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ENDNOTES REFERENCE TABLES
REFERENCE TABLES
1 Table R1 from the following sources: Bio-power based on 2015
forecast data in International Energy Agency (IEA), Medium-Term
Renewable Energy Market Report 2015 (Paris: 2015), https://www.
iea.org/bookshop/708-Medium-Term_Renewable_Energy_
Market_Report_2015, except for the following: US Federal
Energy Regulatory Commission, “Office of Energy Projects
Energy Infrastructure Update for December 2015,” http://
www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/2015/dec-infrastructure.pdf;
Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL), “Banco de
informacoes de geração,” http://www.aneel.gov.br/aplicacoes/
capacidadebrasil/Combustivel.cfm, viewed 9 May 2016; China
National Renewable Energy Centre, provided by Amanda
Zhang, Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association,
personal communication with REN21, 26 April 2016; Germany
preliminary statistics from Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und
Energie (BMWi), Erneuerbare Energien in Deutschland, Daten
zur Entwicklung im Jahr 2015 (Berlin: February 2016), http://
www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/
erneuerbare-energien-in-zahlen-2015.pdf; UK Department of
Energy & Climate Change (DECC), “Energy Trends Section 6 –
Renewables” (London: March 2016), Table 6.1, https://www.gov.
uk/government/statistics/energy-trends-section-6-renewables,
viewed 22 April 2016; Government of India, Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy (MNRE), “Physical progress (achievements) –
up to the month of December 2015,” http://www.mnre.gov.in/
mission-and-vision-2/achievements/; MNRE, “Physical progress
(achievements) – up to the month of December 2014,” http://
www.mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-2/achievements/; Japan
from Hironao Matsubara, Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies,
Japan, personal communication with REN21, 10 April 2016.
Geothermal power from Geothermal Energy Association (GEA),
supplied by Benjamin Matek, GEA, personal communication
with REN21, March–May 2016. Hydropower from sources in
endnote 5 of this section. Ocean power from Ocean Energy
Systems (OES), Annual Report 2015 (Lisbon: April 2016), http://
www.ocean-energy-systems.org; see Ocean Energy section and
related endnotes for more information. Solar PV from sources
in endnote 6 of this section. CSP from CSP Today, “Projects
tracker,” http://social.csptoday.com/tracker/projects, viewed
on numerous dates leading up to 23 March 2015; US National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, “Concentrating solar power
projects by project name,” http://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/
by_project.cfm, viewed on numerous dates leading up to 23
March 2015; Luis Crespo, European Solar Thermal Electricity
Association (ESTELA), Brussels, CSP technology questionnaire
provided to REN21, 21 February 2016; REN21, Renewables 2015
Global Status Report (Paris: 2015), pp. 64–65, http://www.ren21.
net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/REN12-GSR2015_Onlinebook_
low1.pdf. Wind power from sources in endnote 9 of this section.
Modern bio-heat based on the following: 297 GWth of bioenergy
heat plant capacity installed as of 2008, from Helena Chum et al.,
“Bioenergy,” in Ottmar Edenhofer et al., eds., IPCC Special Report
on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
(Cambridge, UK and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press,
2011), http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srren/Chapter%20
2%20Bioenergy.pdf. Projections based on this number have been
made for past GSRs. The combination of the Chum et al. data,
plus past GSR projections, was used to estimate 2014 values of
305 GWth using a linear regression. The 2015 value presented
here assumes a 3.5% growth rate from that 305 GWth value,
based on the same percent increase for modern heat generation
as presented in IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market
Report 2015, op. cit. this note, p. 242. Note that accurate heat
data, including from bioenergy, are very difficult to obtain as most
capacity installations and output are not metered. Even if plant
capacities are known, there is often no knowledge of whether a
1 MWth plant, for example, is used for 80 hours or 8,000 hours
per year. Geothermal heating capacity derived from John W.
Lund and Tonya L. Boyd, “Direct utilization of geothermal energy:
2015 worldwide review,” in Proceedings of the World Geothermal
Congress 2015 (Melbourne, Australia: 19–25 April 2015), and from
Luis C.A. Gutiérrez-Negrín, International Geothermal Association
and Mexican Geothermal Association, personal communication
with REN21, March 2015. Capacity figure for 2015 is extrapolated
from 2014 values (from sources) by weighted-average growth
rate across eight categories of geothermal direct use: space
heating, bathing and swimming, greenhouse heating, aquaculture,
industrial use, snow melting and cooling, agricultural drying
and other. The weighted-average five-year annual growth rate
for capacity is 6.0% compared to 5.9% simple growth rate for the
same period. The weighted-average five-year annual growth rate
for utilisation is 3.5% compared to 3.3% simple growth rate for the
same period. Solar collectors for water heating estimates based
on Franz Mauthner, AEE – Institute for Sustainable Technologies
(AEE INTEC), personal communication with REN21, April 2016, and
on Franz Mauthner, Werner Weiss, and Monika Spörk-Dür, Solar
Heat Worldwide: Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply
2014 (Gleisdorf, Austria: IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme,
May 2016). See Solar Thermal Heating and Cooling section and
related endnotes for more details. Ethanol, biodiesel and HVO
production data from sources in endnote 3 of this section.
