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ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE<br />

FEATURE<br />

1 Community Power Network, “What Is Community Power?”<br />

http://communitypowernetwork.com/node/395, viewed 15<br />

March 2016. There are different definitions of community<br />

energy across governments. For example, the Scottish<br />

government considers community energy projects to be those<br />

led by constituted non-profit distributing community groups<br />

established and operating across a geographically defined<br />

community, per Scottish Government, Community Energy Policy<br />

Statement (Edinburgh: September 2015), http://www.gov.scot/<br />

Resource/0048/00485122.pdf. The Australian Community<br />

Power Agency states that community-owned renewable energy<br />

projects are those that help decarbonise, decentralise and<br />

democratise electricity systems and demonstrate that renewable<br />

energy technologies work. They develop local renewable energy<br />

resources for electricity, heat and fuel in ways that reflect the<br />

motivations and aspirations of the local community, maximise<br />

local ownership and decision making, share the financial benefits<br />

widely and match energy production to local usage. Jarra Hicks<br />

et al., Community-owned Renewable Energy: A How To Guide<br />

(Community Power Agency, April 2014), http://cpagency.org.au/<br />

wp-content/uploads/2014/06/CPAgency_HowtoGuide2014-web.<br />

pdf.<br />

2 For instance, the Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) refers to<br />

community-scale solar as “mid-size (i.e., 0.5–5 MW), distributiongrid-connected<br />

solar PV”, per RMI, Community-Scale Solar: Why<br />

Developers and Buyers Should Focus on This High-Potential<br />

Market Segment (Basalt, CO: March 2016), http://rmi.org/<br />

Content/Files/RMI-Shine-Report-CommunityScaleSolarMarketP<br />

otential-201603-Final.pdf.<br />

3 Community Power and Friends of the Earth Scotland,<br />

From Remote Island Grids to Urban Solar Co-Operatives:<br />

Community Power Scotland (Edinburgh: 2014), http://www.<br />

communitypower.scot/wp/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/<br />

CommunityPowerScotlandOct2014Web.pdf.<br />

4 Anna Leidreiter, World Future Council, personal communication<br />

with REN21, 5 December 2015.<br />

5 Gordon Walker, Lancaster Environment Centre, personal<br />

communication with REN21, 1 December 2015.<br />

6 Industrialised-country information from Nicky Ison and Jarra<br />

Hicks, “History of community energy,” Embark, viewed 15 March<br />

2016. Developing-country information from Mohamed Sokona,<br />

Ecowas Centre for Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency<br />

(ECREEE), personal communication with REN21, 15 December<br />

2015.<br />

7 Bristol Energy Network, Maintaining Momentum in Bristol<br />

Community Energy, University of Bristol project report, June<br />

2013, http://www.bristolenergynetwork.org/sites/default/<br />

files/short%20literature%20review%20of%20community%20<br />

energy%20in%20the%20UK.pdf.<br />

8 Walker, op. cit. note 5.<br />

9 Paul Monaghan, “The highs and lows of community energy<br />

across Europe,” Co-operative News, 14 January 2016,<br />

http://www.thenews.coop/100890/news/co-operatives/<br />

highs-lows-community-energy-across-europe.<br />

10 German Cooperative and Raiffeisen Confederation,<br />

“Energy Cooperatives: Results of the DGRV-Survey (at<br />

December 31, 2014” (Berlin: 16 June 2015), https://www.<br />

dgrv.de/weben.nsf/272e312c8017e736c1256e31005cedff/<br />

e7b7b885ccf6c6e8c1257e84004f9047/$FILE/Survey_Energy_<br />

Cooperations_2014.pdf.<br />

11 German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy,<br />

“Factsheet: Renewables from Germany” (Berlin: 2015), http://<br />

www.energiewende2015.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/<br />

Factsheet-Renewables-from-Germany.pdf.<br />

12 Hier opgewekt, “Local energy monitor 2015,” January 2016, http://<br />

www.hieropgewekt.nl/sites/default/files/u20232/lokale_energie_<br />

monitor_2015_-_uitgave_januari_2016.pdf. Note that the 2015<br />

value includes more loosely organised citizen groups.<br />

13 Coalition for Community Energy, “C4CE Role,” http://c4ce.<br />

net.au/about-c4ce/role-of-c4ce/; University of Technology<br />

Sydney, “First Australian Community Energy Congress gathers<br />

in Canberra,” 21 July 2014, https://www.uts.edu.au/researchand-teaching/our-research/institute-sustainable-futures/news/<br />

first-australian-community.<br />

14 Australasian Legal Information Institute, “Commonwealth<br />

Consolidated Acts,” http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/<br />

consol_act/ca2001172/s708.html, viewed 15 February 2016;<br />

Chris Cooper, “How equity crowd-funding could transform the<br />

community energy sector,” Citizen Power, 1 December 2015,<br />

https://citizenpowerblog.wordpress.com/2015/12/01/how-equitycrowd-funding-could-transform-the-community-energy-sector/.<br />

