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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES indicator/SP.POP.TOTL, updated 17 February 2016. 3 Table R3 from the following sources: ethanol data from F.O. Licht, “Fuel Ethanol: World Production by Country,” 2016, and biodiesel data for Argentina, China, Germany, France, Indonesia, Malaysia, Spain and Thailand from F.O. Licht, “Biodiesel: World Production, by Country,” 2016, both with permission from F.O. Licht / Licht Interactive Data; biodiesel data for Belgium, Canada, Colombia, India, Netherlands and Singapore from IEA, op. cit. note 1, p. 261; biodiesel data for United States from US EIA, Monthly Energy Review, April 2016, Table 10.4, p. 156, http://www.eia.gov/ totalenergy/data/monthly/archive/00351604.pdf; biodiesel data for Brazil from Brazil Ministry of Mines and Energy, based on Ministry of Agriculture statistics, “Produção nacional de biodiesel puro - B100 (metros cúbicos),” http://www.anp.gov.br/?dw=8740. Preliminary 2014 data that appeared in GSR 2015 have been updated where possible. Netherlands HVO production assumes that the Neste Oil facility in Rotterdam produced the same amount of HVO as in prior years, with data from F.O. Licht, 2015. 4 Table R4 from the following sources: Inventory of existing capacity and installed capacity in 2015 from GEA, from Benjamin Matek, GEA, personal communication with REN21, March–May 2016; additional information on Japan from Toshihiro Uchida, Geological Survey of Japan (AIST), via Marietta Sander, International Geothermal Association, personal communication with REN21, April 2016. 5 Table R5 from the following sources: Global capacity estimate based on IHA, 2016 Hydropower Status Report (London: May 2016), http://www.hydropower.org/2016-hydropower-statusreport, and on IHA, personal communication with REN21, February–April 2016. Total installed capacity of 1,212 GW (33.7 GW added), less 145 GW of pumped storage (2.5 GW added), yields 1,067 GW (31.2 GW added). The difference of 3 GW relative to the values reported here pertains to data for China. Due to uncertainty about full station commissioning dates falling between 2014 and 2015, IHA’s Hydropower Status Report is reporting 19 GW added in 2015, and REN21’s Global Status Report is reporting 16 GW. Country data from the following sources: China: China National Energy Agency, summary of national electric industry statistics for 2015, http://www.nea.gov.cn/2016- 01/15/c_135013789.htm. Brazil: 2,506 MW (2,299 MW large hydro, 117 MW small hydro and around 90 MW very small hydro) added in 2015, per ANEEL, op. cit. note 2; “Resumo Geral dos Novos Empreendimentos de Geração,” March 2016, http://www.aneel. gov.br/arquivos/zip/Resumo_Geral_das_Usinas_março_2015. zip; cumulative large hydro capacity is listed as 86,366 MW at end-2015, small hydro (1–30 MW) at 4,886 MW and very small hydro (25 MW) of 1,606 MW from Government of India, Ministry of Power, Central Electricity Authority, “Executive Summary of the Power Sector (monthly),” http://www.cea.nic.in/ monthlyarchive.html, viewed January–December 2015; installed capacity in 2015 (
ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES FTI Consulting, Global Wind Market Update—Demand & Supply 2015, Demand-Side Analysis (London: 2016); WWEA, op. cit. note 2; EWEA, op. cit. note 2, p. 4; Additional sources listed where relevant. China: 2014 official data from China National Energy Administration (CNEA), provided by Shi Pengfei, Chinese Wind Energy Association (CWEA), personal communication with REN21, 15 March 2016; 2015 official data from China National Energy Board, cited in CNEA, “Energy Board: 2015 national wind power industry to continue to maintain strong growth momentum,” 4 February 2016, www.nea.gov.cn/2016-02/04/c_135073627.htm (using Google Translate); unofficial 2014 and 2015 data based on CWEA, provided in GWEC, op. cit. note 2. United States: Based on data from AWEA, “US Wind Industry 2015 Annual Market Update: US Wind Power Capacity and Generation Growth in 2015” (Washington, DC: April 2016), http://awea.files.cms-plus. com/Annual%20Report%20Capacity%20and%20Generation%20 2015.pdf. Germany: 2014 total from Working Group on Renewable Energy-Statistics (AGEE-Stat) and Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi), Zeitreihen zur Entwicklung der erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland (Berlin: February 2016), p. 8, http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Redaktion/DE/ Downloads/zeitreihen-zur-entwicklung-der-erneuerbarenenergien-in-deutschland-1990-2015.pdf; data for 2015 based on preliminary statistics from BMWi, op. cit. note 1, and from BMWi, Development of Renewable Energy Sources in Germany 2015, Statistical data from AGEE-Stat, as at February 2016, http:// www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/ development-of-renewable-energy-sources-in-germany-2015. pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=8. Brazil: 2014 year-end total from Associaҫão Brasileira de Energia Eólica (ABEEólica), “Boletim de Dados,” January 2016, http://abeeolica.org.br/pdf/ Boletim-de-Dados-ABEEolica-Janeiro-2016-Publico.pdf, pp. 2, 4. India: Data for 2014 and 2015 based on MNRE, “Physical progress (achievements) up to the month of December 2015,” www.mnre. gov.in/mission-and-vision-2/achievements, viewed 21 January 2015, and on MNRE, “Physical progress (achievements) up to the month of December 2015,” www.mnre.gov.in/mission-andvision-2/achievements, viewed 1 February 2016. Canada: Data for 2014 and 2015 from Canadian Wind Energy Association, “Wind energy continues rapid growth in Canada in 2015,” press release (Ottawa, ON: 12 January 2016), http://canwea.ca/wind-energycontinues-rapid-growth-in-canada-in-2015/. France: Data for 2014 and 2015 from EWEA, op. cit. note 2, and preliminary data from RTE Réseau de transport d’électricité, 2015 Bilan Électrique (Paris: 2015), p. 3, http://www.rte-france.com/sites/default/ files/2015_bilan_electrique.pdf. Italy: EWEA, op. cit. note 2. Note that Italy had 8,703 MW at end-2014, with 423 MW in net additions in 2015 for an end-2015 total of 9,126 MW, based on preliminary data from Gestore Servizi Energetici (GSE), “Energie da fonti rinnovabili in Italia Dati preliminari 2015,” 29 February 2015, http:// www.gse.it/it/Statistiche/RapportiStatistici/Pagine/default.aspx. United Kingdom: 2014 and 2015 data based on EWEA, op. cit. note 2, and preliminary data from UK DECC, op. cit. note 1. Spain: Asociación Empresarial Eólica, “The Spanish wind power sector installs zero megawatts in 2015, an unknown situation since the 80s,” press release (Madrid: 26 January 2016), http://www.aeeolica. org/en/new/the-spanish-wind-power-sector-installs-zeromegawatts-in-2015-an-unknown-situation-since-the-80s/. Turkey: 2014 and 2015 data from Turkish Wind Energy Association, Turkish Wind Energy Statistics Report (Ankara: January 2016), pp. 4, 5, http://www.tureb.com.tr/files/bilgi_bankasi/turkiye_res_durumu/ turkiye_ruzgar_enerji_istatistik_raporu_ocak_2016.pdf. See Wind Power section in Market and Industry Trends chapter and related endnotes for further statistics and details. 