo unit © Ashden page 95 Floating dwelling house, Vietnam © withGod page 96 "Barefoot" solar engineer in Orissa, India © Abbie Trayler- Smith / Panos Pictures / Department for International Development page 97 Children reading with solar lamps in Tinginaput, India © Abbie Trayler-Smith / Panos Pictures / Department for International Development page 98 Community-owned solar facility in Putney, Vermont © Clean Energy Collective page 102 Solar in the Sahara © NASA page 103 Wind Energy Power © Imagoinsulae page 104 Wind turbines © NREL Image Gallery page 105 Small size solar panels for clean energy © Areeyatm page 106 Rooftop solar community energy project in Ciptagelar, Indonesia © Nathalie Bertrams / Greenpeace page 108 Wind turbines in Navarre, Spain © pedrosala page 110 Wind Power and Solar Energy © Pixelci page 111 Photovoltaic panels solar field © Pansiriphoto page 112 Power plant using renewable solar energy © zhangyang13576997233 page 114 Transmission lines in Thailand © Kessudap page 115 Solar panels for warm water © Cosmin page 116 Filling station for electric cars © Konstantinos Papaioannou page 122 Ringkøbing-Skjern Municipality community district heating project in Denmark © Henning Donslund / Energi2020 / Ringkøbing-Skjern Municipality page 124 Air conditioning installation © wanphen chawarung page 125 Ecologic house © Alexandre Zveiger page 126 LED © naruepon ponglungka page 127 Manufacturing LED bulbs © eakkaluktemwanich page 129 Cargo ships © anekoho page 131 LED lamps © Eugene Sergeev page 132 Wall insulation material cross section © Baloncici page 133 LED Solar Lighting © ShutterB page 133 Thermostat © Kaspars Grinvalds page 134 Opening of wind installation in Asse, Belgium © Ecopower page 135 Environmental activists © Rrodrickbeiler page 136 IDB off-grid solar project in Coquimbo, Chile © Alice Driver, Inter-American Development Bank page 138 Ecopower community bioenergy project in Belgium © Ecopower page 138 Comet-ME project in South Hebron Hills in the West Bank © Tomer Appelbaum RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 271
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RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
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Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
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FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra
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RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
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Note: Some individuals have contrib
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Sweden Robert Fischer (University o
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REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
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RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
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TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
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SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
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INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
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01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
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markets, policy changes and uncerta
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Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
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Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
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also are growing, as are wind turbi
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n Latin America: Biomass-based heat
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n Africa: Although biofuel producti
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JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E
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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BIOMA
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BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of
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China, the third largest ethanol pr
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concluded long-term offtake agreeme
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GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
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GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
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HYDROPOWER Figure 12. Hydropower Gl
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OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O
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Country of Spain, the first commerc
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7.3 GW was installed, for a total o
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Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad
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SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
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Sharp - in the storage market by in
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CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING F
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
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WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
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WIND POWER Figure 23. Wind Power Gl
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WIND POWER INDUSTRY The wind power
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Sidebar 3. Renewable Power Technolo
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Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR
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through renewables-based mini-grids
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India Tanzania Kenya Ethiopia 661,6
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INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2
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The market for PAYG solar - micro-p
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in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th
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04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
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INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
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INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe
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SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
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05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun
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spearheaded by UNIDO, is designed t
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Specific commitments to renewable h
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Figure 39. Countries with Renewable
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Three US states took steps to expan
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volume requirements that were an in
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
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MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
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States, new dishwashers use 40% les
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1990 and 2008, design-related effic
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The Green Climate Fund included in
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appliances, and the country also ha
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07 FEATURE: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENE
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ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES Organisat
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e a successful means for addressing
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Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
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Table R4. Geothermal Power Global C
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Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity
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Table R8. Solar Water Heating Colle
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R11. Population Relying on Tr
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R13. Networks Furthering Ener
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets
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Table R19. Targets for Renewable Po
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Table R20. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R21. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R23. Heating and Cooling from
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Table R25. National and State/Provi
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Table R26. City and Local Renewable
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW unfccc-
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW bbc.com
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 76 See
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW India,
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW persona
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW which o
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW http://
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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRE
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Page 219 and 220: ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRE
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Page 247 and 248: ENDNOTES 05 POLICY LANDSCAPE POLICY
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Page 257 and 258: ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE Programme, 2013
Page 259 and 260: ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES 2016); so
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Page 263 and 264: NOTES 4. Bio-power Data Given exist
Page 265 and 266: GLOSSARY projects vary in technolog
Page 267 and 268: GLOSSARY Labelling. System in which
Page 269: GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru
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