For a successful example of Australian community energy<br />

initiatives focused on renewable energy, see COREM, “COREM:<br />

Community-Owned Renewable Energy Mullumbimby,” http://<br />

www.corem.org.au/, viewed 8 December 2015.<br />

15 Laurie Guevara-Stone, “The rise of solar co-ops,“<br />

RMI blog, 22 April 2014, http://blog.rmi.org/<br />

blog_2014_04_22_the_rise_of_solar_coops.<br />

16 Frank Jossi, “A year after launch, community solar picking up<br />

pace in Minnesota,” Midwest Energy News, 11 December 2015,<br />

http://midwestenergynews.com/2015/12/11/a-year-after-launchcommunity-solar-picking-up-pace-in-minnesota/.<br />

17 United Nations Development Programme, “Rural Energy<br />

Development Programme in Nepal,” http://www.undp.org/<br />

content/undp/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/<br />

projects_and_initiatives/rural-energy-nepal.html, viewed 25 April<br />

2016.<br />

18 Cooperatives Europe, Building People-Centred Enterprises in Latin<br />

America and the Caribbean: Cooperative Case Studies (Brussels:<br />

September 2015), https://issuu.com/cooperativeseurope/docs/<br />

building_people-centred_enterprises.<br />

19 Anca Voinea, “Report features twenty best practices from Latin<br />

American co-operatives,” Co-operative News, 6 October 2015,<br />

http://www.thenews.coop/98255/news/agriculture/reportfeatures-twenty-best-practices-latinamerican-co-operatives/.<br />

20 Walker, op. cit. note 5.<br />

21 Yacob Mulugetta, University College London, personal<br />

communication with REN21, 14 December 2015.<br />

22 Sixbert Mwanga, Climate Action Network, personal<br />

communication with REN21, 5 January 2016. Sidebar 5 from the<br />

following sources Ecopower from Daan Creupelandt, REScoop,<br />

personal communication with REN21, 12 May 2016, and from<br />

Craig Morris, Petite Planète, personal communication with<br />

REN21, 28 December 2015; Jühnde from Bioenergiedorf Jühnde,<br />

“Jühnde bio-energy-village,” http://www.bioenergiedorf.de/index.<br />

php?id=5&L=1, viewed 16 May 2016, from Bioenergiedorf Jühnde,<br />

“Gemeinschaft,” http://www.bioenergiedorf.de/nc/gemeinschaft/<br />

genossenschaft.html?sword_list%5B%5D=195, viewed 16 May<br />

2016, and from Morris, op. cit. this note; Fintry from Kirsty Scott,<br />

“Scottish villagers stun developers by demanding extra turbine,”<br />

The Guardian (UK), 9 May 2009, http://www.theguardian.com/<br />

environment/2009/may/10/windpower-energy; CEWDC from US<br />

Agency for International Development, Gender Assessment: South<br />

Asia Regional Initiative for Energy (New Delhi: February 2010),<br />

http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnads874.pdf, from Ashden, “PSL,<br />

Bangladesh – Solar co-operative for rural women,” https://www.<br />

ashden.org/winners/psl, viewed 28 December 2016, and from<br />

Ashden, Case Study Summary: Prokaushali Sangsad Ltd (PSL),<br />

Bangladesh (London: December 2009), https://www.ashden.org/<br />

files/PSL%20Bangladesh%20case%20study%20full.pdf; David<br />

Brosch, University Park Community Solar LLC, Maryland, USA,<br />

personal communication with REN21, 11 May 2016; CRELUZ from<br />

Ashden, Case Study: CRELUZ Brazil (London: May 2010), https://<br />

www.ashden.org/files/reports/CRELUZ%20case%20study.pdf,<br />

and from CRELUZ-D - Cooperativa de Distribuição de Energia,<br />

“Histórico,” 2016, http://www.creluz.com.br/historico, viewed<br />

26 April 2016; Energy for Development website, http://www.<br />

energyfordevelopment.net/, viewed 15 May 2016; Sustainable<br />

Engineering Lab, “SharedSolar combines solar energy with<br />

smart metering to provide reliable electric service to off-grid<br />

communities,” 2014, http://sel.columbia.edu/assets/uploads/<br />

blog/2014/10/SharedSolar.pdf; Comet-ME, “About us,” http://<br />

comet-me.org/about, viewed 26 April 2016.<br />

23 Josh Roberts, Frances Bodman, and Robert Rybski, Community<br />

Power: Model Legal Frameworks for Citizenowned Renewable<br />

Energy (London: Community Power and ClientEarth, 2014), http://<br />

www.clientearth.org/reports/community-power-report-250614.<br />

pdf.<br />

24 International Labour Organization, Providing Clean Energy and<br />

Energy Access Through Cooperatives (Geneva: International<br />

Labour office, Cooperatives Unit (COOP), Green Jobs<br />

256

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