2j7YOwO

ENDNOTES 06 ENERGY EFFICIENCY
blog_2015_11_05_new_doe_definition_of_zero_energy_
buildings_is_a_base_hit_not_a_home_run.
29 Figure includes NZE verified (44) and emerging (275) buildings
and districts as well as ultra-low-energy buildings (106). New
Buildings Institute, Characteristics from Zero Net Energy Buildings,
PowerPoint presentation, March 2016, http://newbuildings.org/
hubs/zero-net-energy/.
30 Eike Musall, “Net Zero Energy Buildings – Worldwide,” http://
batchgeo.com/map/net-zero-energy-buildings, updated
December 2013.
31 Europe from Amina Lang, International Passive House
Association, “Passive House: An International Solution for a
Sustainable Energy Future,” presentation at the UN Economic
Commission for Europe Sustainable Energy Conference, Yerevan,
Armenia, 30 October 2015, http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/
DAM/energy/se/pp/eneff/6th_IFESD_Yerevan_Oct.15/EE_S.
Cit/d2_s2/Amina.Lang.Passive.House.pdf; United States from
Graham Wright, Katrin Klingenberg, and Betsy Pettit, Climate-
Specific Passive Building Standards (Washington, DC: US DOE,
July 2014), http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/64278.pdf.
32 World Energy Council, op. cit. note 11. Figure 44 from idem.
33 Steven Nadel, “US electricity use is declining and energy
efficiency may be a significant factor,” American Council for
an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE) blog, 25 February
2014, http://aceee.org/blog/2014/02/us-electricity-usedeclining-and-ener;
Stephen Batstone and David Reeve,
Trends in Residential Electricity Consumption (London:
Electricity Networks Association, 5 August 2014), http://
www.comcom.govt.nz/dmsdocument/12306; Hugh Saddler,
“Why is electricity consumption decreasing in Australia?”
REnew Economy, 2 January 2014, http://reneweconomy.com.
au/2014/why-is-electricity-consumption-decreasing-inaustralia-19459;
Nick Evershed, “Electricity demand loses its
buzz as households find savings,” The Guardian (UK), 17 June
2014, http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2014/jun/18/
electricity-demand-loses-its-buzz-as-households-find-savings.
34 In general, increasing energy intensity in the Middle East has
been due in part to economic diversification, expansion of energyintensive
industry, population growth and fossil fuel subsidies.
See Justin Dargin and Martin Vladimirov, “Energy intensity: a
time bomb for the Middle East?” in Energy in the Middle East
2012 (London: Petroleum Economist, 2012), www.petroleumeconomist.com.
35 Figure 45 from World Energy Council, op. cit. note 11.
36 Ibid.
37 Freedonia Group, “World Major Household Appliances,” http://
www.freedoniagroup.com/industry-study/2822/world-majorhousehold-appliances.htm,
viewed 9 February 2016.
38 Steven Nadel, Neal Elliott, and Therese Langer, Energy Efficiency
in the United States: 35 Years and Counting (Washington, DC:
ACEEE, 2015), Figure 5, p. 7, http://aceee.org/research-report/
e1502.
39 John Cymbalsky, “Energy Savings Week: Standards for kitchen
and laundry products create big savings,” US DOE, 17 December
2015 http://energy.gov/eere/articles/energy-savings-weekstandards-kitchen-and-laundry-products-create-big-savings.
40 IEA, op. cit. note 1.
41 Ibid.
42 Ibid.
43 IEA 4E, Benchmarking Report: Impact of ‘Phase-Out’ Regulations
on Lighting Markets, March 2015, pp. 1–66,
http://mappingandbenchmarking.iea-4e.org/shared_files/676/
download.
44 Ibid.
45 Ibid.
46 William Rhodes, Jamie Fox, and Alice Tao, Top Lighting and LEDS
Trends for 2015 (Englewood, CO: IHS, 2015),
https://technology.ihs.com/api/binary/520405.
47 Sarita Singh, “LED lamp production up 30 times to 3
crore a month,” Times of India, 16 November 2015, http://
articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-16/
news/68326208_1_rs-500-crore-90-crore-surya-roshni.
48 Rhodes, Fox, and Tao, op. cit. note 46.
49 World Energy Council, op. cit. note 11. Figure 46 from idem.
50 Alexander Körner, Pierpaolo Cazzola, and François Cuenot,
International Comparison of Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy –
Evolution over 8 Years from 2005 to 2013 (London: Global Fuel
Economy Initiative and IEA, 2014), http://www.fiafoundation.org/
media/45112/wp11-iea-report-update-2014.pdf.