2 Table R2 from the following sources: For all global data, see
endnote 1 for this section and other relevant reference tables. For
more-specific data and sources, see Global Overview chapter and
Market and Industry Trends chapter and related endnotes.
EU-28: Hydropower from the following sources: International
Journal on Hydropower & Dams (IJHD), Hydropower & Dams
World Atlas 2015 (Wallington, Surrey, UK: 2015), Table “World
Hydro Potential and Development,” pp. 15–17; BMWi and
Arbeitsgruppe Erneuerbare Energien-Statistik (AGEE-Stat),
“Zeitreihen zur Entwicklung der erneuerbaren Energien in
Deutschland, unter Verwendung von Daten der Arbeitsgruppe
Erneuerbare Energien-Statistik (AGEE-Stat),” February 2016, p. 8,
http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/EE/Redaktion/DE/
Downloads/zeitreihen-zur-entwicklung-der-erneuerbarenenergien-in-deutschland-1990-2015.pdf;
Gestore dei Servizi
Energetici S.p.A. (GSE), “Energia da fonti rinnovabili in Italia, Dati
preliminari 2015,” 29 February 2016, http://www.gse.it/it/
Statistiche/RapportiStatistici/Pagine/default.aspx; Red Eléctrica
de España (REE), “Potencia instalada nacional (MW),” 8 April
2016, www.ree.es; UK DECC, “Energy Statistics, Section 6
– Renewables” (London: March 2016), p. 51, https://www.gov.uk/
government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/
file/511939/Renewables.pdf; Réseau de transport d’électricité
(RTE), 2015 Bilan Électrique (Paris: 2015), pp. 3, 13, http://www.
rte-france.com/sites/default/files/2015_bilan_electrique.pdf;
RTE, Panorama de L’Électricité Renouvelable 2014 (Paris: 2014),
http://www.rte-france.com/sites/default/files/panorama_des_
energies_renouvelables_2014.pdf; Eurostat database, http://
ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database?node_code=nrg_113a,
viewed April 2016. Wind power from European Wind Energy
Association (EWEA), Wind in Power: 2015 European Statistics
(Brussels, February 2016), p. 4, http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/
files/library/publications/statistics/EWEA-Annual-Statistics-2015.
pdf, and from Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), Global Wind
Report: Annual Market Update 2015 (Brussels: April 2016), http://
www.gwec.net/wp-content/uploads/vip/GWEC-Global-Wind-
2015-Report_April-2016_19_04.pdf. Solar PV from Gaëtan
Masson, International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power
Systems Programme (IEA PVPS) and Becquerel Institute,
personal communications with REN21, March–April 2016, and
from IEA PVPS, Snapshot of Global PV Markets 2015 (Brussels:
2016), http://www.iea-pvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/
national/IEA-PVPS_-_Trends_2015_-_MedRes.pdf. Bio-power
based on data from IEA, op. cit. note 1; preliminary statistics from
BMWi, op. cit. note 1; UK DECC, op. cit. this note. Geothermal
power based on data from GEA, unpublished database, provided
by Benjamin Matek, GEA, personal communication with REN21, 9
May 2016, and from Ruggero Bertani, “Geothermal Power
Generation in the World: 2010-2014 Update Report,” in
Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress 2015 (Melbourne,
Australia: 19–25 April 2015). CSP from the following sources: Luis
Crespo, op. cit. note 1; REE, El Sistema Eléctrico Español: Avance
2015 (Madrid: 2015), p. 5, http://www.ree.es/sites/default/files/
downloadable/avance_informe_sistema_electrico_2015_v2.pdf;
NREL, op. cit. note 1; CSP Today, op. cit. note 1, continuously
updated and viewed on numerous occasions leading up to 22
April 2016. Ocean energy from OEC, op. cit. note 1, from UK
DECC, op. cit. this note, and from International Renewable Energy
Agency (IRENA), Renewable Capacity Statistics 2016 (Abu Dhabi:
April 2016), http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/
Publications/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2016.pdf. BRICS
based on the following: Brazil: Hydropower based on data from
ANEEL, “Resumo geral dos novos empreendimentos de geração,”
http://www.aneel.gov.br/arquivos/zip/Resumo_Geral_das_
Usinas_março_2015.zip, updated February 2016; wind power
from GWEC, op. cit. this note, and from World Wind Energy
Association (WWEA), World Wind Energy Report 2015 (Bonn: May
258