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ENDNOTES 07 FEATURE<br />
FEATURE<br />
1 Community Power Network, “What Is Community Power?”<br />
http://communitypowernetwork.com/node/395, viewed 15<br />
March 2016. There are different definitions of community<br />
energy across governments. For example, the Scottish<br />
government considers community energy projects to be those<br />
led by constituted non-profit distributing community groups<br />
established and operating across a geographically defined<br />
community, per Scottish Government, Community Energy Policy<br />
Statement (Edinburgh: September 2015), http://www.gov.scot/<br />
Resource/0048/00485122.pdf. The Australian Community<br />
Power Agency states that community-owned renewable energy<br />
projects are those that help decarbonise, decentralise and<br />
democratise electricity systems and demonstrate that renewable<br />
energy technologies work. They develop local renewable energy<br />
resources for electricity, heat and fuel in ways that reflect the<br />
motivations and aspirations of the local community, maximise<br />
local ownership and decision making, share the financial benefits<br />
widely and match energy production to local usage. Jarra Hicks<br />
et al., Community-owned Renewable Energy: A How To Guide<br />
(Community Power Agency, April 2014), http://cpagency.org.au/<br />
wp-content/uploads/2014/06/CPAgency_HowtoGuide2014-web.<br />
pdf.<br />
2 For instance, the Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) refers to<br />
community-scale solar as “mid-size (i.e., 0.5–5 MW), distributiongrid-connected<br />
solar PV”, per RMI, Community-Scale Solar: Why<br />
Developers and Buyers Should Focus on This High-Potential<br />
Market Segment (Basalt, CO: March 2016), http://rmi.org/<br />
Content/Files/RMI-Shine-Report-CommunityScaleSolarMarketP<br />
otential-201603-Final.pdf.<br />
3 Community Power and Friends of the Earth Scotland,<br />
From Remote Island Grids to Urban Solar Co-Operatives:<br />
Community Power Scotland (Edinburgh: 2014), http://www.<br />
communitypower.scot/wp/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/<br />
CommunityPowerScotlandOct2014Web.pdf.<br />
4 Anna Leidreiter, World Future Council, personal communication<br />
with REN21, 5 December 2015.<br />
5 Gordon Walker, Lancaster Environment Centre, personal<br />
communication with REN21, 1 December 2015.<br />
6 Industrialised-country information from Nicky Ison and Jarra<br />
Hicks, “History of community energy,” Embark, viewed 15 March<br />
2016. Developing-country information from Mohamed Sokona,<br />
Ecowas Centre for Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency<br />
(ECREEE), personal communication with REN21, 15 December<br />
2015.<br />
7 Bristol Energy Network, Maintaining Momentum in Bristol<br />
Community Energy, University of Bristol project report, June<br />
2013, http://www.bristolenergynetwork.org/sites/default/<br />
files/short%20literature%20review%20of%20community%20<br />
energy%20in%20the%20UK.pdf.<br />
8 Walker, op. cit. note 5.<br />
9 Paul Monaghan, “The highs and lows of community energy<br />
across Europe,” Co-operative News, 14 January 2016,<br />
http://www.thenews.coop/100890/news/co-operatives/<br />
highs-lows-community-energy-across-europe.<br />
10 German Cooperative and Raiffeisen Confederation,<br />
“Energy Cooperatives: Results of the DGRV-Survey (at<br />
December 31, 2014” (Berlin: 16 June 2015), https://www.<br />
dgrv.de/weben.nsf/272e312c8017e736c1256e31005cedff/<br />
e7b7b885ccf6c6e8c1257e84004f9047/$FILE/Survey_Energy_<br />
Cooperations_2014.pdf.<br />
11 German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy,<br />
“Factsheet: Renewables from Germany” (Berlin: 2015), http://<br />
www.energiewende2015.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/<br />
Factsheet-Renewables-from-Germany.pdf.<br />
12 Hier opgewekt, “Local energy monitor 2015,” January 2016, http://<br />
www.hieropgewekt.nl/sites/default/files/u20232/lokale_energie_<br />
monitor_2015_-_uitgave_januari_2016.pdf. Note that the 2015<br />
value includes more loosely organised citizen groups.<br />
13 Coalition for Community Energy, “C4CE Role,” http://c4ce.<br />
net.au/about-c4ce/role-of-c4ce/; University of Technology<br />
Sydney, “First Australian Community Energy Congress gathers<br />
in Canberra,” 21 July 2014, https://www.uts.edu.au/researchand-teaching/our-research/institute-sustainable-futures/news/<br />
first-australian-community.<br />
14 Australasian Legal Information Institute, “Commonwealth<br />
Consolidated Acts,” http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/<br />