10 Table R10 derived from IEA, World Energy Outlook 2015, Energy Access Database, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/ resources/energydevelopment/energyaccessdatabase, and from submissions from report contributors. 11 Table R11 derived from IEA, World Energy Outlook 2014, Energy Access Database, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/ resources/energydevelopment/energyaccessdatabase/, and from submissions from report contributors. 12 Table R14 from Frankfurt School-UNEP Centre and Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF), Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment in 2016 (Frankfurt: March 2016), http://fs-unep-centre.org/publications/ global-trends-renewable-energy-investment-2016. 13 Table R15 from the following sources: REN21 database; submissions by report contributors; various industry reports; EUROSTAT, “Energy from Renewable Sources: Shares“ (Brussels: 2016), http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/energy/data/shares. For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at www.ren21.net. 14 Table R16 from the following sources: REN21 database; submissions by report contributors; various industry reports; EUROSTAT, op. cit. note 15. For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at www.ren21.net. 15 Table R17 from the following sources: REN21 database; submissions by report contributors; various industry reports; EUROSTAT, op. cit. note 15. Targets for the EU-28 were set in each country's National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP), available at http://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewableenergy/national-action-plans; certain NREAP targets have been revised subsequently. For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at www.ren21.net. 16 Table R18 from the following sources: REN21 database; submissions by report contributors; various industry reports; EurObserv’ER. Targets for the EU-28 were set in each country's NREAP, available at http://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/ renewable-energy/national-action-plans; certain NREAP targets have been revised subsequently. For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at www.ren21.net. 17 Table R19 from the following sources: REN21 database; submissions by report contributors; various industry reports. For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at www.ren21.net. 18 Table R20 from the following sources: All available policy references, including the IEA/IRENA online Global Renewable Energy Policies and Measures database, published sources as given in the endnotes for the Policy Landscape chapter of this report, and submissions from report contributors. 19 Table R21 from Ibid. 20 Table R22 from Ibid. 21 Table R23 from the following sources: REN21 database, compiled from all available policy references plus submissions from report contributors; EU targets and shares from EUROSTAT, op. cit. note 15. Targets for the EU-28 and Energy Community countries were set in each country’s NREAP. Certain NREAP targets have been revised subsequently. For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at www.ren21.net. 22 Table R24 from the following sources: REN21 database; submissions by report contributors; various industry reports; EUROSTAT, op. cit. note 15. For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at www.ren21.net. 23 Table R25 from the following sources: REN21 database; submissions by report contributors; various industry reports; EUROSTAT, op. cit. note 15; IRENA; Jim Lane, “Biofuels Mandates Around the World: 2015,” Biofuels Digest, 3 January 2016, http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2016/01/03/biofuelsmandates-around-the-world-2016/. For online updates, see the “Renewables Interactive Map” at www.ren21.net. 24 Table R26 from the following sources: For selected targets and policies, see: EU Covenant of Mayors; ICLEI–Local Governments for Sustainability; REN21, Global Futures Report (Paris: 2013); REN21, Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies, and ICLEI, 2011 Global Status Report on Local Renewable Energy Policies (Paris: May 2011). For selected examples in urban planning, see: City of Malmö, “Environmental Programme for the City of Malmö 2009-2020” (Malmö, Sweden: 2009), http://malmo.se/ download/18.6301369612700a2db9180006227/1383649554552/ Environmental-Programme-for-the-City-of-Malmo-2009-2020. pdf; IRENA, Renewable Energy Policy in Cities: Selected Case Studies – Malmö, Sweden (Abu Dhabi: January 2013), https:// www.irena.org/Publications/RE_Policy_Cities_CaseStudies/ IRENA%20cities%20case%207%20Malmo.pdf; City of Sydney, Decentralised Energy Master Plan Renewable Energy (Sydney: 2013), http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/ pdf_file/0003/153282/Renewable-Energy-Master-Plan.pdf. RENEWABLES 2016 · GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 261
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RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPOR
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GSR 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword
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Figures Figure 1. Estimated Renewab
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FOREWORD The year 2015 was an extra
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RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT (GS
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Note: Some individuals have contrib
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Sweden Robert Fischer (University o
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REVIEWERS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Sh
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GLOBAL OVERVIEW A
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RENEWABLE ENERGY INDICATORS 2015 IN
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TOP FIVE COUNTRIES Annual investmen
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SOLAR PV: Record deployment and rap
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INVESTMENT FLOWS A new record high;
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01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW The year 2015 wa
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markets, policy changes and uncerta
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Sidebar 1. Regional Spotlight: Sout
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Figure 4. Renewable Power Capacitie
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also are growing, as are wind turbi
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n Latin America: Biomass-based heat