51 International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), “Global
Passenger Vehicle Standards,” 2014, http://www.theicct.org/
info-tools/global-passenger-vehicle-standards.
52 There were 1.2 billion vehicles of all kinds in operation as of
2014, from John Voelcker, “1.2 billion vehicles on world’s roads
now, 2 billion by 2035: report,” Green Car Reports, 29 July 2014,
http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1093560_1-2-billionvehicles-on-worlds-roads-now-2-billion-by-2035-report.
On a
final energy basis, the top ten most efficient US EVs exceed 100
miles per gallon equivalent (MPGe), and hybrid vehicles have
ratings of 42–56 MPGe. By contrast, the most efficient internal
combustion engine vehicle (diesel) has a US rating of 37 MPGe,
from US Department of Energy, “Compare New and Used Diesel
Vehicles,” 2015, http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/PowerSearch.
do?action=DieselSbs; US Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), “Electric vehicles – learn more about the new label,” http://
www3.epa.gov/carlabel/electriclabelreadmore.htm, viewed 10
February 2016.
53 Inside EVs, “Monthly Plug-In Sales Scorecard,” http://insideevs.
com/monthly-plug-in-sales-scorecard/. viewed February 2016;
David Shepardson and Bernie Woodall, “Electric vehicle sales
fall far short of Obama goal,” Reuters, 20 January 2016, http://
www.reuters.com/article/us-autos-electric-obama-insightidUSKCN0UY0F0;
Nic Lutsey, “Global milestone: The first million
electric vehicles,” ICCT, 29 September 2015, http://www.theicct.
org/blogs/staff/global-milestone-first-million-electric-vehicles.
54 Inside EVs, op. cit. note 53; Shepardson and Woodall, op. cit. note
53.
55 China’s annual market exceeded 200,000 vehicles, up from
104,000 in 2014, in response to national measures to promote
electric and plug-in passenger vehicles; however, plug-in EVs
continued to represent only 0.3% of the Chinese market, from
“Automotives Statistics,” http://www.caam.org.cn/newslist/a101-1.
html, viewed 9 February 2016; IHS, “Norway leads global electric
vehicle market,” press release (Southfield, MI: 7 July 2015), http://
press.ihs.com/press-release/automotive/norway-leads-globalelectric-vehicle-market-ihs-says;
Norway saw EVs achieve a
22% share of all new car sales during the first three quarters of
2015, up from a 12% share the previous year, based on 2015 figure
from David Jolly, “Norway is a model for encouraging electric car
sales,” New York Times, 16 October 2015, http://www.nytimes.
com/2015/10/17/business/international/norway-is-global-modelfor-encouraging-sales-of-electric-cars.html?_r=1;
2014 figure
from IEA, “Global EV Outlook 2015: Key Takeaways” (Paris: 2015),
http://www.iea.org/evi/Global-EV-Outlook-2015-Update_2page.
pdf; Europe from European Automobile Manufacturers
Association, “New passenger car registrations by alternative fuel
type in the European Union,” press release (Brussels: 5 February
2016), http://www.acea.be/uploads/press_releases_files/
AFV_registrations_Q4_2015_FINAL.PDF.
56 IEA, Global EV Outlook. Understanding the Electric Vehicle
Landscape to 2020 (Paris: April 2013). https://www.iea.org/
publications/globalevoutlook_2013.pdf.
57 Global BRT Data website, http://brtdata.org, viewed 29 February
2016.
58 Climate Bonds Initiative, Scaling Up Green Bond Markets for
Sustainable Development (London: September 2012), https://
www.climatebonds.net/files/files/CBI-Guide-2015-final-web.pdf.
59 Joshua D. Miller and Cristiano Façanha, The State of Clean
Transport Policy – A 2014 Synthesis of Vehicle and Fuel Policy
Developments (Washington, DC: ICCT, 2014), p. 73, http://www.
theicct.org/state-of-clean-transport-policy-2014.
60 Ibid.
61 US Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook
2015 with Projections to 2040 (Washington, DC: April 2015), http://
www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/pdf/0383%282015%29.pdf.
62 Jasper Faber and Maarten ‘t Hoen, Historical Trends in Ship
Design Efficiency (Delft: CE Delft, March 2015), http://www.cedelft.
eu/publicatie/historical_trends_in_ship_design_efficiency/1621.
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