consol_act/ca2001172/s708.html, viewed 15 February 2016;<br />
Chris Cooper, “How equity crowd-funding could transform the<br />
community energy sector,” Citizen Power, 1 December 2015,<br />
https://citizenpowerblog.wordpress.com/2015/12/01/how-equitycrowd-funding-could-transform-the-community-energy-sector/.<br />
For a successful example of Australian community energy<br />
initiatives focused on renewable energy, see COREM, “COREM:<br />
Community-Owned Renewable Energy Mullumbimby,” http://<br />
www.corem.org.au/, viewed 8 December 2015.<br />
15 Laurie Guevara-Stone, “The rise of solar co-ops,“<br />
RMI blog, 22 April 2014, http://blog.rmi.org/<br />
blog_2014_04_22_the_rise_of_solar_coops.<br />
16 Frank Jossi, “A year after launch, community solar picking up<br />
pace in Minnesota,” Midwest Energy News, 11 December 2015,<br />
http://midwestenergynews.com/2015/12/11/a-year-after-launchcommunity-solar-picking-up-pace-in-minnesota/.<br />
17 United Nations Development Programme, “Rural Energy<br />
Development Programme in Nepal,” http://www.undp.org/<br />
content/undp/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/<br />
projects_and_initiatives/rural-energy-nepal.html, viewed 25 April<br />
2016.<br />
18 Cooperatives Europe, Building People-Centred Enterprises in Latin<br />
America and the Caribbean: Cooperative Case Studies (Brussels:<br />
September 2015), https://issuu.com/cooperativeseurope/docs/<br />
building_people-centred_enterprises.<br />
19 Anca Voinea, “Report features twenty best practices from Latin<br />
American co-operatives,” Co-operative News, 6 October 2015,<br />
http://www.thenews.coop/98255/news/agriculture/reportfeatures-twenty-best-practices-latinamerican-co-operatives/.<br />
20 Walker, op. cit. note 5.<br />
21 Yacob Mulugetta, University College London, personal<br />
communication with REN21, 14 December 2015.<br />
22 Sixbert Mwanga, Climate Action Network, personal<br />
communication with REN21, 5 January 2016. Sidebar 5 from the<br />
following sources Ecopower from Daan Creupelandt, REScoop,<br />
personal communication with REN21, 12 May 2016, and from<br />
Craig Morris, Petite Planète, personal communication with<br />
REN21, 28 December 2015; Jühnde from Bioenergiedorf Jühnde,<br />
“Jühnde bio-energy-village,” http://www.bioenergiedorf.de/index.<br />
php?id=5&L=1, viewed 16 May 2016, from Bioenergiedorf Jühnde,<br />
“Gemeinschaft,” http://www.bioenergiedorf.de/nc/gemeinschaft/<br />
genossenschaft.html?sword_list%5B%5D=195, viewed 16 May<br />
2016, and from Morris, op. cit. this note; Fintry from Kirsty Scott,<br />
“Scottish villagers stun developers by demanding extra turbine,”<br />
The Guardian (UK), 9 May 2009, http://www.theguardian.com/<br />
environment/2009/may/10/windpower-energy; CEWDC from US<br />
Agency for International Development, Gender Assessment: South<br />
Asia Regional Initiative for Energy (New Delhi: February 2010),<br />
http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnads874.pdf, from Ashden, “PSL,<br />
Bangladesh – Solar co-operative for rural women,” https://www.<br />
ashden.org/winners/psl, viewed 28 December 2016, and from<br />
Ashden, Case Study Summary: Prokaushali Sangsad Ltd (PSL),<br />
Bangladesh (London: December 2009), https://www.ashden.org/<br />
files/PSL%20Bangladesh%20case%20study%20full.pdf; David<br />
Brosch, University Park Community Solar LLC, Maryland, USA,<br />
personal communication with REN21, 11 May 2016; CRELUZ from<br />
Ashden, Case Study: CRELUZ Brazil (London: May 2010), https://<br />
www.ashden.org/files/reports/CRELUZ%20case%20study.pdf,<br />
and from CRELUZ-D - Cooperativa de Distribuição de Energia,<br />
“Histórico,” 2016, http://www.creluz.com.br/historico, viewed<br />
26 April 2016; Energy for Development website, http://www.<br />
energyfordevelopment.net/, viewed 15 May 2016; Sustainable<br />
Engineering Lab, “SharedSolar combines solar energy with<br />
smart metering to provide reliable electric service to off-grid<br />
communities,” 2014, http://sel.columbia.edu/assets/uploads/<br />
blog/2014/10/SharedSolar.pdf; Comet-ME, “About us,” http://<br />
comet-me.org/about, viewed 26 April 2016.<br />
23 Josh Roberts, Frances Bodman, and Robert Rybski, Community<br />
Power: Model Legal Frameworks for Citizenowned Renewable<br />
Energy (London: Community Power and ClientEarth, 2014), http://<br />
www.clientearth.org/reports/community-power-report-250614.<br />
pdf.<br />
24 International Labour Organization, Providing Clean Energy and<br />
Energy Access Through Cooperatives (Geneva: International<br />
Labour office, Cooperatives Unit (COOP), Green Jobs<br />
256