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n Africa: Although biofuel producti
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JOBS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY Table 1. E
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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BIOMA
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BIOMASS ENERGY Figure 7. Shares of
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China, the third largest ethanol pr
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concluded long-term offtake agreeme
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GEOTHERMAL POWER Figure XX. Figure
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GEOTHERMAL INDUSTRY Low natural gas
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HYDROPOWER Figure 12. Hydropower Gl
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OCEAN ENERGY OCEAN ENERGY MARKETS O
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Country of Spain, the first commerc
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7.3 GW was installed, for a total o
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Figure 16. Solar PV Capacity and Ad
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SOLAR PV INDUSTRY The solar PV indu
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Sharp - in the storage market by in
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CSP INDUSTRY It was a watershed yea
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING F
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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING/COOLING INDUS
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WIND POWER WIND POWER MARKETS Wind
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WIND POWER Figure 23. Wind Power Gl
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WIND POWER INDUSTRY The wind power
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Sidebar 3. Renewable Power Technolo
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Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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Investment Cost R USD min max wa Ca
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03 DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR
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through renewables-based mini-grids
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India Tanzania Kenya Ethiopia 661,6
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INVESTMENT AND FINANCING The year 2
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The market for PAYG solar - micro-p
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in 2015. In 2014, GACC projected th
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04 INVESTMENT FLOWS Global new inve
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INVESTMENT BY ECONOMY The shift in
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INVESTMENT BY TECHNOLOGY Solar powe
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SOURCES OF INVESTMENT Debt makes up
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05 POLICY LANDSCAPE Nearly all coun
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spearheaded by UNIDO, is designed t
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Specific commitments to renewable h
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Figure 39. Countries with Renewable
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Three US states took steps to expan
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volume requirements that were an in
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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Table 4. Renewable Energy Support P
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06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY GLOBAL OVERVIE
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MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS BUILDING
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States, new dishwashers use 40% les
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1990 and 2008, design-related effic
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The Green Climate Fund included in
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appliances, and the country also ha
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07 FEATURE: COMMUNITY RENEWABLE ENE
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ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES Organisat
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e a successful means for addressing
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Table R2. Renewable Electric Power
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Table R4. Geothermal Power Global C
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Table R6. Solar PV Global Capacity
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Table R8. Solar Water Heating Colle
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R10. Electricity Access by Re
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Table R11. Population Relying on Tr
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R12. Programmes Furthering En
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Table R13. Networks Furthering Ener
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R15. Share of Primary and Fin
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R17. Share of Electricity Gen
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Table R18. Renewable Energy Targets
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Table R19. Targets for Renewable Po
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Table R20. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R21. Cumulative Number 1 of C
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Table R23. Heating and Cooling from
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Table R25. National and State/Provi
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Table R26. City and Local Renewable
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW unfccc-
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW bbc.com
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW 76 See
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW India,
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW persona
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW which o
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ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL OVERVIEW http://
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ENDNOTES 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRE
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Page 269 and 270: GLOSSARY Vehicle fuel standards. Ru
Page 271 and 272: PHOTO CREDITS page 9 SAIREC, South
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